Chapter 9 2. The headquarters and thousands of troops

When the world-famous decisive battle of the War of Liberation began, the Chinese Communist Party's headquarters commanding the world's largest war at that time was very small.It was set in a small mountain village that was almost unknown to the people of the country at that time, but became famous all over the world later.This was Xibaipo Village, Pingshan County, Hebei Province, which belonged to the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Liberated Area at that time.After the founding of New China, Zhou Enlai once recalled fondly: "Chairman Mao commanded the largest People's Liberation War in the smallest headquarters in the world."

Xibaipo is located at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain and in front of Baipo Ridge on the north bank of Hutuo River. It is a small village with only 70 or 80 households.The Hutuo River flows through the village, and along the west side of the river is the majestic Taihang Mountain; along the east side of the river, there is the vast North China Plain.Shijiazhuang, the nearest big city, is 90 kilometers away.As early as the beginning of May 1947, the Central Working Committee led by Liu Shaoqi, Zhu De, and Dong Biwu came here from Yan'an. From July 17 to September 13, 1947, the National Land Work Conference was held here. Xibaipo was already a working center of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in North China at that time.When Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Ren Bishi and others came here, it became the seat of the highest command organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and of course it became the headquarters of the three major battles that shocked China and the world.

When Chiang Kai-shek sent Hu Zongnan to attack Yan'an, Mao Zedong did not leave Yan'an until the gunfire of the enemy could already be heard, which was March 18, 1947. Arrived at Zaolingou on March 25. Here, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to divide the central leadership into three parts. The Central Working Committee headed by Liu Shaoqi went to Xibaipo to lead the national land reform, the construction of base areas, and the mass movement in the Kuomintang-controlled areas; The rear committee headed by Ye Jianying led most of the staff of the central government to Sanjiao Town, Linxian County, Shanxi Province, to be responsible for the logistics support of the battlefield in northern Shaanxi and the communication between the central government and all parts of the country.The front committee headed by Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi stayed in northern Shaanxi to represent the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to direct the national war (at this time Zhou Enlai was in Sanjiao Town, and he rushed back to Qingyangcha in northern Shaanxi to join the front committee on April 10) .Although the front committee shoulders the heavy responsibility of commanding the overall situation, its personnel is very refined. The entire front committee organization and a small number of security forces are collectively called the central column, and the external code name is the three detachments.For the sake of confidentiality, Mao Zedong's pseudonym was Li Desheng, Zhou Enlai's pseudonym Hu Bicheng, Ren Bishi's pseudonym Shi Lin, and Lu Dingyi's pseudonym Zheng Wei.

The central column was stationed in Xiaohe Village from June 17 to August 1, and its code name was changed to Nine Detachments.Due to Ren Bishi's poor health, Zhou Enlai was replaced as commander and political commissar.The central column has been dealing with Hu Zongnan's hundreds of thousands of troops in the valleys of northern Shaanxi. The longest residence is Yangjiagou in Mizhi, for four months and two days.Here, the code name of the Central Column was changed to "Asia Department", and the famous "December Meeting" was held here, where Mao Zedong wrote 21 important documents.

On March 23, 1948, Mao Zedong led the Central Column to leave northern Shaanxi, where he had lived, worked, and fought for 13 years, and left Shaanxi, where he had fought for one year and five days since he left Yan'an. At the ferry crossing in Chuankou Village, Wubao County Cross the Yellow River to the east, enter Shanxi, pass through Shuangta Village, Sanjiao Town, where the rear committee is located, and Caijiaya, where the Shanxi-Sui Military Region Command is located, then pass through Shenchi, Ningwu, Daixian, and Fanshi, and enter Hebei through Mount Wutai.First, I went to Chengnanzhuang in Fuping County, where the headquarters of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region is located. Here I got the good news that the Northwest People's Liberation Army had recovered Yan'an. On May 27, we arrived at Xibaipo.Since then, the leading organs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which were originally divided into three temporary working teams, all came to one place and became the strong command center leading the Chinese revolution.Of course, the most important leadership and command at this time is war, the decisive battle that is about to begin.

At the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of China held from April to June 1945, Mao Zedong's leadership in the Communist Party of China was established, and the leadership core of the CPC Central Committee headed by Mao Zedong, which enjoys high prestige throughout the party, was formed.This leadership core is the Central Secretariat composed of Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi. At that time, they were generally called the "Five Secretaries" in the party. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is responsible for the leadership of the country's military work, and the command of combat operations is the responsibility of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China (referred to as the "Central Military Commission").The Central Military Commission and the Chinese People's Liberation Army Headquarters are two brands of one institution. They usually use the name of the Central Military Commission. Only in a few external occasions, the name of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Headquarters is used. For example, the performance bulletin was announced in October 1947. "The Slogan of the People's Liberation Army" and the re-promulgation of the "Three Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention" and so on.

The Central Military Commission was formerly known as the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. At the enlarged meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on August 23, 1945, it was renamed the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China.There are 12 members in total: Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Peng Dehuai, Chen Yi, Nie Rongzhen, He Long, Xu Xiangqian, Liu Bocheng, Lin Biao, Ye Jianying.Mao Zedong was the chairman, and Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Peng Dehuai were the vice-chairmen.Zhu De, commander-in-chief of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and Peng Dehuai, deputy commander-in-chief, usually work as vice chairman of the Central Military Commission.

The Chief of the General Staff of the Central Military Commission was originally served concurrently by Vice Chairman Peng Dehuai. During the battle to defend Yan'an, since Peng Dehuai left the headquarters and concurrently served as the commander of the Northwest Field Corps, and commanded operations on the front line for a long time, the job of Chief of General Staff was actually performed by Zhou Enlai. On August 1, 1947, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China officially appointed Zhou Enlai as the chief of staff and became Chairman Mao Zedong's first assistant in commanding the national liberation war.Ye Jianying was originally the deputy chief of staff of the Central Military Commission, but he has not been in office for a long time.In the early days of the War of Liberation, he served as the chief representative of our side in the Executive Department of the Beiping Army Mediation, and soon after returning to Yan'an, he served as the head of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. It was not until Xibaipo that he really participated in the leadership of the headquarters.

The director of the General Political Department of the Central Military Commission was concurrently held by Liu Shaoqi, vice chairman of the Military Commission. Since the troops in the liberated areas and regions were scattered at that time, the General Political Department did not specifically manage the political work of each military region and field army, so the work of the General Political Department was not very important. , but a small staff led by deputy director Fu Zhong is in charge. The head of the General Logistics Department of the Central Military Commission was Yang Lisan. At that time, the work of the General Logistics Department was somewhat similar to that of the General Political Department. He also did not provide specific leadership for the logistics work of the field armies. He was mainly responsible for the logistics support of the central organs and the organs directly under the Central Military Commission headquarters.

The secretary-general of the Central Military Commission has always been Yang Shangkun. The headquarters of the Central Military Commission has very capable personnel, and its main functional department is a combat department, which actually functions as the general staff.Li Tao, the head of the combat department, and Wang Zheng, the deputy head, are divided into three bureaus, one in charge of operations, the second in charge of intelligence, and the third in charge of communications. When the new Central Military Commission was established in August 1945, in addition to the three major ministries of the Central Military Commission, the revolutionary armies under its command were the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army, the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Shanxi-Sui Joint Defense Army, the South China Anti-Japanese Guerrilla Army, and the Northeast Anti-Japanese Allied Army.

When Xibaipo became the command center of the Chinese people's revolution and became the headquarters of the decisive battle, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has become a steel army with more than 2.8 million people, including 10 regiments, 50 columns, and 156 brigades (divisions) of field troops. ).The main sequence of our army at that time was: In May 1948, the North China Military Region was established, with Nie Rongzhen as the commander, Xu Xiangqian, Teng Daiyuan, and Xiao Ke as the first, second, and third deputy commanders, and Bo Yibo as the political commissar. Zhao Erlu was the Chief of Staff, and Luo Ruiqing was the Director of the Political Department.It turned out that the troops of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region and some troops of the Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu Military Region jointly formed the North China Field Army, with the same commander and deputy commander as the North China Military Region.The North China Field Army has three main corps: Xu Xiangqian, Commander and Political Commissar of the First Corps, Zhou Shidi, Deputy Commander and Deputy Political Commissar, Chen Manyuan, Chief of Staff, and Hu Yaobang, Director of the Political Department.A Corps has three columns under its jurisdiction: Eighth vertical commander and political commissar Wang Xinting, deputy commander and chief of staff Zhang Zuliang. Wei Jie, commander of the Thirteenth Column, and Xu Zirong, political commissar. Liu Zhong, commander of the 15th column, and Yuan Ziqin, political commissar. Yang Dezhi, commander of the Second Corps, Luo Ruiqing (concurrently), political commissar, Geng Biao, chief of staff, and Pan Zili, director of the Political Department.The Second Corps has two columns and three independent brigades. Zheng Weishan, commander of the three verticals, and Wang Zonghuai, political commissar. Zeng Siyu, commander of the Four Columns, and Wang Zhao, political commissar. Yang Chengwu, commander of the Third Corps, Li Jingquan, political commissar, Li Tianhuan, deputy political commissar and director of the Political Department, and Tang Yanjie, chief of staff.The Three Corps has three columns under its jurisdiction: Tang Yanjie, the commander of the first vertical, and Kuang Fuzhao, the political commissar. Chen Zhengxiang, commander of the Second Column, and Li Zhimin, political commissar. Wen Niansheng, the commander of the Sixth Column, and Xiang Zhonghua, the political commissar. In addition to the above three corps, the North China Military Region also directly governs two columns: Sun Yi, commander of the Seventh Column, and Lin Tie, political commissar. The commander of the Fourteenth Column is temporarily vacant, and political commissar Gan Weihan. The North China Corps is located around the Party Central Committee and is a corps directly under the Central Committee. In February 1949, the First Corps of the North China Field Army was changed to the Eighteenth Corps of the Chinese People's Liberation Army and assigned to the command of the First Field Army. In January 1949, the Second Corps of the North China Field Army was changed to the Nineteenth Corps of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. In April, it was transferred to the command of the First Field Army; in November, it was transferred to the Second Field Army. In January 1949, the Third Corps of the North China Field Army was changed to the 20th Corps of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, which still belonged to the North China Military Region; in June, the 20th Corps still belonged to the Corps directly under the Central Committee. The Northwest Field Corps, which was formed on March 16, 1947 by the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia-Shanxi-Sui Joint Defense Army and the Jin-Sui Field Army in northern Shaanxi, was renamed the Northwest People's Liberation Army Field Army by the Central Military Commission on July 31, 1947, referred to as the Northwest field army.Commander and political commissar Peng Dehuai, deputy commanders Zhang Zongxun and Zhao Shoushan, deputy political commissar Xi Zhongxun, chief of staff Yan Kuiyao, director of the Political Department Gan Siqi.The Northwest Field Army has six main columns: First vertical commander He Bingyan, political commissar Liao Hansheng. Second vertical commander and political commissar Wang Zhen. Xu Guangda, the commander of the three verticals, and the political commissar are temporarily vacant. Wang Shitai, the commander of the Four Columns, and Zhang Zhongliang, the political commissar. Luo Yuanfa, commander of the Sixth Column, and Xu Liqing, political commissar. Peng Shaohui, commander of the Seventh Column, and Sun Zhiyuan, acting political commissar. On May 8, 1948, in view of the fact that several liberated areas in the Central Plains had been connected together, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China decided to establish the Central Plains Military Region. The former Shanxi-Hebei-Luyu Field Army was renamed the Central Plains Field Army.Commander Liu Bocheng, Political Commissar Deng Xiaoping, Deputy Commander Chen Yi (still commander and political commissar of the East China Field Army), Li Xiannian, Deng Zihui, Deputy Political Commissar and Director of the Political Department Zhang Jichun, Chief of Staff Li Da.The Central Plains Field Army has 7 main columns: Yang Yong, the commander of the First Column, and Su Zhenhua, the political commissar. Chen Zaidao, commander of the Second Column, and Wang Weigang, political commissar. Chen Xilian, commander of the three verticals, and Peng Tao, political commissar. Chen Geng, commander of the Four Columns, and Xie Fuzhi, political commissar. Wang Jinshan, the commander of the Sixth Column, and Du Yide, the political commissar. Qin Jiwei, commander of the Nine Columns, and Li Chengfang, political commissar. Eleventh Column Commander Wang Bingzhang and Political Commissar Zhang Linzhi. On January 25, 1947, according to the decision of the Central Military Commission, the designations of the former New Fourth Army, Shandong Field Army, and Central China Field Army were revoked, and they were unified into the East China Military Region and East China Field Army. The commander and political commissar Chen Yi, deputy commander Su Yu, deputy political commissar Tan Zhenlin, and chief of staff Chen Shiju, Tang Liang, Director of the Political Department.The East China Field Army has 12 main columns. In August 1947, the East China Field Army was divided into the outer corps headed by Chen Yi and Su Yu and the inner corps headed by Xu Shiyou and Tan Zhenlin. In March 1948, the East China Field Army was organized into four corps. Chen Yi, the commander and political commissar of the field army (in May of this year, Chen Yi went to the Central Plains Military Region and the Central Plains Field Army as the deputy commander, and Su Yu acted as the commander and political commissar of the East China Field Army ), First Deputy Commander Su Yu, First Deputy Political Commissar Tan Zhenlin, Second Deputy Political Commissar Su Yu, Third Deputy Political Commissar Song Renqiong, Chief of Staff Chen Shiju, Director of the Political Department Tang Liang.The four regiments at that time were: Su Yu, commander and political commissar of the First Corps (also known as Su Yu Corps), Ye Fei, deputy commander and first deputy political commissar, Jin Ming, second deputy political commissar, and Zhang Zhen, chief of staff.There are three main columns under the jurisdiction of a corps: Ye Fei served concurrently as the commander and political commissar of Yizong. Tao Yong, the commander of the four verticals, and Wang Jicheng, the political commissar. Wang Bicheng, commander of the Sixth Column, and Jiang Weiqing, political commissar. Xu Shiyou, commander of the Second Corps (also known as Shandong Corps or Tan Corps), political commissar Tan Zhenlin (concurrently), deputy commander Wang Jianan, chief of staff Li Yingxi, and director of the Political Department Xie Youfa.There are three main columns under the Second Corps: Cheng Jun, commander of the Seventh Column, and Zhao Qimin, political commissar. Nine Columns Commander Nie Fengzhi, Political Commissar Liu Haotian. Zhou Zhijian, commander of the Thirteenth Column, and Liao Haiguang, political commissar. The Third Corps (also known as the Chen-Tang Corps, which was under the command of Liu Deng during the Central Plains battle) Commander Chen Shiju, Political Commissar Tang Liang, under its jurisdiction three main columns: Sun Jixian, commander of the three verticals, and Ding Qiusheng, political commissar. Zhang Renchu, the commander of the Eighth Column, and Wang Ban, the political commissar. Song Shilun, commander of the Ten Columns, and Liu Peishan, political commissar. Wei Guoqing, commander of the Fourth Corps (also known as the North Jiangsu Corps), political commissar Chen Pixian, deputy political commissar Ji Luo (namely Ji Pengfei), chief of staff Qin Jian, and director of the Political Department Zhang Kai.It has three main columns under its jurisdiction: Teng Haiqing, commander of the Second Column, and Kang Zhiqiang, political commissar. Hu Bingyun, commander of the eleventh column, and Zhang Fan, political commissar. Xie Zhenhua, the commander of the 12th Column, and Li Ganhui, the political commissar. The Northeast Field Army in the Northeast was formerly the Northeast People's Autonomous Army and the Northeast Democratic Alliance Army established after our party went to the Northeast. On January 1, 1948, it was renamed the Northeast People's Liberation Army, generally known as the Northeast Field Army.Northeast Field Army commander and political commissar Lin Biao, deputy commanders Lu Zhengcao, Zhou Baozhong, and Xiao Jinguang, deputy political commissars Luo Ronghuan, Gao Gang, Chen Yun, and Li Fuchun, chief of staff Liu Yalou, and director of the political department Tan Zheng.The Northeast Field Army is relatively large. In addition to the 12 main columns, there are 11 independent divisions, 15 local troops of the military region, and artillery and railway columns.In order to facilitate command, two forward command posts were also set up (reorganized into two corps headquarters in autumn, the first corps commander Xiao Jinguang, political commissar Xiao Hua, deputy commander Chen Bojun, deputy political commissar and director of the Political Department Tang Tianji, chief of staff Jie Fang; Cheng Zihua, Commander of the Second Corps, Huang Kecheng, Political Commissar, Peng Mingzhi, Deputy Commander, Liu Daosheng, Director of the Political Department, and Huang Zhiyong, Chief of Staff).The 12 main columns at that time were: First vertical commander Li Tianyou, political commissar Liang Biye. Liu Zhen, commander of the Second Column, and Wu Faxian, political commissar. Han Xianchu, the commander of the three verticals, and Luo Shunchu, the political commissar. Wu Kehua, the commander of the Four Columns, and Mo Wenhua, the political commissar. Wan Yi, commander of the Five Columns, and Liu Xingyuan, political commissar. Huang Yongsheng, commander of the Sixth Column, and Lai Chuanzhu, political commissar. Deng Hua, commander of the Seventh Column, and Wu Fushan, political commissar. Duan Suquan, commander of the Eighth Column, and Qiu Huizuo, political commissar. Zhan Caifang, commander of the Nine Columns, and Li Zhongquan, political commissar. Liang Xingchu, the commander of the Ten Columns, and Zhou Chiping, the political commissar. Eleventh vertical commander He Jinnian, political commissar Chen Renqi. Zhong Wei, the commander of the 12th Column, and Yuan Shengping, the political commissar. At this time, the Chinese People's Liberation Army has 2.8 million troops. In the past two years, it has fought against various troops of Chiang Kai-shek. The reorganized 74th Division of the First Division was annihilated by our army; our army had experienced all kinds of American equipment; Shijiazhuang, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Linfen, and Siping, fortified cities, were also destroyed Chiang Kai-shek's comprehensive offensive and key offensives were also defeated by our army. All these show that our army's combat effectiveness has been greatly improved.In addition to factors such as the increase in troops, the rich experience, the improvement of equipment, the expansion of the liberated areas, and the support of the people in the liberated areas, there is another very important reason for the improvement of our army's combat effectiveness. A series of important measures in the internal construction of the army, including the launch of the new-style whole-army movement, have played an inestimable role in strengthening the self-construction of our army and improving the quality of our army. As early as the end of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Central Military Commission considered how to quickly change the long-term scattered guerrilla state due to the specific conditions of the War of Resistance Against Japan, and made the "Decision on the Current Army Organization", quickly forming field corps, and The establishment and equipment of the field corps have specific regulations. On May 1, 1946, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the "Instructions on Troop Training", which strictly required all troops to "immediately order the whole army to train, and the superiors will supervise and inspect it, and regard this as one of the keys to determine the outcome"; The three major skills (according to: shooting, bombing, and assassination), practice siege, defense, and night combat; politically improve the determination and confidence to defeat the stubborn army and defend the liberated areas."By June 1946, the entire army had formed 27 field columns and 6 field brigades. In October 1947, Mao Zedong wrote the political manifesto of the Chinese People's Liberation Army for the headquarters of the Chinese People's Liberation Army at Shenquan Fort in Jiaxian County, northern Shaanxi, because the manifesto was issued on October 10, when Known as the "Double Ten Declaration".The manifesto was in opposition to Chiang Kai-shek's slogan "Go to Yan'an and capture Mao Zedong alive", and for the first time put forward the slogan "Down with Chiang Kai-shek and liberate the whole of China".At the same time as the "Double Ten Manifesto", the "Slogan of the Chinese People's Liberation Army" and "Instructions on the Re-issue of the Three Major Disciplines and Eight Points of Attention" were released. In December 1947, at the Central Work Conference held by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in Yangjiagou, the famous "December Conference", Mao Zedong proposed in his famous report "Current Situation and Our Tasks" that our army's operations are extremely important. The ten important military principles are: (1) Fight the scattered and isolated enemies first, and then the concentrated and powerful ones. (2) Take small cities, medium-sized cities and vast villages first, and then big cities. (3) The main goal is to annihilate the enemy's vital forces, and not to protect or capture cities and places. (4) Concentrate absolutely superior forces in each battle (twice, three times, four times, sometimes even five or six times the enemy's strength), surround the enemy on all sides, and strive to wipe them out without letting them slip through the net. …Try to avoid fighting wars of attrition in which the gains outweigh the losses, or the gains and losses are equal... (5) Do not fight unprepared battles, do not fight unsure battles, strive to be prepared for each battle, and strive to be effective under the conditions of the enemy and ourselves. The sureness of victory. (6) Carry forward the style of fighting bravely, not afraid of sacrifice, not afraid of fatigue, and fighting continuously. (7) Strive to annihilate the enemy during the campaign.At the same time, focus on positional attack tactics and capture enemy strongholds and cities. (8) On the issue of siege, resolutely seize all enemy strongholds and cities that are weakly defended.All strongholds and cities that the enemy has a moderate level of defense and the environment permits to be captured should be captured by camera.All the strongholds and cities that the enemy has fortified should wait for the conditions to be ripe and then seize them. (9) Supplement yourself by capturing all the weapons and most of the enemy's personnel.The source of our military's manpower and material resources is mainly at the front. (10) Be good at taking advantage of the gap between the two campaigns to rest and retrain the troops.Generally speaking, the rest time should not be too long, and try not to give the enemy time to breathe. On January 30, 1948, the inner-party instruction "Democratic Movement within the Army" drafted by Mao Zedong was released to the entire army; released by the Army. Under the guidance of a series of instructions from the central government, the troops in each liberated area carried out a new type of army reorganization during the fighting intervals from the winter of 1947 to the summer of 1948.The main method of mobilizing the army is to mobilize everyone to complain about the sufferings brought by the old society and the reactionaries to the poor people, to inspire and raise the class consciousness of everyone who is determined to overthrow the reactionary rule, and then to carry out the three tasks of class investigation, investigation of work, and investigation of fighting spirit on this basis. Check sports.During the campaign, praise those with high awareness and good performance, and criticize and help those with various problems.This kind of self-education campaign that stimulates fighting spirit through enlightenment is the fine tradition of our party's ideological work in the army. It is the continuation and development of the "Gutian Conference Resolution" during the Agrarian Revolution, and it has a great effect on improving the combat effectiveness of the army.As Mao Zedong said: "In this way, the army will be united as one, everyone will think of ways, everyone will contribute their strength, not afraid of sacrifice, overcome the difficulties of material conditions, and fight the enemy bravely. Such an army will be invincible in the world." At the same time as the new type of whole-army movement, our army also took other effective measures in the construction of the army. For example, in 1947, the party committee system that was canceled by the "Wang Ming line" was restored and improved, and all units above the battalion were restored. The party committee has been improved, and the division of labor and responsibility system under the leadership of the party committee has been implemented, so that the party committee has become the core of the leadership and unity of the army.According to the arrangement of the central government, the three major democracies of politics, military affairs and economy were implemented and carried forward in the army, and the Company Soldiers Committee (later renamed the Revolutionary Soldiers Committee) during the Jinggangshan period was restored.After re-promulgating the three major disciplines and eight points of attention (the three major disciplines are: obey the command in all actions, do not take needles and threads from the masses, and return everything seized to the public. The eight points of attention are: speak kindly, buy and sell fairly, return borrowed things, damage things On the basis of compensation, no beating or swearing, no damage to crops, no molesting women, no abuse of captives), the whole army launched a campaign against disorganization and disciplin , Anarchy, and strictly established a reporting system at all levels. The slogan "March forward, grow an inch in production, strengthen discipline, and make the revolution invincible" resounded throughout the army. While carrying out various rectification and education work, in order to improve the combat effectiveness of our army, the Central Military Commission has also made great efforts to improve the equipment of the army.On the basis of capturing the enemy's weapons and materials as the main source, it gradually established its own military industrial system, and established its own military industrial bases in Northeast China and North China.Our army first established its own artillery, and successively established its own engineering, communication and railway corps. It also established an anti-aircraft artillery brigade and a tank brigade in the Northeast, and opened an aviation school and a communication school.All these efforts have played an important role in the war and laid a certain foundation for our army to establish special forces in the future. On the stage of the decisive battle, it is also necessary for us to look at some situations of the enemy. At the Chiang Kai-shek "National Assembly" in April 1948, Chiang Kai-shek became the "President" of the Republic of China (Chiang Kai-shek's official title before this was generally called "Chairman", and this title was first established in 1932 In March, he was elected chairman of the Kuomintang Military Commission at the Second Plenary Session of the Fourth Central Committee of the Kuomintang. At the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang in January 1939, he was elected chairman of the National Defense Supreme Committee. The "Organizational Outline of the Supreme Council of National Defense" stipulates: "The Supreme Council of National Defense unifies the command of the party, government and army, and acts as the Central Political Committee's authority"; "Cheap measures" is a position formed during the war with absolute dictatorial power, so for a long time, his favorite is this "Chairman Chiang". On August 1, 1943, Lin Sen, the former chairman of the National Government, passed away , Chiang Kai-shek was elected as the chairman of the National Government. When Lin Sen was the chairman of the National Government, he was a nominally vain position regardless of political affairs. After Chiang Kai-shek was elected, he revised the National Government Organization Law, stipulating that "the chairman of the National Government is the generalissimo of the sea, land and air force." , so some people call him Chairman Jiang), but Li Zongren, the leader of the Guangxi faction and the most powerful opponent in the Kuomintang, was also elected as the vice president despite his firm opposition, which made the central government very clearly divided into two halves Even the most superficial word "unity" is impossible to appear. Just as Chiang Kai-shek himself wrote in his diary, "all battlefields in the country are in danger of being inferior and passive", "the morale of the people in the north is completely shaken", "the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River Almost everywhere there are signs of turmoil, bandits in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Henan, Zhejiang, and Fujian are mobilizing, and Li Jishen and Feng Yuxiang correspond with them at a distance, blatantly declaring treason, this is the autumn of life and death." In 1947, Chiang Kai-shek accepted the suggestion of Badawi, the head of the US Military Advisory Group, and abolished the original Military Committee, Military Command, Army Headquarters, and Military Senate, and all powers belonged to the Ministry of National Defense.The Minister of National Defense was originally Bai Chongxi, who was quite capable of fighting, but because Bai Chongxi belonged to the Gui family, after Li Zongren was elected vice president, Chiang Kai-shek withdrew Bai Chongxi and replaced him with his most trusted Chen Cheng as the Minister of National Defense. Soon he was replaced by another Confidant He Yingqin.The chief of staff is Gu Zhutong, his direct descendant general.The most important military command and organizational units under this are the "Bandit Suppression Headquarters" and the Appeasement Office established by Chiang Kai-shek in various military locations to fight civil wars. The troops are all under the command of the "suppression generals" and the Sui department.The "bandit commanders in chief" at the beginning of the decisive battle were: Fu Zuoyi (stationed in Beiping) in North China, centered on Beiping, Tianjin, and Zhangjiakou, with a force of more than 600,000; Wei Lihuang (stationed in Shenyang) in the Northeast, with Shenyang, Changchun, and Jinzhou are the centers, with a force of 480,000; Bai Chongxi in Central China (based in Wuhan) has a force of about 750,000; Liu Zhi in Xuzhou, with Xuzhou and Bengbu as the center, has a force of more than 600,000.In addition to the above-mentioned "suppressing generals", Hu Zongnan in the northwest was stationed in Xi'an in the name of the Xi'an Appeasement Office, with a force of about 300,000; The force is about 500,000 people. At that time, the Kuomintang army had a total of 3.65 million people, and 1.7 million people could be used on the front line. The organizational unit of its main force was the Corps at that time, and the Corps under the jurisdiction of the Corps (that is, the original reorganized division).During the decisive battle, the chief officers of each corps were: Zheng Dongguo, commander of the 1st corps, Du Yuming, commander of the 2nd corps, Zhang Gan, commander of the 3rd corps, Li Wen, commander of the 4th corps, Pei Changhui, commander of the 5th corps, Lu Junquan, commander of the 6th corps, Huang Botao, commander of the 7th corps, Zhou Fucheng, Commander of the Ninth Corps, Liao Yaoxiang, Commander of the Ninth Corps, Xu Qiming, Commander of the Tenth Corps, Lu Daoyuan and Sun Lanfeng, Commanders of the Eleventh Corps, Huang Wei, Commander of the Twelfth Corps, Li Mi, Commander of the Thirteenth Corps, Song Xilian, Commander of the Fourteenth Corps, Commander of the Fifteenth Corps Luo Guangwen, Commander Sun Yuanliang of the 16th Corps, Hou Jingru, Commander of the 17th Corps, Li Zhen, Commander of the 18th Corps, Zhang Zhen, Commander of the 19th Corps, Chen Kefei, Commander of the 20th Corps, and Liu Anqi, Commander of the 21st Corps. What is the situation of the Kuomintang army at this time?There are a lot of related materials. In order to reflect the reality of the Kuomintang army at that time in the most authentic way, let’s take a look at Chiang Kai-shek’s own words here, because he can only be merciful and cover up, and he will never add embellishments. In January 1948, Chiang Kai-shek raised this question in a conversation: "Materially, we have very good equipment and excellent weapons, and we can say that we have all the conditions for victory." But "why do we still suffer setbacks? suffered a loss?"Faced with "setbacks" and "losses" again and again, during this period of time, he no longer boasted as he did in the past, but told a little truth.He said: "Most of our generals are mentally lax and morally low"; "Officers at all levels mostly obey the orders of their superiors, or even do not implement them at all, so that the order's function is completely lost."The officer is like this, "Soldiers have backward combat skills and cannot fight."Therefore, "our army's discipline is so lax and its spirit is so low, there is no reason why it is impossible to avoid failure if we want to fight the fierce and cunning bandit army."After Chiang Kai-shek's complete failure in the mainland and his escape to Taiwan, his words were more in line with the facts. He said: "Today, I sadly point out that from the late period of the Anti-Japanese War to the present, the corruption shown in our revolutionary army, It’s really amazing, it’s unimaginable”, “Such an army cannot but go to failure”; “It can be said that our millions of troops were solved without a contest with the Communist Army, and countless excellent equipment were sent to the Communist Party. It was given to the Communist Party to destroy ourselves."After citing a lot of Chiang Kai-shek’s speeches during this period, the American scholar Yi Laoyi made such a conclusion: “It is clear that Chiang Kai-shek did not attribute the collapse of his regime to the dishonesty of the United States, the lack of weapons and ammunition, or even the communist army. In his view, the factors of failure lie within the Kuomintang regime. He believes that during the civil war, this regime was not only corrupt and corrupt, but also on the verge of collapse.” The Kuomintang army has a major feature that is well known both at home and abroad, that is, fighting inside the nest.In a team, it is very common for officers to embezzle military salaries and discriminate against soldiers.On this point, even Chiang Kai-shek himself said that due to the "disparity in life" between officers and soldiers, "it is considered very good for soldiers not to rebel or flee."The bigger problem is that the factional struggles that have existed in the Kuomintang army for decades can never be reconciled, and are getting worse.The central army and the local army, direct descendants and miscellaneous brands, have been like fire and water for a long time.It has been Chiang Kai-shek's consistent policy for many years to divide and rule the local army and use the enemy's strength on the battlefield to weaken the local army.This was the case with the Northeast Army and Northwest Army, and later with the Dian Army and Sichuan Army. Even the Guangxi Army, which had made great military exploits and was quite powerful, was treated this way.Li Zongren, the leader of the Guangxi faction who once served as the vice president of the Kuomintang government, said in his memoirs: "The policy of the central government is to use the power of the Communist army to eliminate the 'no-name army'. The main task of the so-called 'central army' is to monitor the 'no-name army'. One's own, not to defend against the enemy. Therefore, once fighting the Communist army, all the armies will avoid the truth, preserve their strength, and the Communist Party will take advantage of the opportunity to grow stronger." "Mr. , so the military pay is withheld in peacetime, and it is not supplemented during wartime. When the Ministry is completely wiped out in the war, the central government will cancel it under the pretext of canceling it. But the central government's style of work, the commanders of all the troops are well aware of it, so they will never fight tough battles. In an attempt to preserve its strength and avoid being eliminated. In this way, the central government is more and more deliberately eliminated. As a result of the evolution, the central authority regards the "no-name" troops as a gangrene, and the "no-name" troops also regard the supreme commander as an enemy, forming a mutual relationship The knot of cause and effect." There are many facts in this aspect in the narration of this book, and there are not many examples here. American writer Brian Crozier has long studied contemporary Chinese history, especially the history of Chiang Kai-shek, and wrote about it.In the book, he said such a sentence: "The most notorious thing for the Kuomintang is its army." This sentence can be said to be concise and to the point. War is the product of social contradictions in the most intense conflict situation, and its victory or defeat is determined by the combined forces of all aspects of society.In modern Chinese history, this decisive battle that will determine China's destiny is inevitable, and its outcome is also predictable.However, all Chinese people of insight, including a historical giant like Mao Zedong, could not have expected that the process of this decisive battle would be so fast.