Chapter 52 Sixty Articles on Working Methods (Draft)

(January 1958) Our people, under the leadership of the Communist Party, won basic victories in socialist ownership in 1956, launched the rectification movement in 1957, and won basic victories on the ideological and political fronts. One year later, the first five-year construction plan [1] was overfulfilled.In this way, under the leadership of the Communist Party, the more than 600 million people of our country have clearly recognized their own future and their own responsibilities, and have fought against the anti-Party, anti-people, and anti-socialist wind blowing up from the bourgeois rightists.[2] It has also corrected and is continuing to correct some shortcomings and mistakes brought by the party and the people themselves from the old society and caused by subjectivism.The party is more united, and the spirit of the people is more vigorous.The relationship between the party and the masses has been greatly improved.We are now seeing such a surge of enthusiasm and creativity among the masses of the people on the production front that we have never seen before.The people of the country were inspired by the slogan that in fifteen years or a little more, they would catch up with or surpass England in steel and other major industrial products.A new production climax has been and is taking shape.In order to adapt to this situation, some changes need to be made in the working methods of the central and local party committees.Not all of the dozens mentioned here are new.Some are accumulated over the years, and some are newly proposed.This was the result of joint discussions between central and local comrades at the Hangzhou Conference[3] and Nanning Conference[4] in January 1958.Most of these dozens of articles were inspired by the speeches of comrades at the meeting, and I thought about it; some of them directly recorded the opinions of comrades; Comrade Liu Shaoqi agreed with local comrades and was drafted by him; I directly proposed only a part.What is mentioned here is not entirely about working methods, some are work tasks, and some are theoretical principles, but working methods occupy the main position.Our main purpose now is to seek progress in our working methods so as to meet the needs of the changed political situation.These dozens of items are just suggestions now, and opinions are yet to be solicited.Whether the provisions will be reduced or increased is still undecided.Comrades are invited to study it, put forward their opinions for revision, and then submit it to the Politburo for approval before it can become a formal internal document.

Mao Zedong January 31, 1958 (1) Party committees at or above the county level should focus on socialist construction.Here are fourteen items: 1. Industry, 2. Handicraft, 3. Agriculture, 4. Rural sideline, 5. Forestry, 6. Fishery, 7. Animal husbandry, 8. Transportation, 9. Commerce, 10. Finance and Finance, 11. Labor, wages and population, 12. Science, 13. Culture and education, 14. Health. (2) Party committees at or above the county level should focus on socialist industrial work.There are also fourteen items here: 1. Output indicators, 2. Product quality, 3. Trial production of new products, 4. New technologies, 5. Advanced quotas, 6. Saving raw materials, finding and using substitutes, 7. Labor organization, labor protection And wages and benefits, 8. Cost, 9. Production preparation and working capital, 10. Division of labor and collaboration of enterprises, 11. Balance of supply, production and sales, 12. Geological exploration, 13. Comprehensive utilization of resources, 14. Design and construction.This is a preliminary draft project, and the forty-article industrial development program should be gradually formed in the future [6].

(3) Party committees at all levels should focus on socialist agriculture.There are also fourteen items here: 1. Yield indicators, 2. Water conservancy, 3. Fertilizers, 4. Soil, 5. Seeds, 6. Restructuring (changing the farming system, such as expanding the area of ​​multiple cropping, changing from late to early, changing from drought to water, etc.), 7. Pests and diseases, 8. Mechanization (new farm implements, double-wheeled plows, water pumps, tractors suitable for different regions in China, and transport tools driven by motorcycles, etc.), 9. Intensive farming, 10. Animal husbandry, 11. Sideline business, 12. Greening, 13. Eliminate the four pests, 14. Treat diseases and pay attention to hygiene.These are the fourteen key points extracted from the forty-point agricultural development program[7].Forty Articles must be implemented in full.Some key points are drawn out for the purpose of focusing.Gang Ju Mu Zhang, the whole network is naturally brought up.

(4) Comprehensive planning, several inspections, and year-end evaluation.These are three important methods.In this way, both the overall situation and the details are mastered, and it is possible to sum up experience in time, carry forward achievements, correct mistakes, and inspire people to forge ahead. (5) Look at three years in five years, look at the first year in three years, and look at the previous winter every year.This is a way to master your timing.The timing is more focused, and the grasp is even greater. (6) Check at least four times a year.At the central and provincial levels, checks are to be made quarterly; lower levels handle it according to the situation.Important tasks should be checked once a month before they are on track.This is also a way to grasp the timing, and it is only within a year.

(7) How to evaluate? Compare provinces with provinces, cities with cities, counties with counties, communes with communes, factories with factories, mines with mines, construction sites with construction sites.You may or may not subscribe to a competition convention.Agriculture is relatively easy to compare.Industries can be evaluated according to comparable conditions and by industrial system. (8) When will the plans be submitted? Provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, special districts, and counties must formulate plans according to the three fourteen items.When making a plan, there must be key points, and you can't do everything at the same time.The content of the plans of districts, townships and communes is mainly the 14 items of agriculture.Projects can be scaled up or down depending on local conditions.First set a five-year plan, which can be broad.Hand in papers before July 1, 1958.Plans are reviewed step by step.In order to facilitate comparison, the provincial party committee has to select some of the best and a few of the worst plans among the counties, districts, townships, and communes to send to the central government for review.The plans of the provinces and special regions must be submitted to the central government on schedule, and none of them should be missed.

(9) Three books of production plan.The central government has two ledgers, one is the plan that must be completed, and this one is announced; the second is the plan that is expected to be completed, and this one is not announced.There are also two accounts in the local area.The first book in the local area is the second book in the central government, and this must be done in the local area;The evaluation is based on the second book of the central government as the standard. (10) From this year onwards, the central government and party committees of provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions must focus on industry, finance and trade.Four times a year, mainly three times in July (or August), November, and January (early ten days).If we don't catch up, the slogan of catching up with Britain in fifteen years may come to naught.Several major responsible cadres from the industrial departments and financial and trade departments should be brought to the meeting place for discussing local work; those from the central government should be brought to the local areas; Both working comrades and comrades working in the localities have this requirement.

(11) The industrial output value of each locality (including the output value of factories and mines decentralized by the central government, the original local state-owned industries and handicraft industries, excluding the output value of factories and mines directly under the central government), strive to exceed the local industrial output value within five years, or within seven years, or within ten years. agricultural output value.All provinces and cities should immediately start making plans for this matter, and make plans before July 1 this year.The main task is to get industry to serve agriculture seriously.Everyone should get a feel for the industry and know what it is.

(12) Within the next five years, or within six years, or within seven years, or within eight years, complete the forty provisions of the Program for Agricultural Development.All provincial party committees, municipal party committees directly under them, and autonomous region party committees should study this issue.As far as the whole country is concerned, it cannot be generally achieved in five years, it may be generally achieved in six or seven years, and it is even more likely to be generally achieved in eight years. (13) Ten years shall be determined in three years, and strive to basically change the appearance of most areas within three years.In other regions, the time may be slightly extended.The slogan is: three years of hard work.The method is: let go and mobilize the masses, everything has been tested.

(14) Against waste.During the rectification, each unit has to spend several days to carry out an anti-waste rectification.Every factory, every cooperative, every store, every office, every school, and every army must carry out a serious struggle against waste.Every year in the future, there will be an anti-waste. (15) In my country's national economy, what is the proper ratio of accumulation to consumption? (16) The ratio of accumulation and consumption of agricultural cooperatives also needs to be studied.Comrades in Hubei have this opinion: based on the production and distribution figures in 1957, the future increase in production will be divided into 40% or 60% (that is, 40% will be allocated to the members of the cooperatives, and 60% will be accumulated as cooperatives), 50% and 40% (That is, 40% is accumulated as a cooperative, and 60% is distributed to members).If the production and income have reached the level of the local wealthy middle peasants, after obtaining the consent of the masses through the Mingfang debate, 37% of the increased production can be divided (that is, 30% is allocated to the members, and 70% is accumulated as a cooperative), or temporarily within one or two years. Regardless, in order to increase accumulation and prepare for the Great Leap Forward in production.Whether this opinion is appropriate or not, please discuss with various places.

(17) The contradiction between the collective economy and the individual economy needs to be resolved, and an appropriate ratio needs to be determined.The current situation is that in some places, the proportion of individual economy and collective economy in the income of some peasant families is 46% or 37% (that is, the income from household sideline business and private land operation accounts for 60% of the total income. ,seventy).This situation will inevitably affect the peasants' enthusiasm for the socialist collective economy.This situation should change.The provinces can, through open debates, work out control methods and make appropriate adjustments to economic relations. On the basis of encouraging farmers' enthusiasm for production and developing production in an all-round way, the proportion of individual economy and collective economy in farmers' income can be gradually reduced within a few years. Three to seven or two to eight ratios (that is, farmers' income from cooperatives accounts for 70 or 80 percent of the total household income).

(18) Widely promote experimental fields.This is a very important leadership method.In this way, our party's work style in leading the economy will rapidly change.In the countryside, it is an experimental field, and in the city, we can grasp advanced factories, mines, workshops, work areas and sections.A little breakthrough can promote the whole. (19) Grab both ends and take the middle.This is a great way to lead.There are two ends in any situation, that is, there are advanced and backward, and the state in the middle always occupies the majority.Grasping the two ends brings the middle together.This is a dialectical method. Grasping the two ends, the advanced and the backward, is to grasp the two opposites. (20) Organizing cadres and the masses to visit advanced experience and intensively exhibiting advanced products and methods are two good leadership methods.Using these methods can improve the technical level, promote advanced experience, and encourage mutual competition.Many problems can be solved on the spot.Between communes and communes, townships and townships, counties and counties, and provinces and provinces, mutual visits can be organized.Production and construction exhibitions can be held at the central government, provinces, cities, special districts and counties. (21) Continuous revolution.Our revolutions are one after another.Beginning with the seizure of power across the country in 1949, followed by the anti-feudal land reform, agricultural cooperatives began as soon as the land reform was completed, and then the socialist transformation of private industry, commerce and handicrafts.The three major socialist transformations, that is, the socialist revolution in the ownership of the means of production, were basically completed in 1956.This was followed by a socialist revolution on the political and ideological fronts last year, which will basically come to an end before July 1 this year.But the problem is not over, and for a fairly long period of time in the future, we will continue to solve this problem by using the method of rectification and rectification every year.Now a technological revolution is coming, so that we can catch up with and surpass Britain in fifteen years or a little more.China's economy is backward and our material foundation is weak, so we are still in a passive state, and we still feel bound spiritually, and we have not yet been liberated in this respect.We must cheer up.In another five years, we will be more proactive; in ten years, we will be more proactive; in fifteen years, when there is more food and more steel, we will be more proactive.Our revolution is the same as fighting a war. After winning a battle, we must set up new tasks immediately.In this way, cadres and the masses can always maintain full revolutionary enthusiasm, reduce pride, and have no time to be proud.A new task is coming, and everyone's thoughts are devoted to how to complete the new task.To propose a technological revolution is to ask everyone to learn technology and science.The rightists say that we are small intellectuals and cannot lead big intellectuals.Some people also said that veteran cadres should be "redeemed" and given some money to retire, because veteran cadres don't understand science and technology, and only know how to fight wars and carry out land reform.We must work hard, we must learn and complete the great technological revolution that history has given us.This issue should be discussed among the cadres, and a cadre meeting should be held to discuss what skills we still have.In the past, we had the ability to fight wars and carry out land reform. Now it is not enough just to have these abilities. We need to learn new skills, we must really understand business, science and technology, otherwise we will not be able to lead well.In "On the People's Democratic Dictatorship" I wrote in 1949, I once said: "The serious task of economic construction is before us. Some things we are familiar with are about to become idle, and things we are not familiar with are forcing us Do it. That's the difficulty." "We have to overcome the difficulties, we have to learn what we don't know." Eight years passed.In the past eight years, revolutions followed one after another, and everyone's thoughts were focused on those issues. Many people had no time to learn science and technology.From this year onwards, while continuing to complete the socialist revolution on the political and ideological fronts, we must focus our party work on the technological revolution.This question must be brought to the attention of the entire Party.Party committees at all levels can plan in advance within the party and make it clear to cadres, but don’t publicize it in the newspapers for the time being. We will talk about it after July 1, because by then the rectification movement at the grassroots level is almost done, and the entire party can be mobilized. The main attention shifted to the technological revolution.When attention is shifted to technology, politics may be neglected, so attention must be paid to combining technology and politics. (22) The relationship between red and professionalism, politics and business is the unity of two opposites.Be sure to criticize the tendency to be apolitical.Against the empty politicians on the one hand and the practicalists who have lost their way on the other. The unity of politics and economics, of politics and technology, there is no doubt, every year, forever.This is red and professional.In the future, the term politics will still exist, but the content has changed.If you don't pay attention to ideology and politics and are busy with affairs all day long, you will become a disoriented economist and technologist, which is very dangerous.Ideological work and political work are guarantees for the completion of economic and technical work, and they serve the economic base.Thought and politics are the commander in chief and the soul.As long as our ideological work and political work are relaxed a bit, economic work and technical work will definitely go down the wrong path. On the one hand, there is serious class struggle between the socialist world and the imperialist world; on the other hand, within our country, classes have not been eliminated, and class struggle still exists.These two points must be fully estimated.Fighting class enemies was the basic content of past politics.However, after the people have their own political power, the relationship between this political power and the people is basically the relationship among the people, and the method used is not coercion but persuasion.This is a new political relationship.This regime only adopts temporary and varying means of subduing criminals among the people who disrupt the normal social order, as an auxiliary means of persuasion.During the period of transition from capitalism to socialism, there are still some anti-socialist hostile elements hidden among the people, such as bourgeois rightists. For such people, we basically adopt the method of letting the masses open up debates[8] Solve the problem.Suppressive measures should only be taken against serious counter-revolutionary saboteurs.After the end of the transitional period and the complete elimination of classes, as far as the domestic situation is concerned, politics is completely a relationship among the people.At that time, there will still be ideological struggles, political struggles, and revolutions among people, and it is impossible for them not to exist.The law of the unity of opposites, the law of quantitative change and qualitative change, the law of affirmation and negation, exist universally forever.But the nature of the struggle and revolution is different from the past. It is not a class struggle, but a struggle between the advanced and the backward among the people, the struggle between the advanced and the backward in the social system, and the struggle between the advanced and the backward in science and technology.The transition from socialism to communism is a struggle, a revolution.After entering the era of communism, there must be many, many stages of development.The relationship from this stage to that stage must be a relationship from quantitative change to qualitative change.All kinds of sudden changes and leaps are a kind of revolution, and they must go through struggles. The "no-conflict theory" is metaphysical. Politicians need to know business.It is difficult to know too much, and it is not good to know too little. We must know some.Those who don't understand reality are false reds and empty politicians.It is necessary to combine politics and technology. In agriculture, it is to set up experimental fields, and in industry, it is to grasp advanced models, try out new technologies, and trial-produce new products.These are all using the "comparison" method. Under the same conditions, the advanced and the backward are compared to encourage the backward to catch up with the advanced.Advanced and backward are two extremes of contradiction, and "comparison" is the unity of opposites.There is an imbalance between enterprises and enterprises, workshops and workshops within enterprises, groups and groups, and individuals and individuals.Imbalance is a universal objective law.From unbalanced to balanced, and from balanced to unbalanced, the cycle goes on and on forever, but each cycle leads to a higher level.Imbalance is constant and absolute; balance is temporary and relative.The changes in my country's current economic balance and imbalance are qualitative changes in many parts of the overall quantitative change process.A few years later, China will change from an agricultural country to an industrial country. At that time, it will complete a leap, and then continue the process of quantitative change. The competition is not only compared to economics, production, and technology, but also to politics, that is, to the art of leadership.Let's see who leads better. (23) The superstructure must meet the needs of the economic base and the development of productive forces.Various rules and regulations formulated by various government departments are part of the superstructure.Many rules and regulations accumulated over the past eight years are still applicable, but a considerable part has become an obstacle to further enhancing the enthusiasm of the masses and developing productivity, and must be revised or abolished.In terms of revising or abolishing these unreasonable rules and regulations, in the recent period, many advanced experiences have been created among the masses, such as the method of improving the welfare of employees in Shijingshan Power Plant, the method of improving the dormitory system for employees of Xiangjiang Machinery Manufacturing Factory, Jiangsu Qishuyan Power Plant improved bonuses by merging several commercial organizations at the Guangxi provincial level into one, reducing the total number of employees from 2,400 to 350, that is, reducing the number of personnel by six-sevenths.Such a general regulation should be made, that is, on the premise of developing the socialist cause in a planned and proportioned manner, and on the basis of the improvement of the masses' awareness, allow and encourage the masses to break the rules and regulations that limit the development of productive forces. pioneering work. The various departments of the central government and the party committees of the provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions should send responsible comrades to the grassroots units in various places to sum up the advanced experience of the masses and develop such pioneering works in the grassroots units and the masses that are conducive to socialist construction. The competent authority gave approval to stop the implementation of certain provisions in the original rules and regulations in this unit, and spread the advanced experience of this unit to other units for trial implementation. All departments of the central government and party committees of provinces, municipalities, and autonomous regions should also send responsible comrades to grassroots units in various places to find out what regulations and systems there have restricted the improvement of the enthusiasm of the masses and the development of productivity. Discuss with the masses, preserve the reasonable parts of the existing rules and regulations, revise or abolish the unreasonable parts, and formulate some new rules and regulations that suit the needs, which can be implemented in this unit and can also be extended to other units for trial implementation. The departments of the central government and the party committees of the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions should systematically summarize the typical and mature advanced experience in this field.Major and national, approved by the Party Central Committee and the State Council, local, approved by the corresponding local party committee and government, technical and professional, approved by the competent department, and then in all the same units nationwide or in the whole province widely implemented.After a period of implementation, when necessary, various rules and regulations will be revised or re-formulated based on new experience. This is the method of formulating and modifying the mass line of various regulations. (24) We must persist in the rectification movement to the end.The whole party must work hard, get rid of official style, seek truth from facts, become one with the people, and correct all shortcomings and mistakes in work, work style, and system as much as possible. (25) Members of the party committees at the central and provincial, municipal, and autonomous regional levels, except those who are sick or elderly, must take turns to leave the office for four months a year to conduct investigations and study and hold meetings ,Run around.Two methods should be adopted: to see the flowers on horseback and to see the flowers off the horse.Even if you go to a place and talk for three or four hours, then leave.To get in touch with workers and peasants, to increase perceptual knowledge.Some meetings of the central government can be held in places other than Beijing, and some meetings of the provincial party committee can be held in places other than the provincial capital. (26) Treat cadres and the masses with a truly equal attitude.It must make people feel that the relationship between people is really equal, and make people feel that your heart is given to him.Learn from Lu Xun.Lu Xun's thought communicated with his readers and resonated with his readers.People's jobs and positions are different, but no matter how big the official is, everyone must appear among the people as an ordinary worker.Putting on airs is never allowed.We must get rid of the official style. For the different opinions put forward by the subordinates, you must be able to listen patiently and consider them. Don't get angry as soon as you hear opinions that are different from your own, thinking that you don't respect yourself.This is one of the conditions for treating people as equals. (27) Party committees at all levels, especially responsible comrades who firmly stand on the correct line of the Central Committee, must be ready to be scolded at any time.What people scold is right, we should accept and correct it.Those who criticize wrongly, especially unhealthy trends, must bite the bullet and resist it, and then investigate and criticize it.Under such circumstances, one must never fall with the wind, but must have a fearless spirit of going against the trend.This point we were tested in 1957. (28) Discuss once at the provincial, prefectural, and county cadre meetings, or at the provincial, prefectural, county, and township cadre meetings, the issue of the principles of the Party's leadership.Discuss whether these principles are correct: "Great power is monopolized, and small power is dispersed. The party committee decides, and all parties handle it. There is also a decision to do it, and it does not deviate from the principle. The work inspection is the responsibility of the party committee." In these few sentences, the responsibility of the party committee is It is said that major matters are first decided by it and checked during the implementation process. "Exclusive power" is an idiom, which usually refers to personal arbitrariness.When we borrow this sentence, we mean that the main power should be concentrated in the collectives of the central and local party committees to oppose decentralization.Can power be divided? These eight verses were created in 1953 and were conceived to oppose decentralization at that time.The so-called "all parties to do it" does not mean that Party members should do it directly, but that Party members must contact non-Party members in state organs, enterprises, cooperatives, people's organizations, and cultural and educational institutions. , Discuss, study, and modify the inappropriate parts, and then everyone approves it before proceeding.The "principle" mentioned in the third sentence refers to: the party is the highest form of proletarian organization, democratic centralism, the unity of collective leadership and individual roles (the unity of the party committee and the first secretary), the central and higher resolution. (29) Do you have to ask the first secretary about everything? You don't have to.Big things must be asked.There must be a second in command and a third in command. When the first secretary is not at home, another person must be in command. (30) Party committees must focus on the military.The army must be under the leadership and supervision of the party committee, which is basically what it is doing now. This is the fine tradition of our army.Comrades engaged in military work require the central and local party committees to take care of this work.Just because we are busy with social reform and economic construction, we have caught less in recent years.The situation should now be improved.The method is to catch several times a year. (31) Large-scale meetings, medium-sized meetings and small-scale meetings are all necessary, and all localities and departments must make good arrangements.Small meetings, with a few people participating, ten or twenty people, are convenient for finding and discussing problems.Large-scale meetings with thousands of people can only adopt the method of giving reports first and then discussing them. There should not be too many such meetings, about two times a year.Small and medium-sized conferences are held at least four times a year.This kind of meeting is best held at the bottom.The provincial party committee can go to the prefectural party committee to hold a county book conference in a region or several similar regions.Comrades from the Central Committee and various departments of the State Council can take turns to hold small meetings in local areas.All economic cooperation zones[9] hold meetings whenever they have something to do, at least four times a year. (32) The method of holding meetings should be the unity of materials and viewpoints.It is a very bad method to separate the material from the point of view, to talk about the material without a point of view, to talk about the point of view without material, and to have no connection between the material and the point of view.It is even worse to present only a large amount of material without presenting one's own point of view, without explaining what is for and against.Learn to use materials to explain your point of view.There must be materials, but there must be a clear point of view to guide these materials.You don’t need too much material, as long as it can explain the problem, it is enough to dissect one or a few sparrows, and you don’t need a lot.You should master a wealth of materials, but you only need to present typical ones at the meeting.It must be understood that there is a difference between holding a meeting and writing a big book. (33) Generally speaking, don't make people accept a lot of materials and viewpoints within a few hours, and these materials and viewpoints are not often exposed to people.Several times a year, we need to find opportunities to let those people who have little contact with the affairs of the bank get in touch with the affairs of the bank, and provide raw materials or semi-finished products that meet their needs.Don't pop out the finished product in front of others in one morning.Make it a little drizzle, not a downpour of hundreds of millimeters in a few hours. The system of "forced training" must be abolished as much as possible, and the method of "forced signature" must be reduced as much as possible.To have a common language with each other, there must first be the necessary common intelligence knowledge. (34) Ten-finger question.A person has ten fingers, and cadres must learn to be good at distinguishing between nine fingers and one finger, or many fingers and a few fingers.There is a difference between nine fingers and one finger. This matter seems simple, but many people do not understand it.To promote this point of view.This is the difference between big and small, general and individual, mainstream and tributaries.We must pay attention to grasping the mainstream, and if we grasp the wrong way, we will definitely turn somersaults.This is a problem of cognition, but also a problem of logic.Talking about one and nine fingers is more vivid and more suitable for our work situation.In our work, unless there are mistakes in the fundamental line, the result is always the main thing.But this statement does not apply to some people, such as rightists.Many extreme rightists have almost ten fingers rotten; most ordinary rightists among the students have not only rotted one finger, but not all of them are rotten, so they can still stay in school. (35) "Attack one or a few points, exaggerate as much as possible, and not compare to the rest." This is a metaphysical method that is divorced from the actual situation.In 1957, bourgeois rightists rampantly attacked socialism, and they used this method.Our party has suffered greatly from this method in history, and this is the period when dogmatism ruled.The same is true for the Lisan route [10].Revisionism, or Right opportunism, also uses this method.This is the case with Chen Duxiu's line[11] and Wang Ming's line[12] during the Anti-Japanese War.In 1935, Zhang Guotao [13] also used this method.The Gao Gang and Rao Shushi Anti-Party Coalition[14] in 1953 also used this method.We should sum up past experience, criticize it from the perspective of epistemology and methodology, and awaken the cadres so as not to suffer further losses.When good people make individual mistakes, they will also use this method unconsciously, so good people also need to study methodology. (36) The process of concept formation, judgment formation, and reasoning is the process of investigation and research, and the process of thinking.The human brain can reflect the objective world, but it is not easy to reflect it correctly.Only after repeated inspections can the reflection be more correct and closer to objective reality.Once you have a correct point of view and correct thinking, you need to have a more appropriate way of expressing it to others.The process of forming concepts and judgments, and the process of reasoning is the process of "coming from the masses"; the process of conveying one's own views and thoughts to others is the process of "going to the masses".Among our cadres, there are probably quite a few people who do not understand this simple truth: the thoughts, opinions, plans, and methods of any hero can only be a reflection of the objective world, and his raw materials or semi-finished products can only In the practice of the masses, or in his own scientific experiments, his mind can only function as a processing factory to produce finished products, otherwise it is useless at all.Whether this finished product made by the human brain is suitable for use or not, and whether it is correct or not, has to be tested by the masses of the people.If our comrades don't understand this, they will definitely run into trouble everywhere. (37) Both articles and documents should have the following three properties: accuracy, clarity, and vividness.Accuracy is a question of concept, judgment, and reasoning, which are questions of logic.Vividness and vividness, in addition to logical problems, there are also problems with words and chapters.The shortcomings of many current documents are: first, the concept is not clear; second, the judgment is not appropriate; third, it lacks logic when using concepts and judgments for reasoning;Reading such documents is a catastrophe, exhausting energy for little gain.We must change this bad atmosphere.Comrades engaged in economic work must pay attention not only to accuracy but also to clarity and vividness when drafting documents.Don't think that this is just a matter for the Chinese teacher, and the prefect doesn't need to take care of it.Do not entrust the second or third in command to write important documents, but do it yourself or cooperate. (38) Don't rely on the secretary or "Second Row Members".Do it yourself, supplemented by the help of others.Don't let the secretarial system become a general system. Those who should not have secretaries are not allowed to have secretaries.Everything depends on the secretary, which is a manifestation of the decline of the revolutionary will. (39) Learn some natural sciences and technical sciences. (40) Learn some philosophy and political economy. (41) Learn some history and law. (42) Learn some literature. (43) Learn some grammar and logic. (44) It is suggested that under the principle of voluntariness, responsible comrades at the central and provincial levels should learn a foreign language.Aim for a medium level within five to ten years. (45) The principal persons in charge of the central government and the province may appoint a study secretary. (46) Cadres from outside must learn the local dialect, and all cadres must learn Putonghua.Make a five-year plan first, and strive to learn well, or learn well in general, at least partly.Cadres of the Han nationality working in areas of minority nationalities must learn the language of the local nationality.Cadres of ethnic minorities should also learn Chinese. (47) All ministries of the central government, as well as at the provincial, prefectural and county levels, all have to train "talented talents".Without intellectuals, the proletariat must have its own "talented talents".These people must have a good understanding of Marxism, and have a certain level of education, scientific knowledge, and prose. (48) All secondary technical schools and technical schools, wherever possible, shall set up factories or farms on a trial basis, carry out production, and achieve self-sufficiency or semi-self-sufficiency.Students implement part-time work-study.When conditions permit, these schools can recruit more students, but they do not want the state to increase funding. In addition to ensuring the needs of teaching and scientific research, all laboratories and affiliated workshops of higher technical schools that can carry out production should do their best to carry out production.In addition, students and teachers can enter into labor contracts with local factories. (49) In addition to carrying out production on their own farms, all agricultural schools may sign labor contracts with local agricultural cooperatives and send teachers to live in cooperatives to combine theory with practice.Agricultural schools should be recommended by cooperatives to send some qualified people to enroll. Primary and secondary schools in rural areas have to sign contracts with local agricultural cooperatives to participate in agricultural and sideline production labor.Rural students should also take advantage of holidays, holidays or spare time to return to their villages to participate in production. (50) Universities and secondary schools in cities may, under possible conditions, jointly set up affiliated factories or workshops by several schools, and may also conclude labor contracts with factories, construction sites or service industries. 一切有土地的大中小学，应当设立附属农场；没有土地而邻近郊区的学校，可以到农业合作社参加劳动。 (五十一)开展以除四害为中心的爱国卫生运动。今年要每月检查一次，以便打下基础。各地可以根据当地的情况，增加四害以外的其他内容。 (五十二)化肥工厂，中央、省、专区三级都可以设立。中央化工部门要帮助地方搞中小型化肥工厂的设计，中央机械部门要帮助地方搞中小型化肥工厂的设备。 (五十三)省、自治区、直属市，应当设立农具研究所，专门负责研究各种改良农具和中小型机械农具，同农具制造厂密切联系，研究好了就交付制造。 (五十四)湖北孝感县的联盟农业社，一部分土地每年种一造，亩产二千一百三十斤；四川仁寿县的前进农业社，一部分土地一造亩产一千六百八十斤；陕西宜君县的清河农业社，这个社在山区，一部分土地一造亩产一千六百五十四斤；广西百色县的拿坡农业社，一部分土地一造亩产一千六百斤。这些单季高产的经验，各地可以研究试行。 (五十五)种子搭配的问题(即是在一个地域内，一种作物要有几种品种，同时种植)，各地可以进行研究。 (五十六)薯类大有用处。人吃，猪吃，牛吃，造酒，造糖，造粉。各地可以试制薯类粉，有控制地适当地推广薯类种植。 (五十七)绿化。凡能四季种树的地方，四季都种。能种三季的种三季。能种两季的种两季。 (五十八)陕西商洛专区每户种一升核桃。这个经验值得各地研究。可以经过鸣放辩论取得群众同意以后，将这个经验推广到种植果木、桑、柞、茶、漆、油料等经济林木方面去。 (五十九)林业要计算覆盖面积，算出各省、各专区、各县的覆盖面积比例，作出森林覆盖面积规划。 (六十)今年九月以前，要酝酿一下我不做中华人民共和国主席的问题。先在各级干部中间，然后在工厂和合作社中间，组织一次鸣放辩论，征求干部和群众的意见，取得多数人的同意。这是因为去掉共和国主席这个职务，专做党中央主席，可以节省许多时间做一些党所要求我做的事情。这样，对于我的身体状况也较为适宜。如果在辩论中群众发生抵触情绪，不赞成这个建议，可以向他们说明，在将来国家有紧急需要的时候，只要党有决定，我还是可以出任这种国家领导职务的。现在和平时期，以去掉一个主席职务较为有利。关于这个请求，已经得到中央政治局以及中央和地方许多同志的同意，认为这是一个好主意。[15]所有这些，请向干部和群众解释清楚，免除误会。 Published according to the documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1]第一个五年建设计划，见本卷第3页注[3]。 [2]见本卷第320页注[4]。 [3]杭州会议，指中共中央一九五八年一月二日至四日在浙江杭州召开的有部分中央领导人和部分地方负责人参加的工作会议。会议主要讨论工作方法问题。 [4]南宁会议，指中共中央一九五八年一月十一日至二十二日在广西南宁召开的有部分中央领导人和部分地方负责人参加的会议。会议讨论一九五八年的国民经济计划和国家预算问题，同时研究改进工作方法的问题。 [5]指《工作方法六十条（草案）》的第二十三条。 [6]工业发展纲要四十条，后来没有形成。 [7]指《一九五六年到一九六七年全国农业发展纲要（草案）》。See note [4] on page 3 of this volume. [8]鸣放辩论，即“大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报”，简称“四大”。一九五七年春天，中国共产党开始整风，广大群众积极对党的工作中的问题提出意见和建议。而极少数右派分子却利用中共中央提出的“百花齐放、百家争鸣”口号，要求实行“大鸣、大放”，他们的不少言论实质上是向新生的社会主义制度和党的领导地位进攻。复杂的形势，大鸣、大放、大辩论和大规模贴大字报的做法，形成了全国性的政治上不稳定状态。中国共产党发动群众同样运用“四大”的方法进行了反右派斗争，但是这个斗争严重地扩大化了。在“文化大革命”中，“四大”演变为向所谓走资本主义道路当权派造反夺权的主要手段。一九七五年“四大”被写进《中华人民共和国宪法》。一九七八年修改后的宪法仍将“四大”列为人民的民主权利。一九八○年二月中共中央十一届五中全会认为，“四大”没有起过保障人民民主权利的积极作用，反而妨碍了人民正常行使自己的民主权利。同年九月，第五届全国人民代表大会第三次会议作出决议，取消当时宪法第四十五条中公民“有运用'大鸣、大放、大辩论、大字报'的权利”的规定。 [9]一九五八年六月一日，中共中央决定，将全国划分为东北、华北、华东、华南、华中、西南、西北等七个协作区。每个协作区都成立协作区委员会，作为它的领导机构。协作区委员会由有关省、自治区、直辖市党委第一书记和其他必要的人员组成，下设经济计划办公厅，作为它的办事机构，并接受国家计划委员会和国家经济委员会的指导。 [10]立三路线，即李立三“左”倾冒险主义错误。见本卷第58页注[10]。 [11]陈独秀路线，即陈独秀右倾机会主义错误。见本卷第56页注[3]。 [12]抗日时期的王明路线，指王明右倾机会主义错误。See note [19] on page 48 of this volume. [13]张国焘，参见本卷第58页注[12]。 [14]高岗饶漱石反党联盟，见本卷第45页注[7]。 [15]一九五八年十一月二十八日至十二月十日在武昌举行的中共八届六中全会通过决议，同意毛泽东提出的关于他不做下届中华人民共和国主席候选人的建议。