Chapter 4 The third chapter is Kou Shen!Misfortune is imminent!
Since 1927, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party have been inseparable.
The Chinese Kuomintang, which was established during the Xinhai Revolution, and the Chinese Communist Party, which was established a little later, are two political parties that have had a huge impact on modern Chinese history.The two parties once gathered together under the banner of Mr. Sun Yat-sen, the pioneer of the Chinese democratic revolution, and shared the grand dream of saving China from poverty, weakness and decay.In order to realize this dream, members of the two parties, including Chiang Kai-shek and Mao Zedong, lived and died together in the magnificent revolution in the early 20th century.
However, with the deepening of the Chinese revolution, the two parties have irreparable and irreconcilable differences and ruptures in their respective belief theories, the interests of the social classes they represent, and the ultimate goal of the social revolution.
Since the 20th century, the political civilization of the world has developed extremely rapidly.Political groups representing different social classes are also varied, but almost all political groups claim to represent the vast majority of society.China is an agricultural country, following the feudal system for thousands of years, resulting in a high concentration of land and extreme poverty of farmers.The most important purpose of the Chinese revolution and even social progress is to save and liberate the poor peasants who make up the vast majority of the population.The Communist Party of China, which accepted the revolutionary theory of Marxism-Leninism and combined it with China's national conditions, carried out an initial revolution called the "Agrarian Revolution."In the first half of the twentieth century, the attitude towards "mud legs" became the fundamental political division between the KMT and the Communist Party. "Proletarians of the world unite"; "There has never been a savior, nor does it depend on a fairy emperor"; "All power belongs to the peasant association", these are the basic political positions of the Communists.The Chinese Nationalist Party does not represent the Chinese proletarians, so they believe that the violent resistance of the proletarians who are fighting for dignity and social power is no different from bandits.Therefore, at a certain moment in history, China's proletarians and possessors, as well as the political groups that each represent their class demands, that is, the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese Kuomintang, are bound to be at odds.
In 1927, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party inevitably split.
The consequences of the split are extremely cruel to the Chinese Communists.
The first is the large-scale political killings in Chinese history.The slogan of the Kuomintang is "It is better to kill a thousand by mistake than to let one go."Scenes of executions of Communists and youths who embraced the Communist Party's political ideals abound.Then, there was a large-scale military "encirclement and suppression" of the base areas on which the Communists depended for survival.As the ruling party, the Kuomintang, since it has defined the hostile Communist Party as a "bandit", it seems justifiable and merciless to shoot and kill "bandits".
In the face of several military "encirclement and suppression" campaigns launched by the Kuomintang against the Communist Party's base areas, the Communists did not have any state and political resources to use. The only thing they could rely on was the hearts of the proletarians who accounted for the vast majority of the population in this huge country—the impoverished Farmers, who only have the most primitive weapons such as broadswords and spears in their hands, are willing to sacrifice their wealth, flesh and blood, and even their lives for the Communist Party's political ideas and social ideals.When the small base of the Communists was breached, what the Kuomintang generals saw was the simple auditorium of the Soviet government, threshing grounds and playgrounds for both military and civilian purposes, and slogans of "defeat the local tyrants and divide the fields" were written everywhere.All young and middle-aged people who could follow the Communist Party left. The Kuomintang’s principle of sweeping the Communist Party’s base areas is: “Trees must be burned, stones must be knifed.”As a result, the ideal country of the poor people disappeared.
When the Communists lost their bases and were forced to start the Long March, the Kuomintang troops chased and intercepted every kilometer of the later world-famous ten-thousand-mile road was paved with the lives of the Red Army.Eventually, the Communists made their way into China's barren and remote Loess Plateau.As a result, a confusion began to haunt the Kuomintang people: they always said that the Communist Party could be "destroyed" in a few months, but the Communists have gone through all kinds of hardships and hardships, why there is no sign of surrender and collapse of the slightest will ?After Japan launched an invasion of Northeast China, another practical problem began to plague the Kuomintang people: no matter how fierce the siege and interception was, the Communist Party was determined to join forces with the Kuomintang to resist Japanese aggression.Although the Kuomintang kept "revealing" that there was a "conspiracy" behind the Communist Party's alliance, or ignored the Communist Party's joint appeal and continued to carry out military strikes, the Chinese Communist Party's determination to unite the people of the whole country, including the Kuomintang people, to resist the Japanese invaders persisted.This made the Kuomintang members who were tangled in "safety inside or fight against outsiders" at a loss.
In 1931, after the outbreak of the "September 18" Incident in Northeast China, the Communist Party of China issued the "Declaration of the Communist Party of China on the Rape and Occupation of the Three Northeastern Provinces by Japanese Imperialists":
...The imperialists of various countries, especially the Japanese imperialists, are vicious bandits who oppress China and slaughter the Chinese people...Now they are occupying Chinese territory more openly and violently, with the obvious purpose of plundering China, oppressing the Chinese workers' and peasants' revolution, and making China has completely become his colony, and at the same time, he is more actively and directly attacking the Soviet Union in an attempt to destroy the motherland of the world's first proletariat and the headquarters of the world revolution... At the same time, the imperialist bandits are also very clear that the world revolution is now actively developing, The workers' and peasants' revolution in China is rising day by day... The upsurge of this revolutionary wave will inevitably fundamentally overthrow the reactionary rule of foreign imperialism and the Chinese gentry, landowners and capitalists, the Kuomintang, and establish a Soviet regime of workers, peasants and soldiers.The foreign imperialists saw that the Chinese Kuomintang warlords were no longer able to destroy the revolution, and saw that his lackeys in China, the Kuomintang warlords, were no longer able to protect and expand their plundering interests against China as they wished, so they directly occupied the Chinese territory of Manchuria... All Chinese workers and peasants Soldiers and toiling people must resolutely and unanimously carry out the struggle against imperialism and the Kuomintang under the interests of striving for the victory of the workers' and peasants' revolution and self-liberation...
The Communist Party of China also issued the "Manifesto of the Communist Party of China to Resist the Imperialist KMT Unanimously Oppress and Massacre the Chinese Revolutionary People", stating that the KMT is completely "a running dog and tool of imperialism" because they are "submissive", "no resistance", and Attack the "revolutionary masses" against Japanese imperialism.Therefore, the people of all China must "arm up" and "under the leadership of the only revolutionary political party in China, the Communist Party of China, fight to overthrow the rule of the imperialist Kuomintang in China and to fight for the victory of the Soviet revolution in China"!
In 1932, when the "January 28th" Incident broke out in Shanghai, the Communist Party of China issued the "Declaration of War Against Japan" in the name of Chairman Mao Zedong of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet:
...the Kuomintang government and its various factions of warlords are not only unable, but have long been unwilling to truly oppose Japanese imperialism's national revolutionary war. The bandits solved the problem of partitioning China in the war... The Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic officially declared war on Japan.Leading the Red Army of Workers and Peasants in China and the oppressed people to expel the Japanese imperialists from China with the National Revolutionary War, oppose all imperialism to carve up China, and seek the complete liberation and independence of the Chinese nation.The Soviet central government declared to the workers, peasants, soldiers and all oppressed people throughout the country: To truly carry out the national revolutionary war and directly fight against Japanese imperialism, we must first overthrow the reactionary Kuomintang rule that helped imperialism oppress the national revolutionary movement and hinder the development of the national revolutionary war. To fight against Japanese imperialism directly and without hindrance...
Then, the Central Executive Committee of the Communist Party issued the "Instructions of the Provisional Central Government of the Chinese Soviet Republic on Mobilizing and Declaring War on Japan", which required "political mobilization among the Red Army and local armed forces" and "inspired the enthusiasm of all red soldiers to declare war on Japan." and courage".It is required that "every red fighter understand that actively developing the revolutionary war, eliminating the troops of the Kuomintang warlords attacking the Soviet area, seizing the central cities, and destroying the Kuomintang's rule are the necessary prerequisites for the national revolutionary war against Japan."It is required that in places where "the Red Army has not yet developed to approach the forces of Japanese imperialism, the combat mission of the Red Army is first to destroy the Kuomintang troops that are in collusion with imperialism"; Local governments should lead the masses to organize anti-Japanese volunteer troops” and “implement guerrilla movements and fight directly against Japan”.
The declaration of the communists agitated the rising anti-Japanese public opinion in China.
However, in view of the reality of the sharp rise in ethnic conflicts between China and Japan, and in view of the change in the national government's deployment of war against Japan, the Chinese Communist Party realized the narrowness of "anti-Chiang and anti-Japanese" and proposed for the first time in 1935 that the KMT and the Communist Party should "turn hostility into friendship." .At that time, the Chinese Communist Party delegation participating in the Seventh Congress of the Communist International in Moscow published a "August 1 Manifesto" in the "Salvation Newspaper" published in Paris, France.He pointed out that China is at the "critical point of life and death" when "the five thousand-year-old country will completely become a conquered land, and all 400 million compatriots will become subjugated slaves". "Resisting the Japanese will lead to life, and not resisting the Japanese will lead to death. Resisting the Japanese and saving the country has become the sacred duty of every compatriot."Therefore, "the Communist Party and the Soviet government once again appeal to all compatriots: regardless of any past and present differences of political opinions and interests among various parties, regardless of any differences of opinions or interests among compatriots from all walks of life, regardless of past and present differences between various armies Now that there is any hostile action, everyone should have a sincere awareness of 'brothers fight against their aggression outside the wall'" and stop the civil war, "in order to concentrate all national power (human, material, financial, military, etc.) to fight for the sacred cause of resisting Japan and saving the nation." . ——At this time, the Chinese Communist Party, even though Chiang Kai-shek was still excluded, was still at a critical moment in Chinese history, and for the first time put forward the proposal of establishing a "unified national defense government" regardless of parties, groups, groups, and all walks of life. The original blueprint for the formation of the National United Front—the Communist Party, which was once at odds with the Kuomintang, expressed it this way: "As long as the Kuomintang troops stop attacking the Soviet area, as long as any troops carry out the War of Resistance against Japan, regardless of any past or present relations between them and the Red Army, Regardless of any differences between them and the Red Army on internal issues, the Red Army will not only immediately stop hostile actions against them, but also be willing to work closely with them to save the country.”
On May 5, 1936, Mao Zedong and Zhu De, in the name of the Chairman of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet People's Republic and the Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese People's Red Army, jointly issued the "Telegram on the Armistice and Unified Anti-Japanese War" to the Nanjing Nationalist Government: "In the face of national crisis, The decisive battle between the two sides, no matter who wins or loses, is the loss of China's national defense power, and it is praised by Japanese imperialism." In October, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China published the "Letter from the Communist Party of China to the Chinese Kuomintang", stating that if the Kuomintang "resolutely Fighting to expel Japanese imperialism and save China from peril", the Communist Party will be willing to "form a solid revolutionary united front with the Kuomintang, just as the two parties formed against each other during the First Chinese Revolution of 1925-27." The great united front of national oppression and feudal oppression is the same, because this is the only correct way to save the nation today." On December 1 of this year, the Chinese Communist Party, in the name of all Red Army generals and 200,000 Red Army officers and soldiers, gave Chiang Kai-shek wrote a long letter, the sincerity of which cannot be overstated:
At this time, the Chinese Communist Party advocated "uniting with Chiang Kai-shek to resist Japan."As Mao Zedong said, we no longer juxtapose anti-Chiang and anti-Japanese.The Communist Party of China, which has experienced the brutal massacre of the Kuomintang and the frantic "encirclement and suppression", has gone through the mental journey of "anti-Chiang and anti-Japanese" to "unity with Jiang and anti-Japanese" in the face of historical and realistic choices. This process proves that the Chinese Communist Party has the ability to The political courage and historical mind to carry the national righteousness and change the destiny of the country.
On December 11, Mao Zedong called Pan Hannian, the director of the Shanghai office from Yan'an, and even raised the question of how the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army would fight against Japan under the premise that the Kuomintang and the Communist Party jointly resisted Japan: "The Red Army on the other side faithfully and clearly recognized its participation in the Anti-Japanese War Under the premise of saving the nation, we can change the anti-Japanese designation, delineate the anti-Japanese defense line, and obey the anti-Japanese command. We do not insist on formal equality in these matters, and we do not need the two governments to come forward to negotiate, but it must be the two parties (not the two governments) ) sign the political and military policy of resisting Japan and saving the nation on an equal footing. The Red Army cannot reduce a single soldier, but must expand it. There is no room for negotiation apart from carrying out the task of resisting Japan and saving the nation.”
The next day, the Xi'an Incident broke out.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party held an emergency meeting of the Politburo to discuss various aspects of the Xi'an Incident.Mao Zedong pointed out: "We must fight for Nanjing and Xi'an. Only when the civil war is over can we resist Japan. There are six forces that may end the civil war: the first is the Red Army, the second is the Northeast Army, the third is the friendly army of Xi'an, the fourth is the people, and the fifth is Nanjing. Internal division, the sixth is international aid. The six forces should be united to end the civil war and turn the civil war into a war of resistance against Japan." After the meeting, Mao Zedong called Pan Hannian again: "Please contact Nanjing for the possibility of peacefully resolving the Xi'an Incident, and Its minimum condition is to avoid the catastrophe of national subjugation.”
After many mediations, consultations, and negotiations, Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to agree to stop the "suppression of the Communist Party" and unite with the Communist Party to resist Japan.
After the peaceful resolution of the Xi’an Incident, the Chinese Kuomintang held the Third Plenary Session in February 1937. In order to facilitate a change in the Kuomintang’s policy, the Central Committee of the Communist Party sent a telegram to the plenary session, proposing for the first time: “Stop all civil wars, concentrate China’s strength, and unify foreign affairs. Under such conditions, the Soviet government can be "renamed as the Government of the Special Administrative Region of the Republic of China, and the Red Army as the National Revolutionary Army, directly under the guidance of the Nanjing Central Government and the Military Commission."
Mao Zedong believed that all parties in the country "will have different views" on this telegram, but it can politically illustrate the determination of the Chinese Communist Party to "really resist Japan and unite to resist aggression."
It is said in history: The formation of China's anti-Japanese national united front began since then.
In order to seek the second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation and the establishment of the anti-Japanese national united front, the Communist Party sent Zhou Enlai and Ye Jianying to frequently cooperate with the Kuomintang military and political leaders Chiang Kai-shek, Gu Zhutong, Song Ziwen and others successively in Xi'an, Hangzhou, Lushan, Nanjing, etc. Negotiations were held several times.The Kuomintang proposed the establishment of the National Revolutionary League and the dispatch of full-time officials to the Red Army and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region.Although the Communist Party made major concessions, such as agreeing to Chiang Kai-shek's proposal to establish a general military command, and to reorganize the Red Army after its name was announced, no substantive progress was made in the negotiations.
At this moment, the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out suddenly.
The national crisis is imminent, and the alliance between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party is imminent.
When the Marco Polo Bridge Incident broke out, Zhou Enlai, Bogu and Lin Boqu were on their way to Mount Lushan.On July 13, when Pingjin was in extreme tension, the Kuomintang and the Communist Party started negotiations in Lushan.In addition to Chiang Kai-shek, the Kuomintang also participated in Shao Lizi, Zhang Chong, Song Meiling and others.The Communist Party delegation submitted to Chiang Kai-shek the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Declaration on the Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, and started consultations on issues such as the announcement of the cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, the reorganization of the Red Army, and the restructuring of the Soviet area.Previously, the Communist Party had called Chiang Kai-shek and made the maximum concession: in principle, it agreed to organize the National Revolutionary League, but it must first determine the program approved by both parties, and then the cadres from both sides will form a supreme meeting, with Chiang Kai-shek as the chairman; regarding the reorganization of the Red Army, the Communist Party The party no longer insisted that a command must be established, and made a concession to establish a political agency but should have the authority of a command agency; for the border region government, the Communist Party agreed that Nanjing would appoint a full-time official; defense missions.However, since the Marco Polo Bridge Incident had triggered a war, Chiang Kai-shek refused to give up an inch in the command of the Communist Party's armed forces, and the communication between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party fell into a stalemate.This time, when the representatives of the two sides held face-to-face negotiations on Lushan Mountain, Chiang Kai-shek put aside all the concessions made by the Communist Party and insisted that after the reorganization of the Red Army, no command organization could be established. The chief was dispatched by Nanjing, and the political organs in charge of the Communists "only care about liaison and have no right to command." Chiang Kai-shek was still unwilling to give the Communist Party a legal and equal status, and attempted to eradicate the Communist Party's control of the armed forces by reorganizing the Red Army. He even persuaded Mao Zedong and Zhu De "go abroad".When the warlords fought, all the defeated warlords ended their political and military affairs by going abroad.The proposal of this proposal shows how superficial Chiang Kai-shek's understanding of the Chinese Communists is.
The Communist Party resolutely rejected the command and personnel power of the Red Army by the Kuomintang.
On the 20th, Mao Zedong called Zhou Enlai: "We will definitely adopt the policy of not making concessions and not talking with Jiang."
Nine days later, Peiping fell.
Immediately afterwards, Tianjin fell.
Facing the extremely tense military situation, Chiang Kai-shek asked Jiang Dingwen, the acting director of the Xi'an camp, to tell the Communist Party that the Red Army will be reorganized within ten days, and Nanjing will give three divisions designations, and the Red Army will dispatch to fight against Japan.In this regard, Mao Zedong proposed the principles of reorganization: "First, the compilation will be completed on August 15, and the anti-Japanese war will be dispatched on the 20th; second, there must be a general headquarters for more than three divisions, Zhu (Zhu De) Zheng Peng (Peng Dehuai) deputy; There is also a political department, with Ren Bishi as the director and Deng Xiaoping as the deputy director, so as to command operations; the third and third divisions have 45,000 people, and another 10,000 people, the security team is the chief and deputy commander, Gao Gang is the chief, and Xiao Jinguang is the deputy. According to the order; 4. After the main force is dispatched, concentrate on fighting and not disperse; 5. Serve as the front line of the Suiyuan side; 6. Supplement bayonets, tools, bullets, grenades, etc."
On August 1, Chiang Kai-shek sent a secret telegram to invite the Communist Party to go to Nanjing to "discuss the big plan".Zhou Enlai and Zhu De immediately departed from Yan'an for Xi'an, and flew to Nanjing together with Ye Jianying who was in Xi'an.Beginning on the 12th, representatives of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party held negotiations in Kong Xiangxi's mansion, focusing on the issue of the declaration of cooperation and the reorganization of the Red Army.It was a difficult process, with both sides even having to argue back and forth over the use of a word.Chiang Kai-shek advocated not mentioning "democracy" in the declaration of cooperation, but replacing it with the word "civil use", canceling the interpretation of the nation, civil rights, and people's livelihood, and at the same time changing the three words "KMT" to "government"——Jiang Jieshi's meaning is very Obviously: The Communist Party is exporting sincerity to the government.Zhou Enlai said that bipartisan cooperation is by no means bullying the weak by the strong, nor does it mean that one party surrenders to the other.Regarding the reorganization of the Red Army, the Communist Party resolutely opposed Chiang Kai-shek's request that the Kuomintang send the director of the Political Department.
When the dispute between the two sides was difficult to reconcile, the "August 13th" Incident in Shanghai broke out.
The Sino-Japanese war was on the verge of breaking out in an all-round way, and the situation where the Kuomintang and the Communist Party were unable to make a decision changed immediately.Chiang Kai-shek agreed to reorganize the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, set up a general headquarters with three divisions under its jurisdiction, and the Kuomintang only sent liaison officers to the Eighth Route Army headquarters and divisions.A month later, when the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army reorganization order was officially announced, the Eighth Route Army was renamed the Eighteenth Army of the National Revolutionary Army in accordance with the overall order of the Chinese Anti-Japanese Armed Forces.
The Chinese Communists are full of confidence in the prospect of the war of resistance.
From the 22nd to the 25th, twenty-three senior leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China gathered in a small village with only forty or fifty households in Luochuan, Weibei, and held an enlarged meeting of the Politburo. The Decision on the Party's Mission", "The Ten Programs of the Communist Party of China to Resist Japan and Save the Nation", and the Anti-Japanese Propaganda and Agitation Outline "Struggle to Mobilize All Forces to Win the War of Resistance".
"The Ten Programs of the Communist Party of China to Resist Japan and Save the Nation":
(1) To overthrow Japanese imperialism;
(2) general mobilization of the military throughout the country;
(3) General mobilization of the people of the whole country;
(4) Reforming political institutions;
(5) Anti-Japanese foreign policy;
(6) Fiscal and economic policies during wartime;
(7) Improving people's lives;
(8) Anti-Japanese education policy;
(9) Eliminate traitors and traitors who are pro-Japanese factions and consolidate the rear;
(10) National unity in the resistance against Japan.
The Luochuan meeting determined the policy of "comprehensive whole-nation resistance" and the basic strategic policy of protracted war.Mao Zedong said in the Propaganda Agitation Outline that he drafted, "The Chinese army's war of resistance at Marco Polo Bridge was the beginning of China's national war of resistance. In order to save the motherland from peril," the people of the whole country must "unite firmly and fight to the end to defend the motherland."
On the day the Luochuan meeting ended, the "Order of the Revolutionary Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Concerning the Reorganization of the Red Army into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army" was officially released:
For Chiang Kai-shek, the Communists could not be called "bandits", but he was unwilling to be called "friends", so he used a weird name: "the third party"-"All flags, symbols, and clothing are changed." , the chief officer also changed his name and surname.” In the past days, the Kuomintang failed to use military means to “destroy” the Communist Party’s armed forces, perhaps out of the continuation of the mentality of “cutting grass and roots,” Chiang Kai-shek personally changed the names of the generals of the Communist Party: Zhu De's name is Zhu Cengbei, Peng Dehuai's name is Peng Teli, Lin Biao's name is Lin Yurong, He Long's name is He Yunqing, Xiao Ke's name is Xiao Ge, and Xu Xiangqian's name is Xu Xiangqian. ——In the later war years, these names of the Communist generals were never used, and almost no one even knew them.The Kuomintang gave the designations of the three divisions of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. Although they originally belonged to the old Northeast Army, since the moment they were reissued, the 115th, 120th, and 129th divisions have become A title with special significance in the history of China's Anti-Japanese War.
On the same day, Zhu De, commander-in-chief of the Eighth Route Army, and Peng Dehuai, deputy commander-in-chief, sent a telegram to the whole country, and the telegram was very spectacular:
Chairman Lin of Nanjing, Chairman Jiang, Vice Chairman Feng, deans of various ministries, and Vice Chairman Yan Jun Jian of Taiyuan:
Xi'an Director Gu, Deputy Director Jiang, Deputy Director He, Chairman Sun, Director Liu from Kaifeng, Chairman Shang, Chairman Liu from Chengdu, Commander-in-Chief Li from Nanning, Deputy Commander Bai, Chairman Huang, Commander-in-Chief Yu from Guangzhou, Chairman Wu, Chairman Long from Kunming, Chairman He in Changsha, Chairman Xiong in Nanchang, Director He in Hankou, Chairman Huang, Chairman Chen in Fuzhou, Chairman Han in Jinan, Chairman Feng in Baoding, Chairman Zhao in Taiyuan, Chairman Fu in Suiyuan, Chairman Wanquan Liu, Chairman He in Lanzhou, Chairman Ma in Ningxia, and Ma in Qinghai Chairman, Di Huasheng Superintendent, Commanders-in-Chief, Commanders-in-Chief, Army Commanders, and Division Commanders:
Commander-in-Chief Zhu De and Deputy Commander-in-Chief Peng Dehuai
Chiang Kai-shek replied: "It is a comfort to be loyal to the country. I still hope that we will unite and go to the national crisis together, and hope for it."
Yan Xishan replied: "The two brothers then ordered the reorganization of the department, followed the commissioner, went forward to kill the enemy, and rejuvenated the nation. I am a martial artist, and I am very grateful. I send a special telegram to express my congratulations."
Li Zongren and Bai Chongxi replied: "The two brothers have newly received special orders. They are in charge of the military talisman. They look at the banner of the East Pointer. They are the same enemy and resist insults. They wiped out the Japanese pirates in Shuofang and regained their land. They are waiting for the victory. I just congratulate you. "
Jiang Dingwen replied: "Leading the troops to fight against the enemy, the barriers are increased. Seeing the horses are fat and alfalfa, the army looks strong in autumn; the wine is ripe and grapes, and the fighting spirit is stimulated on the battlefield. To promote the country's prestige and defeat the enemy's flames, the rivers and mountains return to us, point to Gu Can be expected. Special telegram to congratulate and praise Rong Zhi."
Fu Zuoyi replied: "Taiwan was honored with special orders, marched eastward to kill the enemy, and praised our military power. We congratulate you together. The atmosphere of the bandits is blazing, and the national crisis is becoming more and more urgent. Shangji's army will start early, so as to benefit the military opportunity and look forward to the festival. Ren Chiqi."
In September, the Anti-Japanese War in Shanghai was fierce.
The Central News Agency of the Kuomintang publicly published the "Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Issues a Declaration of "Facing the National Crisis Together".In this manifesto, Chinese people not only saw the firm determination of the Communists to resist Japan, but also saw that the Communists did not hesitate to give up the ideas they had insisted on in the past in order to achieve the national war of resistance:
(
This marks the formal formation of the second Kuomintang-Communist cooperation.
The next day, Chiang Kai-shek made a statement regarding the Communist Party's manifesto, saying: "The purpose of the national revolution is to seek freedom and equality in China. Sun Yat-sen once said that 'the Three People's Principles are national salvation principles, that is, we hope that the people of the whole country will unite and fight to save the country from peril." Today, the entire nation is able to "deeply" realize "the meaning of "survival and death" and the realization that "the interests of the entire nation are actually above the interests of all individuals and groups." "The manifesto issued by the Communist Party of China this time is an example that national consciousness prevails over everything else."In short, "Since the Chinese nation has unanimously awakened and is absolutely united, it must adhere to the national policy of impartiality, concentrate and organize the strength of the nation, defend itself and help itself, so as to resist the violent enemy and save the peril. China not only fights to ensure the survival of the country and the nation, And also to fight for the preservation of world peace and international faith".
To be honest, on the Kuomintang side, the reunion of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party has been full of worries from the beginning to the end.The reason for his complicated mood is obvious: on the one hand, the Japanese invaders are brutal and have penetrated deep into the country. Facing the pressure of war, from the perspective of national justice, it is necessary to gather the strength of the whole country to carry out the war against Japan; In addition to serious political differences and serious military confrontation, the KMT's biggest worry is that the Communist Party will survive at this historical moment and is likely to grow stronger.This complex mood of the Kuomintang ran through the war against Japan that lasted for several years, and thus caused friction and conflicts between the two parties and the two armies.
The uneasiness and anxiety of the Kuomintang people come from their stubbornness and deviation in understanding the Communist Party.
First of all, the Kuomintang believes that the Communist Party has reached the final moment of being completely "eliminated".In fact, this is just wishful thinking by the KMT.Beginning in 1927, the ruling Kuomintang mobilized all the political power and military resources of the country, and it took a full ten years to "eliminate" the Communist Party.In the eyes of the Kuomintang, the Long March of the Communists was tantamount to a dead end, and the Communists were indeed almost wiped out during the Long March, such as the tragic Battle of the Xiangjiang River, which reduced the Red Army of Workers and Peasants from 86,000 to more than 30,000.However, Chiang Kai-shek never understood that what he wanted to "exterminate" was not a group of "bandits" as he called it, but a belief and a doctrine that stood in the world, and it was the majority of people in this country. A social ideal for which one is willing to sacrifice one's life—"It doesn't matter if one's head is beheaded, as long as the doctrine is true. Kill me, and there will be successors."—So far in the history of the world, there has been no way of killing a belief or a doctrine. It is even a precedent for the complete eradication of social ideals.Not in the past, not now, and never in the future.
Secondly, the Kuomintang stubbornly believed that the real purpose of the Communist Party advocating the anti-Japanese national united front was for its own survival and growth.This judgment is also wishful thinking.Not to mention that the Chinese Communist Party has a strong will and wisdom to survive, but in terms of survival, there are still more effective methods than making political and military concessions to the Kuomintang.Later history proved that even though the Japanese invaders went deep into China, they failed to go deep into the hinterland of Northwest China. The area where the Communists settled was one of the safest areas in China.In order to cope with the war against Japan, the Kuomintang will have no time to take care of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. As long as it ignores the War of Resistance and only seeks a peaceful corner, the survival and growth of the Communists will be more likely.However, in order to form the anti-Japanese national united front, the communists announced to shelve or give up the revolutionary goals they had fought for for a long time, and these revolutionary goals were never given up by countless communists in the face of hardship, tribulation, torture, and even death.Based on this, it is logically absurd to say that the Communist Party sends the armed forces it relies on for survival to the front to fight against the aggressors, saying that it is for survival.In his letter to the Chinese National Revolutionary League dated December 22, 1936, Mao Zedong said:
... The Red Army should only serve the interests of the War of Resistance, and will never interfere with local administration and never take any adverse actions against friendly forces.I wrote to you about the Red Army's strategic plan in the Northwest. Let me tell you that the Red Army's only plan is to defend the Northwest and North China. At present, it is concentrated in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region. First, we must seek the understanding of the Kuomintang army and enter the anti-Japanese positions together on the basis of cooperation. There is no other intention than this.We have now issued a statement to all Kuomintang troops in the Northwest: the Red Army will automatically stop attacking them, and only take necessary self-defense measures when they attack... In short, when the country is in ruins, our wish is to resist Japan and save the nation, and it is only It lies in resisting Japanese aggression and saving the nation.There are still some who doubt us on all sides, but the long years will prove that what we say is what we do...
As for the continuous growth of the Communist Party, it should have been unexpected by both the KMT and the Communist Party.Based on the realistic perspective of Chinese history, the behavior of the Chinese Communist Party should be understood in this way: the survival of the nation is the fate of all Chinese people, and the righteousness of the nation is always above everything else, and the Communists are no exception.If the nation is destroyed, neither the Kuomintang nor the Communist Party will exist. This truth is self-evident.Therefore, even though Chiang Kai-shek carried out massacres and "encirclement and suppression" against the Communists for ten years, the Communists at this moment still firmly believe that the formation of the anti-Japanese national united front must promote the fighting spirit of the Chinese nation, and it must be an anti-Japanese war against the Chinese nation. The improvement of the will, this kind of promotion and improvement will be the fundamental guarantee for winning the victory of the Chinese Anti-Japanese War.
Needless to say, the reorganization of the Red Army, at least in the early stages of China's war against Japan, had far greater political significance than military significance.From a military point of view, the addition of the three divisions will have limited impact on the huge war that is about to unfold in this vast country.Moreover, the weapons and equipment of the three divisions reorganized by the Red Army were poor, and the officers and soldiers of the Red Army lacked experience in combating modern group-style ground operations.In this regard, Mao Zedong once clearly and clearly pointed out: "Today the Red Army does not play any decisive role in the decisive battle." The Red Army's decisive role is "truly independent mountain guerrilla warfare (not mobile warfare)."
The Chinese Communist Party believes that in the current crisis of the enemy, the cohesion and invigoration of the national heart is a matter of life and death.The Communist Party has two most famous slogans: one is "do it yourself, have enough food and clothing", which means that those who expect the pie from the sky will definitely starve to death; It is impossible to succeed in business.Modern Chinese history has proved that the Chinese nation has repeatedly faced crises, and the salvation of the crisis can never rely on external forces. Every time you count on the big powers to follow, it will be a bigger nightmare.Just like in 1901, when the Qing Dynasty was forced to flee, it signed the "Xin Chou Treaty" with the foreign powers, which not only required borrowing from the foreign powers for huge reparations, but also allowed the foreign powers to station their troops in China. So more than ten years later, the Sino-Japanese War broke out at Marco Polo Bridge outside Wanping City.Saving China can only rely on the concerted efforts of the Chinese themselves——From the perspective of the world and even Chinese history, the Chinese Communists are far more sober than the Kuomintang.
"In case of war between China and Japan, Britain should stay away immediately, and China should not hope for assistance." ——Early before the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the British Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Minister of Foreign Affairs had made a clear statement to China.Britain has huge colonial interests in Southeast Asia, and what it fears most is damage to its own interests.After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, British Prime Minister Chamberlain emphasized at a cabinet meeting that if Britain imposed economic sanctions on Japan, Japan, encouraged by Germany and Italy, might retaliate against British colonies in Southeast Asia.Although the British put Japan in the same camp as Germany and Italy, at the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War, Germany's performance made the Japanese strongly dissatisfied.At that time, Japan had signed the "Anti-Comintern Pact" with Germany, and they became political alliances with each other. However, Germany had a close relationship with China since modern times. The military advisers of the Nationalist government were Germans, and most of the weapons and equipment were purchased from Germany.Therefore, after the outbreak of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, on the one hand, Germany worried that Japan would be trapped in the Chinese battlefield and would lose its significance as a German ally, which would be a burden to Germany; on the other hand, it was worried that Japan would monopolize China and Germany would lose its interests in China.Therefore, Hitler did not approve of the actions of the Japanese.The German Foreign Office immediately announced that it would take a neutral stance on the Sino-Japanese War.Japan has repeatedly asked Germany to recall its military advisers in China, stop sending arms to China, and threatened to withdraw from the "Anti-Comintern Pact". The trade did not stop, and this continued until the Japanese approached the Chinese capital, Nanking.Italy is very similar to Japan in one point, that is, the extreme contempt for China.The newspaper of the Italian Fascist Party once publicly stated: "China is an unorganized and unprogressive country" and "Japan is a nation that represents the civilization of the world and punishes culturally backward nations."From the beginning of the Sino-Japanese War, Italy firmly supported Japan, and thus became the sworn enemy of the Chinese anti-Japanese soldiers and civilians.
In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, Sino-Soviet relations were complicated and delicate.很早的时候，德国就曾警告过日本：“日本的对华政策很可能会使中国投入苏联的怀抱。”早在“九一八”事变后，出于日俄战争时俄国战败从而失去对中国东北地区控制的旧恨，更重要的是出于日本占领中国东北地区后关东军已经兵临苏联边境的担忧，作为社会主义国家的苏联开始试图改善与军阀混战的中国的关系。一九三七年四月，苏联得知中国已经启动对日作战的军事准备，便主动向国民政府建议两国签订互不侵犯条约，提供五千万美元的贷款供中国订购急迫所需的军火。卢沟桥事变后，苏联外交人民委员李维诺夫会见了中国驻苏大使蒋廷黻，明确表示“苏联愿意援助中国”。一个多月后《中苏互不侵犯条约》签订。根据这个条约，苏联成为世界上第一个向中国提供物力、财力和人力支援的国家。但是，国民政府在如何处理与苏联的关系上也十分苦恼。国民党人始终认为，苏联是中国共产党的后台，共产党企图推翻国民党统治的暴力革命是受苏联共产党主持的共产国际的指挥。只是，在日本亡华企图越来越明显的时刻，国民政府不得不接受苏联雪中送炭般的援助。蒋介石认为，中国的对日作战急需国际支持，否则难以获胜——共产主义革命，日本帝国主义，两者在蒋介石都是不能容忍的，如今他只有两害之中取其轻，即接受苏联的援助用以抗击日本。一九三七年九月，苏联援助中国的第一批军事物资——轰炸机六十多架、驱逐机一百余架、坦克八十余辆、反坦克炮三百余门以及一批重型轰炸机和高射炮，连同苏联教官和技师一起陆续到达中国。应该特别指出的是，苏联援助中国，与中国共产党无关，共产党方面没有得到过苏联援助的一枪一弹；苏联对中国的援助，也与“对中国人民怀有友好感情”无关。苏联完全是出于自身利益的考量：苏联是世界上唯一的社会主义国家，是帝国主义者攻击的主要目标。自近代以来，苏联与日本就是势不两立的死敌，同时苏联又是世界大国中唯一与中国接壤、与日本相邻的国家。因此，全力支持中国，使中国有力量在本土拖住日军的主力，就可以避免与法西斯德国开战时苏联出现东西两面都需作战的被动局面。
美国本土距离中国很远，但美国在太平洋有特殊利益，这一特殊利益与日本有着天然的、不可回避的冲突，冲突决定着美国对中日战争的立场。日军登陆上海后，通过上海港向中国出口物资，致使美国对华贸易减少了百分之八十六。可是，对日贸易也是美国主要的国际贸易。权衡之下，为避免日美矛盾激化，美国对日本的战争行为采取了绥靖政策。卢沟桥事变爆发后，美国国务卿科德尔·赫尔表示，美国站在中间立场，将对中日双方都保持“公正无私的态度”，要求中日双方在战端面前都要保持克制。为了显示美国是有正义感的国家，总统罗斯福甚至下令禁止美国商船向中、日两国运送军事物资。直至日本对中国的战争扩大，美国在华利益受到严重威胁时，罗斯福总统才在芝加哥发表了著名的“隔离演说”——“世界上无法无天的流行症看来确实在蔓延中。”“当一种流行症开始蔓延时，为了保护社会全体成员的健康，社会就会认可并参与把病人隔离起来”。战争，不管是先宣而战还是不宣而战，都是传染病。——罗斯福把日本比喻为流行病毒的携带者，但无法得知美国所说的“隔离”，在外交、经济、军事乃至政治上到底是什么意思。美国国务院立即对总统表示了支持，谴责日本对中国的战争不符合国际关系准则。但是，总统和国务院的话音未落，立即遭到美国国内孤立主义者的抨击，他们认为总统和国务院的言辞对美国来讲是危险的，因为美国“在中国没有什么利益使之有理由去冒与日本开战的危险，而且对一个崇尚武力到如此地步的国家（日本）来一次'道义上的雷击'也是徒然的”。罗斯福总统只好解释说，美国不会放弃中立立场，也从来没有考虑对日本实施制裁。然而，这番话却又引起了日本的强烈不满：为什么美洲可以实行门罗主义，而在亚洲却要实行门户开放？日本对中国的占领与美国武装干涉占领加勒比海沿岸有什么区别？为什么英国和荷兰可以理直气壮地占领印度、香港、新加坡以及东印度群岛，而日本不行？靠烈酒和屠杀从印第安人那里掠夺了整片土地的美国，有什么理由对日本占领满洲如此愤怒？
曾经担任“满铁”总裁的松冈洋右，反驳罗斯福的言辞直率得令人吃惊，他说日本通过战争寻求扩张，如同“孩子要长大一样，是很自然的”：
有哪个国家，在它的扩张时代，没有使它的邻国恼怒？且问问美国印第安人和墨西哥人，当年的美国是何等令人恼怒吧！日本的扩张如同美国的扩张，就像孩子要长大一样，是很自然的，只有一件事能阻止孩子长大——死亡。
日本外务省情报部部长河相达夫的愤怒与松冈洋右如出一辙：
当今世界存在“占有国”与“非占有国”的斗争，严重地表明原料、资源分配的不公平。这种不公平如果不予纠正，在既得权利方面，“占有国”对“非占有国”拒绝让步，那末，解决的办法就只有诉诸战争。
日本人观点的核心是：这个世界几乎已被列强瓜分完毕。殖民主义者在全球抢占地盘的时候，没有遭到过国际社会的任何谴责，怎么轮到日本时就出现了声讨、警告、制裁？而日本人提出的“占有国”与“非占有国”的概念，即指美国、英国、俄国、法国等老牌殖民主义国家，它们都属于“占有国”，它们都已将殖民地占领完毕；只有日本属于“非占有国”，还没有在瓜分世界的过程中捞到什么好处。在如此情形下，如果“占有国”再不给“非占有国”一点方便，那么就只有通过战争成为“占有国”了。问题是：在这个世界上，除了“占有国”和“非占有国”之外，还有中国这样的“被占有国”——谁为“被占有国”的命运着想了，“被占有国”又该如何解决侵略者的“占有”问题？
在国与国之间，决定关系的重要因素往往是利益。
因此，中国在一九三七年面临的严酷现实是：全民族团结起来，独立对日作战。
这也是中国共产党与中国国民党达成共识的根本基础。
全面战争在即，一个无法回避的问题迎面而来：中国能不能打赢这场战争？
战争是物质的抗衡，是交战双方国家综合实力的对决，即交战双方国力和军力的对决。
战争也是精神的较量，是交战双方作战决心、作战意志、作战毅力与战争智慧的抗衡。
就一九三七年的中国而言，面对将会蔓延至整个国土的战争，全民的坚强意志以及胜敌决心是必须的，但显然还是不够的。尽管中国的总人口比日本多数倍，国土面积也比日本大数十倍，可仅从综合国力上比较，当时的世界舆论普遍认为，中国在与日本的全面战争中几乎没有获胜的可能。
一九三七年，日本工业增长速度高达百分之九点九，工业产值占国民经济总产值的百分之八十以上，成为全世界资本主义阵营中发展速度最快的国家。而一九三七年的中国，仍旧是一个落后的农业国，即使把外国在中国开办的企业算在内，中国的工业产值也仅占国民经济总产值的百分之十。除了沿海部分城市及长江中下游地区拥有少数的轻工业外，中国所谓的“工业”绝大多数仍处于手工阶段，这一阶段在中国至少已经延续了上千年。而战争，其实是在打一个国家的工业能力。
战争开始的一九三七年，中日两国的主要经济指标是：
工业总产值：日本六十亿美元，中国十三亿六千万美元；
钢铁产量：日本五百八十万吨，中国四万吨；
煤炭产量：日本五千零七十万吨，中国两千八百万吨；
铜产量：日本八万七千吨，中国七百吨；
石油产量：日本一百六十九万吨，中国一万三千一百吨。
唯一能够掣肘日本工业能力的因素，是岛国本土资源的匮乏，特别是棉花、橡胶、羊毛，铅、锡、锌等有色金属以及石油和煤炭。日本本土年产铁矿仅为四十五万吨，加上从朝鲜掠夺来的六十万吨，也仅能满足其所需的六分之一。中国的东北地区，煤、铁蕴藏量极其丰富。当时，抚顺年产煤七百万吨，本溪年产煤六十万吨，产量合计居全国第一。东北的铁矿藏量和钢铁产量也居全国第一，辽宁一地的铁矿储量就占全国的百分之七十九，鞍山和本溪两处的钢铁产量合占全国的百分之四十。还有石油，东北地区的储量占全国探明储量的百分之五十二。但是，中国的东北地区已经成为日本统治下的“满洲国”，对于中国来说这“无异于丧失了经济命脉”。“日本本土资源实甚贫乏”的现状，自侵占中国东北地区后“情势为之一变”。
依靠强大的工业生产能力，日本猛烈地扩张军事工业的规模。一九三七年，日本军事工业投资高达二十二亿三千万日元，比上一年增加了两倍以上，占到当年日本工业投资总额的百分之六十一点七。日本已具备年产各种作战飞机一千五百八十架、大口径火炮七百四十四门、坦克三百三十辆、汽车九千五百辆的军事工业水平。至于步兵轻武器和小口径火炮的产量，完全可以满足进行大规模战争的年需要量。一九三七年，如果说中国尚有军事工业的话，其水平与清廷重臣李鸿章、张之洞经办洋务的时代区别不大。整个国家没有生产大口径火炮、坦克和汽车的能力，飞机和舰船虽然能够少量生产，但主要的零部件和原材料必须依赖进口，远达不到支持一场全面战争的批量生产规模。中国能够生产的只有步兵的轻武器以及小口径火炮，其生产能力同样无法支撑大规模战争的需要量。
一个是强盛的资本主义工业强国，一个是半封建半殖民地的农业国，两者之间的差距不仅仅体现在生产能力的统计数字上。当时的中国与日本，还是两个呈现出完全不同面貌的国度。处于现代化经济高速发展中的日本，国民怀有一种狂热追求未来的集体意识，宪政制度带来的社会运转程序的相对合理，不但促使经济不断繁盛，并由此带动了科学技术的进步。仅就教育而言，清末以来，中国派遣或自行留学日本的风潮盛极一时，国民党内军政高层——包括蒋介石在内——都是从日本留学归来的。而遍及全国的各种爱国团体、准军事组织等，使日本积蓄起巨大的驱异求同的潜在能量，使得全民族全社会形同一个坚固的精神整体。
二十世纪上半叶却是中国最为混乱的历史时期。尽管孙中山先生在民国创建之初颁布过《中华民国临时约法》，但此后很长一段时间中国是个连一部国家正式宪法都没有的国度。列强的野蛮掠夺和对民族工业的压制，使得中国薄弱的国民经济日益衰败，连年的军阀混战更是在民不聊生的境况下令整个国家于不断的战火中奄奄一息。这个国家曾以文明发祥绝早而自豪，但数千年的文明积累仍是无法挽救国民麻木萎靡的现状。没有多少中国人对未来充满热切的渴望，如同农民无法预测天象收成只能听天由命一样，即便是志士的流血与精英的呐喊，也唤不醒无边无际的死气沉沉的原野。到处是水车在缓慢地转动，牛车在深深的车辙中挪移，还有低矮的草屋和饥饿的孩子。因为有着惊人的忍受精神苦难和肉体痛苦的能力，中国人能“在一个地方一动不动地坐很长时间”，无论街巷与乡村，到处都可以看见这种无所事事的沉默，而沉默者脸上“麻木的、呆滞的神情”，“很容易令人联想到什么叫无助与绝望”。这个古老的国度，已如一个病入膏肓的老人，步履瞒跚地徘徊在永远的日出日落之中。
一个衰败落后的国家是无法打造出一支强大的军队的。
根据日本陆军史记载，中日战争开端的一九三七年七月，日本总兵员四百四十八万一千人，其中战斗兵员一百九十九万七千人。除国内常驻的十一个师团外，其余为朝鲜军、关东军、台湾军和中国驻屯军。其兵力配备是：
中国驻屯军：一个混成旅以及关东军所属的第一、第二、第四和第十二师团。
关东军：除了第一、第二、第四、第十二师团外，还有独立混成第一、第十一旅团，第一、第二、第三、第四、第五独立守备队，骑兵第一、第三、第四旅团，独立山炮兵第四联队，野战重炮兵第九联队，高射炮兵第十二联队，飞行集团司令部，飞行第十、第十一、第十二、第十五、第十六联队，铁道线区司令部，铁道第三联队，电信第三联队，汽车第一、第二联队，测量队，防疫队，军马防疫厂，野战兵器厂，野战航空厂，临时军事法庭，下级军官候补队，旅顺要塞司令部，宪兵队，陆军医院以及陆军仓库等。另外，关东军各师团在国内还有留守部队，包括两个步兵旅团和骑兵、野炮兵、工兵联队，通讯队以及辎重部队，共计一万零五百多人。
朝鲜军：第十九、第二十师团，此外还有要塞司令部、医院、仓库等部队。
台湾军：台湾守备司令部，步兵第一、第二联队，山炮兵联队，重炮兵联队，高射炮队，基隆、澎湖要塞司令部以及陆军医院等部队。
日本陆军航空兵司令部设在东京，辖第一、第二、第三飞行团和直属部队，分别驻扎在日本本土、中国台湾和朝鲜等地。
日本陆军在本土的部队是：近卫师团、第三、第五、第六、第七、第八、第九、第十、第十一、第十四、第十六师团，共计十一个师团。
日本陆军的“师团”建制，世界上绝无仅有，实际上是一个各兵种联合的作战单位。自明治以来，日本陆军一直沿用的“师团”编制为：步兵旅团两个，骑兵、炮兵、工兵、辎重兵联队各一个，通讯队、卫生队、野战医院以及少量的后勤单位。其中一个步兵旅团辖两个步兵联队，一个步兵联队辖三个步兵大队，一个步兵大队辖四个步兵中队。因此，一个日本陆军师团，常设四十八个步兵中队。而每一个师团的兵力数，各个时期不相同，平时与战时也不同。一九三一年“九一八”事变时，日本陆军师团平时兵力为一万三千，战时为一万八千；一九三七年卢沟桥事变时，日本陆军师团兵力平时一万五千，战时为两万多。
日本是第一个实行现代征兵制度的亚洲国家，法律规定全国凡年满十七岁至四十岁的男子都须服兵役。一九三七年七月，日本除了现役的三十八万官兵外，尚有预备役兵七十三万八千人，后备役兵八十七万九千人，第一补充兵一百五十七万九千人，第二补充兵九十万零五千人。日本总人口约为一亿零五百万，其兵役制的规定意味着日本陆军在战争需要时，可动员兵力能够达到一千万人。
而中国直到战争爆发前一年才开始整编陆军。国民政府军事委员会军政部的计划是：一九三八年完成六十个调整师的编制。调整后的陆军师被分为甲、乙两种：
甲种师，每师辖两个旅四个团，辖三个团的师不设旅部。师部直属骑兵连一个，炮兵、工兵、通信、辎重营各一个，卫生队、特务连各一个。甲种师是陆军主力部队。
乙种师，每师辖两个旅四个团。师部直辖一个骑兵连、一个炮兵营和一个通信连、一个无线电排、一个特务连、一所医院。乙种师是陆军预备部队。
一九三七年七月，中国陆军编制为四十九个军，一百八十二个步兵师又四十六个独立旅，九个骑兵师又六个独立旅，四个炮兵旅又二十个独立团以及少量的特种部队，总兵