Chapter 34 second quarter

In 1957, under the planning and support of the Kaxag separatist faction in Tibet, some rebels formed the reactionary organization "Quxi Gangzhu" in Lhasa. "Quxigangzhu" literally translates into "four trees and six hills" in Chinese, and generally refers to areas in Tibet and Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces where Tibetans live in concentrated communities, that is, the places that the "Great Tibet Country" wants to include. As soon as the organization was established, it launched a large-scale donation campaign in the name of presenting the "Golden Throne" to the Dalai Lama.The Kalons Liuxia Setengtaba and Senka Jumedochan from Kashag in Tibet attended their preparatory meeting. On July 4, 1958, the ceremony of "Quxi Gangzhu" officially presenting the "Golden Throne" to the Dalai Lama was completed in the Potala Palace. More than 500 members of the "Quxi Gangzhu" organization sent gifts back.Afterwards, they submitted a report to the Dalai Lama, requesting the Dalai Lama to lead the "Quxi Gangzhu" area.Then, with the support of the pro-imperialist independence faction at the top of Tibet, an armed force was established and continued to expand.They openly put forward slogans such as "Defend Religion", "Tibet Independence", "Oppose Reform, Oppose the Communist Party".At the same time, the Kaxag government substantially adjusted the divisional organization and its leaders, and appointed a group of separatist backbones to serve as Zongben (county head) and Jiqiao (equivalent to commissioner) to strengthen its grassroots rule.

In April 1958, nearly 500 leaders of the armed rebels who fled into Lhasa from neighboring provinces met in secret and formed an alliance to unify all armed forces in the "Quxi Gangzhu" organization, and formally signed the alliance. The book divides the tasks they will undertake in the future rebellion. On June 15, Enzhu Bubu Tashi and others left Lhasa with two Tibetan American secret agents and some armed rebels, and went to Zheguzong in the Shannan area to establish a rebel "base". On the 24th, a meeting was held with the participation of 27 leaders of the rebel armed forces. The "Guardian Army" was established. Commander.

As soon as the "Religion Army" was established, it was supported by weapons and ammunition from the United States and other countries.At the same time, Kashag also fully supported the "Religion Army".The Kashag ordered Mingzong and temples to strongly support "Quxi Gangzhu" and prepare grain and grass for them, and opened granaries in Lakang and Duozong in southern Sichuan to distribute food to the armed rebels and provide weapons and ammunition. In this way, the armed rebels went from secret to open. On July 21, the rebels ambushed a transport vehicle of the People's Liberation Army at Zhengmo Temple, which is only 80 kilometers east of Lhasa, and fired the first shot of the armed rebellion in the Kaxag jurisdiction of Tibet.

Then, the rebels ambushed the People's Liberation Army car convoy in Majiang, Gongga, Zhalang and other places. 149 people including a deputy commander of the 18th Army were killed, 22 people were disabled, the car was burned, and a large number of weapons and ammunition were looted. By early 1959, the armed rebellion intensified and intensified.The armed rebels not only looted roads, attacked military depots, ambushed vehicles, blew up bridges, cut off roads, but also laid siege to the People's Liberation Army and Party and government organs in various places.Zedang CCP Shannan Branch Committee, Zhamu Central County Committee, Dingqing County Committee and the People's Liberation Army stationed in these places were successively surrounded by rebel armed forces.The Shannan Branch Committee was besieged twice for a total of 77 days, and the Dingqing County Committee was besieged for more than 90 days.

The rebels also looted property everywhere, raped women, destroyed temples, killed innocent people, and mutilated progressive monks, laymen, and patriots.After the rebellion of the living Buddha and his steward of Jiali Aza Temple, regardless of the objections of the monks, they robbed the temple of gold, silver and jewels, burned scriptures, and destroyed Buddha statues; Kaisongxichang, a village with only 50 farm families in the south of Shannan, was "guarded". The "Teaching Army" ransacked and raped women, ranging from a 10-year-old girl to an old woman in her 60s and 70s.

The Tibet Working Committee of the Communist Party of China reported this situation to the central government, and the central government has always ordered the troops to exercise restraint. The Kashag conveyed the intention of the military region: "If the rebellion continues, the People's Liberation Army will fight back." Ngapoi Ngawang Jigme and Rao Kashag conveyed the military region's attitude to the Kashag, but the arrogance of the rebels continued unabated.In order to prevent the situation from further aggravating, the People's Liberation Army launched a counterattack in the area north of Naquru, east of Heihe, and wiped out 200 enemies in one fell swoop, capturing more than 300 alive.

Zhang Guohua and other leaders of the Tibet Working Committee and the Tibet Military Region clearly knew that the Kashag was secretly supporting the rebels, but in order not to intensify the conflict, they still frequently talked to and worked with the upper-level members of the Kashag.But the Kashag officials still insisted on going their own way. Not only did they directly plan and support local rebellions, but the Kashag government was also preparing for the rebellion. According to the situation in Tibet, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China instructed the Tibet Working Committee to express a stern attitude towards the Kalons, pointing out that their stance of conniving with the rebels in Tibet is completely wrong, and asked them to change their stance and take serious responsibility to stop the rebellion and quell it. Responsibility for the rebellion; and tell them that if the reactionaries must rebel, the central government must use arms to quell the rebellion.

Zhang Guohua, Zhang Jingwu, and Tan Guansan held united front meetings respectively to persuade Kashag officials.Tan Guansan organized a symposium for officials and wives above the second rank of the Kaxag government to persuade them not to rebel. When he got excited, Tan Guansan slapped the table and stood up, saying: "I tell you, if you don't listen to my advice, you will If there is a rebellion, we are not afraid!" When Zhang Jingwu convened the United Front Work Conference, he repeatedly told Kashag officials about the Communist Party's policies and the Communist Party's position, hoping that they would oppose the rebellion.But no matter how Zhang Jingwu enlightened and explained, no one spoke out against the rebellion. Zhang Jingwu was very angry and said: "I will tell you clearly. I heard that you are going to rebel. Whoever has the courage to stand up and say it in front of me Talk about the reasons and reasons for your rebellion." The Kashag officials remained silent.Zhang Jingwu got angry, slapped his knees with his palm and stood up, angrily said: "Stand up if you have the guts. Let me tell you, if anyone really wants to start a rebellion, I will declare here that I will clean it up within 24 hours. Thoroughly and completely wiped out! Dismiss the meeting!"

On February 7, 1959, Deng Shaodong, deputy commander of the Tibet Military Region, and Guo Xilan, secretary-general of the Four Tibet Working Committee, were invited by the Dalai Lama to visit the Potala Palace to watch the God-tancing activities of the Exorcism Festival. After Deng Shaodong, Guo Xilan and others arrived at the Potala Palace, they talked with the Dalai Lama and introduced many programs recently arranged by the Military Art Troupe and invited the Dalai Lama to watch the performances. The Dalai Lama said: "Wait to watch after attending the summoning meeting in January of the Tibetan calendar."

Deng Shaodong immediately told the Kashag Kalon Surkang and the Dalai Lama's adjutant Palla Thubtenweden, asking them to arrange a time for the Dalai Lama to go to the performance, and to inform the military region to make preparations. The Kalons were all present at the time, and when they heard that the Dalai Lama was going to the military area, they said that it would be better to reconsider this matter, and it would be best for the Dalai Lama not to go. This situation was reported to the Kaxag government by Khenpo Gemao on the same day.When the Kaxag separatists heard the news, they thought it was a rare fire to ignite the armed rebellion in Tibet, so they secretly planned activities.

The Tibet Working Committee and the Tibet Military Region attach great importance to the fact that the Dalai Lama wants to see the performance of the art troupe.Because this is an opportunity to unite this young religious leader. After the summoning meeting in January of the Tibetan calendar, on March 10, He Zuyin, deputy head of the United Front Work Department of the Tibet Working Committee, met with the Dalai Lama and asked him to confirm the time and place for the performance. The Dalai Lama said: "Now the summoning is over, and the Geshe (the highest religious degree) exam has also been completed. The time to watch the performance is roughly determined on the first, second or third day of the second month of the Tibetan calendar (that is, March 10th or 11th in the Gregorian calendar). 12), you can directly contact the agent Kitqiao Khenpo Gadrang Lobsang Rinzeng for specific arrangements.” On March 5, Liang Hong, deputy director of the United Front Work Department of the Tibet Working Committee, met with Lobsang Rigzin to discuss the time for the Dalai Lama to watch the performance, and handed him a list of people invited to accompany the performance. Three days later, Lobsang Rigzin asked the Dalai Lama for instructions, and then notified the United Front Work Department by phone, saying that the Dalai Lama was scheduled to watch the performance in the auditorium of the military region on February 1st in the Tibetan calendar (that is, March 10th in the Gregorian calendar). After receiving the notification, the United Front Work Department reported the Dalai Lama's decision to the Work Committee and the military region.After a meeting between the Tibet Working Committee and the military region, a reception plan was drafted, and the United Front Work Department handed it over to Kazhang Lobsang Rigzin on March 9. The United Front Work Department immediately distributed clear posts.At the same time, the art troupe carefully rehearsed the program in preparation for the arrival of the Dalai Lama. On the other hand, the Kashag separatist faction believed that the time had come, so they started to act on the night of March 9.They sent people to spread rumors among the Tibetans, saying that the Han people were going to poison the Dalai Lama at the banquet, forcing every family to send people to Norbulingka to petition the Dalai Lama, asking the Dalai Lama not to go to the theater. In the early morning of March 10, the chief of the Tibet Kashag police, Junba Tsering Luoji, led armed policemen and the "religion army" armed with live ammunition, and ran through the streets and alleys of the city, shouting to drive the crowd to Norbulingka.Many Tibetan people, who did not know the truth, believed the rumors and went to Norbulingka one after another.All of a sudden, various rumors spread throughout the city. At around 12:00, Pabala Sorang Jiangcuo, a member of the Preparatory Committee of the Autonomous Region and a patriot in Qamdo (a monk official second only to Khenpo), wore cassocks to meet the Dalai Lama in the morning, and returned to Lhasa after the ceremony.When he heard rumors all over the street, he changed into an ordinary Tibetan robe and a mask, and went to Norbulingka to see what was going on. Just as he walked to the gate of Norbulingka, a backbone of the separatist faction saw him and shouted: "Communist agents are here!" Suo Lang lowered his head and body.Pabala Suolang Jiangcuo was beaten to death on the spot. In the afternoon, the rebels tied the body of Pabala Solang Jiangcuo to a horsetail and dragged it through the streets for more than 2 kilometers. Get out!" and other reactionary slogans, and put up reactionary slogans along the street, and at the same time tear up the official posters of the Communist Party on the walls, smashed the traffic command booths, smashed the doors and windows of agencies and shops with stones, and threw stones at the PLA and local staff on duty , wanton provocation.The rebellion organized by the Tibetan Kashag has officially begun. At this time, the Kashag Kalon Suokang, Liuxia, and Xiasu went to the Tibet Military Region to meet with Tan Guansan, who was waiting to be welcomed and accompanied the Dalai Lama to watch the performance. They pretended to inform everything that happened in Lhasa, and at the same time said that Kashag did not know in advance that the Dalai Lama was coming to the military region to watch Because the Dalai Lama's close servants, khenpos of the three major monasteries and officials of monks and laymen objected to the Dalai Lama's coming to the military area to watch the theater, the situation developed to the point where the Kashag could not control it, and the Dalai Lama would definitely not be able to come. Tan Guansan immediately pointed out solemnly: "Today's incident is obviously a premeditated action. The Dalai Lama's going to the military region to watch a theater was proposed by himself and determined after more than a month of negotiation and arrangement. You even said that the Kashag didn't know about it. How can you make people believe it?" What? You must be responsible for protecting the safety of the Dalai Lama, thoroughly investigate the mastermind who caused today’s incident, punish the murderer, provide compensation and condolences to the family of the deceased, and properly handle the aftermath.” After Suokang returned to Norbulingka from the military area, he immediately held a meeting of "Tibetan People's Representatives" attended by more than 100 people. Go." The so-called people's representative meeting immediately decided: "Tibet is independent from today, the Tibetan people stand up and split with the Communist Party Central Committee, and fight to the end for Tibet's independence." The mob decided that Sokang Wangchen Gelai, Kadrang Lobsang Rinzeng, Khaoropa, Lodrup Kelsang and others would lead the Tibetan independence movement.At 6 o'clock in the evening, the rebel group sent 12 "people's representatives" to the Indian Consulate General in Lhasa, demanding that the Indian government support and protect Tibet's independence.The Indian Consul General Cai Boer met them and said that there should be a written document as evidence. The Kaxag rebel group immediately drafted a written request for help and handed it over to the Indian Consulate General. At dusk, the rebel group ordered more than 1,400 lamas from the three major monasteries and the rebel armed forces scattered and lurking around Lhasa to use the night to gather in the urban area. In the name of strengthening the Dalai Lama's guards, they sent some armed personnel into Norbulingka to arrest the Dalai Lama. under the control of armed siege. The next day, March 11, the rebel group convened the "Tibetan People's Representatives Conference" and decided that those who participated in the meeting should be organized in shifts, platoons, and companies to fight against the Communist Party's Liberation Army.It also announced that all Tibetans who work in the preparatory committee of the autonomous region and the Han people's organs must come to register and repent within a few days, otherwise they will be severely punished.They also sent people to Gongbu, Pengbo, Gyantse, Shannan, Qushui and other places to transmit the Kashag order in the starry night, ordering all places to organize armed forces and rush to Lhasa to defend the Dalai Lama. On the 12th, the rebel group held the "People's Conference of the Independent State of Tibet" in front of the Potala Palace. In addition to representatives of monks and lay officials, nearly a thousand armed rebels attended the meeting as representatives of the people.At the meeting, five people were elected as the leaders of the people's assembly: Galoin Surkang, Grand Lama Rong Langse, Khen Zhongshideng Jiangqiu, Zibun Sherupa, and Zibun Kemopa; the organization of the armed headquarters of the Independent State of Tibet was adjusted, and Lalu Tsewang Dorje is the commander-in-chief. On the 13th, the People's Assembly of the Independent State of Tibet issued an order to all religious factions: "In order to win the armed struggle against the Communist Party and gain Tibet independence, all men between the ages of 18 and 60 must bring their own weapons, ammunition, and food, and come immediately Lhasa, don’t delay; if you are irresponsible to the religious cause and are greedy for your life, you will be punished according to the law.” On the 16th and 17th, in the name of the "People's Conference of the Independent State of Tibet", the rebel group sent two secret telegrams through the radio station of the Indian Consulate General in Lhasa to the former Kaxag Tsebun Shakagpa Wangchuk Dedan who had fled to Kalimpong, India, claiming that The independent state of Tibet has been established. Please announce it to the Happiness Cause Association and all Tibetans in India, and report to the neighboring Indian government, the Buddhist Association, and the United Nations. Immediately send representatives to Tibet to investigate and seek their support. Also on the 16th, the rebel forces gathered in Norbulingka fired continuously at the Lhasa Transport Station of the Qinghai-Tibet Highway Administration in the north of Norbulingka.On the 17th, in addition to continuing to shoot at the station, they also shot at Shanku.The militiamen at the transportation station returned fire to the rebels without asking for instructions. Two 60mm mortar shells landed two to three hundred meters outside the northern wall of Norbulingka.Taking this as an excuse, the rebel group hijacked the Dalai Lama and fled. That night, the Dalai Lama, Suokang, Liuxia, and Xiasu, the deputy chief Pala, the assistant scripture teacher Chijiang, the Dalai Lama’s family members and entourage, and more than 600 people from the Tibetan army crossed the Lhasa River from the vicinity of Norbulingka and fled to the south of Shannan. .Under the vigilance of the rebel armed forces along the way, he fled to Longzizong on March 26. On March 31, he crossed the illegal "McMahon Line" and entered the Indian-occupied area. Since then, he has turned his back on the motherland and fled to India. The Dalai Lama, Suokang and others escaped without any hindrance and fled to Shannan smoothly.None of them thought that this flight would be so smooth, but they couldn't figure it out. The PLA has always been very fast in combat and very well-planned. Why didn't they think that they would cross the Lhasa River and flee to Shannan to India this time? Why didn't they send troops to stop them along the way? How did the Kaxag rebel group know that this was Mao Zedong's strategy.At that time, our army had already made all preparations and formed a siege of Lhasa. As long as the central government ordered to intercept the fleeing Kashags, none of the Dalai Lama and others would be able to escape from Lhasa.Li Jue, chief of staff of the Tibet Military Region, later recalled: "On March 17, 1959, when the Dalai Lamas were preparing to cross the river on the beach on the north bank of the Lhasa River, we had already pointed our cannons at them. As soon as our cannons fired, none of them We were able to leave the beach by the river alive. However, there was no order from the central government to stop them, and we sat quietly in the woods, watching them frightened by the light of the bright moon as they used cowhide boats to ferry people to the south bank of the Lhasa River.” "Don't stop them!" This was Mao Zedong's order. On March 11, in Wuchang, Hubei, Mao Zedong pointed out in a telegram to the Central Committee, the Southwest Bureau, the Southwest Military Region, the Tibet Working Committee, and the Tibet Military Region on the issue of the open rebellion of the upper-level reactionary groups in Tibet: "The current strategy of the Tibet Working Committee should be to adopt a military strategy. Defensive, politically offensive. The purpose is to divide the upper class and win as many people as possible to stand on our side. To educate the lower class and prepare the conditions for the masses.” The telegram also pointed out: If the Dalai Lama and his gang escape, our army will not stop them at all, whether they go to Shannan or India, let them go. With Mao Zedong's order, the officers and soldiers of our army did not stop them. It can be said that they sat on the edge of the trench, holding guns, watching the Dalai clique cross the Lhasa River and flee to Shannan in a hurry. After the Dalai Lama and others arrived at Longzizong, they held a meeting. On behalf of the Dalai Lama, Galoin Surkang Wangchen Ge announced that Tibet had become "independent" and announced the establishment of a "Tibetan Provisional Government". Longzizong was designated as the temporary capital and appointed Lu Kangwa and Luosang Zhaxi were Sluns, and they issued an order in the name of the Independent State of Tibet, requiring monks and lay people to abide by all the decrees of the "interim government" and fight for Tibet's independence.After the order was issued, the Dalai Lama continued to flee to India, leaving Lu Kangwa in Tibet to preside over "government affairs". On March 31, after the Dalai Lama and his entourage entered the Indian-occupied area, the Indian government sent Menon, Director of Foreign Affairs, to Dacha to welcome the Dalai Lama and treat him like a distinguished guest. On April 18, after the Dalai Lama and his party arrived in Tezpur, India, officials from the Indian Ministry of Foreign Affairs distributed the "Statement of the Dalai Lama" written in English to reporters. On April 22, after the group arrived in Mussoorie, India, they again issued a statement on Tibet's independence in the name of the Dalai Lama. In July 1960, the "First Tibetan People's Representative Conference" was held in Dharamsala, India, announcing the establishment of a Tibetan government-in-exile headed by the Dalai Lama, and designated March 10 as "Tibetan People's Uprising Day." The rebels headed by the Dalai Lama have fled abroad, and there are still a considerable number of rebels causing trouble in Tibet.On March 11, Mao Zedong instructed the Tibet Working Committee not to stop the Dalai Lama from fleeing, and at the same time, he sent a telegram to the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission to dispatch the 134th Division and other affiliated troops to Golmud, Qinghai, and ordered Zhang Guohua to rush to Golmud immediately, leading the 134th Division to enter The Tibetan troops entered Tibet from northern Tibet and encircled Lhasa in a roundabout way, asking Tan Guansan to contain the rebellious enemies in Lhasa. At that time, the People's Liberation Army was not strong in Lhasa, and the rebels thought they could seize the opportunity to wipe out the People's Liberation Army in Lhasa in one fell swoop, so all the rebels in Tibetan areas moved to Lhasa.This just created favorable conditions for our army to wipe out the rebels. Zhang Guohua was in Beijing for treatment due to illness. He was in Beijing, but he kept close contact with Tibet.After receiving Mao Zedong's instructions, he immediately flew from Beijing to Golmud, and began to encircle and wipe out the rebels. At 3:45 a.m. on March 20, the Lhasa rebel headquarters all believed that victory was within their grasp, and issued an order to launch a full-scale attack on the Tibet Military Region, the Tibet Working Committee of the Communist Party of China, and the Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee.Under the cover of intensive artillery fire, thousands of rebels rushed towards the target in three directions. Zhang Guohua conveyed the central government's combat intentions to the troops in a timely manner, and asked the troops to find ways to attract the enemy and create conditions for the complete annihilation of the enemy.But at this moment, Zhang Guohua and the Central Military Commission were unable to contact Lhasa.When the rebels surrounded the compound of the Tibet Military Region, the high-power radio station in the military region broke down due to continuous startup, and could neither send nor receive signals. At this critical juncture, Tan Guansan, the political commissar who stayed in the compound of the military region, did not panic or flinch. On the contrary, he acted arbitrarily and ordered a counterattack!You must know that the situation at that time was that the enemy was outnumbered, and our reinforcements were still thousands of miles away. The troops fought back, engaging the rebels fiercely.When the fight was inextricably linked, the radio station in the military area was also repaired, and a command telegram from Beijing was received. The telegram was signed by the Minister of National Defense Peng Dehuai himself, saying that the strength of the enemy and us is very different. Don't take the initiative to attack. You can only rely on trenches and bunkers to defend. Waiting for reinforcements to clear the siege. After receiving Peng Dehuai's telegram, Tan Guansan was so anxious that his head was sweating. He disrupted Mao Zedong's strategic plan and might bring great difficulties to the situation in Tibet. What should we do?The only hope at that time was to fight back and win. Fortunately, the People's Liberation Army is well-trained, and the rebels are a mob with weak combat effectiveness. Although they have an advantage in numbers, they are retreating steadily under the counterattack of the People's Liberation Army.The good news from each theater was quickly reported to the military compound one by one, and Tan Guansan finally relaxed his frown. On the one hand, Tan Guansan ordered the troops to take advantage of the victory, and on the other hand, he sent a call back to the Military Commission, stating in detail the reasons for his own decision to counterattack, reviewed the poor organization, and punished himself. The central government quickly replied, affirming Tan Guansan's actions, and since the counterattack had already achieved results, he was not punished. When we received the reply telegram from the Military Commission reiterating the operational policy, our counterattack force had begun to besiege Yaowang Mountain, the commanding height in Lhasa.It took only one hour to capture Yaowang Mountain, cut off the connection between the urban area and the Norbulingka rebel forces, and disrupted the unified command of the enemy. At 19:30 that night, the People's Liberation Army captured the rebel command center in Norbulingka. On the 21st, the People's Liberation Army began to wipe out the rebel forces entrenched in Enzhu Cangzhai, Langjiaduojizhai, Mulu Temple, Ramoche Temple and other strongholds one by one. On the 22nd, the Jokhang Temple rebels surrendered through political struggle, and the enemies of the Potala Palace also raised a white flag. On March 23, social order in Lhasa returned to normal. Zhang Guohua flew back to Lhasa to direct the counter-insurgency operations in various parts of Tibet. On April 8, the troops stationed in Tibet marched southward, crossing the Yarlung Zangbo River in east, middle and west routes, and launched a sweep against the rebel forces in the southern Shannan area.On the 10th day of the army, they ran for thousands of miles, wiped out the lair of the rebels in one fell swoop, blocked the borders east of Yadong and west of Milin, and cut off the important channel for the rebels to communicate with foreign lands. In view of the fact that the rebels have been entrenched in Shannan for a long time, many temples have had ties to the rebels.Counter-insurgency forces are also on fire with vengeance, with many advocating the sweeping of all these temples.Zhang Guohua stopped them, saying: "Temples belong to the state and cannot be destroyed!" His words allowed some temples to be preserved. By the summer of 1960, the suppression of rebellion throughout Tibet was basically over.The feudal serfdom in Tibet was completely overthrown, and the Tibetan people got rid of feudal shackles and embarked on the road of socialism.