Chapter 48 Speech at the Moscow Conference of Communist and Workers' Parties[1]

(November 18, 1957) Comrades: I have a few words.Comrades, please allow me to speak impromptu.Because I suffered from cerebral anemia a few years ago, it has been better in the past one or two years, and it is still inconvenient to stand up and speak. I would like to talk about two issues: the issue of the situation and the issue of unity. Now I feel that the international situation has reached a new turning point.There are now two winds in the world: the east wind and the west wind.There is a Chinese idiom: Either the east wind overwhelms the west wind, or the west wind overwhelms the east wind.I think the present situation is characterized by the fact that the east wind prevails over the west wind, that is to say, the forces of socialism have an overwhelming advantage over the forces of imperialism.

The October Revolution 40 years ago was a turning point in the entire history of mankind. Why is there another turning point now? There still are.To beat Hitler[2], for a period of one or two years, Hitler gained the upper hand.At that time, Hitler not only occupied most of Europe, but also invaded the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union gave up a large piece of land, which shows that Hitler had the upper hand for a while.The First World War in Stalingrad[3] became a turning point. Since then, Hitler has gone downhill, and the Soviet Union has been fighting all the way to Berlin.Isn't this a turning point? In my opinion, the battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the entire Second World War.

Last year, and in recent years, the Western world has been very rampant, using some problems in our camp, especially the Hungarian incident[4], to blacken the face of our camp, and to fly many dark clouds in our sky.But the Hungarian counter-revolution was suppressed.In the Suez Canal incident[5], the Soviet Union's warning also played a role in stopping the war of aggression.The purpose of the West to blacken our faces, in my opinion, is mainly to "rectify" the Communist Parties of various countries.In this respect, too, they achieved part of their purpose.For example, Fast[6] in the United States, a shameful traitor to communism, ran away from the party.There are also some Communist Party members who also ran out.Imperialism is very happy about this.I think we should be happy too.The traitor ran out, what's wrong?

This year, 1957, the situation is very different.Our sky is full of light, and the western sky is full of dark clouds.We are optimistic, but they are restless.Two satellites went up[7], making them unable to sleep.There has never been a meeting of the Communist Parties of more than 60 countries in Moscow, and it has never been on such a large scale.But in the countries in the socialist camp, among the Communist parties of all countries, and especially among the people of all countries, there are still quite a few people who always believe that the United States is great.You see, they still have so much steel, so many aircraft and cannons.Ours is less than theirs.Countless newspapers and radio stations in Western countries play it every day, including the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe, etc., so they create an illusion and deceive quite a few people.We are about to expose this deception.I have ten pieces of evidence to illustrate this question: Are they doing it or are we doing it? Is the east wind overpowering the west wind, or is the west wind overpowering the east wind?

First, how much steel did Roosevelt[8] and Churchill[9] have when they beat Hitler? About 70 million tons.But if you can't eat Hitler, there is nothing you can do.We must find a way, so we adopted the method of traveling, and went to Yalta[10] as soon as we left, and asked the Soviet Union for help.How much steel did Stalin have at that time? Eighteen million tons before the war.Because many places were lost in the war, according to what Comrade Khrushchev[11] told me, the output of steel was halved, leaving 9 million tons left.A person with 70 million tons of steel comes to ask a person with 9 million tons of steel.What are the conditions? To designate the area east of the Elbe as an offensive zone for the Red Army means that they have painstakingly determined to separate this large area from their system and make it possible for this large area to be transformed into a socialist system.This incident is very convincing. It shows that the amount of material power does not completely determine the problem. People are the main thing, and the system is the main thing.In Yalta there was talk of fighting Japan.It is because the Americans can't eat Japan, and they want to ask communism for help.China's Manchuria[12], a part of Korea, served as an attack zone for the Red Army, and it was decided that Japan should return half of Sakhalin and one of the Kuril Islands.This is also a painful concession! In order to eat their companions - Japanese imperialism.

The second is the Chinese Revolution.At the beginning of 1949, when the Kuomintang was beaten by us, it shouted to Truman[13] for help, saying: "Master America, send some soldiers!" Truman said: "I can't send any soldiers!" So the Kuomintang said again : Can you say a few words? Speaking of the area south of the Yangtze River, if the Communist Party arrives there, the United States will not be able to sit idly by.Truman said: This is not acceptable, it cannot be said, the Communist Party is very powerful.So Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to run.He is in Taiwan now.

The third is the Korean War.At the beginning, one division of the United States had 800 guns, while the three divisions of the Chinese Volunteer Army had more than 50 guns.But a dozen were like trying to drive ducks away. In a few weeks, the Americans were driven hundreds of kilometers from the Yalu River to the south of the 38th Parallel[14].Later, the Americans concentrated their forces to launch a counterattack. We discussed with Comrade Kim Il Sung[15] and retreated to the 38th parallel to hold a stalemate and build a position.With one dozen, the entire Korean War lasted almost three years.American planes are like wasps, and we don't have a single plane on the front line.Both sides agreed to make peace.Where is it? They said it was on a Danish ship, and we said it was in Kaesong, where it was at our place.They said: good.Because the venue is in our place, they have to come to the meeting with a white flag every day, and return with a white flag after the meeting.Later, they felt ashamed—the white flag was raised every day.Let’s say change a place, change it to the middle of the fronts of both sides, and the name of the place is Panmunjom.Let's say it's okay.But after talking for another year, the United States is always unwilling to sign and delay.Finally, in 1953, we broke through the 21-kilometer defense line on the 38th parallel. The Americans were intimidated and signed immediately.Americans who are so powerful and have so much steel have no choice but to do so.This war was actually fought by the three countries, North Korea, China, and the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union produced weapons.But on the enemy side, there are sixteen countries[16].

Fourth, the Vietnam War.The French were beat up by Ho Chi Minh [17], and the shit was fucked.Someone can testify that Comrade Ho Chi Minh is here.The French don't want to do it anymore, the Americans must do it because they have a lot of steel.But the Americans only send out weapons to maintain tension, and they don't come when they send troops.So there was the Geneva Conference[18], which assigned most of Vietnam to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Fifth, the Suez Canal incident.The two imperialists attacked and fought for a few days. After a few words from the Soviets, they retreated.Of course, there is a second factor, that is, the whole world is speaking against British and French aggression.

The sixth thing is Syria.The United States made a plan to fight, and the Soviets said a few words and appointed a general named Rokossovsky.After doing these two things, they said it was hard to fight.This matter is not over yet, so we have to be vigilant, and there may be troubles in the future.But now finally did not fight. The seventh thing is that the Soviet Union dropped two satellites.How much steel does the satellite-throwing country have? Fifty-one million tons.Didn't you say that the United States is very powerful? Why haven't you even thrown a yam egg up to now? You have 10 million tons of steel, and the cowhide is so big that you have made a pioneer plan[19].The Pioneer Project is going to be renamed, it has to be changed to the Backward Project.

From these seven things, I think a concept can be drawn: the Western world has been left behind us.Toss it close or far? As I say--maybe I'm a little adventurous, I said, and cast it for good.Before the Soviet Union launched the artificial satellite, the socialist countries already had an overwhelming advantage over the imperialist countries in terms of popular support and a large population; after the Soviet Union launched the artificial satellite, they also had an overwhelming advantage in the most important science and technology sectors. Advantage.People say that the United States will also catch up, and it will also drop satellites.This is real.Comrade Khrushchev's report said that the United States would drop satellites.But they are now debating whether it will take one, two or five years to catch up with the Soviet Union.I don't care if you are one year, two years or five years, you are always left behind.Our Soviet comrades, Comrade Khrushchev, probably only sleep at night and do not sleep during the day.All Soviet people don't always sleep day and night, one year, two years, five years? You catch up with the Soviet Union in one year, two years, five years, but the Soviet Union is advancing again.

Comrades, let me tell you something about our country.Our country has 5.2 million tons of steel this year, and in five years there will be 10 million to 15 million tons of steel; in another five years, there will be 20 million to 25 million tons of steel; In another five years, there will be thirty-five to forty million tons of steel.Of course, I may be talking big here. When international conferences are held in the future, you may criticize me as subjectivism.But I have a good reason.We have many Soviet experts to help us.Chinese people want to work hard.China is a big country in terms of politics and population, but it is still a small country in terms of economy.They want to work hard, they are very enthusiastic about their work, and they want to turn China into a real big country.Comrade Khrushchev told us that in fifteen years the Soviet Union will overtake the United States.I can also say that we may catch up with or surpass the UK in fifteen years.Because I had two conversations with Pollett and Comrades Gao Lan[20], and I asked them about the situation in their country. They said that the current annual output of steel in the UK is 20 million tons, and in fifteen years, it may climb to an annual output of 30 million tons. million tons of steel.As for China, in fifteen years' time it may reach 40 million tons. Wouldn't it surpass Britain? Well, in fifteen years' time, in our camp, the Soviet Union will surpass the United States, and China will surpass Britain. In the final analysis, we want to fight for fifteen years of peace.At that time, we will be invincible in the world, no one will dare to fight us, and the world will enjoy lasting peace. Now there is another situation to estimate, that is, lunatics who want to start a war, they may drop atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs everywhere.If they fall, we fall too, and the fight will be messed up, and people will be lost.The problem should be considered from the worst point of view.The Politburo of our party has held several meetings and discussed this issue.To fight now, China only has hand grenades and no atomic bombs, but the Soviet Union has them.Imagine how many people would die if a war broke out.Of the 2.7 billion people in the world, one-third may be lost; if more, half may be lost.It's not that we want to fight, but they want to fight, and if they fight, they will drop atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs.I debated this issue with a foreign politician.He believed that if an atomic war were fought, people would die.I said, to put it bluntly, half of the people will die, and the other half will die. Imperialism will be flattened, and the whole world will be socialized. In a few years, there will be another 2.7 billion people, and there must be more.Our China has not yet been built, and we hope for peace.But if the imperialists insist on fighting, we have no choice but to make up our minds and build after fighting the war.I am afraid of war every day. What can you do when war comes? I first said that the east wind prevails over the west wind, and that war cannot be fought. Now I have made these supplementary explanations in case of war, so that both possibilities can be considered. . I will talk about ten pieces of evidence, seven of which were mentioned just now, and three more. The eighth thing is that Britain withdraws from a large piece of land in Asia and Africa. The ninth is the withdrawal of the Netherlands from Indonesia. The tenth is France's withdrawal from Syria, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, and there is no way in Algeria. Are backward countries stronger or advanced countries stronger? Is India stronger, or Britain stronger? Indonesia, or Holland? the sun at six o'clock in the morning for us.So the turning point came.That is to say, Western countries have been left behind, and we have gained the upper hand.It must not be the west wind overpowering the east wind, because the west wind is so weak.It must be that the east wind overwhelms the west wind, because we are strong. The problem is that the decision cannot be made by the amount of steel, but by the support of people's hearts.It has always been like this in history.History has always been that the weak defeat the strong, and the man without a gun defeats the armed man.The Bolsheviks[2] had no guns.Comrades in the Soviet Union told me that during the February Revolution[22] there were only 40,000 party members; during the October Revolution there were only 240,000 party members. The first paragraph of the first page of the book "A Concise Course on the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)" wrote a dialectic: from the small group to the whole country.What began as a sparse group of a few dozen people became the leader of an entire country.Comrades in the Soviet Union, when you revise the "History of the Communist Party of the Union", I hope that these few sentences will not be edited out.The same is true of our China. At the beginning, there was a small group of communists with a few dozen people, but now it is also leading the entire country, leading a large party with a population of 640 million.Dozens of Communist groups have now grown to twelve million members.I especially want to exchange views with comrades in the Communist Party of capitalist countries, because they are still in difficulties. Some parties are very small, and some parties have a large number of party members who have quit the party.I say it's not surprising, maybe it's a good thing.Our path is tortuous and spirals upward. There is also the issue of paper tigers.When Chiang Kai-shek began to attack us in 1946, many of our comrades, the people of the whole country, were very worried: Will the war be won? I am also worried about this matter.But we have one line of faith.At that time, an American reporter arrived in Yan'an, named Anna Louise Strong.This person is the female writer who lived in the Soviet Union for 20 to 30 years, was driven out by Stalin, and was later restored by Comrade Khrushchev.When I talked with her, I talked about many issues, Chiang Kai-shek, Hitler, Japan, the United States, the atomic bomb and so on.I say that all reactionaries who claim to be powerful are nothing but paper tigers because they are divorced from the people.You see, was Hitler a paper tiger? Wasn’t Hitler defeated? I also talked about the Tsar as a paper tiger, the Chinese emperor as a paper tiger, and Japanese imperialism as a paper tiger. You see, they all fell down.U.S. imperialism has not fallen, and there is still an atomic bomb. I think it is about to fall, and it is also a paper tiger.Chiang Kai-shek is very powerful, with more than four million regular troops.We were in Yan'an at that time.How many people are there in Yan'an? Seven thousand people.How many troops do we have? We have 900,000 guerrillas, all of which were divided into dozens of base areas by Chiang Kai-shek.But we say that Chiang Kai-shek is just a paper tiger, and we will definitely defeat him.In order to fight against the enemy, we have formed a concept over a long period of time, that is, strategically we must despise all enemies, and tactically we must pay attention to all enemies.That is to say, we must despise him as a whole, and we must pay attention to him on each specific issue.If we do not despise the enemy as a whole, we will commit the error of opportunism.There were only two people, Marx and Engels, and at that time they said that capitalism in the world would be overthrown.But on specific issues, on the issue of one enemy at a time, if we do not take him seriously, we will commit the mistake of adventurism.Wars can only be fought one by one, and the enemy can only be wiped out part by part.Factories can only be built one by one, and farmers can only plow fields one by one.Even eating is the same.We strategically despise eating: the meal we can eat.But when it comes to eating, you eat it mouthful. You can't swallow a whole table of banquets in one mouthful.This is called individual settlement, and in military books it is called individual defeat. The first question is over.Now let me say a few words on the second question, the question of unity. I am very happy, very grateful that our meeting was very united.This congress reflected the rising vigor of the proletariat and people all over the world, and the situation that the east wind prevailed over the west wind.We have many shortcomings and mistakes, but our achievements are the main ones, and we have achieved results every year.As a result, it was reflected in our vigor at the Communist Party Congress of more than 60 countries, and we unanimously recognized that there must be a head, and this head is the Soviet Union, the Central Committee of the CPSU.There is a Chinese saying that a snake can't live without a head.You see, each of us has a head.Each country's party also has a head, a collective head and an individual head.The Central Committee and the Politburo are collectives, and the first secretary is an individual. Both are needed, otherwise it is anarchism. I am glad that Comrade Gomulka [23] made a speech yesterday. He said that it is a truth to recognize the Soviet Union as the leader. It is not man-made, but a natural formation in history.However, some people in his country still have emotional problems, so I don’t want to talk about it for the time being, but I want to talk about it in a different way, such as talking about the first and most powerful socialist country.There is such a contradiction in his country that the advanced elements are not reconciled with a considerable number of others.Therefore, they still have to do work.I believe Comrade Gomulka is a good man.Comrade Khrushchev told me twice: Comrade Gomulka can be trusted.I hope that Poland, the Soviet Union, China, and other countries will unite completely and gradually improve our relations. I am also glad that the Yugoslav comrades are ready to sign the second declaration[24].What did they express by signing the peace declaration of more than sixty parties? It was to express unity.They did not sign the twelve-nation declaration[25], leaving the thirteen countries missing one country.They said there were difficulties, but we think it is okay, we can't impose it on others, if Yugoslavia doesn't want to sign, just don't sign.A few years from now, I think they can sign another manifesto. On the issue of unity I would like to talk a little bit about method.I said that no matter who a comrade is, as long as he is not a hostile element or a saboteur, he should adopt an attitude of unity.A dialectical, not a metaphysical, approach should be taken with them.What is the dialectical method? It is to analyze everything, admit that people always make mistakes, and not deny everything about a person just because he has made mistakes.Lenin once said that there is no one in the world who does not make mistakes[26].I just made many mistakes that have served me well and educated me.Everyone needs support.A good man needs three gangs, and a fence needs three stakes.This is a Chinese idiom.There is also a Chinese idiom that although a lotus is beautiful, it must be supported by green leaves.Comrade Khrushchev, although the lotus is beautiful, it needs green leaves to support it.I, Mao Zedong, are not a good lotus, and I need green leaves to support me.There is also an idiom in China, three cobblers make one Zhuge Liang.This is in line with our Comrade Khrushchev's slogan - collective leadership.A single Zhuge Liang is always incomplete, always flawed.You can see that our Twelve Nations Declaration has the first, second, third, and fourth drafts, and the revision of the text has not yet been completed.I don't think it's appropriate to claim to be omnipotent and God-like.Therefore, what attitude should be adopted towards comrades who have made mistakes? There should be analysis and a dialectical approach, not a metaphysical approach.Our party once fell into metaphysics-dogmatism, destroying all those it did not like.Later we criticized dogmatism and gradually learned a little more dialectics.The basic idea of ​​dialectics is the unity of opposites.Admitting this point of view, what should we do with comrades who have committed mistakes? First, we must fight against comrades who have committed mistakes, and we must thoroughly eliminate their erroneous thoughts; second, we must help them.One is fighting, and the other is ganging.Help him correct his mistakes with good intentions so that he has a way out. Treating another person is different.People like Trotsky[27] and China's Chen Duxiu, Zhang Guotao and Gao Gang[28] cannot be helped because they are incurable.There are also Hitler, Chiang Kai-shek, and the Tsar. They are also hopeless and can only be defeated, because they are absolutely mutually exclusive to us.In this sense, they have no duality, only oneness.The same is true for the imperialist system and the capitalist system in the end, they will inevitably be replaced by the socialist system in the end.The same is true for ideology, idealism should be replaced by materialism, and theism should be replaced by atheism.This is for strategic purposes.It is different at the strategic stage, and there is a compromise.Didn’t we compromise with the Americans on the 38th Parallel in Korea? Didn’t we compromise with the French in Vietnam? At each strategic stage, we must be good at both fighting and compromise. Now back to gay relationships.I suggest that there is a gap between comrades to open negotiations.Some people seem to think that once they join the Communist Party, they are all saints, there are no differences, no misunderstandings, and they cannot be analyzed. That is to say, they are monolithic and uniform, and there is no need to talk about negotiations.It seems that once you join the Communist Party, you must be 100% Marxist.There are actually all kinds of Marxists: there are 100 percent Marxists, there are 90 percent Marxists, there are 80 percent Marxists, and there are 70 percent Marxists. , There are 60 percent Marxists, 50 percent Marxists, and some people are only 10 or 20 percent Marxists.Can we talk to the first two or a few people in a small room? Can we negotiate with the spirit of solidarity and help? Of course this is not negotiating with imperialism (as for imperialism, we also want to negotiate with them ), which is a negotiation within communism.As an example.Are the 12 countries negotiating this time? Are the more than 60 parties negotiating? In fact, they are negotiating.In other words, without compromising the principles of Marxism-Leninism, accept some acceptable opinions from others, and abandon some of your own opinions that can be abandoned.In this way we have two hands, one hand to fight against comrades who have made mistakes, and the other hand to talk about unity with him.The purpose of the struggle is to uphold the principles of Marxism, which is called principled, and this is one hand.The other hand talks about unity. The purpose of unity is to give him a way out and talk about compromise with him. This is called flexibility.The unity of principle and flexibility is the principle of Marxism-Leninism, which is a unity of opposites. No matter what world, of course especially class society, is full of contradictions.Some people say that a socialist society can "find" contradictions, but I don't think this formulation is correct.It is not something that finds or cannot find contradictions, but is full of contradictions.There is nowhere without contradictions, and there is no one who cannot be analyzed.To admit that a person is unanalyzable is metaphysics.If you look inside the atom, it is full of contradictory unity.There is a unity of two opposites, the nucleus and the electron.Inside the atomic nucleus are the unity of opposites of protons and neutrons.Protons contain protons and antiprotons, and neutrons contain neutrons and antineutrons.In short, the unity of opposites is everywhere.The idea of ​​the unity of opposites, of dialectics, needs to be widely disseminated.I said that dialectics should go from the circle of philosophers to the masses of the people.I suggest that this issue should be discussed at the meetings of the Politburo of each party and the plenary session of the Central Committee, and this issue should be discussed at the local party committees at all levels.In fact, our branch secretary knows dialectics. When he is going to give a report at the branch meeting, he often writes two points in his small notebook. The first point is the advantages, and the second point is the disadvantages.It is a common phenomenon that one divides into two, and this is dialectics. Stalin led the Soviet Party to do a great job, his achievements are primary, and his shortcomings and mistakes are secondary.But he developed metaphysics over a long period of time to the detriment of dialectics.Personality cult is metaphysics, no one can criticize him.I see the forty years of the Soviet Union as a dialectical process.Lenin's dialectics and Stalin's many metaphysical viewpoints, these viewpoints are seen in action, and when they reach their climax, they are bound to go to their opposite, and there is another dialectics.I am very glad that Comrade Khrushchev said at the meeting commemorating the fortieth anniversary of the October Revolution that there are contradictions in a socialist society.I am very glad that Soviet philosophical circles have produced many articles on the internal contradictions of socialist society.Some articles also talked about the contradiction between socialism and capitalism.These are two contradictory issues of different nature. This is the end of my speech.Finally, one more sentence: I am in favor of both manifestos. Printed according to the documents of the Second Session of the Eighth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ note [1] Some excerpts were made when this speech was selected into this book. [2] Hitler, see note [3] on page 75 of this volume. [3] Refers to the Battle of Stalingrad.In the summer of 1942, after the failure of the all-out attack on the Soviet Union, the German army turned to a key attack on the southern flank of the Soviet-German battlefield.On July 17, the German army began to attack Stalingrad in an attempt to capture the city, cut off the Volga River, seize the Caucasus oil fields in the south, and attack Moscow in the north.The Soviet army successively fought hard with the masses of the people with the strength of the five front armies, and wiped out a large number of enemies in tenacious defensive battles.On November 19, the Soviet army turned into a counter-offensive, and surrounded 330,000 German troops on the 23rd.The enemy was wiped out on February 2 of the following year.In this battle, the German army lost 1.5 million troops, and the Soviet army won the strategic initiative, marking a new turning point in the Soviet-German war and the Second World War. [4] The Hungarian incident refers to the anti-government political incidents that occurred in Hungary from October to November 1956. [5] Suez Canal incident, see note [3] on page 201 of this volume. [6] Fast, born in 1914, American writer.Joined the American Communist Party in 1942.He has written some works that exposed the darkness of capitalist society and reflected the revolutionary movement in American history, and served as a director of the World Peace Council.After the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Hungarian incident, he announced his withdrawal from the American Communist Party. [7] Refers to the successful launch of two artificial earth satellites by the Soviet Union on October 4 and November 3, 1957. [8] Roosevelt, President of the United States from 1933 to 1945. [9] Churchill, Prime Minister of the British Wartime Coalition Cabinet from 1940 to 1945. [10] Yalta, in the Crimean Peninsula of the former Soviet Union.From February 4th to 11th, 1945, the leaders of the Soviet Union, the United States and the United Kingdom held a meeting here and signed the "Yalta Agreement".See note [14] on page 129 of this volume. [11] Khrushchev, then the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. [12] Manchuria, here refers to Northeast China. [13] Truman (1884-1972), American Democrat.President of the United States from 1945 to 1953. [14] 38th line, see note [3] on page 66 of this volume. [15] Kim Il Sung (19121-1994), then Chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea and Prime Minister of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.During the Korean War, he served as the chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea and the supreme commander of the Korean People's Army. [16] During the Korean War, under the name of the "United Nations Army", the United States organized the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the Federation of South Africa, Ethiopia, Turkey, Greece, the Philippines, Thailand, Colombia, Together with the United States, the armed forces of 16 countries have carried out armed intervention against the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. [17] Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969), then Chairman of the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Labor Party and Chairman of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. [18] The Geneva Conference refers to the international conference held in Geneva, Switzerland from April 26 to July 21, 1954, to discuss the peaceful settlement of the Korean issue and the restoration of peace in Indochina.In the "Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam" reached at this meeting, it is stipulated that the French army must be assembled south of the seventeenth parallel north latitude.In this way, most of Vietnam was assigned to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. [19] The Pioneer Project was an artificial earth satellite launch plan formulated by the United States at that time.Through this plan, the United States tries to be at the forefront of the world in the field of aerospace technology. [20] Pollett, then chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the British Communist Party.Gao Lan (1911-1977), then General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of England. [21] Bolshevik refers to the Bolshevik Party, the predecessor of the former Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which was formally established in 1912. [22] The February Revolution refers to the bourgeois-democratic revolution that overthrew the tsarist autocracy in Russia in March 1917 (February in the Russian calendar). [23] Gomulka (1905-1982), was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party at that time. [24] Refers to the "Declaration of Peace" adopted at the Conference of Representatives of the Communist and Workers' Parties of 64 countries held in Moscow from November 16 to 19, 1957. [25] Refers to the "Manifesto of the Congress of Communist Party and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries" adopted by the Congress of Communist Party and Workers' Parties of Socialist Countries held in Moscow from November 14 to 16, 1957 (commonly known as "Moscow declaration").Delegations from Communist and Workers' Parties in power in twelve countries including Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, German Democratic Republic, Romania, Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, Vietnam, Mongolia, North Korea and China participated in the meeting. [26] See Lenin's "Infantile Disease of the "Left" in the Communist Movement".The original text is: "There are no and impossible people who do not make mistakes." ("Selected Works of Lenin", Volume 4, People's Publishing House, 1995 edition, p. 146) [27] Trotsky (1879-1940), during the October Revolution, served as a member of the Political Bureau of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik) Central Committee and chairman of the Petrograd Soviet.After the victory of the October Revolution, he served as People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs, People's Commissar of the Army and Navy, Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Committee, and a member of the Executive Committee of the Communist International.In October 1926, the Plenary Session of the Central Committee of the Allied Communist Party (Bolsheviks) decided to dismiss him as a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee.In January 1927, the Executive Committee of the Communist International decided to dismiss him as an executive member.In November of the same year, he was expelled from the party.He was expelled from the Soviet Union in January 1929.Assassinated in Mexico in August 1940. [28] Chen Duxiu, see note [3] on page 56 of this volume.Zhang Guotao, see note [12] on page 58 of this volume.Gao Gang, see note [7] on page 45 of this volume.