Chapter 106 The only way to transform capitalist industry and commerce[1]

(September 7, 1953) (1) In the past three years or so, I have done some work, but I have been busy with other things, and I have not put in much effort. From now on, I need to do more work. (2) With more than three years of experience, it is already certain that completing the socialist transformation of private industry and commerce through state capitalism is a relatively sound policy and method. (3) The policy of Article 31[2] of the "Common Programme" should now be clarified and gradually concretized.The so-called "clarification" means that in the minds of central and local leaders, first of all, state capitalism is affirmed as the only way to transform capitalist industry and commerce and gradually complete the transition to socialism.Neither the Communist Party nor the democrats have achieved this. The purpose of this meeting[3] should be to achieve this.

(4) Steady progress, not too hasty.It will take at least three to five years to bring the national private industry and commerce basically (not all) onto the track of state capitalism, so there should be no shocks or unease. (5) Public-private joint ventures, processing and ordering of all raw materials and receiving products, and receiving only most of the products are the three forms of state capitalism in private industry. (6) Private businesses can also implement state capitalism, which cannot be summed up in the word "exclusion".There is little experience in this area and needs to be studied.

(7) Private industry and commerce, which employ about 3.8 million workers and shop assistants, is a great wealth of the country and plays a great role in the national economy and the people's livelihood.Private industry and commerce not only supply products to the state, but also accumulate funds for the state and train cadres for the state. (8) Some capitalists keep a great distance from the country, and they still have not changed their profit-seeking thinking; some workers are advancing too fast, and they do not allow the capitalists to gain profits.We should educate people in these two aspects, so that they gradually (as quickly as possible) adapt to the country's policies, even though China's private industry and commerce basically serve the national economy and the people's livelihood, and part of it is for the interests of capitalists— — and thus embark on the track of state capitalism.

With regard to the distribution of profits in state capitalist enterprises, there is a table: Income tax 34.5% 15% of welfare fee Provident Fund 30% Capital bonus 20.5% Total 100.0% (9) It is necessary to continue to carry out patriotic education among capitalists. To this end, it is necessary to systematically cultivate some far-sighted, advanced capitalists who are willing to get close to the Communist Party and the people's government, so that they can persuade the majority of capitalists. (10) The implementation of state capitalism must not only be based on needs and possibilities ("Common Program"), but also be voluntary by capitalists, because this is a cooperative enterprise, and since cooperation cannot be forced, it is different from landowners.

(11) All nationalities, democratic classes, democratic parties, and people's organizations in the country have made great progress in the past few years. I believe that in another three to five years, this progress will be even greater. Therefore, in three to five years It is possible to basically complete the introduction of private industry and commerce onto the track of state capitalism within this year.The superiority of state-owned enterprises is the material guarantee for the completion of this task. (12) There is no so-called "small five evils", nor is there a so-called "sudden", this point should be made clear.

(13) As for the completion of the entire transitional period, including the basic completion of the country's industrialization and the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts, and capitalist industry and commerce, it cannot be accomplished in three to five years, and it will take several years. time for the five-year plan.On this issue, it is necessary to oppose not only the thinking of the future, but also the thinking of rushing forward. (14) One is the leader, one is the led, one is not seeking self-interest, the other is still seeking some self-interest, etc. These are not the same.However, private industry and commerce[4] basically serve the national economy and the people's livelihood (in terms of profit distribution, accounting for about three-quarters), so workers can and should be persuaded, like state-owned enterprises, to increase production and economize, labor competition, and raise labor costs. Increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve quantity and quality, which is beneficial to both public and private, as well as labor and capital.

(15) The shortcomings of most public-private joint venture factories (mainly the lack of rights and no dividends for the management) must be corrected, otherwise the road of state capitalism will be blocked.We must learn from the example of Minsheng Company [5]. Published according to Mao Zedong's manuscript. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1] This is the main point of Mao Zedong's conversation with some representatives of the democratic parties and business circles. [2] Article 31 of the "Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" adopted by the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference on September 29, 1949 states: "The cooperation between state capital and private capital The economy is an economy of the nature of state capitalism. Under necessary and possible conditions, private capital should be encouraged to develop in the direction of state capitalism, such as processing for state enterprises, or cooperating with the state, or operating state enterprises in the form of lease, to develop the state The source of wealth and so on."

[3] Refers to the 49th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held from September 8 to 11, 1953 (expanded). [4] Refers to private industry and commerce on the track of state capitalism. [5] Minsheng Company refers to Minsheng Industrial Company, the largest private shipping company on the Yangtze River route in old China.Founded in Chongqing in 1925 by Lu Zuofu, a national capitalist, it expanded its investment in coal mines, dyeing and weaving, hydropower, steel, machinery, railways, automobiles, and bank insurance.In 1952, a public-private partnership was implemented.In 1956, it was merged into the state-run Yangtze River Shipping Administration.