Throughout the more than 100 years of modern history in the world, no nation has experienced long years of turmoil and war like the Chinese nation. Among all the unbearable historical events, there is no event that caused more serious trauma to the Chinese nation than the Sino-Japanese War in the 1930s and 1940s. That war was called the "Anti-Japanese War" in Chinese military history, and the "China Incident" in Japanese military history. Japan, an island country in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, consists of four large islands and countless scattered small islands.In the not-too-distant past—before the mid-nineteenth century—ragged peasants, hungry warriors, and greedy manor owners formed a poor and chaotic social scene in the narrow volcanic crevices of the island.Since AD ​​600 years, pirates, ronin and officials on the island country have been sailing westward year after year—whether for robbery, theft or tribute—when they set foot on the huge continent across the sea , always trembling.They have long referred to this rich country, which is thirty-one times the size of Japan, as the "Heavenly Kingdom".

China has not been an undeveloped "new continent" since ancient times.Before Columbus discovered America and before Captain Cook landed in Australia, China already had magnificent palaces, dense walls like stars, rivers and boats, and fertile rice and millet swaying.For thousands of years, Chinese philosophers have read the classics to gain insight into the mystery, poets have sang and whispered, the poems are like brocade, farmers have understood the sky, plowed clouds and sowed rain, and warriors have played with violins and swords.The middle land is vast, the frontier fortress is snowy and the Nanling is flying flowers; China has a large population, holding hands for the mountains and clouds;

This kind of China stands on the other side of the sea that the Japanese can't reach. However, the Sino-Japanese War that lasted for several years in the middle of the 20th century resulted in the loss of most of China's territory under the iron heel of the Japanese army, and nearly 20 million Chinese soldiers and civilians died in the flames of war. To this day, Japanese right-wing politicians still believe that the Japanese army’s brutal war against China is a feat worthy of the pride of the Yamato nation. And do the Chinese know that there is another kind of logic in this world?

More than 400 years ago, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty in China, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the Japanese manor owner who completed the national unification for the first time, clearly realized that the small and barren situation of Japan must be changed when distributing territories to the generals who had won military exploits.In 1592, Toyotomi Hideyoshi commanded 200,000 Japanese troops across the sea and rushed into the East Asian continent.In order to count and receive military exploits, the Japanese generals and soldiers preserved the ears and noses of countless Koreans with salt and vinegar—some of these ears and noses belonged to Korean officers and soldiers who died in battle, and the other part were cut off from old and weak Korean women and children— —They were regarded as trophies and buried on the west side of Fangguang Temple in Kyoto, Japan, and they were called "Nose Tombs".

There is no doubt that China has the largest number of ears and noses in the world, as well as boundless and fertile land enough to reward.Toyotomi Hideyoshi vowed that one day the Emperor of Japan would go to China to become emperor, divide China into countless fragments, and make it the private territory of Japanese generals and ministers: "I am going to respectfully ask the Emperor to visit the capital of Tang Dynasty in the next year and present ten pieces of land near the capital. The state (state) will be given to the royal family, and the ministers will be given the fief." Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ultimate goal is:

Disregarding the separation of countries and the distance between mountains and seas, it is my long-cherished wish to go straight to the Ming Dynasty, make the four hundred states my custom, and administer the kingship for hundreds of millions of years. This wild statement uttered four hundred years ago not only shows that Japan, which is located in a tiny place, has long had aggressive ambitions against China, but what is even more shocking is that Japan has never seen the relationship between countries since then. They don’t think that there is “invasion” in the world—they called the barbaric invasion of other countries’ lands “straight entry”—the Japanese right-wing politicians 400 years later called the armed invasion of China “entry.”Since the existence of human beings on this planet, there have been countless invasions of other races or countries, but the country that has lost the common sense judgment of "invasion" and "invaded" from the cognitive logic is unprecedented.

At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Japan entered the Edo period when the Tokugawa shogunate was in power, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's thoughts were expanded.In his book "Kaijiang Lu", the Japanese Niehe Tianmin put forward for the first time the expansion concept of turning "little Japan" into "big Japan", and the goal of expansion is directed at China: "The majesty of the big Japan , should be applied to the Tang Dynasty, Korea, Ryukyu, and Nanman countries... If the big Japanese country increases and expands, it can become a big Japanese country.”

However, in a fairly long historical period, Japan is still a "little Japan".Like modern China, Japan's economy was sluggish, officials were corrupt, and its armaments were weakened after more than 200 years of seclusion.In 1853, an American fleet under the command of Commodore Matthew Perry "straight into" Uraga on the coast of Edo (Tokyo), Japan, the Americans demanded diplomatic relations and trade in goods with Japan, Japan Modern history called it the "Black Ship Incident".Japan, which was unable to compete with the US warships, was forced to sign the "Kanagawa Treaty", agreeing to open the two ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to the United States and grant the United States most-favored-nation treatment.Japan's Black Ship Incident and China's Opium War roughly occurred in the same historical period, but from the perspective of "direct entry" by other countries, the Black Ship Incident cannot be compared with the Opium War in terms of its nature and consequences.Western powers have no intention of dividing spheres of influence in Japan, let alone occupying that island country in the sea. The Americans just want to do business with the Japanese.However, when the naval guns of the western powers roared on the coast of China, and when the Chinese were still ignorantly watching how the foreign devils climbed onto the beach in China, the people of Japan, thousands of kilometers away, panicked.

The Japanese are born with a sense of crisis. Japan is located in the Pacific Rim seismic belt, where natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions continue to occur. The narrow area of ​​arable land makes food production very limited, and the newborn land accumulated by volcanic magma has almost no minerals available for mining, but Japan is One of the countries with the largest population density in the world - "Limited land produces limited things, but the increase of people born every year is infinite, and the number of people will eventually exceed the number of people born in the country, and the number of people born in the country will be less than the number of people added, and it will be difficult to achieve what you want. "——The unresolvable natural contradictions of existence are the geopolitical factors that form Japan's sense of crisis.

Therefore, when they saw the defeat of the "Heavenly Kingdom" by Western powers, the Japanese quickly developed a feeling of extreme anxiety. This feeling of confusion and shock was mixed with a sense of existential crisis at its core.It should be pointed out that, facing the same existential crisis, unlike those in power and counselors in modern China, the people of the island countries never tried to stick to their territory in order to live in peace.After the Black Ship incident, Japan’s low-ranking samurai and wealthy merchants began to fiercely oppose the feudal shogunate, calling for reforms, imagining the grand blueprint of changing from "small Japan" to "big Japan", and their ideas are in line with the expansion of Toyotomi Hideyoshi and others. Ideas were mixed together to produce a very Japanese founding strategy and logic.

The thinking logic that has influenced right-wing politicians in Japan to this day was born in the Xianfeng period of the Qing Dynasty in China, and is called "compensation theory." Yoshida Shoin, who was born in a samurai family, is the originator of this discussion.It is said that he had already learned Chinese Confucianism at the age of fifteen, and at the age of seventeen he proposed that Japan must expand to the East Asian continent.Politicians and advisers in modern China, once the country faced a crisis, they usually proposed to the emperor how to "negotiate defense" or "negotiate peace".However, Yoshida Shoin's strategy for governing the country proposed by the Japanese shogunate was "imperialization of the world" and "expansion of force".He suggested landing from the Korean peninsula, which is the closest to Japan, and then sweeping across China.Taking Takeshima (known as Dokdo in South Korea), which is still the fuse of the crisis more than 400 years later, as a springboard for "straight into" China, was first proposed by Yoshida Shoin: "Once the king comes to Manchuria and Korea, Takeshima is the best place to stay. ", it is "the base for Japan to enter the mainland in the future and the floating city for the grand voyage". What is the purpose of "entering" China? It is looting. My peace with the United States and Russia is a foregone conclusion, and we cannot categorically break the contract in order to break the trust of the barbarians.However, it is necessary to strictly formulate regulations, keep faith, take the opportunity to build up national power, and cut off the easy-to-get North Korea, Manchuria, and China. If it loses to the United States and Russia in transactions, it should seek compensation from the land of North Korea and Manchuria. The basic meaning of the "compensation theory" is: in front of the strong country, endure all the humiliation and damage, and at the same time use force against the weak country, to make up for all the losses of the strong country - including material and spiritual. "Treat the United States as the eastern vassal, the West as the vassal land, form a brotherly state with Russia, and take the neighboring countries is the most important thing." This logic defies common sense. The common sense should be: being robbed, the weak submit and submit, and the strong rise up to resist, and one must choose between the two.And Japan chose neither, instead of going to the looters to recover their losses, they robbed others to recover their losses.Is this weak, or strong?The usual logic is: those who are extremely arrogant and paranoid have extremely low self-esteem in their hearts; those who are servile to the strong are more cruel and fierce to the weak-self-abased and fierce need to compensate each other, this is the true meaning of the "compensation theory". At that time, both China and Japan were feudal countries, and Japan’s feudal society leapfrogged the idea of ​​colonial expansion in the era of primitive capital accumulation in the West, which is also illogical in terms of the law of historical development. The modern history of Japan is a special case in world history. In order to achieve the grand goal of "Great Japan", according to the basic principles of the "Compensation Law", when determining the target of looting, the Japanese believe that China is the easiest to obtain: "Any law that manages other countries is easy to get." Among all the countries in the world today, the land that is easily obtained by the imperial kingdom is Manchuria in China. Why? The land of Manchuria is located in San’in, Japan, across the sea from Hokuriku, Ou, Matsumae and other places. The total is more than 800 miles. I know that the situation is easy to disturb. The disturbance should start with the unprepared. If the west prepares for chaos to interfere with the east, and the east prepares for disturbance to the west, he must run to save him. While running, he will know whether it is true or not. weak, and then avoid the reality and invade it...so all the places in Heilongjiang belong to me." The Japanese designed a military plan to occupy the whole of China after occupying the Korean Peninsula and Northeast China: The military ships invaded the Bohai Sea from this, and taking advantage of the chaos, the army attacked Shengjing... Shengjing was in crisis, and the Qing emperor must go to Shaanxi, or not.During this period, the Hyuga and Satsuma armies of Dabo Province took Taiwan from Ryukyu to the land of Zhejiang, and attacked Taizhou and Ningbo states... The vanguard went straight to the south of the Yangtze River and took Yingtianfu in Nanjing... This plan still shocks the Chinese people when they read it now. Nobubuchi Sato, born in 1769 and died in 1850, is a famous Japanese scholar.His above-mentioned remarks were probably produced in 1832, that is, during the Daoguang period of the Qing Dynasty in China.One hundred years later, the Japanese army launched a war of aggression against China in full accordance with the above-mentioned route—first in the northeast, then in the north, then in the southeast, and then in Nanjing—the stubborn persistence of the Japanese is unbelievable. It is generally believed that the turning point in the history of Japan's militarism began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.Hattori Takushiro, who served as the head of operations at the Japanese Army’s General Staff Headquarters during the war of aggression against China, explained: “Through the Meiji Restoration, Japan broke the dream of paradise under the 300-year-old seclusion policy, and entered the modern era from a feudal country. The development path of a capitalist country. It not only stares blankly at the splendid material culture of advanced countries in Europe and America, but at the same time is astonished at the sharp momentum of these advanced imperialist powers invading East Asia... Japanese government and opposition people invariably turn their attention overseas , taking the so-called rich country and strong army as a national policy, and trying to build a country that can keep company with the big powers. Japan's nationalism and even militarism tendencies actually began to form and develop in the objective situation in Japan after the Meiji Restoration and after. " It is worthy of Chinese people's reflection that, facing the "invasion" of "the splendid material culture of the advanced European and American countries" and the "advanced imperialist powers", modern China, like Japan, "stares with amazement" and "feels astonishment", but, " After "stare" and "shock", the two countries came to completely different historical conclusions.China is committed to defending its territory, buying warships to line up ports, building forts to guard the coast, and doing everything possible to keep foreign powers out of the country.However, Japan regards a rich country and a strong army as a national policy, and pushes the border defense line from the mainland to overseas.This cultural difference between passive defense inward and active attack outward is one of the root causes of the tragic history of modern China. At the beginning of 1868, in the seventh year of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty of China, Japan’s anti-shogunate faction headed by middle- and lower-level samurai promulgated the "Royal Government Restoration Grand Order" in the name of the emperor, overthrowing the feudal shogunate that lasted for 682 years. .In September, Emperor Mutsuhito changed the Yuan to "Meiji" and started the reforms that would lead Japan into a capitalist power.Japan imitated the West to formulate civil law, criminal law and commercial law; abolished the status system; ended the separatist regime of feudal lords, abolished feudal feudal lords and established counties, and centralized power in the center; unified currency; All of the above men are required to serve in the military... After quickly completing the transition to the capitalist state system, the Japanese government promulgated a policy program in the name of the emperor, and put forward the basic national policy of "opening up thousands of miles of waves and spreading the country's prestige in all directions". Based on this national policy of external expansion, the first priority is to build a strong army.After the establishment of the Ministry of War, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and the Ministry of Industry for the development of military industry, Japan set up a military department under the direct control of the emperor.The military department is above the cabinet and is directly responsible to the emperor, which has since established the special status of warlords in Japan.The Japanese government officially referred to the Japanese army as the "Imperial Army", that is, the army under the command of the emperor, and required the imperial army to sacrifice their lives and everything for the expansion war.In 1882, the Emperor promulgated the "Rescript to the Soldiers", requiring the Japanese imperial army to follow the "Shinto" spirit and "Bushido" virtues such as loyalty, etiquette, bravery, faith, and simplicity. The establishment of "Shinto" and "Bushido" is an important sign that Japan has embarked on a militaristic state system. The basic meaning of "Shinto" is: In this world, Japan is not an ordinary country, but a "divine country".Japan is a single nation, one family for all ages, and there is a strong sense of superiority and exclusivity hidden in the national culture. "The country is the kingdom of God, and the Tao is the way of God... The majesty and light of one god illuminates tens of billions of worlds; the subsidiary of one god transmits the kingly way of ten thousand vehicles forever." Extended from "Kingdom of God", it is "Kingdom of God" ", that is: Japan is in the east, "East, spring, morning, spring is the beginning of the four seasons... Therefore, the opening of the world starts from the east..." The Japanese "Kingdom of God" theory derives two important concepts: One is the absolute emperor.China is also a country where the imperial system was formed very early, but at the same time it is one of the few pantheistic countries in the world.Various religions have been popular in China, but none of them can become the mainstream belief of the people.Since ancient times, Chinese people have been able to believe in everything or not at all. Most of the establishment of belief and non-belief is based on utilitarian purposes.The Chinese will ask the gods for everything they need, from getting rich, to avoiding disasters, to having a baby boy in the family.For ordinary Chinese people, although the country has an emperor, the emperor has neither spiritual integration nor interest relationship with them.Therefore, apart from being afraid of the villains of the government directly governing them, the bullies of the country, and the soldiers and bandits who suddenly break into their homes, there is nothing that the Chinese sincerely fear.The Japanese people firmly believe in the saying that "the emperor is a descendant of God".Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who took the lead in commanding the Japanese army to invade the Far East, once declared to the people of his country: "The god of Japan is the kingdom of God, the god is the emperor (the emperor), and the emperor is the god, there is no difference." The fundamental purpose of respecting the emperor as God is to require the people to unconditionally obey.The Japanese people's absolute awe and obedience to the "God", the emperor, has gone beyond the scope of religion and has become the core of Japanese culture that continues to this day. The second is the extension from "Kingdom of God" to "Kingdom of God".China has long regarded other countries in the world as "barbarians".After the two Opium Wars, in 1858, Western powers forbade the Chinese to use the word "Yi", which was written into the "Tianjin Treaty" majestically.It is a rare case in the history of international relations to formulate a diplomatic clause specifically for the use of a word.The Qing government was forced to inform the whole country that "Yi" should be used as "foreigner" in all diplomatic documents.However, even so, the Chinese have never had the idea that the world belongs to China.And Japan claims that it is located in the beginning of the world, in order to prove that the whole world should belong to Japan.In this regard, Sato Nobuhito’s statement is: “Therefore, if the roots can be latitude and longitude, then the whole world can be counties and counties, and the kings and heads of all countries can be servants.” How difficult is it to confuse the world and unify all nations?" From honoring the emperor to the "Kingdom of God", the spirit and code of conduct that the Japanese, especially the Japanese soldiers, followed in the end, that is, "Bushido". The samurai was originally a product of the Japanese feudal manor system.In order to protect the manor from foreign invasion, the manor owner armed some villagers, and these villagers gradually became full-time warriors out of production.During the long-term war in Japan, each political group has its own samurai group loyal to itself, and these samurai groups have become a special class in Japanese society.From the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate, the first samurai regime in 1192, to the overthrow of the Tokugawa Shogunate, the last samurai regime in 1867, the upper-level samurai group ruled Japan for 675 years. The behavior of the samurai And the way of thinking has gradually formed the bushido in Japanese culture during the long immersion. The spiritual connotation of Bushido is complex, mainly composed of two levels. One is obedience without judgment of good and evil.Shinto is the spiritual source of Bushido and the cornerstone of Bushido's existence.The core of Shinto is loyalty, from respect to ancestors, filial piety to parents, to deep loyalty to God, the Emperor.This is an absolute blind obedience.It's not that the Japanese nation has no concept of good and evil, but the highest standard for judging good and evil is "loyalty" and "disloyalty". ——"Don't be confused by public opinion, don't ask about politics, but focus on the "loyalty" of keeping one's duty, remember that righteousness is more important than mountains, and death is lighter than feathers." The second is the belief that transcends life and death.Bushido advocates martial arts and seeks bravery, and to be brave, it is necessary to break the boundary between life and death in philosophy.Bushido requires a calm face to death, and even requires aversion to life and closeness to death: "Day and night are the life and death of a day, and breathing is a life and death of a moment, which is just an ordinary thing", "death, life, prosperity and decline are just the news of a breath".The book "Ye Yin Analects", known as the classic of Japanese Bushido, says this most precisely: Bushido is the way to death. Bushido has risen from a kind of professional ethics to a realm of life. It has not only been popularized as the collective belief of the Japanese people, but has also become the spiritual pillar of Japanese soldiers in modern times. The Japanese soldiers brought the cruelty of bushido and self-abuse and abuse to the extreme, which made the Sino-Japanese war that lasted for many years full of horrifying and bloody atmosphere, so that the term "Great Japanese Imperial Army" is still synonymous with brutality and barbarism in Chinese memory . But right-wing politicians in Japan don't see it that way.Their reason is: the Japanese are truly civilized people, and the Chinese slaughtered by the imperial army, and even all Asians except the Japanese nation, are all barbarians. ——Since it is civilized people facing barbarians, there is no reason or logic to follow. Fukuzawa Yukichi, known as a modern Japanese thinker, is one of the enlighteners of Japanese militarism.He was the first to put forward the "theory of Japan as the leader of East Asia", and he was also an advocate of the "theory of leaving Asia" that "turned our country into a European empire and turned us into European citizens".He believed that the invasion of Asia by Western powers was an act of civilized people, and called on Japan, which also belongs to Asia, to stand on the side of "civilized people" and "hunt and eat barbaric countries together." ——The term "hunting and eating together" is used extremely insidiously——The Chinese are the prey of ignorance and savagery, and the targets of "civilized people". People hunted China together and shared it. The theoretical basis of Fukuzawa Yukichi's "hunting together and eating together" is that any public international law and peace treaty in this world is not as real as a cannon and a basket of ammunition-"Hundred volumes of public laws of nations are not as good as a few cannons, a few Books and pro-treaties are not as good as a basket of ammunition", "The way of diplomacy of various countries will either cause the demise of other countries, or perish for other countries".Fukuzawa Yukichi's "other country" refers to China: "If the Manchu Qing government remains the same, then the so-called leading China to the point of civilization and enlightenment is really empty talk. In any case, if this aging government is eradicated and reorganized , people’s hearts may be changed.” ——Fukuzawa Yukichi The word that replaces “aggression” is “reorganization”. Since the beginning of the Opium War, Western powers have continued to encroach on China, which made Japan, whose national power has grown stronger after the Meiji Restoration, have a stronger desire to "reorganize" China.In 1879, Aritomo Yamagata, the first chief of the Japanese General Staff Headquarters, appealed in his address to the emperor that the number one priority in Japan at present is "strong soldiers", because "only when the soldiers are strong can the national aspirations be strong and the people's freedom can be achieved." As the saying goes, national labor can only be accumulated, but national wealth can be preserved."There is no country that does not want to strengthen the country and enrich the people, but plunder other countries with powerful force to achieve the goal of strengthening the country and enriching the people. This is Japan's unique logic. This year, Japan occupied Okinawa, changed Ryukyu, which belonged to China, to Okinawa County, and forcibly included Chinese islands, including the Diaoyu Islands, into Japan's territory. Li Hongzhang, the Beiyang Minister of the Qing Dynasty, asked the United States to intervene, but it was invalid. In 1887, the thirteenth year of Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty in China.China did not seem to be in turmoil this year: In May, the Prime Minister’s Yamen Ministers Yiqiu and Sun Jianai and the French Minister to China signed the "Sino-French Continuation of Business Regulations" and "Continuation of Border Affairs Regulations" in Beijing. China Reduce the import and export tax rates for border trade again, open two treaty ports in Longzhou, Guangxi and Mengzi, Yunnan, and grant France unconditional most-favored-nation treatment in the southern and southwestern borders of China.In October, the Minister of the Prime Minister’s Yamen, Yi Kuang, and the Portuguese plenipotentiary signed the "Sino-Portuguese Reconciliation and Commercial Treaty" in Beijing. Portugal has consulates in China's treaty ports and enjoys consular jurisdiction.Various treaties were sent to the Summer Palace as memorials written in teeny lowercase script.The Empress Dowager Cixi, who was recuperating in the Summer Palace, liked the small island surrounded by lotus flowers on Kunming Lake very much. She didn't think that the Ryukyu Islands and Diaoyu Islands in the depths of the East China Sea and the Macau Peninsula in the south that the ministers kept telling her had nothing to do with her big What does the Qing Dynasty have to do with her current happy state of mind?This year, the Chinese people seem to be fine.In the north, the Yellow River burst again near Zhengzhou in September, and the victims began to move around as usual.In the south, a boy was born in a wealthy businessman's family in Xikou Town, Zhejiang Province. No one would have expected that this Chinese named Chiang Kai-shek would become the mortal enemy of the Japanese in the future. However, in 1887, a major event related to China occurred in Japan: the most blatant blueprint to invade China since the Meiji Restoration was released. Ogawa Youji, a native of Fukuoka Prefecture, a professional soldier, and an advocate for the expansion of the Japanese Army.This officer who served as the chief of staff of the Japanese First Army during the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1899-1999 is considered to be a strategist who has influenced the Japanese Army for decades.In 1887, he first put forward the battle plan of invading China—his military rank was Dazuo at that time, and he served as the director of the Second Bureau of the Japanese General Staff Headquarters—this battle plan was regarded by the Japanese military as a major military strategy for a full-scale invasion of China. Confidential, titled "The Strategy of the Qing Conquest". The Japanese Army Staff Headquarters has always held an absurd logic, that is, "the theory of Japan-China solidarity."The core of this logic is: the relationship between Japan and China has never been a relationship between two independent countries, but a matter for Japan itself.Japan's future is closely related to China, and China's ownership determines Japan's destiny.If China is preemptively occupied by Western powers, Japan's future is unpredictable; and the various obstacles to Japan's preemptive occupation of China, in addition to the prying eyes of Western powers, the most important thing is that it must act first and must not wait for China to become stronger. ——"Although the Qing Dynasty is old and decayed, it is still a big country in the world, with self-esteem and arrogance prevailing, and it calls itself China." "The Qing Dynasty is proud and arrogant. If its strength reaches this level, it will want to play with its strength even if it has nothing to do with neighboring countries."Therefore, Japan's only way out is to destroy China when it is not yet strong: "While it is still immature, cut off its limbs, injure its body, and make it unable to move. Only then can our country maintain peace and the general trend of Asia can be maintained." In view of this, Xiaochuan once again proposed a detailed battle plan for invading China: the main attack was placed on the North Road, and six divisions were dispatched. With the support of the navy, they landed in Bohai Bay, directly attacked Beijing, occupied the Chinese capital and captured the Chinese emperor.At the same time, they launched an attack in the south of China, mobilizing two divisions and the navy to rush into the Yangtze River from Wusongkou. Unable to go north for rescue—in the Sino-Japanese War seven years later, and even fifty years later in the Sino-Japanese War, this combat plan was implemented step by step. How to dispose of this huge country after occupying China by force? Ogawa’s proposal again is: From Shanhaiguan to the west, south of the Great Wall, the land of Zhili and Shanxi provinces, the north bank of the Yellow River in Henan Province, the whole of Shandong Province, the old course of the Yellow River, Baoying Lake, Zhenjiang Prefecture, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu Province, Hangzhou Prefecture and Shaoxing Prefecture in Zhejiang Province , the land northeast of Ningbo Prefecture, Lushun Peninsula, Dengzhou Prefecture of Shandong Province, Zhoushan Islands of Zhejiang Province, Penghu Islands, the whole island of Taiwan, and the land about ten miles along the Yangtze River belong to the territory of Japan; to the Qing Dynasty to make it independent from Manchuria; to cut off the land south of the Yangzi River in China, to welcome the descendants of the Ming Dynasty, to establish a kingdom, and to make it a protectorate of our country to appease the hearts of the people; to the north of the Yangzi River and the Yellow River In the south, build another kingdom and make it belong to our country; in Tibet, Qinghai, and the southern foot of the Tianshan Mountains, establish a Dalai Lama; in Inner and Inner Mongolia, Gansu Province, and Junggar, choose their chiefs or outstanding people as the heads of the various ministries, and our country will supervise them. Perhaps because the above-mentioned plan was too blatant, in order to explain that occupying and dividing China was "not a violent act", Ogawa once again tried his best to make some bizarre excuses.First of all, the Qing Dynasty seized China that belonged to the Ming Dynasty. Since the Qing government failed to lead China to civilization, it should let the Qing people retreat to their hometown in Manchuria and hand over the responsibility of saving China to Japan; The revival of the Ming Dynasty is tantamount to creating a new Qing Dynasty, so China remains unchanged, so it is better to divide China into pieces to facilitate Japanese rule.Then he said that the division of the Japanese fully respected the wishes of the Chinese. Japan could allow the Chinese to establish a kingdom that would not only restore the rule of the Han people in the Ming Dynasty, but also Japan would be responsible for finding a "Guan Yu" for China. "Descendants" to be the king - the Chinese love money, Guan Yu is the God of Wealth of the Chinese people, the Chinese will naturally support this decision. ——Of course, even the "descendants of Guan Yu" should be under the protection of Japan.As for Tibet, Inner and Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places, let them remain in their original state, and Japan canonize several chiefs. As long as they obey Japan's jurisdiction, it will ensure the peace of their country and the happiness of their people. ——With such a comprehensive and benevolent plan, "who can blindly regard our country as a land grabber"? Like Toyotomi Hideyoshi, although it was an invasion plan, Ogawa still avoided the word "aggression".In "The Strategy of Conquest of the Qing Dynasty", the word "aggression" is replaced by "aggression". In 1890, the first economic crisis occurred in Japan, which was an inevitable result of the rapid development of capitalism.Peasants lost their land, and the countryside became more desolate. The development of cities and the backwardness of the countryside formed the flashpoint of social conflicts. The contradiction between the needs of the capitalist economy and the narrowness of the domestic market and the serious shortage of resources became increasingly prominent.Japan is a rising monopoly capitalist country, and it is difficult to compete with established Western capitalist countries, so it must expand capital and seek overseas markets.At this time, Japan has only one way to go, and that is to launch a war. Four years later, the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War broke out. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out, Tokutomi Sufeng, a Japanese cabinet counselor, published "On the Expansion of Great Japan".Not only fanatically touting Japan's ongoing war as "a vent of the majestic vitality accumulated in the fifty years since the founding of the country"; but also unabashedly claiming that the root cause of Japan's war against China is: if it does not conquer China, in its own narrow territory In Japan, people can only live on top of people: To this day, it's like two people living in one house.In a poor country, the population increases by 400,000 every year. Based on this calculation, if this continues to accumulate, people can only live on top of people... When our country expands its population to all parts of the world, it is not the white race that will become the enemy that hinders it. , but the Chinese race.In my opinion, the future history of our country is the history of the expansion of Japanese people to build new homes in various countries around the world.If we Japan can defeat the Qing Dynasty, which is fifteen times our land and ten times our population, we can not only promote the name of our ancestors, leave a name on our descendants, face the world, and stand forever, but also strengthen our self-confidence in standing firmly in the world Heart.Therefore, we must realize that we are not only fighting to build an expanding Japan in the world, but also fighting to build the self-confidence of an expanding Japan. "The Expansion of Great Japan" also justifies the aggression, but this justification is even more sensational: If Japan, which has shrunk for three hundred years, will suddenly become a Japan of expansion and expansion, when is it not now?For us, this is also for the opening and liberation of Japan; for neighboring countries, it will deal a big blow to the obstinacy in the world and inject the glory of civilization into the barbaric society... The purpose of declaring war is to ensure the stability of Japan. eternal peace.To ensure permanent peace, it is impossible not to punish the Qing Dynasty by 12 points... The reason why we went to war with the Qing government is because the Qing Dynasty opposed the preservation of our legitimate rights, the revitalization of the national fortune, and the outward expansion of the people. The rogue logic of the cabinet counselor is: his house is too small for the population, and he needs to find a new place to live, but the neighbor with a spacious house refuses to give up the house, which is a serious violation of "our legitimate rights." behavior, so we have to "twelve points of punishment" for this neighbor, and the way of punishment is "war". Although the Qing Dynasty established the Prime Minister’s Naval Affairs Yamen in 1885, and in 1888, the second year after the release of the "Qing Conquest Strategy", it formed an army with 25 warships and a total tonnage of It can be called the number one Beiyang Fleet in Asia. However, only six years later, the Beiyang Fleet of the Qing Dynasty was completely wiped out in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. In 1895, the defeated Qing court signed the "Treaty of Shimonoseki" with Japan. China ceded Taiwan, the Penghu Islands and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan, and compensated Japan with 200 million taels of silver for military expenses.Although Japan was forced to return the Liaodong Peninsula under the check and balance of the interests of the great powers, China needed to pay Japan an additional 30 million taels of silver. This compensation was called the "Liaodong fee". ——The logic of wanting to redeem one's own country from the looters is unique in the history of international relations. Before receiving this compensation, Japanese financial officials had never read tens of millions of large numbers.The treasury revenue only reached 80 million yuan.Therefore, a huge sum of 230 million yuan flowed into the country, and people in the court and opposition thought it was endless wealth. While Japan was ecstatic about the huge compensation, the remaining warships of China's Beiyang Fleet were towed to Japan and docked at a civilian wharf in a seaport.The explanation given by the Japanese for this move is: to permanently insult the brazen Qing Dynasty and that inferior Chinese nationality. In modern times, the spiritual insults Japan has given to Chinese people are far more serious than material robberies.Around the 20th century, Western powers scrambled to divide their spheres of influence in China.In order to occupy and protect their respective interests in China, they put forward the proposal of "protecting China" almost at the same time-this is obviously a trick to divide the spoils.Seeing that hegemony over China was no longer possible, in 1898, then Japanese Prime Minister Shigenobu Okuma delivered a speech entitled "On the Preservation of China".Claiming that China is being partitioned is not due to the fact that external forces are too powerful, but due to corruption and strife within China.目前“除了日本，没有哪个国家能保护和扶持引导中国。作为中国的邻国，且人种相近、文字相同，只有日本才有义务和实力保护中国，拯救中国国民”。 一九〇〇年，大清光绪二十六年，列强们果然一起来“保全”中国了。他们联合入侵并占领京城，大清皇室仓皇出逃，列强们的军队在紫禁城阅兵后，开始了大规模的抢劫。在对中国入侵和抢劫的八国联军中，第一次加入西方阵营的日本出兵最多、劫掠也最多。日本利用清廷被迫签订的《辛丑条约》，获得三千四百七十九万三千一百两白银赔款。有了这笔赔款，日本进行了第一次产业革命，支付了巨额的扩军军费。——两年后，日本陆军总兵力已是甲午战争时的两倍以上；四年后，日本购买并建造了大量战舰，其海军军力一跃成为世界第四。更为严重的是，《辛丑条约》令日本获得了在中国的天津和北京以及华北腹地的驻兵权，其驻军被称为“清国驻屯军”。这就是三十多年后的中日战争为什么爆发于北京卢沟桥的历史原因。 列强们在庚子事变中所获甚多，但他们侵占的只是中国的一隅，他们知道世界上没有任何一个国家能够独占并统治巨大无比的中国，他们也不愿看到任何一个国家独自享用如此广袤的疆土和丰饶的物产。日本虽对西方列强成为其全面占领中国的障碍万分恼怒，但也不得不与列强们妥协：“维持中国独立，保全领土，各国在华之商业，持机会均等主义。”——只是，以日本人特有的欲望和境况，如何甘心与西方列强“机会均等”？ 一九一四年，第一次世界大战爆发，西方列强不但无暇顾及中国，且都在战争中削弱了各自的实力。日本人认为，他们独霸中国的机会终于来了。八月，日本借口对德宣战，派遣军队从中国山东半岛登陆——此前那里是德国在华的势力范围。日本人占领了济南、青岛和整个胶州湾，使得中国的东海几乎成为日本的内海。这个时候，大隈重信不再提“保全”二字，直接向中国政府提出了“二十一条”，其主要内容是：中国承认日本在山东的一切权益；旅顺、大连的租借期及南满、安奉铁路的经营管理期延长为九十九年；承认日本在南满和内蒙东部的开矿、购地特权；中国沿海港湾及岛屿不得割让或租借他国；中国政府聘用日本人为顾问，中国军械厂由中日合办；将武昌至九江、南昌，南昌至杭州、潮州间的建筑权让给日本；日本有在福建省内修筑铁路、开矿等投资的优先权，等等。这是一个要将整个中国变成日本附属国的要求。大隈重信再次强调，中国是日本的“利益线”，日本成为中国的“保护国”理所当然：“按中国之现状，并无自保之力，外国则除日本外无此资格。盖中国之保全与日本之存在，二者乃不可分离之事实，则只有日本负此责任。” 日本内务大臣后藤新平，在其所著《日本膨胀论》一书中，将日本比做一棵“盆栽的公孙树”——公孙树，稀少名贵的木种——具有伟大的品性却生长在花盆里，因而不能伸展枝干。所以，应该“把日本民族从这狭小天地拯救出来，移植于世界的沃野中”，让这棵名木“于广大的地球上繁茂是日本的固有使命”。姑且不论日本是不是一棵“名木”，值得注意的是，后藤新平为“侵略”二字又发明了一个新的替代词：“移植”。 那么，日本应该向哪里“移植”呢？ 日本人的结论是：我们知道对岸有合适的地方。 从十九世纪中期至二十世纪初，在一次次抵抗列强入侵的行动中，中国从未赢得过胜利。一九一一年《辛丑条约》签订后，名义上主权独立的中国已成为国土最为破碎的国家。沙俄控制了蒙古和半个东北；日本在占领台湾后，又占据福建和东北南部；法国割据广东、广西、四川以及云南；英国占领香港后，染指长江流域的大半个中国，并武装入侵西藏；德国的势力占据山东；葡萄牙进占澳门。在中国的主要城市和通商口岸，遍布着列强们掠取的租界；不平等贸易使中国的经济几近瘫痪，巨额的战争赔款又让列强们以借款的名义控制了中国的金融、矿山、冶金、交通等一切国之命脉。中国的当权者——无论是皇上还是大总统——一直奉行着“量中华之物力，结与国之欢心”的苟且政策。结果是国家一贫如洗、国民苦难深重。 但是，给中国造成巨大苦难并在中国的苦难中掠取了巨大利益的日本，却认为他们也处在无边的苦难中。一战结束后，美英为遏制日本崛起后的扩张势头，规范东亚地区的国际殖民秩序，于一九二一年末至一九二二年初召开华盛顿会议，会议产生的公约和条约促生了一种新的国际体系——华盛顿体系。华盛顿体系不但将日本在亚洲的扩张进行了种种限定，比如确认满蒙地区是中国领土不容别国占领，而且还给太平洋地区的国际殖民秩序排出了名次：美英为一流帝国，日本为二流帝国，法国和意大利等为扶助角色。——觊觎着整个亚洲的日本，被列强们列入了二流，这让日本人感到愤懑和难堪。 更让日本严重不安的是中国日益增长的反日情绪。 近代中国对洋人的蔑视，最甚莫过于对日本人。确切地说，中国人从没把日本人当洋人看待过。这不仅因为日本人除了说话之外，相貌和体征与中国人差不多；更重要的是，中国人历来把那个岛国视为一块没有开化的蛮荒之地，只不过秦时从中国去了几对男女才让岛上有了人烟。自唐开始，中国的国土上就能看见从那个岛国来的人，除了学经的和尚，就是手拿竹棍的浪人，中国人将他们统称为“倭”，将那个岛国称为倭奴国：“倭在东南大海中，依山岛为国。”十四世纪，日本人开始在中国沿海以抢掠劫盗为生，中国人对之始称“倭寇”，意为“矮小的强盗”。近代以来，日本对中国的入侵持续不断，中国人的排日情绪逐渐高涨，民间不断地发起抵制日货的行动，官方更是把日本视为最阴险的外交对手。出于自身境况的考虑，中国一直采取依赖美英、牵制日本的外交策略。一战结束后，中国北洋政府依靠美英迫使日本交还山东主权，并表示拥护华盛顿会议签订的《九国公约》，希图以此遏止日本打破列强在中国的均势从而攫取更多利益的图谋。 面对中国，日本的苦闷源于这样的逻辑：中国很贫穷，日本很强盛；中国人很愚蠢，日本人很聪明；中国人很野蛮，日本人很文明，可中国为什么就是不肯依附日本？作为一个“没有自理自治能力”的国家，与其让西方列强们瓜分，不如成为同属亚洲的日本的一部分。可中国为什么宁可接受西方列强而坚决的抵制日本？ 这种苦闷催生了日本军界的法西斯主义思潮。 一九二一年，几名被派往欧洲的日本少壮派军官，依据第一次世界大战的经验教训，在莱茵河畔的巴登温泉订立盟约，约定回国后在军界“消除派阀、刷新人事、改革军制、建立总动员态势”，全力推进日本的军国主义国家改造，史称“巴登巴登密约”。参加订立“巴登巴登密约”的军官们，均毕业于日本帝国陆军士官学校，有时任日本驻瑞士武官永田铁山、日本驻德国武官东条英机、日本驻俄罗斯武官小畑敏四郎，还有专程赴欧洲考察的冈村宁次少佐。一年或两年后，他们先后归国，日本名目繁多的法西斯团体随之纷纷成立，这些团体逐渐控制了陆军省、航空部、资源局等要害部门。而那些带头发起组织法西斯团体的青年军官，后来绝大多数成为日本军政首脑人物以及侵华战争中的军事将领：石原莞尔、冈村宁次、板垣征四郎、东条英机等。 也是一九二一年，日本在企图扶持中国东北军阀张作霖的同时，明确表示：“满蒙地区与我国领土相接，对我国防及国民经济生存，关系极为密切。以此两个利益为主，在满蒙地区扶植我之势力，此乃我对满蒙政策之根本。” 还是一九二一年，在中国的上海，一个新的政党出现了。这个名为中国共产党的政党，在后来反抗日本侵略的战争中，成为抱有最不妥协态度并拥有最顽强意志的政党。中国共产党和中国国民党同怀拯救衰弱中国的梦想。尽管两党在政治上存在巨大差异，但在拼死抵抗日本对中国的侵略上不存在分歧——过去是这样，现在依然是这样。 可是，一九二一年的中国已深陷军阀混战中。自一九一六年袁世凯去世后，各路军阀为争当统治者接连开战，整个中国在你来我往的厮杀中四分五裂。一九二〇年，直系军阀吴佩孚在奉系军阀张作霖的支持下，通过大战取得对皖系军阀段祺瑞的胜利，北洋政府权落直系与奉系手中。一九二二年，第一次直奉战争爆发，奉系战败的结果导致张作霖退守山海关。一九二四年，第二次直奉战争爆发，这一次奉系军队战胜直系军阀吴佩孚，张作霖推戴段祺瑞再掌北京政权。此时，在中国的南方，孙中山领导的国民革命军于一九二四年成立黄埔军校，一九二五年开始北伐战争，孙中山希图通过北伐结束军阀混战，将中国引向统一和强盛。一九二六年初，为防止南方的国民革命军入侵，张作霖通电全国宣布东三省独立，并随之开始全力扩充军队。 无论南方国民革命军的北伐从战场距离上看与中国的东北地区相距多么遥远，对日本人来说，他们与张作霖一样，依旧认为北伐将对其在东北的“特殊利益”构成威胁。一九二三年日本关东发生大地震，不但造成二十四万人伤亡，还给日本经济造成极大重创。经济危机使得执政内阁倒台，新任首相是曾在日俄战争中出任满洲军总司令部作战部参谋的田中义一。这位军人出身的首相上台伊始，便否定西方列强坚持的满洲是中国领土的一部分，他的强硬立场立即得到因在中国辽东半岛南部设置“关东州”而得名的关东军的支持。以至于日本军部把能够动员的三十二个师团中的十六个师团，直接针对着中国的东北、京津、山东、华北、上海和福建方向，甚至还策划了对中国心脏地区汉口的作战蓝本。 一九二七年，国民革命军仍在北伐期间，蒋介石以国民党武汉政府受共产党控制为由，在南京另组国民政府。武汉政府下令开除蒋介石的国民党党籍，并准备出兵征伐南京，史称“宁汉分裂”。无论国民党内部矛盾纷争如何激烈，但双方很快在一个政治目标上达成了一致，那就是必须在中国的政治舞台上清除共产党。国民党开始了对共产党人的杀戮，中国共产党与中国国民党彻底决裂。 中国国民党与中国共产党的分道扬镳，令日本人再次幻想可以趁机从国民党人那里获得对其在东北地区权益的承认。一九二七年六月二十七日，在田中义一的主持下，日本内阁召开专门讨论中国局势的东方会议，宣称中国目前的混乱局面使得日本的在华权益受到威胁，特别是中国的东北地区关乎日本生命线的安全，因此日本必须刻不容缓地采取“自卫措施”。会后，田中义一起草奏折，于七月二十五日呈送天皇，明确提出“惟欲征服支那，必征服满蒙；如欲征服世界，必先征服支那”的侵略国策。这就是最为臭名昭著的《田中奏折》。 所谓满蒙者，乃奉天、吉林、黑龙江及内外蒙古是也。广袤七万四千方里，人口二千八百万人，较我日本帝国国土（朝鲜及台湾除外）大逾三倍，其人口只有我国三分之一。不唯地广人稀，令人羡慕，农矿、森林等物之丰，当世无其匹敌。我国欲开拓其富源，以培养帝国恒久之荣华，特设南满洲铁道会社，藉日支共存荣之美名，而投资于其地之铁道、海运、矿山、森林、钢铁、农业、畜产等业达四亿四千余万元。此诚我国同业中最雄大之组织也。 《田中奏折》首先说明，自明治维新以来，凭借与中国“共存共荣”之名，日本已成功地在物产丰富的中国东北地区建立起庞大的殖民机构，南满洲铁道会社便是其中“最雄大”者。接着，《田中奏折》阐述了日本应对中国东北地区实施的基本策略，这一政策概括起来就是：占领中国的东北地区，进而以发展贸易的“假面具”将日本势力推至全中国，然后利用中国丰厚的资源进军亚洲乃至世界： 倘支那完全可被我国征服，其他如小中亚细亚及印度、南洋等异服之民族必畏我而降于我，使世界知东亚为我国之东亚，永不敢向我侵犯……我对满蒙之权利如可真实地到我手，则以满蒙为根据，以贸易之假面具而风靡支那四百余洲；再以满蒙之权利为司令塔，而攫取全支那之利源，以支那之富源而作为征服印度及南洋各岛以及中小亚细亚及欧罗巴之用。我大和民族之欲步武于亚细亚大陆者，握执满蒙权利乃其第一大关键也。况最后之胜利者赖食粮，工业之隆盛者赖原料也，国力之充实者赖广大之中国国土也……。 当然，日本仍需为侵略中国东北地区寻找理由。《田中奏折》认为，以前日本在外交中的失误，就是以外交文件的形式以及在列强的压力下承认东北地区是中国领土。这一失误必须纠正，日本要向中国乃至全世界宣布，中国东北地区自古以来就是一块无主的土地，只有在这样的借口下日本才能“得寸进尺”： 兹所谓满蒙者，依历史非支那之领土，亦非支那特殊区域……最不幸者，日俄战争之时，我国宣战布告明认满蒙为支那领土；又华盛顿会议时，九国条约亦认满蒙为支那领土，因之外交上不得不认支那为主权。因二种之失算，致祸我帝国对满蒙之权益……我国此后有机会时，必须阐明满蒙领土之真相予世界知道。待有机会时，以得寸进尺方法而进入内外蒙，以新其大陆。 《田中奏折》，这份通篇都在宣扬武装侵略占领别国的军国主义文件，最终成为日本入侵中国的重要依据和指南。 《田中奏折》呈送天皇两个月后，为迎娶宋美龄，蒋介石到日本拜望宋母倪桂珍。期间，他密会了首相田中义一、陆军大臣向川义则等日本军政首脑，以谋求日本对他本人以及北伐的支持。田中义一表示，北伐军不应急于北上，中国的当务之急是解决共产党，如果国民党不能控制中国南方，共产党就会重新崛起，日本对此不会袖手旁观。因为一任共产党在中国蔓延，不但有碍日本的在华利益，还会影响到日本国内的政治倾向，从而危及日本的国体。力量十分有限的中国共产党，竟可能危及日本的“国体”，这显然是夸张之辞。田中义一的真实意图是：倘若北伐军顺利北上，很可能危及日本对中国东北地区的控制。他希望蒋介石“以南京为目标，统一长江为宗旨”。而蒋介石则表示，“非从速完成北伐不可”，因为“中国如不能统一，则东亚不能安定”。他希望日本改变对华政策，放弃支持军阀张作霖——“不可再以腐败军阀为对象，应以求自由平等之国民党为对象。” 一九二八年初，蒋介石复任国民革命军总司令，他发布《告全党同志及全国同胞书》，言历史赋予的使命是：“誓竭全力，册励军心，会师前线，重申北伐，拥护中央，以固根本，震慑纷乱，以苏民生。” 五月一日，北伐军进入济南，结束了奉系军阀张宗昌的统治。然而，蒋介石进入山东督办公署还不到三个小时，日军就在派遣军司令官、第六师团师团长福田彦助中将的率领下开进了济南城。日本人的借口是：保护“居该地的帝国臣民的生命财产的安全”。 没人相信日军是来“保护侨民”的，因为北伐军的作战目的与日本侨民没有任何关系，且当时济南城里的日本侨民不及两千，而从青岛和天津陆续抵达的日军多达三千五百人。面对中日两军一触即发的对峙局面，急欲完成北伐以统一中国的蒋介石决定隐忍。蒋介石派人与日方秘密联络，表示愿意承担日军军费，条件是日军撤回青岛。然而，日本人知道，北伐军的北进将成为日本控制中国东北乃至华北地区的严重威胁。 五月三日，日军开始炮击济南城区，国民革命军第四十军被迫还击。深夜，日军包围了山东省交涉公署。中国战地政务委员会外交处长、山东特派交涉员蔡公时与日方交涉，因拒绝向日军下跪并破口大骂，被日军割掉耳朵、鼻子和舌头后，连同其下属十七人被枪杀。国民政府外交部部长黄郛再次前去与日军交涉，日军军官胁迫这位中国外交部长在所谓中国军队枪杀了一个日本军曹的“调查报告”上签字，直到黄郛被迫签上一个“阅”字后才将他放回。蒋介石认为日军正逼他趋于“无可忍”，以为进一步的军事行动寻找借口，因此下令北伐军“全数撤离”设防地域。——蒋介石在日记中写道：“如有一毫人心，其能忘此耻辱乎？忘之乎？雪之乎？何以雪之？在自强而已！”然而，北伐军撤离后，日军并没有停止进攻，十一日济南全城沦陷。日军烧杀抢掠，奸淫妇女，济南变成了一座人间地狱。史称“济南惨案”。 此时，在日本国内，田中义一内阁决定驻扎在名古屋的陆军第三师团迅速开往中国山东，同时对外宣称：日军在济南与中国军队的冲突是“中国人日积月累轻蔑日本人心理的具体体现”；日军的回击性行动是为“显示皇军的威武”，是对中国人进行的“断然惩处”，是为“使全中国感到震骇”。——把入侵中国和屠杀中国人称为对中国的“惩罚”和“惩处”，在以后相当长的历史时期内，这成为日本官方和军方惯用语。 早在“济南惨案”发生前，日本关东军就已形成共识：国民革命军北伐进入中国北方后，如果张作霖的奉系军队顶不住，势必会退守他们的大本营东三省，那将极大地“威胁”日本百万移民的生命财产安全，更不要说北伐节节胜利的蒋介石从没认可日本对中国东三省的统辖权。 果然，不出日本人所料，“济南惨案”发生后，蒋介石指挥北伐军绕道济南直逼京津，张作霖的北洋政权岌岌可危。日军紧急将山东的一部分兵力派往天津，同时向蒋介石和张作霖发出了武力威胁：奉军如不主动撤军将被解除武装；奉军撤退，如北伐军追击至山海关外也将被解除武装，因为维持满洲的治安秩序是日本的责任。蒋介石的态度是：如果张作霖的部队撤出京津，北伐军在天津方向将“进至静海止”，在北京方向将“进至长辛店止”。于是，日本人转而逼迫张作霖放弃北洋政权，不给北伐军进攻东北地区以借口。 张作霖眼见大势已去，决定奉军退回东三省。他并不知道，就在这个时候，一个针对他的暗杀行动已经布置完毕。一九二八年六月四日五时许，当张作霖乘坐的专列从北京行进至奉天附近的皇姑屯时，伴随着轰然一声巨响，专列被炸翻，冲天的大火将列车焚毁，身受重伤的张作霖于四个小时后死亡。 “皇姑屯事件”为日本关东军精心策划，目的是“杀死中国东北的巨头，以彻底解决满蒙问题”。具体实施者是日本关东军高级参谋河本大作，河本大作曾表示：“贯彻执行国策，解决满蒙问题，是我的夙愿。” 张作霖死后，其子张学良继任东北保安总司令。国民政府劝说张学良改旗易帜