Chapter 4 Chapter Three: The Majestic War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea

The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was a just war against aggression waged by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China in the early 1950s to support fraternal countries in resisting aggression, defending their own national security, and maintaining peace in the Far East and the world.It is a glorious chapter in the history of the Chinese people's anti-imperialist struggle, and it also has an important position in the history of international relations after World War II. The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea was an international war of considerable scale.Although the war was only fought on the Korean peninsula, there were many participating countries.One side is the "United Nations Army" composed of 16 countries led by the United States and the South Korean Army, and the other side is the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army.The two warring parties have invested a lot of troops, and the scale of the battle is getting bigger and bigger.At its peak, the two sides had a total of 3 million troops, including 540,000 U.S. troops, 20,000 troops from other countries invading North Korea, 640,000 South Korean troops, 1.35 million Chinese People's Volunteers, and 450,000 Korean People's Army.This war is also a modern war in which the military technology and equipment of the two warring parties are very different.The U.S. military used all modern weapons except the atomic bomb. At most, there were more than 2,400 combat aircraft and more than 300 ships.Fast maneuvering and smooth logistical supply.However, the Chinese People's Volunteers had neither an air force nor a navy at the beginning of their participation in the war. Later, even though hundreds of aircraft participated in the battle, they could only cover the main transportation lines and could not directly support infantry operations; the army equipment was also quite backward, basically relying on infantry Fighting against a small number of artillery and armored troops, the firepower, mobility, and supply power are far inferior to the enemy's.However, the U.S. military is waging an aggressive and unjust war. It has no morals, no support, low morale, many internal conflicts, and insufficient troops, making it difficult to fight for a long time.The Chinese People's Volunteers are fighting a just war against aggression. They have a lot of help, high morale, internal unity, strong troops, and excellent command, which is conducive to long-term combat.These basic characteristics determine the complexity, brutality, and protracted nature of the war, as well as the inevitability of the Chinese and Korean people winning the final victory.

After the Second World War, relying on its powerful economic and military power, the United States actively pursued a strategy of aggression and expansion to dominate the world.In his State of the Union address on December 19, 1945, U.S. President Harry Truman publicly declared that the United States "has a constant and urgent need to lead the world." On March 12, 1947, Truman put forward a systematic program at a special session of the U.S. Congress, declaring that the interests of the United States should be extended to the entire world. decisive action" to provide "financial and material assistance" to reactionary regimes in certain countries, and to "send American civilian and military personnel" to help suppress "chaos and disorder" among the peoples of the collapse of communism" and to curb the "expansion of communism".This platform came to be known as the "Truman Doctrine".In China, the United States supported the Kuomintang in its anti-communist and anti-people civil war. After the failure, it was still unwilling to reconcile, and continued to adhere to the policy of hostility to the Chinese people, and wanted to overthrow the new People's Republic of China.In North Korea, the United States attempted to establish an all-Korean regime under its control. After this attempt failed, it created divisions in the Korean nation and helped South Korea organize and train its army to implement reunification by force.

On June 25, 1950, the Korean Civil War broke out.The U.S. government violated the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of any country stipulated in the Charter of the United Nations, and immediately carried out armed intervention in North Korea. On the 26th, Truman ordered the US Navy and Air Force stationed in the Far East to support the South Korean Army in operations. On the 27th, the United States manipulated the United Nations Security Council to pass an illegal resolution demanding that all member states of the United Nations "assist" South Korea.On the same day, Truman issued a statement brazenly announcing that he had ordered the U.S. Air Force stationed in the Far East Sea and Air Force to provide "cover and support" to the South Korean army, and announced that he had ordered the U.S. 7th Fleet to dispatch to the Taiwan Strait.Regardless of the fact that Taiwan's status has long been affirmed by the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation of the main allies in World War II, as well as the status quo after Japan's surrender, he made "Taiwan's status undecided" in his statement, saying that "Taiwan's future status is uncertain." decided that it must wait for the restoration of security in the Pacific, the peaceful settlement of Japan, or the review of the United Nations," in an attempt to occupy Taiwan. On the 30th, Truman ordered the U.S. ground troops in Japan to be thrown into the invasion of Korea. On July 7, the United States manipulated the United Nations Security Council to pass an illegal resolution to put the cloak of the "United Nations Army" on the invading troops of the United States and other countries, and appointed Douglas MacArthur, the commander-in-chief of the US Far East Army, as the "Commander-in-Chief of the United Nations Army." ", commanding the "United Nations Army" to fight against the South Korean Army.But the North Korean people are not intimidated by the aggressive actions of the United States.The Korean People's Army fought bravely and made rapid progress. It occupied Seoul on June 28 and Daejeon on July 20, and captured William Dean, commander of the 24th Division of the US Army.By mid-August, 90% of the land in southern North Korea had been liberated, and the invading US troops and the South Korean army had been compressed to a narrow area of ​​10,000 square kilometers east of the Nakdong River.The U.S. Army invading North Korea and the South Korean Army fought stubbornly and continued to reinforce their troops, making the two sides in the war stalemate.

The Chinese government stands for the peaceful settlement of the Korean question and all international disputes, and expresses its great indignation and firm opposition to the U.S. armed intervention in North Korea and its invasion of China's territory of Taiwan. On June 28, Chairman Mao Zedong delivered a speech at the eighth meeting of the Central People's Government Committee, pointing out: "The affairs of all countries in the world should be managed by the people of each country, and the affairs of Asia should be managed by the Asian people themselves, not by the people of Asia. The U.S. is in charge. U.S. aggression against Asia can only arouse widespread and resolute resistance from the Asian people.” The people of China should unite and make full preparations to defeat any provocation by US imperialism."According to Mao Zedong's proposal, the Central Military Commission held meetings on July 7 and 10, chaired by Zhou Enlai, vice chairman of the Military Commission, to discuss national defense issues, and on the 13th it was formally decided to transfer the 13th Corps to administer the 38th, 39th, 40th and 42nd The 1st, 2nd, and 8th Divisions of the Artillery Corps formed the Northeast Frontier Defense Army, which assembled in the south of the Northeast in mid-August to safeguard the security of the Northeast frontier and support the Korean people in their war of aggression when necessary.Then, adopting the suggestion of Nie Rongzhen, the acting chief of the general staff, the 9th and 19th Corps were mobilized on the Jinpu and Longhai railway lines to support the Northeast Frontier Defense Forces.

In mid-September, the situation in the Korean War changed drastically.After active planning and preparations, the United States took advantage of the main force of the Korean People's Army to concentrate on the Nakdong River front. On September 15, MacArthur commanded two divisions of the U.S. Tenth Army and more than 70,000 troops including artillery, tank troops, and engineers. With the cooperation of nearly 500 aircraft and 260 ships, they landed at Incheon Port on the west coast of North Korea, and then divided their troops to attack Seoul and Suwon. The main 10 divisions of the "United Nations Army" and the South Korean Army on the Nakdong River front, under the command of Walton Walker, commander of the US 8th Army, also launched a counterattack on September 11. On September 27, with the approval of Truman, the US Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized MacArthur to "conduct military operations north of the 38th parallel in North Korea".In addition, since August 27, U.S. Air Force aircraft have frequently carried out bombing, strafing, and reconnaissance activities on towns and villages in the border areas of Northeast China, and the security of Northeast China has been seriously threatened.At this time, American newspapers also revealed that the US authorities had formulated a strategic plan to invade mainland China.

On September 30, Premier Zhou Enlai delivered a speech at the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference to celebrate the National Day, and issued a stern warning to the United States: “The Chinese people love peace, but in order to defend peace, they have never and will never be afraid to resist aggressive wars. The Chinese people must not tolerate foreign aggression, nor allow the imperialists to ignore their aggression against their neighbors.” In the early morning of October 3, Zhou Enlai had another meeting with Indian Ambassador to China Panikha, pointing out that the U.S. military is trying to cross the The "38th parallel" expands the war.If the U.S. military does this, we cannot just sit idly by, we have to take care of it.On the same day, the Indian government conveyed this warning to the US government.However, the United States is sticking to its plan to occupy all of North Korea in defiance of repeated warnings from the Chinese government.The "United Nations Army" led by the United States began to cross the "38th Parallel" on a large scale on October 7.

When the Korean War turned sharply, Kim Il Sung and others, on behalf of the Workers' Party of Korea, the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Korean people, called Chairman Mao Zedong and asked China to send troops for assistance.The entire Chinese people were outraged by the U.S. armed aggression against North Korea, and all demanded to join forces with the Korean people in fighting against the U.S. aggressors.People all over the world are also generally concerned about the situation in the Korean War.Under such circumstances, in early October, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held several meetings under the chairmanship of Mao Zedong to discuss the issue of sending troops to aid North Korea.After full discussion, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proceeded from the fundamental standpoint of proletarian internationalism and patriotism, and in order to save the crisis in Democratic Korea and safeguard national security, it resolutely made a strategic decision of "resisting U.S. aggression, aiding Korea, and defending the country." The Chinese People's Volunteers entered North Korea to participate in the war, and together with the North Korean people, they fought against the aggression of the United States.The Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee pointed out: It is necessary to do so.Because if the whole of Korea is occupied by the United States and the Korean revolutionary forces suffer a fundamental defeat, the American aggressors will become more rampant, which will be detrimental to the entire East and the world.Adopting an active policy of sending troops to participate in the war is extremely beneficial to China, North Korea, the East, and the world.In short, it is necessary to participate in the war. The benefits of participating in the war are great, and the damage of not participating in the war is great. On October 8, Mao Zedong replied to Kim Il Sung, informing the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China of the decision to send troops and related matters.On the same day, Mao Zedong issued an order to change the Northeast Frontier Army into the Chinese People's Volunteers, appointed Peng Dehuai as the commander and political commissar, and was ready to be dispatched.

In order to ensure the implementation of the strategic decision to send troops to participate in the war, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission have decided to take a series of measures: In addition to dispatching the troops that have already assembled in the Northeast region, they are going to deploy the second and third batches of troops. The DPRK participated in the war; after the volunteers entered the DPRK, they first built two or three lines of defense north of the Wonsan and Pyongyang railway lines, and fought defensive battles. After the troops were equipped and trained, that is, six months later, they cooperated with the Korean People’s Army to launch a counterattack; The Northeast Administrative Region is the general rear base. All rear work and supply matters and related assistance to North Korea are dispatched, commanded and guaranteed by the Northeast Military Region; the National Air Defense Preparatory Committee is formed to strengthen the national air defense and prevent the US from using the air force to bomb large cities and Industrial bases; deploy 4 armies each in the direction of Fujian and Guangdong to prevent the United States from using its navy or instructing Taiwan's Kuomintang troops to attack the coastal areas.

Just when the Volunteer Army had been formed and was actively preparing to enter the Korean War, on October 15, Truman led some military and political officials to fly from Washington to discuss the strategic issue of the "final stage" of his war of aggression against North Korea and whether China would send troops. To Wake Island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, held a meeting with MacArthur.They underestimate the power of the Chinese people, believe that the possibility of China sending troops to join the war is "very small" and "not a cause for concern", and "firmly believe that resistance in North and South Korea will end before Thanksgiving (November 23)", asserting that they have invaded North Korea. The war is "won".After the meeting, the U.S. forces invading North Korea greatly accelerated their military operations to advance toward the border between North Korea and China.

On October 19, in accordance with Mao Zedong's order, the four armies of the 13th Corps of the Chinese People's Volunteers, led by Peng Dehuai, began to cross the Yalu River from Andong, Changdian Estuary, and Ji'an to the Korean battlefield. On the 25th, the battle with the U.S. invading forces began.Therefore, this day became the Memorial Day of the Chinese People's Volunteers to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. From October 25, 1950 to June 10, 1951, was the first stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.At this stage, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army conducted five consecutive strategic battles with mobile warfare as the main form of combat.This is an operation of the nature of strategic counter-offensive.Its characteristics are: military operations are closely related to international politics, directly causing changes in the international political situation; campaign-scale night operations and continuous operations with few gaps, frequent offensive and defensive transitions, and dramatic changes in the battle situation.

After the Volunteers entered North Korea, they marched towards the line of Guicheng, Taichuan, Stadium, Dechuan, Ningyuan, and Wulaoli. They planned to organize defense after reaching the line, stop the enemy's attack, stabilize the situation, and cover the northward withdrawal of the Korean People's Army for rectification.But at this time, the "United Nations Army" headed by the United States fought with 4 armies (corps), 10 divisions, 1 brigade, and 1 airborne regiment with a total of more than 130,000 troops. , Chengchuan, and Hamhung lines, and boldly divided troops into multiple routes to advance towards the border between North Korea and China in an attempt to occupy all of North Korea before Thanksgiving.It is no longer possible for the Volunteers to reach the intended defense area before the enemy.Chairman Mao Zedong appraised the situation and made a decisive decision. On October 21, he sent a telegram to Peng Dehuai, deciding to change the original plan of organizing the defense, adopting the policy of annihilating the enemy during the movement, and deploying the battle immediately by taking advantage of the suddenness of sending troops to join the battle.He pointed out: "Now is the issue of fighting for fighters. It is a question of completing the deployment of the campaign within a few days so that operations can start a few days later, rather than deploying defenses for a period of time and then talking about attacks." Two divisions of the 42nd Army defended the Huangcaoling and Quzhanling areas on the eastern front to contain the enemy on the eastern front; one division of the 38th, 39th, 40th and 42nd Army launched a counterattack on the western front (the No. 50, 66th Army). After fighting the enemy on October 25, most of the 6th Division of South Korea was wiped out and the 1st US Cavalry Division was severely damaged.This was the first battle, and some scholars in the international historian circle called it the Qingchuan River Battle or the Yalu River Battle.By the end of the campaign on November 5, the Volunteer Army wiped out more than 15,000 enemy troops, repelled the enemy from the Yalu River to the south of the Qingchuan River, defeated the enemy's plan to occupy the whole of Korea before Thanksgiving, and initially stabilized Korea war situation.On the day when the battle began, according to the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the leadership of the 13th Corps and Peng Dehuai's command post were merged to form the leadership of the Volunteer Army. The leader of the 13th Corps, Deng Hua, served as the deputy commander and deputy political commissar of the Volunteer Army. The Volunteer Army Committee has Peng Dehuai as secretary and Deng Hua as deputy secretary.Before the end of the battle, on November 4, the democratic parties in China issued a joint declaration stating that the demands of the people of the whole country to resist US aggression, aid Korea and defend the country are completely reasonable and completely in line with justice, declaring that "the democratic parties in China swear to support the people of the whole country with all their strength." Justice requires, and support the people of the whole country to fight for the sacred mission of resisting US aggression, aiding Korea, defending the country and defending the country on a voluntary basis.” November 7.Xinhua News Agency reported for the first time that volunteers entered North Korea to participate in the war and staged a strong counterattack and achieved major victories.The joint declaration issued by the various democratic parties in China and the entry of volunteers into North Korea to participate in the war and win the first battle were major events at that time, so it quickly spread around the world and caused a huge response. After the "United Nations Army" was attacked, although it had discovered that volunteers had entered North Korea to join the war, it still believed that China did not dare to engage in a large-scale contest, so it launched a "general offensive" on November 24 in an attempt to end the war on Christmas.Prior to this, on November 4, Peng Dehuai had already proposed the policy of luring the enemy deep and the deployment of counterattacking the enemy on the western front to crush the enemy's attack. Mao Zedong approved this policy and deployment, and at the same time informed: The 9th Corps has been ordered to enter immediately. North Korea, fully responsible for the operations of Jiangjie and Changjin, in order to change the situation on the Eastern Front.The 9th Corps has 12 divisions under the jurisdiction of the 20th, 26th, and 27th armies. Under the leadership of the commander and political commissar Song Shilun (later the deputy commander of the Volunteer Army), it entered the court on November 7.In this way, the front-line combat strength of the Volunteer Army has reached more than 380,000 people in 9 armies, 30 divisions, and a part of the Korean People's Army to cooperate with the "United Nations Army" and the South Korean Army on the front line. Compared with a brigade and an airborne regiment with a total of 220,000 people, it has a great advantage in strength.The volunteers fought steadily, deliberately showing weakness, and after luring the enemy to the predetermined area, they launched a fierce counterattack on the east and west fronts on November 27.This is the second battle, and some scholars in the international historian circle call it the Battle of Pyongyang and Xingnan.On the western front, it wiped out most of the 7th and 8th divisions of South Korea, and dealt a devastating blow to the 2nd US division; on the eastern front, it delivered devastating blows to the 1st US land division and the 2nd infantry division.MacArthur was forced to order the "United Nations Army" and the South Korean Army to implement a general retreat from land and sea.Walker, commander of the US Eighth Army, died in the retreat.Truman ordered Matthew Ridgway, Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, to succeed him.By the end of the campaign on December 24, the Volunteer Army had wiped out more than 36,000 enemies, regained all the territory north of the "38th Parallel" except Xiangyang, and occupied the Wengjin Peninsula and Yan'an Peninsula, forcing the enemy to fight on the "38th Parallel". Turned to defense, thus reversing the Korean War.During the campaign, after a long period of diplomatic struggle, the Chinese government was invited by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Li Yi, to send a special representative Wu Xiuquan to participate in the meeting of the United Nations Security Council to discuss the case of the US armed invasion of the Chinese territory of Taiwan. On November 28, Wu Xiuquan and On the 30th, he delivered a lengthy speech at the Security Council, using irrefutable facts to indict the United States for its crimes of aggression against the Chinese territory of Taiwan and North Korea.This is a victory in China's diplomatic struggle, expanding the political influence of New China. On November 30, Truman issued a statement saying that the development of the Korean War made the United States "face a serious crisis" and "we may retreat steadily, just like the failure we suffered last time."But he is still determined to stick to his policy of aggression against North Korea, and threatened that the US government "has been actively considering" the use of atomic bombs in North Korea.Truman's atomic blackmail did not frighten the people of China and North Korea, but caused shock and protests among the allies of the United States, so that he had no choice but to change his words and say, "I have no such intention." After the "General Offensive" of the "United Nations Army" failed, American public opinion circles compared this failure to a "nightmare" and "tragedy."Exclaimed that this is "the biggest defeat in the history of the US Army."The US ruling group criticized each other on the issue of responsibility for the failure, and the contradictions were sharp.Republican members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives passed a resolution calling for a "thorough cleaning of the State Department" and removal of Secretary of State Dean Acheson; some members asked Congress to impeach Truman. In order to save the defeat, the U.S. government manipulated the United Nations General Assembly to pass a resolution on the establishment of the so-called "Three-member Commission for the Korean Armistice" on December 14, under the guise of "ceasefire first, then negotiations", in an attempt to buy time, reorganize the army and fight again, and make a comeback.In order to break this conspiracy, Mao Zedong called Peng Dehuai and pointed out: "Our army must cross the 38th parallel. If it stops north of the 38th parallel, it will give me a great political disadvantage." Find and annihilate a few enemies in the north and south areas of Kaesong, that is, the area not far from Seoul.” After an agreement between the Volunteer Army and the Korean People’s Army, the Volunteer Army’s 38th, 39th, 40th, 42nd, 50th, and 66th armies and the people’s army were concentrated The 1st, 2nd, and 5th Army Corps launched an offensive campaign to smash the defenses of the enemy's established positions on the "38th Parallel", annihilate the first-line defense enemies in the area from the south bank of the Imjin River to the west bank of the North Han River, and seized Seoul.The campaign started on December 31, 1950, and ended on January 8, 1951. The Volunteer Army and the People’s Army wiped out more than 19,000 enemies, occupied Seoul, and drove the enemy back to Pyeongtaek, Anseong, Jecheon, and Samcheok line.This is the third battle, and some scholars in the international historian circle call it the Battle of Seoul.After the failure of the United States' attempt of "ceasefire first, then negotiations", it manipulated the United Nations General Assembly to pass the United States' proposal to slander China as an "aggressor" on February 1.Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai issued a statement the next day, sternly condemning this proposal that confuses right and wrong and black and white. After the Volunteers won three consecutive battles, their confidence doubled and their morale rose. However, the troops were tired, there were many sick people, and supplies were difficult. Therefore, the main force turned to rest and prepare for the spring offensive. After consecutive failures, the "United Nations Army" found that it was difficult for the Volunteers to supply supplies, and the front-line troops were insufficient, making it difficult to launch an offensive in the short term.Therefore, using its superior transportation conditions, it quickly replenished its troops and supplies. Starting from January 25, it concentrated more than 230,000 people from 5 armies, 16 divisions, 3 brigades, and 1 airborne regiment, and resumed the offensive.The Volunteer Army then adopted the policy of "West to the East" in order to break the enemy's offensive.On the western front, the 38th and 50th Army of the Volunteer Army, with the cooperation of the 1st Army Corps of the People's Army, and the 26th Army as a reserve force, carried out tenacious defensive operations on the south bank of the Han River, delaying the actions of the enemy's main offensive group.On the Eastern Front, the 39th, 40th, 42nd, and 66th Armies of the Volunteer Army, with the cooperation of the 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Army Corps of the People's Army, launched a counterattack in Hengcheng while the enemy was isolated and prominent, annihilating South Korea The 8th Division and the 2nd Division of the United States each have one.This is the fourth battle.The campaign ended on April 21, with a total of more than 78,000 enemies wiped out, and the enemy was blocked on the front line of Kaesong, Gaolangpuli, Huachuan, Yangkou, and Gancheng near the "38th Line". After the "United Nations Army" entered the "38th Parallel" in early April, it planned to land from the side and back to cooperate with the frontal attack, and continue to advance northward, "establishing a new line of defense at the waist of North Korea (that is, the line from Wonsan to Pyongyang)" so that the military politically and politically.By April 15th, the 19th Corps of the Volunteer Army under the jurisdiction of the 63rd, 64th, and 65th Armies entered the court under the leadership of Commander Yang Dezhi (later Deputy Commander of the Volunteer Army) and political commissar Li Zhimin, and the 3rd Corps governed the 12th, 15th, and The 60th Army entered the DPRK under the leadership of the commander and political commissar Chen Geng (later the deputy commander of the Volunteer Army), and completed the assembly on the front line; the 9th Corps, which was resting in the Wonsan area, has also moved to the front line.In this way, the Volunteers have an absolutely superior offensive force.According to Mao Zedong's guideline of "preparing for a long-term war and striving for the short-term as much as possible", the Volunteer Army decided to carry out a counterattack campaign after consultation with the People's Army.This is the fifth campaign, which began on April 22, first attacking on the Western Front and then turning to the Eastern Front.On the western front, they wiped out parts of the 24th US Division, the 29th British Brigade, and the 1st and 6th Divisions of South Korea, and advanced to the vicinity of Seoul.Annihilated most of the 3rd and 9th Divisions of South Korea and part of the US Army on the Eastern Front.Then turn to sports defense and move to the vicinity of the "38th parallel". The battle ended on June 10, with a total of more than 82,000 enemies wiped out, and the front line was stabilized near the "38th parallel", defeating the enemy's plan to "establish a new line of defense at the waist of the Korean bee", forcing the enemy to switch to strategic defense.During the campaign, the U.S. ruling group had sharp differences in policy and strategy due to the failure of its invasion of Korea. On April 11, Truman announced the removal of MacArthur as the commander-in-chief of the U.S. Far East Army and the commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army". , The position of commander of the US Eighth Army was replaced by James Van Fleet.MacArthur's dismissal led to an unprecedented and fierce debate among the ruling circles in the United States. On May 18, the United States manipulated the United Nations General Assembly to pass a proposal to impose an "embargo" on China and North Korea, in an attempt to force China to surrender through an economic blockade. On May 22, the spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement condemning it, and pointed out that this proposal will not affect the Chinese people's struggle against US aggression in the slightest. From mid-June 1951 to the end of the war on July 27, 1953, it was the second stage of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea.At this stage, the two warring parties are in a strategic stalemate, and the main form of combat is positional warfare; at the same time, the two warring parties are negotiating an armistice.Its characteristics are: close cooperation between military operations and armistice negotiations, talk about fighting, fighting and talking; the front is relatively stable, and local offensive and defensive operations are frequent; the "United Nations Army" is becoming more and more passive, and the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army are fighting more and more stronger. After five times of fierce contests in strategic battles, the warring parties tended to be evenly matched in terms of overall strength, and a strategic stalemate was formed near the "38th parallel".It is impossible for the Chinese and North Korean People's Armies to drive the "United Nations Army" headed by the United States into the sea. It is even more dreamy for the "United Nations Army" to drive the volunteers back to the north of the Yalu River.Therefore, both warring parties have to adjust their strategies. On May 16, 1951, the U.S. National Security Council re-established the U.S. policy on the North Korean issue and decided to seek armistice negotiations. However, before an armistice agreement was reached, the Chinese and North Korean people’s troops still had to "continue to fight and punish"; If not, the United States "will continue to implement the current policy of military action, that is, the purpose is not to unify Korea by force, but to inflict heavy damage on the enemy" to prevent the Chinese and North Korean people's troops from "occupying South Korea." In early June, UN Secretary-General Lie and US Secretary of State Acheson revealed the US intention to end the war through negotiations. The US also tried to test China through neutral countries.At this time, Mao Zedong and Kim Il Sung also discussed the issue of the Korean War. In mid-June, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Mao Zedong proposed to "fully prepare for protracted warfare and strive for peace talks to end the war" as the general war guidelines.In the military, the strategic policy of "protracted combat and active defense" has been established one after another. On June 23, Malik, the Soviet representative to the United Nations, put forward a proposal that "the belligerent parties should negotiate a ceasefire and truce" based on the consistent position of China and North Korea for a peaceful solution to the North Korean issue and the US government's intention to hold negotiations. On June 30, Li Qiwei, commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army", issued a statement on the order of the US government, expressing his willingness to hold armistice negotiations. On July 1, Kim Il-sung, the supreme commander of the Korean People's Army, and Peng Dehuai, the commander of the Chinese People's Volunteers, replied to Li Qiwei, agreeing to hold negotiations to stop military operations and establish peace.The Korean armistice negotiations began on July 10. Under the guidance of the strategic policy of "protracted combat and active defense", the Volunteer Army has implemented strategic changes.The main measures taken are: actively strengthen political work, carry out extensive and in-depth ideological education of protracted combat among all commanders and fighters, and overcome the idea of ​​quick victory; implement troops to fight in batches and take turns to maintain the abundant combat effectiveness of the front-line troops; Construct several large-depth defense positions; in terms of combat guidance, coordinate and adapt operations and negotiations, and implement the principle of "zero-beating brown sugar" in small annihilation battles; strive to improve weaponry and equipment, strengthen the construction of special forces; strengthen rear construction, Improve transportation and ensure supplies.At the same time, the 20th Corps governed the 67th and 68th armies. Under the leadership of commander Yang Chengwu and political commissar Zhang Nanxian, they began to enter the DPRK in June and gathered in the area west of Wonsan on the eastern front, ready to support the People's Army in combat or annihilate landings. enemy.The 23rd Corps has jurisdiction over the 36th and 37th armies. Under the leadership of commander Dong Qiwu and political commissar Gao Kelin, they entered North Korea in early September and took on the task of building the northern North Korean airport for three months. In August, Gan Siqi served as the deputy political commissar of the Volunteer Army. Before and after the start of the armistice negotiations, Mao Zedong issued instructions many times, requiring the volunteers to be vigilant, actively pay attention to combat, and prepare to cooperate with the Korean People's Army to deal with the enemy's large-scale offensive and rear bombing in order to force the DPRK and China to conclude an alliance under the city.After the armistice negotiations started, as expected, the US side revealed its lack of sincerity, created obstacles, and engaged in blackmail.When discussing the demarcation of the military demarcation line, the United States flaunted its military power and used the pretext of "compensating" its superiority in the sea and air force to unreasonably demand that the military demarcation line be drawn behind the positions of the Chinese and North Korean people's troops in an attempt to seize 12,000 square meters without fighting. kilometers of land.After being resolutely rejected and refuted by North Korea and China, the United States threatened: "Let the bombs, artillery and machine guns debate!" On the 1st, 7 divisions were mobilized on the Eastern Front to launch a summer offensive against the positions of the Korean People's Army.With the cooperation of the volunteers, the Korean People's Army fought bravely and defeated this offensive. The "United Nations Army" paid the price of more than 78,000 casualties, occupying only 179 square kilometers of land. From September 29th to October 22nd, the "United Nations Army" focused on the positions of the Volunteers and launched an autumn offensive, especially implementing the so-called "tank splitting battle".The volunteers fought hard for more than a month and smashed them. The "United Nations Army" suffered more than 79,000 casualties and only advanced 3 or 4 kilometers.The Volunteer Army and the People's Army also carried out local tactical counterattacks and island attack operations.During the attack on the island in November, the Volunteer Air Force directly cooperated with the Army for the first time. The "United Nations Army" went deep into the intelligence bases on the islands in the northwest of North Korea and was cleared. While launching the summer and autumn offensive, the "United Nations Army" also carried out the "Aerial Blockade of Traffic Lines Campaign" from mid-August, the so-called "Strangulation War", in an attempt to bomb and destroy the transportation lines in northern North Korea for three months. , Cut off the connection between the front and the rear of the Chinese and North Korean people's troops, and suffocate the combat capabilities of the Chinese and North Korean people's troops.Volunteers mobilized air force, anti-aircraft artillery, railway corps, engineering corps, transport troops and all rear organs and troops. With the strong support of the Korean people, they carried out a fruitful struggle against the "strangulation war". The combined, continuous, and criss-cross transportation network, which is vividly called "a steel transportation line that can't be bombed and can't be broken", basically solved the problem of supplying combat materials and achieved a strategic victory. On May 31, 1952, Van Fleet admitted: "Although the air force and navy of the coalition forces tried their best to block the supply of the Communist Party, the Communist Party still sent materials to the front line with incredible tenacity and created an astonishing record. miracle." At the beginning of 1952, the U.S. troops who invaded North Korea flagrantly violated the "Geneva Protocol" signed by more than 40 countries in 1925 to prohibit the use of bacteriological weapons. carried out bacterial warfare. In late February, the governments of the DPRK and China issued a statement exposing the U.S. military’s germ warfare to the world and calling on the people of all countries to stop this crime.The U.S. government pretended to be silent at the beginning, and it was not until March 4 that U.S. Secretary of State Acheson issued a statement denying it, saying that "the United Nations Army has not conducted any germ warfare in the past and is not conducting it now." From March to August, China organized an investigation team of representatives from all walks of life and scientific experts. Internationally, there were also "Investigation Team of the International Association of Democratic Legal Workers" and "International Scientific Committee to Investigate the Facts of Bacterial Warfare in North Korea and China", which conducted field investigations. A large amount of evidence was collected to confirm the germ warfare crimes of the US military.The Volunteer Army actively carried out the anti-bacterial warfare struggle and controlled the development of the epidemic. In the spring and summer of 1952, the Chinese People's Volunteers and the Korean People's Army carried out a struggle to consolidate their positions centered on the construction of tunnel fortifications.By the end of August, through the hard work of the vast number of commanders and fighters, a solid defense system with tunnel fortifications as the backbone and field fortifications was formed on the entire front that traverses the Korean Peninsula 250 kilometers long and 20 to 30 kilometers deep.In the future, it will be continuously reinforced and improved to make it truly an impregnable defensive position.Tunnel fortifications are a major creation in the history of warfare.It solves the problem of effectively preserving the vitality of the enemy under the powerful firepower assault, greatly enhances the stability of the defense, and provides a solid and reliable material foundation for implementing the strategic policy of "protracted combat and active defense".During this period, the commanders of the two warring parties changed. At the beginning of April, Commander Peng Dehuai and member of the political commissar returned to China for recuperation (he stayed in the country to preside over the daily work of the Central Military Commission), and the work of the Volunteer Army was in charge of the deputy commander Chen Geng. In June, Chen Geng returned to China to serve, and Deng Hua served as acting commander and political commissar of the Volunteer Army. On April 28, Li Qiwei went to Europe to serve as the supreme commander of the "NATO" army, and Mark Clark took over as the commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army" and the commander-in-chief of the US Far East Army. Due to the clear policy, consolidated positions, guaranteed supply, and enhanced equipment, the combat conditions of the Volunteers and the Korean People’s Army have been greatly improved, and their active positions on the battlefield have been further enhanced. Not only can they successfully conduct defensive operations, but they can also successfully implement Positional offensive operations.Therefore, from September 18 to October 31, 1952, a full-line tactical counterattack was launched.The Volunteers attacked 60 targets of the enemy's platoons, companies, and battalions 77 times, wiped out more than 27,000 enemies, and consolidated and occupied 17 enemy positions. The "United Nations Army" fell into a passive position, and the eight divisions were frequently mobilized, exhausted. From October 14 to November 25, under the command of Van Fleet, 60,000 troops, more than 300 artillery pieces, more than 170 tanks, and more than 3,000 sorties of aircraft were successively mobilized to launch the so-called "reversal of the current battle situation" with Shangganling as the main goal. "The "Goldenization Offensive".The Volunteers successively invested 40,000 troops and more than 180 artillery pieces to defend, wiped out more than 25,000 enemies, and regained their positions.This is the famous Battle of Shangganling.Its intensive military and firepower, frequent repeated contentions, and brutal and fierce battles are rare in the history of world wars. On November 5, 1952, Dwight Eisenhower, who served as the commander of the European Allied Forces in World War II, commanded the Normandy landing campaign, and had just resigned from the position of the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the "NATO", was elected as the first U.S. military commander. 34th President.在他当选前后，美国的战争叫嚣甚烈，进行大规模军事冒险的可能性增长。对此，中共中央和毛泽东极为重视，估计在一定时期内（假定为一年）朝鲜战局会趋于激烈化，敌军向中朝人民军队后方两侧实施登陆进攻的可能性很大，因而决定进行反登陆作战准备。 12月20日，中共中央给志愿军下达了关于准备一切必要条件，坚决粉碎敌人登陆企图，争取战争更大胜利的详细指示。艾森豪威尔1953年1月20日就任美国总统后，于2月2日发表国情咨文，极力鼓吹扩张政策，并于次日同派兵参加“联合国军”的其他15国代表策划加紧对中国实行封锁。 2月7日，毛泽东发表讲话，针对艾森豪威尔的言行，严正地宣告：“我们是要和平的，但是，只要美帝国主义一天不放弃它那种蛮横无理的要求和扩大侵略的阴谋，中国人民的决心就是只有同朝鲜人民一起，一直战斗下去。”在1953年整个春季，志愿军坚决执行中共中央和毛泽东的指示，全力进行反登陆作战准备。主要是：在东西海岸，设置了纵深达10公里的两道防御地带，挖掘720余公里的坑道，构筑600多个永备水泥工事；增调4个军、1个坦克师、7个多炮兵团入朝，14个空军师准备随时参加反登陆作战；调整了兵力部署，重点加强了西海岸防御兵力；海岸炮兵、布雷队、鱼雷艇队和海上巡逻大队，进行了海上防御作战准备；铁道兵、工程兵对朝鲜北方的交通网络进行了改造和完善；囤积了12.3万余吨弹药和可供全军食用8个半月的粮食；担任海岸防御的各军进行了紧张的战备训练和实兵演习。这种大规模的反登陆作战准备，是对美国和“联合国军”企图进行登陆冒险的有力一击。在正面攻不动，两翼又森严壁垒的情况下，美国当局只得于4月26日恢复中断半年之久的停战谈判。 2月10日，美陆军助理参谋长马克斯韦尔·泰勒接替退休的范佛里特担任美第8集团军司令。 5月13日起，志愿军根据毛泽东关于“争取停，准备拖。而军队方面则应作拖的打算，只管打，不管谈，不要松劲，一切按原计划进行”的指示，为了促进停战谈判，对“联合国军”发起了夏季反击战役。至6月15日，停战谈判全部达成协议，签署停战协定在即。彭德怀重返朝鲜前线准备料理停战协定签字事宜。但一贯蓄意破坏停战谈判的南朝鲜李承晚集团，公然于6月17日夜，以“就地释放”为名，强行扣留了2.7万名朝鲜人民军战俘，并叫嚣要“继续打下去”，“打到鸭绿江”等。为了打击李承晚集团，保证实现稳定可靠的停战，毛泽东于6月21日批准彭德怀的提议，决定打一仗再签字停战。于是，志愿军经过充分准备，集中5个军兵力和1000余门火炮，于7月13日开始发起了金城战役，一举突破南朝鲜军4个师25公里的防御正面，突入敌防御纵深达15公里，歼敌7.8万余人。在战役胜利进行中，克拉克请求马上在停战协定上签字；李承晚也被迫表示准备实施停战协定的条款。在谈判桌上，美方首席代表按照美国政府的意旨，就朝中方面提出的一系列质询，作出了实施停战协定的、朝中方面基本满意的各项保证。因此，7月27日，交战双方在停战协定上签字，朝鲜半岛实现了全世界人民渴望已久的停战。克拉克说：“我是第一个在没有取得胜利的停战条约上签字的美国陆军司令官”。在整个夏季反击战役期间，中朝人民军队共歼敌12.3万余人，攻占土地240平方公里。抗美援朝战争以中朝人民军队的最后胜利而告结束。 朝鲜停战实现后，中国政府于1953年12月23日决定将战争期间援助朝鲜的一切物资和费用无偿地赠送给朝鲜政府，并再拨人民币8亿元无偿地赠送给朝鲜政府，作为恢复其国民经济之用。志愿军以高度的热情，帮助朝鲜人民在战争的废墟上重建家园。例如，金城地区驻军仅用20多天就帮助当地人民修建房屋1400多间；铁道兵部队用3个月时间修复了清川江铁路大桥；工程兵部队在平壤市修建了办公大楼、医院、学校等建筑20多万平方米，等等。这一切行动，进一步加深了同朝鲜人民的战斗友谊。同时，志愿军和朝鲜人民军为维护停战协定的实施，一方面在政治上不断揭露美方违反和破坏停战协定的行为，同美方进行针锋相对的斗争；另一方面，积极修筑和加固工事，进行军政训练，提高部队作战能力，严阵以待，准备应付任何军事挑衅，从而保证了朝鲜停战的相对稳定性。 中国政府和中国人民一贯主张和平解决朝鲜问题，一切外国军队撤出朝鲜，让朝鲜人民实现自主和平统一国家的愿望。因此，从1954年9月至1955年10月的一年多时间里，先后分三批主动从朝鲜撤出了19个师的部队。1958年2月5日，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国政府发表声明，提出：“为了缓和端鲜的紧张局势以及和平解决朝鲜问题，美军和包括中国人民志愿军在内的一切外国军队应当同时撤出南北朝鲜。”2月7日，中国政府发表声明，表示坚决响应，并准备就中国人民志愿军从朝鲜撤出问题同朝鲜政府进行磋商。经过中朝两国政府代表团会谈后，中国人民志愿军主动地、单方面地、全部地于1958年3月16日至10月25日撤出了朝鲜。这一重大行动，是对缓和国际紧张局势的首创性的切实的贡献，受到全世界人民的热烈欢迎。 在抗美援朝战争中，中国人民志愿军与朝鲜人民军并肩作战，共歼灭以美国为首的“联合国军”和南朝鲜军109万余人（包括1950年6月25日至10月24日朝鲜人民军单独作战歼敌13万余人），摧毁和缴获敌军大量武器装备和作战物资。据美军资料透露，美国在战争中消耗物资7300余万吨，开支战费830亿美元，仅次于它在第二次大战中的耗费。抗美援朝战争的胜利，粉碎了美国政府妄图征服全部朝鲜并进而扩大侵略的计划，有效地扞卫了朝鲜民主主义人民共和国，保障了中国的安全，维护了远东和世界和平；它显示了中华人民共和国的军威、国威，使中国的国际威望空前提高；它鼓舞了全世界人民、特别是殖民地半殖民地人民反帝反殖斗争，使这一斗争更加普遍更加迅猛地发展起来；它提高了中国人民的政治觉悟，激发了中国人民的爱国主义、国际主义热忱和民族自尊心，推动了中国的民主改革和经济恢复工作；它促进了中国的国防建设和军队现代化建设，将军队的作战能力提高到一个新的水平。 抗美援朝战争取得伟大胜利的主要因素是：中共中央、中央军委和毛泽东、周恩来、彭德怀等老一辈无产阶级革命家，创造性地运用马克思主义的战争指导路线，对战争实施了正确的领导和卓越的指挥，丰富和发展了毛泽东军事思想。中国人民志愿军将士高度地发扬了革命英雄主义精神，士气旺盛，英勇善战，创造了无数惊天动地、可歌可泣的英雄业绩，荣立集体功的单位有6000多个，荣获英雄模范称号和荣立战功的人员有30多万人，在战斗中壮烈牺牲和光荣负伤、失踪的有36万余人，志愿军不愧为“最可爱的人”。全中国人民开展了轰轰烈烈的抗美援朝运动，艰苦奋斗，以一切必需的人物、物力、财力支援了前线，为战争提供的物资共达560万吨，承担战费62亿元人民币。朝鲜人民忍受帝国主义侵略造成的苦难，以坚持生产、筹借粮食、修桥筑路、运送物资、救护伤员、担任向导、防奸反特等积极行动，支援了志愿军的作战。朝鲜人民军和志愿军在并肩作战中，做到了密切协同，相互配合，成为坚强的整体的战斗力量。这样，就形成了伟大的气势磅礴的人民战争。抗美援朝战争的胜利，是人民战争的胜利。