Chapter 2 Chapter 1 The Brave and Combatant Chinese People's Volunteers

On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was established.After a long period of armed struggle, the Chinese people overthrew the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang supported by the United States and bankrupted the colonial policy of US imperialism in China.The victory of the Chinese people's revolution broke through the eastern front of the United States, disrupted its strategic deployment in the Far East, and changed the pattern of political and military power in the world, especially in Asia.However, the United States is not reconciled to failure and continues to implement its strategy of dominating the world.As part of its global strategic plan, it has established more than 200 military bases in the Pacific region, deployed one-third of its army, nearly a hundred warships, and more than a thousand aircraft; it plans to conclude a separate peace treaty with Japan to maintain Its occupying forces stationed in Japan have turned Japan into its main war base in Asia, and it is trying to make Taiwan its "general hub" and "unsinkable aircraft carrier" on its Pacific front, and it is also trying to bring the whole of Korea into its sphere of influence. As a "springboard" for it to deal with China and the Soviet Union.

The Korean Peninsula was the eastern outpost of the socialist camp at that time, with a prominent strategic position.Due to historical reasons, after the Second World War, the Korean Peninsula was divided into two parts, north and south, with the 38th parallel north latitude (referred to as the "38th parallel") as the boundary.The United States deliberately created the division of the Korean nation and stationed troops in South Korea. On August 15, 1948, it supported the establishment of the "Government of the Republic of Korea" with Syngman Rhee as the president, and implemented the capitalist system.Under such circumstances, on September 9, 1948, the people of northern North Korea established the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with Kim Il as prime minister, implementing a socialist system.The North Korean government firmly advocates holding democratic general elections throughout North Korea, establishing a unified central government, and realizing independent and peaceful reunification without any foreign interference.The Syngman Rhee clique in South Korea, with the support and instigation of the United States, insisted on the policy of reunification by force. In December 1949, Syngman Rhee declared that in the new year "South Korea and North Korea must be unified."Then, with the support of the United States, war preparations were stepped up, military deployment was accelerated in the "38th parallel" area, and armed provocations were frequently carried out against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.Facing the threat of war from the Syngman Rhee clique, the North Korean government also made necessary military preparations, strengthened the construction of the People's Army, and waged tit-for-tat struggles against South Korea's reactionary policy of "Northward Unification".From the beginning of 1950, the struggle between the North and the South on the Korean peninsula became increasingly acute. The two sides continued to have armed conflicts on the "38th Parallel", and the situation became increasingly serious.

On June 25, 1950, a full-scale civil war in North Korea finally broke out.According to the Charter of the United Nations, no other country has the right to interfere in the internal affairs of any country.However, starting from the global strategy of dominating the world, the United States immediately dispatched troops to carry out armed intervention against North Korea and found an excuse to invade the Chinese territory of Taiwan. On June 26, U.S. President Truman ordered the U.S. Air Force and Navy stationed in the Far East to support the South Korean Army in operations.At the same time, it ordered the US Seventh Fleet to invade the Taiwan Strait and occupy the Chinese territory of Taiwan.The representative of the United States manipulated the United Nations Security Council to pass a resolution slandering the Democratic People's Republic of Korea as an "aggressor" and punishing it with force when the representatives of the two permanent members of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union could not exercise their veto power. It was an illegal decision to recruit troops for the United States to invade North Korea. On the 30th, Truman ordered the U.S. Army to participate in the war of aggression against Korea, and granted MacArthur, commander-in-chief of the U.S. Forces in the Far East, full authority to use all of his ground troops. On July 2, the 24th Division of the U.S. Army stationed in Japan, as the vanguard, landed suddenly in Busan, South Korea, and went into front-line operations. On the 7th, Truman ordered the expansion of the U.S. combat forces, bringing the total number of the land, sea, and air forces to 2 million, preparing to use greater strength to join the invasion of Korea.On this day, the U.S. manipulated the UN Security Council to pass an illegal resolution; authorizing the U.S. to form a unified command of the military that invaded North Korea to command the troops of all countries participating in the invasion of Korea.In this way, the troops of the participating countries headed by the United States were put on the coat of "United Nations Army", and MacArthur was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the "United Nations Army".Since then, the civil war waged by the Korean people for independence and reunification has turned into a war of national liberation against US imperialist aggression due to the direct armed intervention of the US.

On the second day after the outbreak of the Korean War, Prime Minister Kim Il Sung called on the entire Korean people and officers and soldiers of the Korean People's Army to mobilize to fight resolutely for the freedom, independence and reunification of Korea.The heroic Korean People's Army immediately went into battle and advanced south of the "38th Parallel" with a force of destruction, giving the US aggressors a powerful counterattack. Liberated Seoul on June 28, captured Daejeon on July 20, and captured Dean, the commander of the 24th Division of the United States.By mid-August, the Korean People's Army had liberated 90% of South Korea's land, and compressed the U.S. and U.S.-armed South Korean troops into a narrow area of ​​10,000 square kilometers east of the Nak River.While stubbornly resisting, the U.S. aggressors used the port of Busan to continue to increase their troops in preparation for a counterattack, and the war became stalemate for a while.In order to save the defeat, the U.S. military authorities began to contemplate new steps to expand the war of aggression.

The United States invaded North Korea and seriously threatened China's security. Taking this opportunity to occupy the Chinese territory of Taiwan is a direct challenge to the Chinese people. On June 28, Chairman Mao Zedong solemnly pointed out that the Chinese people will neither be lured by imperialism nor be afraid of imperialist threats, and called on "the people of the whole country and the world to unite and make full preparations to defeat any provocations by U.S. imperialism." ".On the same day, Premier Zhou Enlai and Foreign Minister issued a statement stating: "The actions of the U.S. Navy are an armed aggression against Chinese territory" and "all the people of our country will unite as one and fight to the end to liberate Taiwan from the U.S. aggressors." On July 6, Zhou Enlai issued another statement pointing out that the resolution adopted by the United Nations under the manipulation of the United States was illegal, and the Chinese people firmly opposed it.Then, Zhou Enlai launched a reasonable and forceful struggle against the US aggression through diplomatic channels.

In view of the fact that the Korean War has become more complicated and has the possibility of expanding its scale and turning into a protracted one, at the proposal of Chairman Mao Zedong, under the chairmanship of Zhou Enlai, vice chairman of the Central Military Commission, on July 7 and 10, the Central Military Commission held two national defense wars. The military meeting discussed the situation of the US aggression against North Korea and the issue of defending China's national defense. On July 13, the Central Military Commission officially issued the "Decision on Defending the Northeast Frontier".According to this decision, the Central Military Commission transferred 12 infantry divisions and the 1st, 2nd, 2nd, and 42nd armies of the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 42nd armies under the jurisdiction of the 13th Corps of the Fourth Field Army to serve as the national strategic reserve force. The 8th Division, 1 Antiaircraft Artillery Regiment, and 1 Engineer Regiment, with a total of 250,000 people, formed the Northeast Frontier Defense Force, responsible for defending the security of the border defense in Northeast China and supporting the Korean people in their war of aggression when necessary.The above-mentioned troops are required to assemble in Andong (now Dandong, the same below), Fengcheng, Ji'an (now Ji'an), Tonghua, Liaoyang, Haicheng, Benxi, Tieling, Kaiyuan and other places in mid-August, and start training.At the same time, the Central Military Commission adjusted and strengthened the leadership of the 13th Corps, with Deng Hua as commander and political commissar, Hong Xuezhi and Han Xianchu as deputy commanders, Xie Fang as chief of staff, and Du Ping as director of the Political Department.The leading body of the 13th Corps performs the functions of the leading body of the Northeast Frontier Defense Army and is under the leadership of the Northeast Military Region. On August 18, Chairman Mao Zedong ordered Gao Gang, commander and political commissar of the Northeast Military Region, to urge the border guards to complete pre-war training and all combat preparations before September 30, and be on standby to perform combat tasks. In late August, the Central Military Commission decided to transfer the 9th Corps and the 19th Corps to areas along the Jinpu Railway and the Longhai Railway to gather in response to the actions of the Northeast Frontier Defense Forces. On September 6, the Central Military Commission transferred the 50th Army from Hubei to the Northeast to join the frontier defense army.At the same time, the Central Military Commission also decided to speed up the construction of special forces, and immediately added 4 air regiments for the air force, 3 tank brigades for the army, 18 anti-aircraft artillery regiments and 10 artillery regiments for the infantry army.In order to prevent the U.S. Air Force from bombing my country's big cities and industrial bases, the Central Military Commission formulated an air defense combat plan, deploying 3 aviation divisions, 15 anti-aircraft artillery regiments and 1 searchlight regiment in Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Beijing, Tianjin, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and other places; also decided to transfer some industrial equipment and strategic materials in the south of Northeast China to the north.

The above-mentioned far-sighted strategic measures adopted by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission laid the foundation for victory in consolidating national defense, coping with incidents, and assisting the Korean people in their war of aggression. In order to reverse the unfavorable war situation in North Korea, the U.S. authorities landed at the port of Incheon on the west coast of North Korea on September 15, with MacArthur commanding more than 70,000 U.S. Army personnel, with the cooperation of more than 260 ships and more than 500 aircraft, and raided the Korean People's Army. rear.At the same time, a total of 10 divisions of the U.S. Army and the South Korean Army on the Nakdong River front counterattacked aggressively, echoing the Incheon landing troops from north to south.The Korean People's Army was forced to switch to a strategic retreat under the unfavorable situation of being attacked by the enemy and fighting on two fronts. On the 29th, the enemy's frontal troops arrived at the "38th Parallel". On October 1 and 7, the South Korean Army and the U.S. Army successively crossed the "38th Parallel" and aggressively invaded the border between China and North Korea.At this time, the U.S. Air Force also intensified its reconnaissance, strafing and bombing of China's northeastern border areas.

On September 30, Premier Zhou Enlai sternly warned the U.S. authorities that "the Chinese people must not tolerate foreign aggression, nor allow the imperialists to ignore their wanton aggression against their neighbors." On October 3, Zhou Enlai strongly warned: "The U.S. military is trying to cross the 38th parallel and expand the war. If the U.S. military does this, we cannot just sit idly by and take care of it." "We advocate that the North Korean incident should be resolved peacefully. North Korea The fighting must stop immediately, and the invading troops must retreat."

The U.S. authorities regarded the repeated stern warnings to the Chinese government as "false intimidation" and continued to implement the aggressive plan to cross the "38th Parallel" to the north and exert influence on China through diplomatic channels to prevent China from intervening in the Korean War.Truman made a special trip from Washington to Wake Island in the central Pacific Ocean on October 15 to hold talks with MacArthur.As a result of the talks, they believed that the possibility of China sending troops to participate in the war was very small. The Chinese "on the banks of the Yalu River, only 50,000 to 60,000 people can cross the river to fight", "not enough to cause trouble", and asserted: "In North and South Korea, resistance will be in the Ends before Thanksgiving."Subsequently, the U.S. forces invading North Korea accelerated their attacks on the border between China and North Korea.The situation in the Korean War has reversed sharply, and the Korean people are in a crisis.At this time, towns and villages such as Ji'an, Andong, Changdian Hekou, and Lagushao on the border of Northeast China were frequently bombed and strafed by the U.S. Air Force, and our country's security was seriously threatened.In this serious situation, the Workers' Party and government of Korea, on behalf of the Korean people, requested China to send troops for assistance.The Chinese people were furious and demanded to join the Korean people in fighting against the American aggressors.Peace-loving people all over the world have also protested and condemned the barbaric aggression of US imperialism.

In the first ten days of October 1950, under the chairmanship of Chairman Mao Zedong, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held several meetings to comprehensively analyze and study the situation of the Korean War and our country’s situation, from saving the Korean crisis, safeguarding our country’s security and maintaining peace in Asia and the world, promoting Starting from the fundamental standpoint of the cause of human progress, he resolutely made a major strategic decision of "resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea, defending the country and defending the country", and decided to send volunteers to North Korea to participate in the war.Chairman Mao Zedong said at the Politburo meeting: "We have decided to use the name of the Volunteer Army to send some troops to North Korea to fight against the troops of the United States and its running dog Syngman Rhee. Because if the entire North Korea is occupied by the Americans, the revolutionary forces of North Korea will suffer fundamentally. If China fails, the American aggressors will become more rampant, which will be detrimental to the entire East.” At that time, the victory of the Chinese revolution had only been a year old, the wounds of the war had not yet recovered, all industries were waiting for prosperity, and the national economy was in great difficulty; Land reform is being carried out, and the remnants of the Kuomintang army and bandits entrenched and fleeing in some areas are urgently needed to be wiped out; the People's Liberation Army has not yet received good rest and training, and its weapons and equipment are also quite backward. The difficulty of fighting a sophisticated, world-class U.S. military is obvious.However, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Chairman Mao Zedong held high the banner of patriotism and internationalism. From supporting the cause of independence and liberation of the Korean people, from defending the achievements of the Chinese revolution, and from the overall situation of maintaining peace in Asia and the world, they resolutely made proletarian revolutionary courage and political The far-sighted and wise decision-making fully embodies the historical sense of responsibility of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people.

After the Central Military Commission decided to send volunteers to North Korea to participate in the war, it deployed a total of 24 divisions from seven armies as the second and third batches of reserve forces to fight in North Korea to cope with the possible development of the Korean War. On October 8, 1950, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Chinese People's Revolutionary Military Commission issued an order for the formation of the Chinese People's Volunteers as follows: 1. In order to assist the Korean People's War of Liberation, oppose the attacks of U.S. imperialism and its lackeys, so as to protect the interests of the Korean people, the Chinese people and the people of other countries in the East, change the Northeast Frontier Army into the Chinese People's Volunteers, and immediately dispatch to North Korea , and cooperate with North Korean comrades to fight against the aggressors and strive for a glorious victory. 2. The 38th Army, 39th Army, 40th Army, and 42nd Army under the jurisdiction of the 13th Corps of the Chinese People's Volunteers, as well as the Border Artillery Command and the 1st, 2nd, and 8th Artillery Divisions.The above ministries must be ready immediately for dispatch. 3. Comrade Peng Dehuai was appointed as the commander and political commissar of the Chinese People's Volunteers. 4. The Chinese People's Volunteers use the Northeast Administrative Region as the general rear base. All rear work and supply matters and matters related to assisting Korean comrades are dispatched, commanded and guaranteed by Comrade Gao Gang, commander and political commissar of the Northeast Military Region. 5. When our Chinese People's Volunteers enter North Korea, we must show friendship and respect to the Korean people, the Korean People's Army, the Democratic Government of Korea, the Workers' Party of Korea (that is, the Communist Party), other democratic parties, and Comrade Kim Il Sung, the leader of the Korean people, and strictly Observe military discipline and political discipline, which is an extremely important political basis for ensuring the completion of military tasks. Sixth, we must deeply estimate the various possible and inevitable difficulties that we may encounter, and be prepared to overcome these difficulties with high enthusiasm, courage, care and hard work.The current general international and domestic situation is favorable to us and unfavorable to the aggressors.As long as the comrades are resolute and brave, good at uniting the local people, and good at fighting the invaders, the final victory will be ours. After the formation of the Volunteer Army, each unit carried out intensive preparations for battle based on the combat readiness training and the mission and policy of entering the DPRK.After preparing for the battle, especially the in-depth ideological and political mobilization work, the majority of commanders and fighters have high fighting spirit and have formulated plans to kill the enemy and make meritorious service.Each unit held a swearing-in meeting.The whole army is determined to overcome any difficulties and obstacles, fight bravely, cooperate with the Korean People's Army to defeat the American invaders, and complete the sacred mission of "resisting US aggression, aiding Korea, and defending the country" entrusted by the people of the motherland. On the eve of going abroad, the Chinese People's Volunteers solemnly swear to the people of the motherland: "We are the Chinese People's Volunteers. In order to oppose the brutal aggression of US imperialism, assist the liberation struggle of the Korean brothers and nations, and defend the interests of the Chinese people, the Korean people and the people of Asia, we volunteered to go to the Korean battlefield, fight side by side with the Korean people, and fight for the eradication of A common enemy, striving for a common victory. In order to accomplish this glorious and great combat mission, we swear by our brave and tenacious fighting will, resolutely obey orders, obey orders, fight wherever our superiors direct us, and never fear. Never waver, carry forward the spirit of hard work and perseverance, overcome all difficulties, carry forward revolutionary heroism, and make great achievements in battle. We must respect the leadership of the leader of the Korean people, General Kim Il Sung, and learn from the heroic and skillful battles of the Korean People's Army work style, respect the customs and habits of the Korean people, love the mountains, rivers, plants and trees of North Korea, unite with the Korean people and the Korean army, and wipe out all the aggressive troops of the US imperialists completely, cleanly and thoroughly.” When the Chinese People's Volunteers first entered the DPRK, the enemy's total strength had reached more than 420,000, with more than 1,100 aircraft and more than 300 warships of various types.Its ground forces consist of 5 armies, 15 divisions, two brigades, and 1 airborne regiment. Among them, 3 U.S. armies, 6 divisions and 1 airborne regiment have about 120,000 people, and the South Korean army has 2 legions (equivalent to the army) There are a total of 9 divisions with about 90,000 people, and there are more than 1,200 troops from Britain, Turkey, Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines.In addition to dealing with the North Korean People's Army and guerrillas with some troops in the rear, the enemy concentrated 4 armies, 10 divisions, 1 brigade, and 1 airborne regiment, totaling more than 130,000 people, and marched toward the "38th parallel" and beyond. The border between China and North Korea is advancing crazily. On October 19, the enemy had occupied Wonsan, Hamhung, Yangdok, Sungcheon and Pyongyang, the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.At this time, the main force of the Korean People's Army was still blocked in southern North Korea and was moving north of the "38th Parallel".The Workers' Party of Korea, the government of the Republic, and the People's Army units north of the "38th Parallel" are implementing a strategic retreat in the direction of Sinuiju and Gangjie on the border between China and North Korea. The volunteers were not afraid of powerful enemies, and rushed to the battle, building while fighting.Starting from the evening of October 19th, the Volunteer Army's 39th Army, 40th Army, 38th Army, Artillery 8th Division, and Anti-aircraft Artillery 1st Regiment marched from Andong, Changdian River Estuary, Ji'an and other places with pride and pride. , Crossed the Yalu River, and participated in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. On the 23rd, the 1st Artillery Division, the 29th Regiment of the 2nd Division, and the 4th and 6th Engineering Regiments began to enter the DPRK. On the 25th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an order: the leadership of the 13th Corps and the front command post of the Volunteer Army were merged to form the Volunteer Army Command and the Political Department. Fang was the chief of staff, and Du Ping was the director of the Political Department.At the same time, it was decided to establish the Communist Party of China Volunteer Army Party Committee, with Peng Dehuai as secretary and Deng Hua as deputy secretary.On the same day, the Artillery Command of the Volunteer Army entered the DPRK under the leadership of political commissar Qiu Chuangcheng and deputy commander Kuang Yumin. On the 26th and 27th, the 50th Army and the 66th Army, which had been identified as the Volunteer Army's campaign reserve, entered the DPRK.So far, the first batch of Volunteer Army to fight the US invasion army consisted of 6 infantry corps, 3 artillery divisions, 1 anti-aircraft artillery regiment, and 2 engineering regiments. Before the volunteers entered the DPRK, it was estimated that after the enemy crossed the "38th Parallel" and occupied Pyongyang and Wonsan, it would take some time to continue northward.Therefore, according to the strategic intention of the Central Military Commission, the head of the Volunteer Army decided to use the favorable terrain that is easy to defend and difficult to attack, organize defense, stabilize the battle situation, and organize a counterattack after gaining a firm foothold.After the volunteers crossed the river, the enemy was dividing and advancing. On the 20th, the enemy's main force and western front troops had entered 70 to 100 kilometers away from the Volunteer Army's scheduled defense area, and the vanguard division of its Eastern Front Army had occupied the Volunteer Army's scheduled defense area.At this time, the five divisions of the Volunteer Army that had crossed the river had only entered the area east of Yizhou on the south bank of the Yalu River and south of Shuozhou and Manpu Town, and was still 120 to 270 kilometers away from the planned defense area.The Central Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong immediately decided to abandon the original plan of the Volunteer Army and adopt the policy of annihilating the enemy in motion, instructing the Volunteer Army to complete the deployment of the campaign within a few days so that they can start fighting a few days later.And pointed out: Now is the issue of fighting for fighters, rather than deploying defenses first, and then talking about offensive issues.In this way, the volunteer army rushed into battle while advancing and deploying. With the development of the war, the Volunteer Army successively increased the number of infantry and various technical troops and arms, and successively established the command organizations of each army and arms, gradually strengthened the combat troops, and gradually strengthened the organization and command organization of the various arms and arms for coordinated operations.In order to persist in long-term combat, the Central Military Commission and Chairman Mao Zedong decided on the policy of the Volunteer Army taking turns to fight, so that the combat strength of the Volunteer Army can be continuously replenished.By mid-June 1951, the troops of various services and arms that entered the DPRK to participate in the war one after another include: Infantry, the 9th Corps, led by commander and political commissar Song Shilun, has the 20th, 26th, and 27th armies, and the 19th Corps, led by commander Yang Dezhi and political commissar Li Zhimin, has the 63rd, 64th, and 65th armies , the 3rd Corps led by commander and political commissar Chen Geng has jurisdiction over the 12th, 15th, 60th, and 47th armies.The 66th and 50th armies, which entered the DPRK earlier to participate in the war, were ordered to return home to rest. Artillery, the Artillery Command Post was newly formed when the Artillery Command was ordered to return to China, with Kuang Yumin as the director, the 67th, 62nd, 63rd, and 64th Antiaircraft Artillery Divisions, and the 7th Ground Artillery Division under the jurisdiction of the 20th and 11th Regiments. The 21st Rocket Artillery Division governs the 201st and 203rd Regiments, and the 31st Defense Artillery Division governs the 401st and 402nd Regiments and the 404th Regiment of the 32nd Division. Engineer Corps, the Volunteer Army Engineer Command Post headed by Chen Zhengfeng, the 15th, 17th, 3rd, 7th, 10th, 18th, and 22nd regiments of the Engineer Corps. Railway Corps, the 1st Division has jurisdiction over the 1st and 11th Bridge Regiments and the 21st Line Regiment, the Railway Corps is directly under the Bridge Regiment and the Independent Regiment, and the Railway Corps forward command post with Li Shouxuan as the director, the 3rd Division has jurisdiction over the 3rd and 13th Bridge Regiments The regiment and the 23rd regiment of the line, the 2nd division governs the 2nd and 12th bridge regiments and the 22nd regiment of the line. Armored Forces, an armored force command post based on the headquarters of the 1st Tank Division, with Huang Huxian as the director, leading the 1st Tank Division and the 3rd Regiment of the 2nd Division. The logistics force, the logistics front command post of the Northeast Military Region under the charge of Zhang Mingyuan and Du Zheheng, will later be changed to the front command post, with Zhou Chunquan as the minister, Zhang Mingyuan as the deputy minister, and Du Zhe as the political commissar. The Volunteer Army Rear Service Command was established on May 19, 1951. Hong Xuezhi served as the commander and Zhou Chunquan served as the political commissar.The 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th logistics divisions entered the DPRK successively.During this period, the 6th Division was merged into the 4th Division, and the number of the 6th Division was cancelled. The 18th Division of the Public Security Army entered the DPRK to take on the tasks of suppressing bandits, guarding, escorting, loading and unloading, and air defense surveillance posts behind the battlefield. Air Force, the 28th, 29th, and 30th Brigades of the 4th Aviation Division, the Volunteer Air Force Command with Nie Fengzhi as the commander. By mid-June 1951, in the battle order of the Volunteer Army, there were 3 corps of infantry under the jurisdiction of 9 armies and 6 armies directly under the jurisdiction of 15 armies; the artillery command post had 7 divisions of ground artillery and 4 divisions of anti-aircraft artillery; It has 9 engineering regiments under its jurisdiction; the Railway Corps Command has 3 divisions and 2 directly affiliated regiments; the Logistics Command has 6 divisions; the Air Force Command has jurisdiction over the 4th Aviation Division. In the early days of the Volunteer Army's participation in the war, although it had an advantage in the number of soldiers, its weapons and equipment were at an obvious disadvantage.In addition to the enemy's powerful air force, artillery, and tank troops supporting infantry operations, the number of artillery in the U.S. infantry division organization exceeds the number of artillery in the three divisions of our army. There are also 154 tanks and 3,976 vehicles of various types.However, the mobility of our infantry mainly relies on walking, and the marching and combat operations of the troops are often under the threat of enemy aircraft; the logistics support, due to the hasty preparations before the battle, the rapid development of the war, and the serious damage caused by the enemy aircraft bombing, make the battlefield settlements almost become Ruins, the supply of combat materials is very difficult.However, the heroic volunteer army, not afraid of powerful enemies, fought bravely, and threw themselves into the battle against the US aggressor army with fearless heroism. In order to smash the enemy's attempt to quickly occupy the whole of North Korea, the volunteer troops entering North Korea, under the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Military Commission, and Chairman Mao Zedong, and under the command of Commander Peng Dehuai, launched a strategic counter-offensive operation against the rampantly attacking enemy.From October 25, 1950 to June 10, 1951, five consecutive battles were carried out to drive the enemy back to the "38th parallel". In the first battle (October 25th to November 5th, 1950), the volunteers rushed to the battle when they were unfamiliar with the enemy's situation and geography, their weapons and equipment were outdated, and their supplies were quite difficult.The commanders and fighters who participated in the war were not afraid of difficulties and bravely killed the enemy. After hard fighting, they won the first battle, annihilating more than 15,000 US troops and South Korean troops, repelling the enemy from the Yalu River to the south of the Qingchuan River, and smashing the enemy's "Thanksgiving Day" ( November 23) the previous attempt to occupy all of Korea initially stabilized the situation in the Korean War. In the second battle (November 6 to December 24, 1950), in order to smash the enemy's "general offensive" to end the Korean War on Christmas Day, the volunteers seized the weakness of the enemy's strength and underestimated the enemy. , Under the circumstances that the supply of clothing was extremely difficult, a counter-offensive operation was carried out.The North Korean and Chinese forces liberated Pyongyang, annihilated more than 36,000 enemies (including more than 24,000 American troops), and drove the enemy to the south of the "38th Parallel", which effectively dealt a blow to the arrogance of the United States and reversed the situation in the Korean War. The third battle (December 31, 1950 to January 8, 1951) was to smash the enemy's attempt to defend the "38th Parallel" established positions, and the whole army to commit another crime. The Volunteers fought side by side with the Korean People's Army. , Supply difficulties, a large-scale offensive operations against the enemy.The North Korean and Central troops advanced 80 to 110 kilometers, wiped out more than 19,000 enemies, drove the enemies to the north and south areas of the 37th parallel, and occupied Seoul. The fourth campaign (January 25 to April 21, 1951) was a defensive operation to repel the enemy's attack.The Volunteer Army and the People's Army fought for 87 days under more difficult combat conditions. Through the defensive defense on the south bank of the Han River, the counterattack in the Hengcheng area, and the mobile defensive operations in the wide front, a total of more than 78,000 enemies were killed, wounded and captured. At the cost of 900 casualties, they only advanced 1.3 kilometers, successfully stopped the enemy's attack, and covered the build-up of the Volunteer Army's strategic reserve team, creating favorable conditions for the next battle. The fifth battle (April 22 to June 10, 1951) was to smash the enemy's attempt to land on our side, cooperate with the frontal attack, and establish a new line of defense at the waist of the Korean bee. The counterattack launched by the enemy first .The Volunteer Army and the People's Army invested a total of 15 armies, fought continuously for 50 days, wiped out more than 82,000 enemies, stabilized the front near the "38th Line", forced the enemy to switch to strategic defense, and accepted the armistice negotiations. In the first seven months of the war in North Korea, the Volunteers showed great military power and national prestige, making it difficult for the enemy to defeat the Chinese People's Volunteers. The Volunteer Army carried forward the glorious tradition and excellent fighting style of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, gave full play to the advantages of political work, and creatively used our army's traditional tactics to exploit our strengths and attack the enemy's weaknesses, and defeated the enemy with modern equipment with inferior equipment. Political work is the lifeline of our army and the magic weapon for defeating the enemy.In combat, the Volunteers gave full play to the powerful power of political work.According to the actual situation of going abroad to fight, before going abroad, firstly, through various, in-depth and meticulous publicity and education centered on patriotism and internationalism, "Resist US Aggression, Aid Korea, Defend the Homeland, Defend the Country", so as to improve the nature of the war against US Aid Korea for the majority of commanders and fighters The understanding of its significance has inspired the consciousness of hating US imperialist aggression, loving the motherland and North Korea, and defending peace in Asia and the world; it has made the majority of commanders and fighters think about patriotism and internationalism, personal interests, the destiny of the motherland, and the people of the world. Combining the interests of all parties, the sense of mission of "resisting US aggression and aiding Korea, defending the country and defending the country" has been enhanced.The soldiers used allegro poems to express their desire to join the war in a simple way: "The American emperor is like a fire. It burns North Korea and China, and the Chinese neighbors are quick to put out the fire. To save North Korea is to save China." On the basis of raising awareness, after in-depth mobilization , The commanders and fighters have called for battle and sworn oaths to fight to help the North Korean brothers and defend the motherland at the expense of their lives.After entering the DPRK, the Volunteer Army continued to carry out in-depth political and ideological work in combination with the actual situation on the battlefield.Using the brutal crimes committed by the U.S. military and the massacres of the Korean people, the various troops carried out education on hatred of U.S. imperialism and love for the Korean people, so as to stimulate their enthusiasm for combating the U.S. aggressor army.At the same time, a meritorious campaign to promote revolutionary heroism was widely carried out throughout the army, arousing the sense of revolutionary honor of the commanders and fighters.The upsurge of the meritorious movement that honored the people of the motherland by killing the enemy and doing meritorious service on the Korean battlefield inspired the vast number of commanders and fighters to fight the enemy bravely without fear of powerful enemies and difficulties.Among the officers and soldiers of the volunteer army, the great development of revolutionary heroism has formed a huge spiritual force to defeat the enemy and overcome difficulties, and has created countless heroic deeds. When the Volunteers entered North Korea to participate in the first battle, in the Onjeong area, the 360th Regiment of the 120th Division of the 40th Army confronted the South Korean Army for the first time.When the squad leader of the 3rd company, Shi Baoshan, ran out of bullets and the position was seriously threatened, he resolutely picked up two blasting tubes, shouted the slogan "to protect the country and defend the position", rushed to the enemy group, and died with more than 20 enemies.Inspired by his heroic actions, the soldiers took up their bayonets and stones, fought the enemy, and finally repelled the enemy.In the second battle, the 3rd Company of the 335th Regiment of the 112th Division of the 38th Army was ordered to block the fleeing U.S. troops. After the entire company repelled the enemies covered by planes, tanks and artillery for 4 times, there were only more than 20 people left. , and continued to fight on the position that had become a sea of ​​flames. In the end, only the deputy instructor and 6 slightly injured soldiers remained, and they still stood firm until the main force arrived.When cleaning the battlefield, I found many volunteer soldiers who died together with the enemy. Some of them held the enemy's machine gun tightly in their hands, some held grenades stained with the enemy's brains tightly in their hands, some pressed the enemy's corpse with their bodies, and some His teeth and nails were embedded in the enemy's flesh. The heroic and touching scene aroused the commanders and fighters to fight harder and vowed to avenge the Chinese and North Korean people to the death.Later, the famous writer Wei Wei who accompanied the team wrote an exciting battlefield newsletter based on the heroic deeds of the 3rd company: "Who is the cutest person".During the battle in the Changjin Lake area on the eastern front, Yang Gensi, commander of the 3rd Company of the 172nd Regiment of the 58th Division of the 20th Army, led the 3rd platoon of the company to stand firm and blocked the enemy's retreat.The enemy poured a large number of bombs, artillery shells and incendiary bombs on the position of the third platoon.On the position filled with gunpowder smoke and raging fire, Yang Gensi led the soldiers to repel the enemy's 8 battalions of charges within 4 hours; when the ammunition was exhausted, they used bayonets, gun stocks, shovels, Blocks fought with the enemy, and in the end there were only 2 wounded left, still standing firm.When the enemy launched the ninth charge, Yang Gensi, who was already injured, resolutely picked up the only 5 kg explosive package, ignited the fuse, and rushed from the top of the hill to the enemy group, and died together with the enemy.The spokesperson of the U.S. Eighth Army had to admit publicly: "The communist army despises the concentrated artillery fire and huge air force of the United Nations. We have a lot of fighter-bombers and jets and heavy artillery fire to bombard the enemy who is rushing forward. But the well-trained communist army, armed with submachine guns and grenades, continued to pour forward endlessly...not even a volcanic eruption could stop them." With extremely strong revolutionary perseverance, the vast number of commanders and fighters worked hard and worked hard to overcome one difficulty after another. In the early days of the Volunteer Army’s war in North Korea, due to the hasty response to the battle, it was in the middle of winter, and they fought against the American invading army in a foreign country where people and land lived together. In addition to the difficulties brought about by natural conditions and weapons and equipment, another serious problem was that the supply of materials was extremely limited. difficulty.Although the logistics departments of the Northeast Military Region and the Volunteer Army have tried their best, due to the rapid development of the war, the rapid changes in the battle situation, continuous operations, and the enemy's bombing of urban and rural areas and transportation lines in the field, it is impossible to supply supplies on the spot, and the logistics supply on the battlefield is far away. It is far from being able to meet the needs of combat, resulting in insufficient supply of ammunition for the troops and a serious shortage of food and clothing.In the first, second, and third battles, the army could only supply about 25% of the required food, and the ammunition could only be resupplied with emphasis.When the commanders and fighters of the 9th Corps fought in the Changjin Lake area on the eastern front, they braved the severe cold of minus 30 to 40 degrees Celsius, and the snow on the battlefield was several feet. Hunger was widespread, and the winter clothes of the commanders and fighters were not suitable for the severe cold in North Korea. The continuous snow made the cotton clothes soaked and could not be dried, and severe frostbite occurred.In the fourth battle, the army went deep into the enemy's rear, and the logistics supply could not keep up. Some troops could only eat one or two meals of porridge a day, and some troops could not make up for food for a few days; many soldiers had ragged clothes, and some even walked barefoot. .In the fifth battle, many troops ran out of food and cooking, and some troops had no food for 3 days, so they had to collect leaves and weeds to satisfy their hunger. However, in front of the volunteer army with a glorious tradition of hard work, it did not succumb to difficulties.Through strong political and ideological work, the troops have effectively improved the awareness of the commanders and fighters to endure hardships and overcome difficulties. The slogans "enduring hardships is glory" and "overcoming difficulties is victory" are deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.On the difficult and difficult battlefield, the whole army, under the leadership of party organizations at all levels, shared joys and sorrows.Party members and cadres take the lead, "go up when you see difficulties, and let go when you see enjoyment." Cadres and soldiers work together to fight against difficulties.The soldiers said: For the happiness of the people of the motherland and the Korean people, they are willing to sacrifice, and they are afraid of hardships and difficulties!The troops mobilized the masses to carry out the "find a way campaign".Proceed from reality and do everything possible to overcome difficulties.在作战中，弹药短缺时，就组织打扫战场，搜集敌人遗弃的弹药、武器；弹药打光了，就用刺刀白刃格斗，用石块、铁锹等同敌人拼杀。在缺粮断炊时，就节食、分食，就地采集可充饥的野生草果，甚至勒紧裤带，忍饿坚持战斗。被服供应不上，特别是战士的手脚无法御寒，有些部队就拆旧被子、旧毯子，自己动手做棉袜，缝手套，没有针就用电话线的铁丝代替，没有线就用拆破袜子的线。有的部队还发明了“两用手套”，行动时套在手上，驻止时套在脚上。 英雄的志愿军指战员在以坚韧不拔的毅力与困难作斗争的同时，运用有效的传统战法，扬我之长，击敌之短，英勇奋战，克敌制胜，把具有高度现代化技术装备的以美国为首的“联合国军”赶回了“三八线”。 志愿军入朝参战之前，中央军委和毛泽东主席根据敌人有强大的空军和陆军高度现代化的情况，为志愿军制定了扬长避短的作战原则，指示志愿军要广泛地实施夜间作战和寻机同敌人打运动战，并把敌人飞机对我军活动的妨碍程度和我军利用夜间行动作战的熟练程度，作为争取转变朝鲜战局的决定条件之一。我军在反对国内外敌人的长期革命战争中，经常采用运动战、夜战、近战以及实施包围迂回等战法，积累了极为丰富的经验。这是我军之长。志愿军入朝参战后，又较为具体地摸到了敌人的短处。这就是；它怕夜战、近战，因为夜战和近战大大限制了敌人飞机大炮的作用，并造成其各军兵种联络指挥的困难。敌人害怕运动战，因为在运动中敌人的兵器不易全部展开，也不易发挥其强大火力。敌人怕迂回分割包围，因为敌军的机械化程度虽高，但对道路和补给依赖性大，最怕切断后路，被分割包围以后其部署即被打乱，各部队各兵种无法配合会遭各个歼灭。根据上述情况，为贯彻中央军委和毛泽东主席的指示，志愿军在参战初期，确定了以运动战为主，与部分阵地战、敌后游击战相结合的作战指导方针。在战术上，抓住运动中的有利时机，猛打猛冲，大胆渗透，分割包围；实施夜战、近战、速决战。 志愿军在入朝作战初期的7个月中，创造性的运用我军传统战法，取得了决定性的胜利。第一次战役中，第40军第118师在温井战斗时，就是乘敌立足未稳，采取运动、速决的战法，取得了全歼敌人1个步兵营和1个炮兵中队的胜利。第二次战役中，第38军第113师奉命实施战役迂回，断敌退路。该师坚决勇敢，吃大苦耐大劳，跋涉高山险路，不顾敌飞机轰炸扫射，昼夜兼程，14小时前进70公里，突然插到三所里，切断敌人一条退路，接着，又机动地占领另一条路上的要点龙源里，从而切断了美第9军的退路，打乱了敌人的部署，使敌人全线动摇，为战役的胜利创造了极为有利的条件。第三次战役，志愿军采取正面多路突破，尔后迅速投入第二梯队昼夜不停地向敌人纵深渗透迂回，配合正面突击，对敌形成战术分割包围，各个围歼敌人。战斗中，第42军第124师不顾敌飞机威胁，白天战斗前进，沿途打破敌人10次阻击，插到了指定地点，切断了敌人的退路，协同正面进攻的第66军，取得了歼灭南朝鲜军2个团和1个团大部以及1个炮兵营的胜利。志愿军在实施战略反攻作战中，广泛采取运动战，得心应手地运用了迂回分割包围的战术，取得了大量歼敌的战果，连美军号称“王牌”的骑兵第1师（机械化师）也难免厄运。该师一个被俘军官找到志愿军翻译，翘起拇指说：“你们包围迂回战术运用得好，前面拦住，后尾截住，这样作战，历史上从未见过。” 志愿军结合朝鲜战场的作战实际，继承和发扬了我军传统战法，不但经受了现代战争的严峻考验，而且取得了以劣势装备战胜优势装备之敌的新鲜作战经验。7个月的战争实践证明，志愿军不但敢于斗争，而且善于斗争。 以美国为首的“联合国军”在侵朝战争中损失惨重，一年来伤亡10万余人，耗资100亿美元，尽管付出如此高昂代价，但仍看不到战争胜利的希望。对此，美国人民强烈不满，反战情绪日益高涨。美国统治集团内部的矛盾越加尖锐。美国当局也为把主要人力、物力长期陷入朝鲜战场，同其全球战略发生矛盾，而焦虑不安。同时，也被迫承认单纯依靠军事手段，已不能解决朝鲜问题。于是，美国决策机关不得不重新考虑解决朝鲜问题的途径，重新制定解决朝鲜问题的政策。1951年5月16日，美国国家安全委员会经过反复研究以后，提出了结束朝鲜战争问题的改策建议。这就是，在恢复战前状态的“三八线”上通过停火谈判，结束敌对行动。这一建议得到杜鲁门的批准。于是美国政府被迫放弃武力占领全朝鲜的政策，转变为采取军事、政治并用的两手政策，即一面加强军事实力，在不扩大战争规模的情况下，保持军事上的主动，对朝中方面施加军事压力；一面通过外交途径向中国试探进行停战谈判的可能性，企图以军事压力配合停战谈判，寻求所谓“光荣的停战”。 在这一情况下，中共中央和毛泽东主席审时度势，决定转变战略方针，即由以军事打击为主，转为以军事打击与停战谈判相配合，以打促谈的斗争方针，以争取在公平合理的基础上解决朝鲜问题。同时，考虑到要使美国侵略军知难而退，必须大量消耗它的兵员，而我军由于装备的劣势，尚难以歼灭敌人重兵集团，因此，战争需作长期准备。1951年6月中旬，中央军委和毛泽东主席提出了“充分准备持久作战和争取和谈达到结束战争”的指导方针，要志愿军“持久作战，积极防御”。 6月25日，中共志愿军党委会召开会议，讨论战略方针，分析战争形势，并总结作战经验。会上，统一了对“持久作战，积极防御”战略方针的认识，确定了志愿军作战指导原则。会后，志愿军进行了一系列的战略性的工作部署，包括在全军进行政治思想教育，防御阵地的构筑，部队部署的调整，兵员的补充，特种兵的建设，技术装备的改善，以及后勤运输补给等方面的问题。 关于朝鲜停战谈判，经过交战双方多次磋商、会晤，定于1951年7月10日在“三八线”上的开城举行。对停战谈判进展的前途，中共中央和毛泽东主席早有所料，并作了充分的准备，指示志愿军必须提高警惕，加强战备，严阵以待，积极注意作战，防止敌人乘机发动军事进攻。并指出：要充分认识美帝国主义的本质，真正懂得只有依靠军事上的伟大胜利，才能赢得停战谈判的顺利进行和朝鲜战争的早日结束。 从此，朝鲜战争转入了战略相持，开始了一场军事与外交相结合、长期的、更为尖锐复杂的斗争。朝鲜战场形成了边打边谈、打谈结合的持久战的局面。 志愿军边作战边发展，不断提高作战能力。战争转入相持阶段以后，为了使志愿军坚持持久作战，保持和提高作战能力，中央军委根据轮番作战的方针，不断从国内增调经过改装、整训的步兵和特种兵部队入朝。同时轮换一部分部队回国整训与改装（有的执行新的任务）。这期间，为加强志愿军的领导力量，增调和轮换了总部和兵团的领导成员。至朝鲜停战前，志愿军领导坚强，部队战力充沛。此间志愿军的发展壮大的情况是： 步兵，先后入朝的有，以司令员杨成武、政治委员张南生率领的第20兵团辖第67军、第68军、第23军、第26军、第46军、第16军、第1军、第21军以及第33师和第54军之第130师，第二次入朝的第50军，还有以司令员董其武、政治委员高克林率领第23兵团辖第36军、第37军入朝担任修建飞机场任务。这期间回国的有第26军、第27军、第20军、第42军、第39军、第38军。战争后期，在朝步兵最多时达19个军。至1953年7月，志愿军步兵共有25个军另1个师轮番入朝参战，另有2个军担负修建飞机场任务。 炮兵，至1951年7月共有榴弹炮10个团、反坦克炮3个团、火箭炮3个团、高射炮4个师又3个城防高射炮团以及50个独立高射炮营（独立营大部配属步兵军、师）。1952年11月22日，中央军委决定炮兵部队实行轮换作战。以后，火箭炮第22师辖第205团、第207团、第208团，榴弹炮第3师辖第12团、第13团以及榴弹炮第33团、第39团、第46团，反坦克炮第33师辖第407团、第409团，高射炮第65师辖第613团、第614团、第615团等，先后入朝参战。1953年4月，将曾一度精简成为炮兵主任办公室进行充实调整，成立了炮兵指挥所，高存信任司令员，刘何任政治委员。战争后期，地面炮兵增加到10个师另18个独立团，高射炮兵增加到5个师另27个独立团又6个独立营。 工程兵，至1951年7月共有工兵11个团。以后又陆续增调工兵第1团、第4团、第6团、第9团、第12团，（首批入朝之第4团、第6团已改编为第14团、第16团），到战争后期共有工程兵14个团另2个营。此间，工程兵指挥所改组为工程兵指挥部，谭善和任司令员兼政治委员。 铁道兵，至1951年6月，入朝铁道兵共4个师另1个团及1个铁路工程队。为加强铁道兵的领导和协调朝鲜战地铁路运输和铁路修建工作，先后成立中朝联合铁道运输司令部、中朝联合新建铁路指挥局，并组建志愿军铁道工程第5师、第6师、第7师、第9师、第10师、第11师。至战争后期，铁道兵增加到10个师。此间，根据朝中两国有关朝鲜铁路战时军事管制协议，成立了中朝联合铁路运输司令部，贺晋年任司令员，张明远任政治委员，另由中朝双方派任副司令员。 装甲兵，坦克第3师率第5团、第6团及第4团入朝，轮换坦克第1师，同时志愿军装甲兵指挥所也由第3师司令部兼，由赵杰任主任。坦克独立第1团、第2团先后入朝并互相轮换。1952年12月，坦克第1师再次入朝。战争后期坦克兵增至2个师。 后勤部队，至1951年7月，志愿军后勤部队共有6个分部、24个大站，11个汽车团，另配属公安第18师。9月，志愿军后勤统一各大站的番号，分别为1至28大站；10月统一各汽车团番号，分别为1至13团。后勤机关和部队经过整编以后，按5个分部的布局，划分为5个供应区。 公安部队，1952年11月，公安第11师入朝，接替第18师的任务。 空军，至1951年8月，在国内组建并经过近1年的准备，能够参战的部队已有歼击航空兵第4师、第3师、第2师、第14师、第6师、第15师、第12师、第17师、第18师和轰炸航空兵第8师、第10师。9月下旬至12月底，先后主动参战的有第4师、第3师、第2师、第14师、第6师。至1953年7月，空军先后出动参战的有歼击航空兵10个师、轰炸航空兵2个师。 为适应新的尖锐复杂的斗争，坚持长期作战，中央军委增调和轮换、调整了志愿军总部和兵团的领导成员。这期间先后增任志愿军副司令员职务的有陈赓、宋时轮、杨得志；任副政治委员职务的有甘泗淇；任参谋长职务的有张文舟（代）、李达；任政治部主任职务的有甘泗淇（兼）、李志民。1952年4月，彭德怀回国休养（后留在国内主持中央军委日常工作），其志愿军司令员兼政治委员职务由陈赓代理，陈赓回国后由邓华代理。担任过兵团领导职务的有：韩先楚任第19兵团司令员，郑维山代理第20兵团司令员，王建安任第9兵团司令员，许世友任第3兵团司令员，黄永胜任第19兵团司令员，杨勇任第20兵团司令员。朝鲜停战以后.彭德怀于1954年9月宣布辞职，由邓华接替其职务。之后，至1958年10月，志愿军司令员职务又先后由杨得志、杨勇担任；志愿军政治委员职务又先后由李志民、王平担任；梁必业任副政治委员兼政治部主任，王蕴瑞任参谋长。志愿军配合停战谈判，进行攻防作战，狠狠打击美国侵略军。 朝鲜停战谈判开始以后，朝鲜战场上的斗争，即依军事服从于政治这一规律，围绕着停战谈判的进行而发展着。出于美国要维护其世界霸主地位，并迷信其武力，在停战谈判中，妄图以军事实力作筹码，进行政治讹诈，以军事压力迫朝中方面结城下之盟，以谋求其所谓的“光荣停战”。因而朝鲜战争出现了边打边谈，以打促谈的局面。美国根本不愿公平合理地解决朝鲜问题。当他们的蛮横无理的要求遭到拒绝时，就动用武力，发动军事攻势，以至穷兵黩武，使出种种解数，妄图惨害朝中部队和人民，迫使朝中方面退让，致使朝鲜战场上的斗争愈加尖锐复杂。 中朝部队为配合停战谈判斗争，奋勇作战，不断地粉碎敌人发动的各种攻势，并主动地向敌人发动攻势作战，以迫使敌人认真谈判，直到签订停战协定。从1951年8月至1953年7月，志愿军在人民军的协同下，进行的主要作战有： 1951年夏秋防御作战。此战是为粉碎敌人企图迫朝中方面在停战谈判中就范而发动的夏季攻势和秋季攻势。中朝部队在转入防御不久，阵地工事尚不坚固，时值朝鲜洪水泛滥，后方供应极为困难的情况下，艰苦奋战3个多月，粉碎了敌人的攻势，还胜利地进行了小的局部反击作战，共歼敌16.8万余人；迫使敌人放弃原来的无理要求，回到谈判桌上继续谈判。 反“绞杀战”。敌人发动夏季攻势时，于1952年8月，以其远东空军的80%；发动以分割中朝部队前方与后方，切断后方交通运输线为目的的“空中封锁战役”。敌人疯狂地轰炸以铁路、桥梁为重点的交通运输线。志愿军空军、高射炮兵、铁道兵、工程兵和后勤部队等，密切协同，艰苦奋战，同敌人斗争了10个月，给美国空军以沉重打击，粉碎了敌人“绞杀战”阴谋，并建成了“打不烂、炸不断的钢铁运输线”。 反细菌战。美国侵略军在1952年，以制造疫区，削弱中朝部队战斗力为目的，秘密进行了大规模的灭绝人性的细菌战。志愿军在祖国人民大力支援下，与朝鲜军民共同努力，经过一年的斗争，粉碎了敌人细菌战阴谋，并使美国在政治上、道义上遭到可耻失败。 1952年秋季全线性战术反击作战。志愿军在经过巩固阵地斗争以后，为粉碎敌人可能发动的进攻，配合停战谈判，在全线依托坚固阵地实施战术性反击。为时44天，共对敌人营以下防御据点57个，进攻74次，共歼敌2.5万余人；击落敌飞机183架，击伤241架，击毁敌坦克60余辆、各种炮50余门、汽车70余辆；缴获各种炮30余门、各种枪2300余支，志愿军全线战术反击，使敌人越来越处于被动的境地。 上甘岭防御战役。1952年10月14日至11月25日，美国侵略军为了摆脱被动局面，配合停战谈判斗争，发动了一年来规模最大的“金化攻势”，对志愿军防守的上甘岭地区的两高地发动强烈进攻。敌人为攻占志愿军的总面积不足4平方公里的两高地阵地，先后出动步兵11个团又2个营，动用大口径火炮300余门、坦克170辆，飞机3000余架次，总兵力约6万余人。共发射炮弹190余万发，投炸弹5000余枚，把两个山头炸成一片焦土。我军防守部队依托坑道阵地，顽强抗击敌人的进攻，共歼敌2.5万余人，击落击伤敌飞机270余架，击毁击伤大炮60余门、坦克14辆，最终守住了阵地。敌人无可奈何地败退了，宣告了它对志愿军正面进攻的最后失败。 1953年夏季进攻战役。这年上半年，志愿军针对美国新上任总统艾森豪威尔妄图对朝中部队侧后实施两栖登陆作战的阴谋，进行了规模巨大的反登陆的作战准备，迫使敌人放弃了疯狂的登陆作战计划。这时我军作战能力空前提高。为配合停战谈判，志愿军于5月13日开始，以4个军对敌人20个连以下目标进行了反击作战，共歼敌4100余人。6月10日，针对李承晚集团破坏停战谈判的情况，又重点对南朝鲜军2个团的防御阵地发起进攻，至6月23日，志愿军又先后对敌人51个团以下目标进攻65次，共歼敌4.1万余人。经过朝中方面不懈的努力，特别是对敌人的军事打击，朝鲜停战谈判的各项议程终于达成协议。在即将准备进行停战协定签字之际，李承晚公然破坏达成的协定。为促进停战的实现，志愿军于7月13日，对南朝鲜军4个师的防御正面。发动了大规模的进攻战役（即金城战役）。我军5个军在各种火炮1100余门、坦克20余辆的配合下，向敌人发起猛烈进攻。经13天的激战，共歼敌7.8万余人，缴获坦克45辆、汽车279辆、飞机1架，各种炮423门、各种枪740余支，并收复土地178平方公里。经此战，迫使美方代表在谈判桌上向中朝方面作出了实施停战协定的全面保证，并于7月27日在签署了停战协定。至此，朝鲜战争结束。