Chapter 17 Chapter 16 The Arrival of the Stalemate Stage

On New Year's Day in 1939, I accompanied the capital in Chongqing. In order to strengthen the depth behind the Anti-Japanese War, the national government decided to establish a new province: Xikang Province.Located between Sichuan and Tibet, Xikang Province is divided into three districts: Kangding, Ya'an and Xichang, with an area equivalent to five Zhejiang provinces.The appointed chairman of the Xikang Provincial Government was Liu Wenhui, the leader of the Sichuan Army who had a deep estrangement from Chiang Kai-shek.In order to express his firm support for the Central Committee of the Anti-Japanese War, Liu Wenhui specially named the widest street in Ya'an "Zhongzheng Street".In the sparsely populated Xikang Province, the Han nationality and ethnic minorities live together, and most of the ethnic minorities are Kham people.In China at that time, not many people knew exactly what Xikang was like, but its provincial capital, Kangding, became well-known to the Chinese people later—because the song "Kangding Love Song" in which "Big Brother Zhang" fell in love with "Big Sister Li" was very popular.

From the beginning of 1939, when the "second phase" of the War of Resistance began, according to the Military Commission, the ruling Kuomintang found that the government had run out of money. During the nearly 20 months of the Anti-Japanese War, the national government lost 25 major cities, covering almost all of China's most productive regions.Crop-rich areas and concentrated industrial and mining enterprises fell into the hands of the Japanese army one after another, which severely affected the production and purchase of major agricultural products including grain; although most of the important industrial and mining enterprises in the southeastern coastal areas moved to the rear, the supply of raw materials Shortages, obsolete production equipment, and a lack of skilled workers have caused the country's industrial production capacity to shrink dramatically.There was no income tax in the national government's tax system, and the country's fiscal revenue mainly relied on customs. However, after the loss of important coastal customs such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Shantou, Nantong, and Ningbo, at least half of the country's fiscal revenue was lost.Chiang Kai-shek once said that as long as the three provinces of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Guizhou are not lost, the victory of the War of Resistance will definitely be won.However, I don't know if he took into account the financial ability of a government to support a war when he said this.Fiscal revenues have fallen sharply, but expenditures have risen sharply.The Chinese army relies on imports for major military supplies such as weapons, ammunition, aircraft, and fuel. All arms dealers in the world believe that China is a huge and lucrative market at this time, so foreign black-hearted arms dealers colluded with domestic officials who undertake military supplies. Together, the national government's arms procurement is full of shady scenes, and every bullet and every shell is frighteningly expensive.After the fall of Wuhan, the Chinese army still had 3 million officers and soldiers at the front, and 11 million strong men in training at the rear. Just food and clothing, feeding all active and non-active officers and soldiers every day is an astonishing sum overhead.Moreover, in this war-torn land, there are still an astonishing number of refugees in need of government relief, and a considerable number of professors, teachers and students flocking to Yunnan, Guizhou, and Sichuan provinces in need of government funding——The People's Republic of China There has been a long-standing practice of including teachers into the high-paying income class, but the Ministry of Education itself is already in a state of displacement. How can there be so many oceans for both distribution and expenditure?

The public opinion in the world generally believes that in terms of the financial capacity of the national government alone, China's war of resistance can last at most half a year. However, even though the country's finances are on the verge of collapse, it still has to support a large number of troops.In China's vast territory, without a sufficient number of troops, it is impossible to support a military confrontation with the Japanese army on a long front. After the fall of Wuhan, the confrontation situation between the Chinese and Japanese armies on the frontal battlefield is as follows:

Wei Lihuang's first battle zone: the main combat force consists of twelve infantry divisions and one cavalry division. The battlefield area is centered on Luoyang, backed by Funiu Mountain in western Henan, holding Zhongtiao Mountain in southern Shanxi, and occupying Tongpu Road ( The southern section from Datong to Fenglingdu confronted the 37th Division of the Japanese Hirata Kenkichi and the 35th Division of Maeda Osamu in northern Henan. Yan Xishan's Second Theater: The main combat force consists of 32 infantry divisions and five cavalry divisions. The battlefield area is centered on Ji County in the southwestern Shanxi Province, including several counties in the western Shanxi Province, backed by Yichuan in the northern Shaanxi Province, and occupying The first army of the Japanese army Shinozuka Yoshio in Taiyuan confronted each other.

Gu Zhutong's third war zone: the main combat force is 22 infantry divisions. The battlefield area is centered on Tunxi in southern Anhui, backed by the hinterland of Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Fujian, and confronts the Thirteenth Army of the Japanese army Fujita Jin. Zhang Fakui's Fourth Theater: The main combat force consists of 18 infantry divisions. The battlefield area is based in Shaoguan, Guangdong. Li Zongren's Fifth Theater: The main combat force is thirty-four infantry divisions and one cavalry division. The battlefield area is based in Xiangfan, Hubei, and the main force is located in Dahong Mountain and Tongbai Mountain in northern Hubei and southern Henan.Li Pinxian, the deputy commander of the war zone, led the two armies of the Guangxi Army to stay in the Dabie Mountains east of Pinghan Road to contain or block the westward advance of the Japanese army.

Zhu Shaoliang's Eighth Theater: The main combat force is six infantry divisions and four cavalry divisions. The battlefield area is based in Lanzhou, commanding the Northwest Majia Army and Fu Zuoyi's troops. meander area. Xue Yue's Ninth War Zone: The main combat force is fifty-two infantry divisions. The battlefield area is based on Hengshan Mountain in Hunan Province. It confronts the Eleventh Army of the Japanese Army Ningji Okamura in the Mufu Mountains on the border of Jiangxi, Hunan and Hubei, as well as Poyang Lake and Dongting. lakeside. Jiang Dingwen's tenth war zone: The combat force consists of nine infantry divisions and one cavalry division. The battlefield area is around Shaanxi Province.

In addition, the guerrilla zones behind enemy lines under the jurisdiction of the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government were: Yu Xuezhong’s Lusu theater, with seven infantry divisions and some guerrilla troops as the main combat force, and the battlefields were in northern Jiangsu and Shandong provinces; Lu Zhonglin’s Jicha theater , the main combat forces are five infantry divisions, one cavalry division and Hebei guerrilla troops.In addition, the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government also has 32 infantry divisions directly under its jurisdiction, of which 23 infantry divisions are used for the rotation and emergency operations of front-line troops, and the main force is deployed between Hengyang and Guilin; the remaining nine The division was deployed in Sichuan, Kangxi and Shaanxi, and its mission was to "appease".

Although the total strength of the Chinese army has reached 242 divisions and 40 brigades, it is always stretched to fight.As far as the overall combat effectiveness of the Chinese army is concerned, about ten times as many troops as the Japanese army must be invested in each battle.Due to the continuous bitter battle with the Japanese army for nearly twenty months, many units in the Chinese army have been in name only, with heavy casualties and a large shortage. They have basically lost the ability to continue fighting and need to be replenished urgently.The Nanyue Military Conference proposed a plan to recruit millions of recruits across the country.Although China has a large population and many strong men, it is very difficult to recruit people who are scattered like sand; and the officers and soldiers of the Chinese army, especially recruits, generally lack political and military training.Therefore, the Nanyue Military Conference determined the "one-third" plan: one-third of the troops will be used for front-line operations, one-third of the troops will be used as guerrillas behind enemy lines, and the other third will be transferred to the rear for training. Within a short period of time, the national army will be trained in rotation.However, while the war was still going on, this round of training plans could not be completed until the end of the war a few years later.

The assumption that one-third of the troops serve as guerrilla forces behind enemy lines shows the recognition of the Chinese Supreme Command: in the second phase of the war, the importance of fighting behind enemy lines has become equal to that of the frontal battlefield.Chiang Kai-shek decided to hold a guerrilla training class, with him personally serving as the teacher of the training class, and invited the Communist Party generals who were experts in guerrilla warfare to be the lecturers.On February 15, 1939, the first guerrilla training class officially opened. There were 1,046 trainees, who came from the military commission command organ, the Central Military Academy, troops in various theaters, and local government agencies.The teaching content mainly includes guerrilla warfare strategy, tactics, techniques, and mass movement and guerrilla warfare political work.Tang Enbo served as the dean of education; Ye Jianying served as the deputy dean of education, responsible for teaching the main course of the training class "Introduction to Guerrilla Warfare"; Zhou Enlai served as a lecturer on international issues.Zhou Enlai later reported to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China: "This is almost the best opportunity for us to get close to the military officers of the Central Committee. It is a pity that there are fewer people. Because more people go, not only can we expand our influence, but also cultivate our own well-known cadres. However, Zhou Enlai also discovered that although the work of the Central Army is the most important, the officers of the Central Army are "the most difficult to approach and the most difficult to work."It is not ruled out that some of the trainees in the training class are officers who are determined to fight behind the enemy lines. However, even Chiang Kai-shek himself understands that guerrilla warfare is the monopoly of the Communist Party's armed forces, and the Kuomintang army not only cannot learn it, but also cannot learn it.The subsequent course of the war proved that Chiang Kai-shek's ideas and plans for guerrilla warfare were not effectively implemented.

There is no doubt that the armed forces of the Communist Party are not only the absolute protagonists on the battlefield behind enemy lines, but also relying on the experience and tradition of people's work, its military power must expand at an alarming rate.Therefore, the existence of the Chinese Communist Party and its armed forces has become a worry for the Kuomintang, at least when the Japanese army has not yet launched a larger-scale offensive. On January 7, 1929, the Nationalist Government promulgated the second phase of the Anti-Japanese War guidance plan: policy The national army should use one part to strengthen the forces in the areas occupied by the enemy, and actively carry out extensive guerrilla warfare to contain and consume the enemy.The main force should be deployed on the main lines of Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Hunan-Jiangxi, Western Hunan, Guangdong-Han, Ping-Han, Longhai, Western Henan, and Western Hubei, and try our best to maintain the current situation.As a last resort, the enemy should be contained as much as possible near the current ground line to gain more time, and after the training of new combat power is completed, a large-scale offensive should be launched.However, the fourth theater should concentrate favorable forces first and divert the offensive.

deploy The order of battle and the combat situation are as separate papers. Essentials 1. In the fourth war zone, a part of the national army should cooperate with the armed forces of the people to implement mobile guerrilla warfare. The main force should ensure the current situation and make up for it quickly. The invading enemy must at least absorb the majority of the enemy's troops and consume them. 2. In the third war zone, a guerrilla force should be strengthened, pointing at the Beijing-Shanghai-Hangzhou main line, attacking the enemy's rear, and maintaining strongholds along the river, attacking enemy ships from the waist, and continuing to hinder their transportation.The main force should maintain the current situation as much as possible, and try to absorb most of the enemy's forces and consume them. 3. In the ninth war zone, one unit should be used to attack Wuhan and various key points along the river, and maintain the Jiugong Mountain guerrilla base to continuously attack the enemy's rear.The main force is deployed on the main lines of Zhejiang-Jiangxi, Hunan-Jiangxi, and Guangdong-Han, and strives to maintain the current situation, absorbing as many of the enemy's forces as possible and consuming them. 4. In the fifth war zone, one part should maintain the guerrilla base in the Dabie Mountains and actively go guerrilla to eastern Hubei, southern Henan, and northern Anhui.The main force is to defend the areas of Jingsha (Hanyi Highway) and Xiangfan (Xianghua Highway), trying to maintain the current situation, absorbing as many of the enemy's forces as possible and consuming them. 5. In the first war zone, a part of the guerrilla campaign in northern Henan should be continued.The main force is to defend Nanyang, Linru and the areas along the Longhai line, try our best to maintain the current situation, and try our best to absorb most of the enemy's forces and consume them. 6. In the second war zone, continue to actively carry out extensive guerrilla warfare, focusing on the main lines of Zhengtai and Tongpu.Use favorable troops to configure the Zhongtiao Mountain area, and cooperate with the river defense troops on the right bank to prevent the enemy from crossing the river.If the enemy invades Ganning from Baosui, we should flank the enemy with powerful troops from northern Shanxi to Baosui. 7. In the eighth war zone, the defense of Suixi, Wuyuan, and Linhe should be strengthened, and strong troops should be assembled in the vicinity north of Ningxia to ensure the northwest international communication line. 8. (Forces directly under the jurisdiction of Tianshui Xingjian) The tenth war zone should cooperate with the second zone to consolidate the defense of the river, and respectively control and place powerful troops in Tongguan, Dali, Hancheng and Xi'an. 8. Operations in various theaters. 9. The Rusu and Hebei-Chahar theaters should increase military and civilian strength, establish and maintain guerrilla bases, actively launch extensive guerrilla warfare, attack the enemy's rear, and focus on the key lines of Jinpu, Longhai, and Pinghan, respectively, so as to contain and consume the enemy as much as possible. . This combat guidance plan is surprising in its vague content, negative strategy, and crude writing.It reveals two messages: First, on the frontal battlefield, if the Chinese army can maintain and consolidate the current situation, it will be a military success.That is to say, since 1939, the principle of combat on the frontal battlefield has been defensive, and the combat missions have been generalized as follows: "Do your best to maintain the current situation, try your best to absorb the majority of the enemy's forces and consume them." 2. The battlefield behind the enemy will become an important battle area.For this reason, Chiang Kai-shek has repeatedly demanded to "strengthen the strength of the military and the people", maintain guerrilla base areas, and "actively launch broad guerrilla warfare".However, it can be seen from this crude plan that Chiang Kai-shek's specially established tenth theater and the Rusu and Hebei-Chahar theaters are not mainly aimed at the Japanese army, but the Communist armed forces.The area under the jurisdiction of the Tenth War Zone tightly wraps up the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region where the Communist Party's center is located.Since 1939, there has not been any battle with the Japanese army in the jurisdiction of the Tenth Theater, but it has maintained a strong force until the civil war broke out after the end of the Anti-Japanese War. From January 21 to 30, 1939, the Chinese Kuomintang held the Fifth Session of the Fifth Central Executive Committee in Chongqing.One hundred and fifty-five Kuomintang Central Executive members, alternate executive members, supervisory members, and alternate supervisory members attended.The content of the meeting covered the political, military, economic, diplomatic, and educational aspects of the second phase of the Anti-Japanese War. The main topics were the Anti-Japanese War and party affairs. Based on the fact that the Communist Party is constantly growing and growing, Chiang Kai-shek strictly asked the Kuomintang members to review their own shortcomings. He believed that the current party is full of bad habits such as "inertia", "hypocrisy", "laxity" and "sluggishness". The "crisis of faith" almost caused the Kuomintang to "dying": "Up to now, the party is almost dying, silent, and ordinary people not only have no belief in the party, but also express contempt... We must revitalize our party and lead the revolution now. The most important task is to establish the party foundation, consolidate the party foundation, and restore the party's reputation." As a ruling party, he frankly admits his own problems, especially in order to meet the needs of the difficult war of resistance, strengthen party affairs, purify the party style, and improve the party's appeal and popularity. Cohesion, for granted.However, the self-examination of the Kuomintang members quickly turned into an attack on the Communist Party, that is, they attributed the loss of popular support of the Kuomintang to the development and growth of the Communist Party.Chiang Kai-shek publicly stated at the meeting: Of course the Communist Party has its strategy, and one can know from looking at its party building that it naturally has no good intentions for the Chinese Kuomintang.The reason why it wants to cooperate with us is just a strategy.The Kuomintang must come up with a "revolutionary method of advancing but not retreating" to deal with it.In the future, we must pay special attention to the propaganda of the Kuomintang doctrine in the countryside. In the past, the emphasis was placed on the cities and the neglect of the countryside "causing the broad masses of peasants to be easily taken advantage of by dissent."Especially in the enemy's rear, special attention should be paid to "making it impossible for ideas that violate doctrine to spread in society." "The slump of the Kuomintang people led to the vigorous development of the Communist Party in the battlefield behind enemy lines" - if this logic holds true, it can only be concluded that during the war against Japanese aggression, the Kuomintang relaxed its defenses against the Communist Party, or It is the serious relaxation of vigilance against the Communist Party, which creates opportunities for the development of the Communist Party.Obviously, the absurdity of this logic lies in: First, this is a period of unprecedented cruelty in the war against Japan. The fall of the country and the peril of the nation may make the ruling Kuomintang very difficult; How could all the unbearable things shown in the tragic war be caused by the Communist Party's armed forces fighting devils in the enemy's rear?Second, the development of the Communist Party's armed forces on the battlefield behind the enemy is a necessity for the war against Japan. When the Military Commission of the Nationalist Government formulated the second phase of the combat guidance plan, it had realized that the battlefield behind the enemy was as important as the frontal battlefield. The main force of China's military power on the battlefield, how can it fight the Japanese army if it cannot be developed and strengthened? According to the thinking logic of the Kuomintang people, the focus of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Fifth Central Committee of the Kuomintang has shifted from the external to the internal. The meeting formulated a set of specific policies to "dissolve the Communist Party", "prevent the Communist Party", "restrict the Communist Party" and "anti-Communist Party". A series of related secret documents have been released one after another: "Measures for Preventing Alien Party Activities", "Measures for Handling Alien Party Issues", "Measures for Handling Communist Party Issues", "Measures for Using Baojia Organization to Prevent Alien Party Activities", "Draft Measures for Preventing Communist Party Activities in Occupied Areas", etc. Wait. ——While "struggling to maintain the current situation" in the military confrontation with the Japanese army, the Kuomintang has begun to turn to how to prevent, restrict, repel and attack the Chinese Communist Party. The "Measures for Preventing Alien Party Activities" pointed out: "The Communist Party can still carry out rampant activities and develop rapidly in areas where the party's power reaches. Taking advantage of the opportunity is actually the main factor. At present, northern Shaanxi under the control of the Communist Party, regardless of men, women, old or young, can be included in various organizations, and the party members can give effective leadership and control, which has resulted in today's iron-clad In the Northern Shaanxi Special Zone, not only is it difficult for outsiders to enter lightly, it is also difficult for outsiders to gain a foothold even if they enter the area, let alone have any activities. The party's current method of preventing the activities of alien parties can only be effective by adopting such a strong organizational method." "" The Measures for Preventing Alien Party Activities stipulates specific measures to prevent the Communist Party from two aspects: "positive" and "negative". Party members get close and are used by them. When necessary, a Baojia communication network will be established in the Baojia organization, and pure intellectuals in the villages will be appointed to be responsible for the communication work of investigating the activities of alien parties, so as to assist the Baojia chief. The system takes the household as the unit, and each household has a household head; ten households are Jia, and Jia has a head;One of the main contents of the Baojia system is the law of joint guarantee and joint sitting, that is, five households jointly sign a joint guarantee and joint sitting contract, supervise each other, and report each other.What's more serious is that in order to curb the development and growth of the Communist Party's armed forces, the Kuomintang is determined not to hesitate to confront the Communist Party: "Party departments and military and government agencies in various places should adopt strict prevention policies against illegal activities of foreign parties, and must not abandon their duties. Therefore, if there is friction, if it is not due to the excessiveness or wrongness of the party, there should be no avoidance." In the "Measures for Handling the Communist Party Issue", specific measures for restricting and anti-communism were further formulated in detail, including "the national armies in each theater shall draw up a border line in secret, and the troops of the Eighteenth Army are not allowed to cross the border. "The Eighteenth Army's guerrilla operations are only given temporary missions and attack targets, not assigned to fixed or permanent areas, and the central army can go anywhere" and so on. The "Measures for Dealing with the Communist Party Issue" clearly requires: "1. The senior officials of the central party, government, and military hold meetings once a month to discuss how to deal with the issue of the Communist Party. The local party, government, and army hold a joint meeting every half a month or ten days, and the battlefield is organized by The sub-committee of the party and government committee shall cooperate with the local highest military organs to negotiate at any time, or to stipulate regular meetings. 2. The attitude of the party, government and military organs to the Communist Party should be lenient at the central government, cautious at the local level, and actively struggle at the lower levels. In terms of division of labor, it should not be responsible for the struggle Responsibility, the government is in a coordinating position, and the army is the backing. Third, to sanction the activities of the Communist Party, the power of the people should be used as much as possible, and the party and government organs should avoid direct intervention, especially the traces of party struggle. Party loyal comrades are responsible for handling cases related to the Communist Party in order to maintain absolute confidentiality. Fifth, collect information on Communist Party activities in various places, compile investigation reports every half a month, and secretly order relevant agencies at all levels to cooperate in prevention. Sixth, using organizations to attack organizations is still Necessary guidelines for the Communist Party. Regardless of political, military, or economic aspects, the activities of the party's party groups and special organizations should be strengthened, and the "Measures for Preventing Alien Party Activities" promulgated by the Central Committee can be implemented concretely. 7. Strengthen spy work , to deal with the spies of the Communist Party, organize special party groups, and infiltrate the Communist Party organization. Eighth, use the factional contradictions and ideological struggles within the Communist Party to organize anti-communist activities similar to the "AB Group" to divide its internal forces. Nine. Use all effective methods to try to destroy the Communist Party's organization network, communication network and distribution network in various places." What made the Kuomintang people feel complicated and embarrassed was that during the period when they were drafting anti-communist documents, Chiang Kai-shek kept receiving telegrams about the battle situation of the Communist armed forces fighting the Japanese behind enemy lines. On January 29, regarding the operations of the New Fourth Army, Gu Zhutong, commander of the Third Theater Command, issued: 1. In the first detachment, Chen Yi's troops, Weiri (5th), and Yetuan's troops attacked the city southeast of Zhenjiang. They fought fiercely for one hour, killing more than ten enemies, wounding more than twenty, and seven of us were killed.Another part of the regiment destroyed two sections of the Beijing-Shanghai Road between Dan and Zhen on the same day (8th), and the enemy did not open to traffic for two days. 2. Zhang Dingcheng's Huang Kui and Wen Wan from the second detachment (on the evening of the 12th) attacked Gong Lanbu and rushed into the middle of the street. Two of them were injured and one was killed.On the first day (thirteenth), the enemy attacked Tanglang Bridge and was defeated by us. Three were captured, two rifles were captured, and three were wounded by me.Cold day (fourteenth).The appeasement team near Wuzhen was attacked, nine rifles were captured, nine prisoners were captured, three traitors were captured, one military supplies were captured, one of us was killed and three were injured.Hanwan (the evening of the 14th) attacked Huangchi Town, killing five enemies and wounding three.Ma Ri (21st), attacked Zhumen Town, killed six enemies, injured seven, and I suffered twelve casualties.Ma Wan (the evening of the 21st) attacked the Wuhu native Xia Mingcai's rebellion in the Qing Dynasty and defeated them all. Fifteen were killed, eighteen were wounded, thirty were captured, and forty rifles, three light machine guns, five pistols, and pistols were obtained. 2. A bicycle, more than 500 rounds of ammunition, and a set of military supplies.I have seven casualties.In Yangwan (the evening of the 22nd), five telegraph poles from Danyang to Xuebu were destroyed.On the 23rd day, the enemy from Lishui to Tianwang Temple was ambushed and five enemies were killed. 3. The Sun Regiment of the Tan Zhenlin Department of the third detachment killed enemy 4 in Xujialong and Eqiao towns on the 15th.On a coincident day (18th), our reconnaissance team killed three enemies and wounded one in Zhangjiating near Shun'an Town.Ma Ji (from 9:00 to 11:00 on the 21st), the Yao regiment ambushed the enemy from the south of the bay, killing six enemies and wounding five of us.In Yangwan, the spies attacked the enemy at Hengshan Bridge in succession. The enemy suffered more than ten casualties, and five of us died. On January 30, Wei Lihuang, Commander-in-Chief of the First Theater Command, issued the following statement regarding the operations of the Eighth Route Army: 1. According to reports, the enemy in Dingxian County is the Bumi troops of the Ono Brigade and Regiment of the Sangmu Division. 2. The 700 enemies in Baoding captured Lama Town on the 23rd, which is like committing a crime against Gaoyang. 3. A part of Lv (Lv Zhengcao)'s column skillfully (on the 18th) defeated more than a hundred enemies east of the Liuli River, captured more than ten puppet troops, three Japanese soldiers, and seized one mountain cannon, four light machine guns, and more than forty rifles Branches, three cars, and more than ten horses. 4. More than a thousand enemies in Cangzhou (on the 25th) fell into the river.Also, there are more than 1,600 enemies in Lixian County and Anguo, and there will be (25 days) that Suning will fall.Our Duan (Duan Haizhou) column is reinforcing the counterattack. 5. Our southern Hebei guerrillas attacked Jieyang Village (southeast of Ningjin) on the evening of (24th), burned and killed more than 50 enemy troops, and captured a 75th field artillery. Sixth, Yongnian has seven or eight hundred enemies. Geng (23rd) fell into Quzhou, and Jing (24th) invaded Youcun in the south. They were repelled by a part of my Liu (Liu Bocheng) division and killed more than 50 enemies. 7. Part of Peng's detachment attacked Feng County on the evening of the 25th, killing more than a hundred enemies, capturing more than ten puppet troops, seizing more than seventy guns, and destroying three vehicles. In view of the active combat of the Communist Party armed forces on the battlefield behind enemy lines, and the high expectations of the people across the country for the Kuomintang and the Communist Party to cooperate and unite in the war of resistance, the Kuomintang has to be scruples about anti-communist actions, and the release of a series of anti-communist documents is extremely confidential: It is extremely important to check the party's countermeasures and methods to deal with alien parties in this period of unity and resistance, and the principle of absolute secrecy should be kept.If it is inadvertently leaked into the hands of aliens, it will not only lead to misunderstanding, but also cause friction.In order to take precautions, the local party and government agencies must be responsible at all levels for the countermeasures and measures to deal with alien parties, and try to avoid the method of written transmission.When various agencies formulate countermeasures, they should be based on local facts and circumstances, and they should not use the tone of the central government or copy the principles promulgated by the central government.As for the documents that must be kept, loyal and reliable personnel should also be designated to keep them tightly to avoid leakage. In the autumn and winter of 1938, the sixth meeting of the enlarged sixth Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee was held in Yan'an. A total of 17 members and alternate members of the Central Committee attended the meeting, and three leading cadres from various departments of the Central Committee and regions More than ten people. ——Compared with the Central Plenary Session of the Kuomintang, the number of people attending the Central Plenary Session of the Communist Party is much smaller, but this is also the most attended Central Plenary Session of the Communist Party since the "Sixth National Congress".The central topic of the meeting was Mao Zedong's political report "The New Stage of the Anti-Japanese National War and the Development of the Anti-Japanese National United Front" and Mao Zedong's conclusion "War and Strategic Issues" at the meeting. Mao Zedong pointed out: "The long-term nature of the Sino-Japanese war will be manifested in the three stages of attack, stalemate, and retreat against the enemy; defense, stalemate, and counterattack against us... The main feature of the three stages is that it includes a transition. That is to say, first, our war of resistance must make every effort to stop the enemy's offensive. If the enemy's offensive cannot be stopped within a certain period of time and in a certain area, there will be no three stages of different nature. Second. , When the stalemate stage appears, we must make every effort to prepare all the conditions necessary for our counterattack. If not, we will not be able to transition to the counteroffensive stage, but will only be in a stalemate forever, and there is no need for three stages..." Mao Zedong believed that the "stalemate situation is coming soon" in the War of Resistance Against Japan. The reason was: "After the enemy occupied Wuhan, his weakness of insufficient and scattered troops will be more exposed. If he wants to attack Guangzhou, Xi'an, Yichang, and Changsha , Nanchang, Wuzhou, Fuzhou and other places and make an attempt to occupy them. The great difficulties brought about by the weakness of his insufficient and scattered forces will surely develop to the highest level of his offensive stage. This is our frontal main force. and the threat of guerrilla warfare in the huge territory behind our enemy, and the great difficulties imposed on the enemy in terms of insufficient and scattered troops..." Then, what was the situation in the war during the stalemate stage of the War of Resistance Against Japan? ?Mao Zedong said: "In the new stage, frontal defense is the main force, and guerrilla warfare in the enemy's rear will temporarily become the main form. But in the new stage of the enemy's stalemate, guerrilla warfare in the enemy's rear will adopt a new situation and develop." The situation includes: Under the correct policy and guidance, guerrilla warfare has been "extensively developed" in vast areas.In areas where guerrilla warfare is fully developed, we should consolidate the foundation we have already established; in areas where guerrilla warfare has not yet developed, we should rapidly develop guerrilla warfare.And in the future, "we must make every effort to persist in the guerrilla warfare of defending the base areas, and in the long-term persistence, train the guerrilla troops into a new force, hold the enemy back, and assist the front."Mao Zedong predicted: "China's anti-Japanese guerrilla war, in terms of its special breadth and long-term nature, is unprecedented not only in the East, but may also be unprecedented in the entire history of mankind." Mao Zedong specifically pointed out in "Problems of War and Strategy": In the war of resistance against Japan as a whole, regular warfare is primary and guerrilla warfare is auxiliary, because only regular warfare can resolve the final fate of the war of resistance against Japan.As far as the whole country is concerned, among the three strategic stages (defense, stalemate, and counter-offensive) in the entire process of the War of Resistance Against Japan, the first and last two stages are mainly regular warfare, supplemented by guerrilla warfare.In the middle stage, when the enemy is defending the occupied territory and I am preparing for a counter-offensive but cannot carry out a counter-offensive, guerrilla warfare will be the main form supplemented by regular warfare; but this is only one of the three stages in the whole war , although it may take the longest time... If you don't understand this situation, if you don't understand that regular warfare is the key to the final fate of the war, if you don't pay attention to the construction of regular armies and the research and guidance of regular warfare, you will not be able to defeat Japan.This is one aspect. But guerrilla warfare occupies an important strategic position in the whole war. Without guerrilla warfare, ignoring the building of guerrilla units and guerrilla armies, ignoring the study and guidance of guerrilla warfare, we will not be able to defeat Japan.The reason is that more than half of China will become the enemy's rear. If there is no guerrilla warfare of the broadest and most persistent nature, and the enemy can sit securely without any worries, the damage to our main force in the front will be great, and the enemy's attacks will be even more rampant. A stalemate is unlikely to occur, and continuing the war of resistance may falter. Even if it is not, our counterattack forces will be insufficiently prepared, there will be no response during the counterattack, and the enemy's consumption may be compensated, and other unfavorable situations will also occur.If these conditions arise, it will be impossible to defeat Japan if we do not develop extensive and persistent guerrilla warfare in time to overcome them.Therefore, although guerrilla warfare occupies an auxiliary position in the war as a whole, it actually occupies an extremely important strategic position.It is undoubtedly very wrong to ignore guerrilla warfare while resisting Japan.This is another aspect. Simultaneously with the development of the Anti-Japanese War to a new stage, the Anti-Japanese National United Front also developed to a new stage.Mao Zedong pointed out: "Because the new stage will encounter more difficulties than before, the anti-Japanese national united front should also adapt to this situation and show its great power to fight against difficulties and overcome any difficulties." The united front must emerge with a new posture in order to cope with the new situation of the war. This new posture is the extensive development and high degree of consolidation of the united front... In terms of development, it means expanding the organizations of the parties and the organizations of the people; In terms of consolidation, all parties should adopt new policies and new tasks, reduce mutual friction, achieve true solidarity, and face national disasters together.” In view of the fact that the united front is extremely important to the protracted war of resistance, Mao Zedong especially conducted an objective review of the Kuomintang. Comments: The anti-Japanese national united front is based on the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and among the two parties, the Kuomintang is the largest party. It is impossible to imagine the initiation and persistence of the War of Resistance without the Kuomintang.The Kuomintang has a glorious history. It mainly overthrew the Qing Dynasty, established the Republic of China, opposed Yuan Shikai, established a policy of alliance with Russia, the Communist Party, and workers and peasants. It held the Great Revolution from 1924 to 1927. Today it is leading the The great Anti-Japanese War... All these cannot be ignored by the Chinese people. These are the results of the development of Chinese history... The general trend of the Anti-Japanese War, if the Kuomintang does not open the door to the general public, it will accommodate all patriotic parties and patriots in a great organization Among them, it is impossible to undertake the difficult task of continuing the war of resistance and defeating the enemy... Now the question is, what attitude will the Communist Party take towards this movement of the Kuomintang to expand its organization?For or against?We said that we are always in favor of the Kuomintang expanding itself into a revolutionary national alliance...the reason is that the larger the allied forces against Japan, the better, and the development and progress of the Communist Party alone is not enough to defeat Japanese imperialism...however, Everyone knows that there are still some old-fashioned elements in the Kuomintang, which hinder the speed and extent of the Kuomintang's progress. Because of the existence of these elements, combined with many old-fashioned elements in society, they created a wave in the torrent of the national revolutionary war. Against the current, stubbornly resisting the boat of progress... However, we firmly believe that this kind of conservative force cannot exist forever, and it is difficult to gain an advantage without gaining an advantage. They are against the current, not the mainstream... The Political Resolution of the Sixth Plenary Session of the CCP’s Enlarged Central Committee, which was formed based on Mao Zedong’s political report, stated: “The basic task of the entire Chinese nation should be: persist in the war of resistance, persist in a protracted war, consolidate and expand the anti-Japanese national united front, in order to overcome difficulties , increase strength, stop the enemy's attack, carry out our counter-offensive, in order to win the glorious victory of finally expelling the Japanese aggressors from the country and establishing an independent, free and happy Three People's Principles New China." The political report made by Mao Zedong and the "Political Resolution of the Sixth Plenary Session of the Expanded CPC Central Committee" developed the theory of the anti-Japanese national united front under the new situation, developed the theory of guerrilla warfare in the new era of the Anti-Japanese War, and laid the foundation for China's war of resistance and the inevitable outcome. The theoretical basis and guarantee.At the same time, whether in politics or military affairs, as a great statesman, Mao Zedong's exposition once again showed the grand strategy and broad mind of the Chinese Communists in the face of national justice. Unfortunately, since 1939, political friction and military conflict between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party have continued to emerge.At this time, China must not only face the increasingly complex domestic situation, but also face the dangerous and chaotic world outside. During the Japanese attack on Wuhan, the leaders of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy held an international conference in Munich and signed the "Munich Agreement," which had a major impact on world history. When Japan invaded China in 1937, the superficially "neutral" but conniving attitude of Britain, the United States and other countries greatly stimulated the German and Italian fascists to take risks in Europe.Three months after Japan created the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in China, Hitler proposed that "achievements must be made in the heart of the European continent" and that "Czechoslovakia and Austria must be overthrown at the same time".On March 12, 1938, the German army crossed the border into Austria. A day later, Hitler announced that Austria would be incorporated into the German territory.面对德国法西斯的扩张，英国人不但漠然坐视，而且依旧表示出纵容。他们对希特勒说，欧洲秩序的改变“也许注定要发生，在这些问题中有但泽问题、奥地利问题和捷克斯洛伐克问题。英国希望看到，任何改变都必须通过和平演变进行”。德国随即把矛头指向了捷克斯洛伐克。当捷克斯洛伐克眼看就要被德国军事侵占时，英国首相张伯伦的立场是对“绥靖主义”的完美注解：“我们无法帮助捷克斯洛伐克——它可能成为同德国开战的一个借口……因此我们放弃了对捷克斯洛伐克提供保证的想法，也不想在法国履行与捷克斯洛伐克的义务方面向法国人提供保证。”法国是捷克斯洛伐克的盟友，在英国人表态之后，法国也决定采取不得罪德国的立场。于是，英法两国联手向捷克斯洛伐克施压，迫使其向德国让步，同时向德国索求“和平方案”以为自保。九月，英国首相张伯伦连续三次赴德，他向希特勒说的一句话，谄媚得让整个大英帝国蒙羞：“你完全可不战而立即得到一切主要的东西。”——此时的捷克斯洛伐克与中国的境遇极其相似：面对强国的野蛮入侵，世界上的国际正义消失得无影无踪。九月二十九日至三十日，慕尼黑会议达成《慕尼黑协定》。这个背着捷克斯洛伐克出卖其领土主权的协定规定：捷克斯洛伐克将苏台德地区及其一切附属设施和物资无偿地交给德国，捷克斯洛伐克的其余领土将被确保“不受侵犯”。只是《慕尼黑协定》签订四个月后，德军便开进了捷克斯洛伐克，宣布捷克斯洛伐克全境归属德国。接着，希特勒批准了入侵波兰的作战计划；然后，意大利军队冲入了阿尔巴尼亚。德国的凶猛扩张把英法逼入了死胡同，英法这才匆忙宣布与波兰、罗马尼亚、希腊、荷兰、土耳其等国形成军事联盟。与此同时，希特勒也宣布废除《英德海军协定》和《德波互不侵犯条约》等，并与意大利签订军事同盟条约。至此，在欧洲，形成了政治和军事截然对立的两大集团，欧战一触即发。 《慕尼黑协定》给国际关系带来了巨大危险，并成为日本在亚洲的侵略得以膨胀的催化剂。《慕尼黑协定》出笼后，日本立即发表了确立“东亚新秩序”的声明。这一声明与希特勒的行动一样令列强惶惶不安：过去亚洲历史上所有已经形成的、正在形成的“国际秩序”，包括对殖民地的占领、势力范围的划分、贸易市场的占有和军事影响力的存在等等，统统作废。历史上其他各国无论用何种手段得到的权益也统统到此为止，亚洲的一切都要重新纳入日本制定的以日本为轴心的“新秩序”中。 面对日本在亚洲的挑战，西方列强终于尝到了自食其果的滋味。 美国人一向崇尚自利主义。日本侵华之初，为维护自己的在华利益，美国口头上反对日本在中国的扩张，行动上执行的却是美式“绥靖主义”。中国军队放弃武汉后，一九三九年一月，美国驻日大使格鲁承认：日本对美、英、法三国的出口贸易，占其出口总额的百分之七十，其收入全部用于购买工业原料。尽管中国方面屡次向英、美、法等国提出对日实行禁运，以削弱日本的国力和军力，减轻中国所遭受的战争苦难，并对中国的抗战提供援助。但是，自一九三七年至一九三九年，美国仍对日出口了价值七亿一千六百万美元的各类物资，是同期对华出口额的五倍。仅一九三八年，日本从美国获得的各种战略物资，就占其进口总量的一半以上。美国政府借给中国的数量不多的贷款，全部是中国用桐油、锡和其他工业原材料换取的，可是，美国的对华援助已远远比不上它给中国造成的祸患。——在日军向中国腹地大举进攻的时候，美国军火商源源不断地将飞机零件和重型炸弹卖给日本，在淞沪、南京、徐州、武汉乃至重庆，难以计数的中国军民死于美国制造的炸弹。美国人对日本的汽油、钢铁、机械等军需物资的输出，直到太平洋战争爆发才停止。 与美国相比，英国对中国的态度和立场更为恶劣。自鸦片战争以来，英国是第一个向中国开炮的西方列强，也是西方列强在华利益的最大受益者。日本发动侵华战争后，英国始终与日本暗中勾结，置中国正在承受的战争苦难于不顾，只竭尽全力地维护其自身的在华利益。英国人的策略是“鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利”。武汉失守后，英国驻日大使克莱琪在给英国外交大臣的报告中直言不讳地说，英国要“对交战双方维持友好关系……以便在和平谈判及以后时期，我们能尽到适当的作用”。“我们的政册应该是拖延时间，期待双方终至完全筋疲力尽，允许我们帮助实现这个悲惨冲突的合理解决”。——什么叫作“合理解决”？说白了，就是日本的侵华战争打得越惨烈，越可以满足英国人消减日本实力的期待；而中国遭受的战争损失越惨重，英国人越能在战后的重建中捞取最多利益。 可是，日本人的“东亚新秩序”公开了，英、美等国这才强烈的意识到：日本侵略中国的目的不仅是要征服中国，还要把西方势力赶出中国乃至整个亚洲。此时的英、美只有三种选择：一是大力援助中国，积极介入对日战争，以保全自己的在华利益。但是，英、美谁都不愿与日本全面交恶，尤其是在欧洲已现危机的情况下，更担心由此会促使日本加速投靠德国。二是与日本全面妥协，承认日本侵略中国的合法性，换取远东局面的暂时稳定，以便集中力量于岌岌可危的欧洲。但是，这不仅意味着英、美等国的在华利益将全面丧失，还会导致整个亚太地区战略格局与战略利益的失衡，很可能最终得不偿失。三是折中政策，即利用中国的抗战来挫伤日本的扩张，然后寻找合适的时机以牺牲中国的某些利益哪怕是重大利益为代价，换取日本的让步，实现双方的妥协，以保全列强的在华利益以及在亚洲的基本地位。英、美等国决定选择第三项。 一九三八年十二月三十日和一九三九年一月十四日，美、英两国政府相继向日本提出强烈抗议，申明“门户开放”原则不容某一方片面取消，反对“新秩序的内容和条件”，“既不接受也不承认日本用武力在中国造成的局势”。这时候，有一种观点得到了美、英等国的广泛认同：“只是由于中国的抗战挡住了日本军团，他们才没向加利福尼亚进军。”——英、美等国不得不重新审视中国的抵抗意志和抗击能力，他们发现中国的战争潜力远比之前预料的要大得多，其可靠证据便是：日本人几乎穷尽全力，尽管占领了武汉，但中国依然没有屈服，领导抗战的国民政府也没有垮台。因此，避免中国被战争挫败便是避免丧失制约日本的筹码的认知，逐渐占据了上风。英、美等国终于承认，支持中国的抗日战争，是目前对抗日本“东亚新秩序”的有效办法。而援助中国最直接的手段，就是提供政府贷款。但是，英、美对华贷款可谓风声大雨点小，不但总是因为各种顾虑难产，而且往往限制颇多。比如，为了不刺激日本，贷款对象不能是国民政府，必须由中国民间机构出面，等等。尽管如此，美国于一九三八年十二月十五日宣布，提供给中国两千五百万美元的贷款；四天后，英国宣布提供给中国五十万英镑的贷款用于购置卡车、五百万英镑的贷款作为平准基金以稳定中国货币。——仅就贷款的数量而言，对于中国可谓杯水车薪，只能说是精神意义大于物质意义，即在国际上，英、美等国对中日战争公开表达了基本立场。 可是，即便如此，列强依旧幻想着劝说国民政府妥协，以牺牲中国利益的代价谋求与日本平分中国利益的目的。日军逼近武汉外围时，英国人就提出愿意就中日和解进行斡旋。武汉沦陷后，法国人也表示“公正解决”中日冲突的时机已经出现。英国人甚至向日本和中国两方提出了具体建议：英国愿意承担让中国人停止一切排日活动的责任，而中国应该放弃满洲。列强向日本传达出这样一个信息：如果日本愿意和解，他们可以为此召开一次“远东国际会议”，或者称为“太平洋会议”——说穿了，就是“东方慕尼黑会议”，只是会议不是向德国出卖捷克斯洛伐克的苏台德地区以及整个捷克斯洛伐克，而是向日本出卖中国的东北地区以及整个中国。共产党领袖毛泽东的分析一针见血：“我们坚决地斥责那些认为太平洋会议并非东方慕尼黑的无稽之谈。所谓太平洋会议，就是东方慕尼黑，就是准备把中国变成捷克。”国际投降主义者“纵容日本侵略中国，自己'坐山观虎斗'，以待时机一到，就策动所谓太平洋调停会议，借收渔人之利”。 .历史会有力的证明，英、美等国将为纵容德国和日本付出惨重的代价。 此时，中国的主要外援是苏联。 据统计，一九三八年至一九三九年间，苏联向国民政府提供了三次易货贷款，总金额达两亿五千万美元。武汉会战前后，中国军队在战场上损耗的重武器，包括飞机、火炮、汽车和轻重机枪，基本上都是苏联援助的。苏联先后派出两千多名航空志愿者直接参战，武汉会战前后牺牲在中国战场上的苏联飞行员有二百余人。斯大林曾当面指示出任中国短期军事顾问的崔可夫：“我们驻华全体人员的任务，就是要紧紧束缚日本侵略者的手脚，只有当日本侵略者的手脚被捆住的时候，我们才能在德国侵略者一旦进攻我国的时候避免两线作战。”更不可忽视的是，在中国抗日战争的整个进程中，苏联远东军的强大存在，客观上极大的支持了中国的关内战场。如果没有苏联远东军与近七十万乃至日后增至一百二十万的关东军的对峙，日本就可以在中国关内战场投入更多的精锐师团，那么一九三九年的中国对日战局又将是什么样子？ 国际关系永远是利益的博弈。 贏得利益的前提是国家实力。 日军占领武汉之后，“日本举国欢庆，就像报纸第一次报道南京陷落时一样：鸣汽笛，出号外，而天皇亦如满洲事变时一样，全套军服，骑着白马在群众面前亮相”。但是，几乎所有的日本政客和将领都知道：武汉之战虽是对华战争的一个制高点，但是日军的进攻能力也至此达到了极限。——“在陷入一场僵持战而且看不到胜利前景的情况下，日本领导人坚持进行战争，与其说他们不愿意改变最终目标，毋宁说是似乎已经无法改变……重要的是，无论是军事上还是政治上，日本都丧失了能够控制中国战争的希望。” 占领武汉之后，日本方面陷入了困境。 “对日本来说，对战争规模起着制约作用的，实际上还是它的黄金储备量。”日本战史记述：“这时日本贸易结算用的黄金库存量，还不足日俄战争时可资筹措的外汇量的一半。也就是说，事变爆发时日本银行储备的黄金，包括发行纸币的准备金，全部不过十三亿五千万日元，而日俄战争时储备正币（硬通货）一千四百万日元及外债八亿日元，按昭和十二（一九三七）年价格折合为二十八亿日元，两相比还不足日俄战争时的一半（百分之四十八）。” 自中日战争爆发到武汉会战结束，近二十个月的战争期间，日本方面不但付出了损伤二十余万兵力的代价，而且连续四次追加军费，军费累积支出总额已达八十亿日元以上，这是日本历史上四次对外战争，即中日甲午战争、日俄战争、第一次世界大战和“九一八”事变战费总额的一点六三倍。一九三八年，日本的黄金储备量为十三亿五千万日元，而武汉会战前后，日本使用外汇结算的进口军用物资花费额高达九亿六千万日元。由于出口严重萎缩，为弥补贸易逆差，只能动用黄金储备，这使得日本的黄金储备由原来的三百八十八吨急速下降到二十五吨左右。战争的巨大消耗，使日本经济陷入恶性循环之中：消耗使出口产业因原材料不足而生产力下降，出口下降又造成进口原材料的减少，工业生产因原材料短缺几乎陷入困境，日本国力的穷困已经显现。 仅就支持战争而言，武器弹药和军需物资是首要的，日本感到要满足战争需求已难以为继。开战之初，原以为动用现有军需就可以征服中国；随着战争的不断扩大，战费消耗急剧上升，迫使日本政府紧急实施“军需动员”，即除兵工企业开足马力生产之外，大批民营工厂也必须参与军需生产。可是，尽管如此，生产速度仍追不上消耗速度。“步枪、炮弹都不够用，买飞机是当务之急，到昭和十三年六月（一九三八年），连学校教练用的步枪都被收回。”据此，陆军部上奏天皇说：“虽然官民一致协作，昼夜工作，异常努力地从事各自所担负的军需品的整备补给，但由于各种原因……武器、弹药、飞机、坦克重要军需品的生产未能达到预期成果，这是非常遗憾的。” 更为严重的是，日本的兵员开始发生短缺。侵华战争发动后，日本曾大规模扩军，一九三七年扩编了七个师团，一九三八年扩编了十个师团。于如此短的时间内急促扩编，不得不在民间大量征用预备役和后备役。一九三八年下半年，在侵华日军中，现役兵仅占百分之十一点三，预备役兵占到百分之二十二点六，后备役兵已占百分之四十五点，而补充役兵占百分之二十点九。这种畸形的兵源结构，严重降低了日军的战斗力。武汉会战结束后，侵华日军已达三十二个师团，日本国内只剩下一个师团。其军事配置是：东北八个师团，华北十二个师团，华中十个师团，华南两个师团。日军仅分散在交通要道上和主要城市里，兵力还是不够。在正面战场，即使与中国军队对峙，也需要大量兵力才能保持现有态势，因为中国军队随时可能发动反击；而在敌后战场，华北地区必须配置更多的兵力，因为共产党武装不断地骚扰日军的后方基地、蚕食日军的占领区、袭击日军的交通运输线，并且建立起很多面积可观的抗日根据地，从而使日军在华北占领区内危机四伏。 汪精卫的投敌，无疑曾使处于战争困境中的日本人喜出望外。日本首相近卫文麿在“东亚新秩序”的声明中称，日本“希望通过蒋介石的敌人与中国达成和平的愿望”，而“他所说的敌人就是国民党内部的一派领导人——汪精卫”。但是，日本人很快就发现，尽管汪精卫极力拉拢各方要人，但在中国社会各界高层内，认同汪派“和平建议”的人寥寥无几。日本驻上海领事馆向日本外务省密报：“现在，汪派所搜集的人，大多是过去党政界的政客、官僚和腐败分子，在广大民众中没有任何基础。今后，汪派的活动若不能对重庆政权内的重要分子以影响，若得不到广大国民之拥护，前途极为渺茫。”而对于在中国国土上的侵华日军来讲，本想依靠汪精卫的力量“逐步减轻”自身的占领负担，“但遗憾的是，现在的情况还只能由军本身配置相当大的兵力。随着政略谋略的进展，在一定程度上缓和军的负担的时机的到来，并非不可指望，但是过早期待其实现不能不说是危险的”。——日本人并不相信汪精卫“有结束战争的能力”。 日本的盟友德国也在其困境的伤口上撒了一把盐：尽管德国在欧洲的扩张引起了英、法、美、苏等国的高度关注，这无疑有利于日本在亚洲展开“新秩序”；但是，德国的咄咄逼人也令日本人意识到，德国很可能早于日本的预期发动世界大战，这对日本又是绝对不利的。日本原本打算速战速决中国战事，再与德国呼应驱逐美、法、英等国在亚洲的势力。而如果急于求成的德国很快与英、法开战，势必会减轻苏联于欧洲方向的警戒压力，那么苏联远东军事力量的存在，就将给日本的后方造成巨大威胁。——只要没有彻底征服中国，在进一步瓜分世界的目标上，日本就不能说已经准备好了。在日本人看来，德国人固执而自私，不但可以不顾及日本的利益，而且正在与日军作战的中国军队，其手中的武器，一半以上都是从德国买的，还不知有多少日本人死在了德式武器下呢。 战争双方都面临着困难，只看哪一方能够坚持下去了。 这就是抗日战争“相持阶段”到来的标志。 三月，春风又绿江南岸，北方的柳芽也挂满了枝条。 突然，日军发动攻势了。 日军的攻势直指江西南昌。 这次被中国战史称为“南昌会战”的作战，是抗日战争进入“相持阶段”后第一场较大规模的战役。因此，战役的胜负对于交战双方似乎都有着一种开局的意义。 武汉会战结束后，日本方面在军事上并不乐观：“国民党军队虽自日中开战以来屡吃败仗，受到打击，经过攻占汉口和广州之战，其战斗力更会下降。但遗憾的是，仍拥有相当大的兵力保存着余力。其主力军