Chapter 25 On the power of learning to rule the world (February 8, 1902)

Eternal ages, vast nine gai, from the beginning of the world to the present, in all the worlds inhabited by human beings, what is the most widespread and longest-lasting power in it?Will it be powerful?The lion of Alexander roared in the west, and the dragon of Genghis Khan soared in the east. I have not seen any remnants of it, and there are still some left.Will it use power?Metternich took the lead in Austria, and Napoleon took the political power in France for the third time. When he was in power, he was very popular and powerful, and his policies were destroyed after his defeat.But why do you care about the unique power in the world?It is said that wisdom is nothing more than academics.

Regardless of the distance, please use the traces of civilization evolution in modern history to prove it.Any scholar who studies history at all knows the two reasons why modern civilization took the lead, that is, the Crusades and the revival of Greek antiquity.In the Eastern Expedition of the Husband’s Crusade, there were seven battles before and after, which lasted for two hundred years (from 1096 to 1270.) without success.It is that the one who gets it is not here but there.Because of this service, the Europeans were able to get close to other peoples, pass on their learning skills, increase their knowledge, covering mathematics, astronomy, physical chemistry, zoology, medicine, geography, etc., all of which were established. ; And Latin literature, Inquisition, etc., also arise because of it.This is its long-term cause.At the end of the Middle Ages, the power of the Pope in Rome became more and more powerful, and the philosophical area was monopolized by the Anselm (the priest of the Roman Catholic Church). , is engaged in the study of Greek language and writing, without translation, but can read the books of Aristotle's sages, his mind is wide open, and scholars are no longer bound by religious superstitions. The spirit of Europe has changed for it.This is its proximate cause.During this period, the way of universal civilization was opened because of the method of printing books;Everything we eat, wear, ride, hear, and see today, all things that use the things of the former people, are there any that do not come from academics?This is still saying that it is an ordinary person, please cite one or two people who have the power to control the world, and discuss it in detail.

One is Copernicus (Copernicus, born in 1473, died in 1543.) Astronomy.Ancient Western astronomers said, just like ancient China, that the sky is round and the earth is still.The Roman Church presides over the doctrine, and those who advocate dissent are often accused of being unholy and lawless.Although Columbus found America at that time, he did not know that it was in the Western Hemisphere, and that it was just an island on the east coast of Asia Minor.And Copernicus' theory of the circle of the earth was stated, and then Magellan (Magellan, who sailed to the Pacific Ocean for a week in 1519.) began to find the Pacific voyage line, and the new world began.Today there is the United States of America, which is the most brilliant civilization in the world, and Copernicus is the one who holds the hegemony of the whole earth.However, with the rise of astronomy, the fallacies constructed out of thin air by religious figures in the past are no longer enough to deceive the world, and various practical studies have emerged from it.Although it is not an exaggeration to say that astronomy is the strong support of the religious reformation and the originator of all kinds of learning.What is the relationship between Copernicus and the world!

The second is the philosophy of Begen and Descartes.Scholars before the Middle Ages were just talking about empty theories, arguing about sects and titles, admiring the ancient Greek sages, but actually slandering them again.And when the root came out, it advocated the theory of gewu, saying that the words and principles must be verified by things and there are signs, and they are the first to believe it.When Descartes came out, he also advocated the theory of poor reasoning, saying that the theory of learning must be against my heart and self-confidence, and I will start with it.These two schools have swept away the slavishness of the academic world for thousands of years, leaving only remnants of it. The freedom of thought in Europe has suddenly flourished, and the sun has grown day by day, and it has become today's prosperity.Therefore, the philosopher Heng said that the two sages are the mother of modern history.What is the relationship between Bacon and Descartes in the world!

The third is Montesquien (Montesquien, French, born in 1689 and died in 1755.)'s book "The Essence of Ten Thousand Laws".Before the eighteenth century, the foundation of political science and law was very weak, and it was left to the hands of the king and prime minister, allowing it to corrupt and develop itself.After Montesquieu came out, he began to distinguish the three types of government, discussing their gains and losses, so that people can know what they want to ask.He also invented the theory of the three powers of legislation, law enforcement, and judiciary. After that, all countries have followed it, and the political circle has been renewed, and it has gradually progressed to this day.He also talked about the system of hearing proceedings, saying that torture should be abolished and jury trials should be set up, and European and American courts have changed.It is also said that the slave trade is a huge violation of human nature, and it spares no effort to attack it. It is actually the target of the good governance of slavery in the United States, Britain, and Russia in later generations.Other theories that were published were adopted by France and other European countries, and there were many who advanced civilization.Montesquieu is also an angel of real politics and jurisprudence.How does it relate to the world!

The fourth is Rousseau (Rousseau, French, born in 1712 and died in 1778.) Advocating natural human rights.Since ancient times in Europe, there has been a class system. All political power and religious power are held by the nobles, and the common people are treated as slaves.And Rousseau came out, thinking that people are born with equal rights, that is, they are born to enjoy the blessing of freedom, the reason why this day is like me, there is no difference between high and low, so the book "Social Contact" (Social Contact) advocated this righteous.It is said that the reason why a country is established is that the people form a covenant to protect their lives and properties with all their strength. Everyone is free to follow their own will, to make their own agreements and keep them, to make laws and obey them, so everything is equal.If the leader of the government and various officials are no more than the servants of the people, they are entrusted to manage affairs.From then on, let me say a word, the European academic circles, like a thunderbolt from a dry land, like a light from a dark world, and the wind and clouds, only a little more than ten years ago, there was the French Revolution.Since then, revolutions in European countries have followed one after another, resulting in today's world of civil rights. The "On the Civil Contract" was the driving force of the French Revolution; the French Revolution was the driving force of the whole world in the nineteenth century.What is the relationship between Rousseau and the world!

The fifth is Franklin (Franklin, American, born in 1706 and died in 1790.) Electricity, Watt (British, born in 1736 and died in 1790.) 1981.) Steam Mechanics.What makes the nineteenth century different from previous centuries?In the 19th century, there was a place where the land was shrunk. The predecessors traveled by horsepower and could not exceed a hundred miles a day. Today, the distance is 4,000 miles. Those who travel by sea can reach it in 13 days, and those who travel on land can reach it in three days. Well, then ships and railways do it.In the past, hat-making, boot-making, spinning, weaving, etc., can make one piece at a certain time, but now at the same time, it can make more than 10,000 pieces.The amount of paper used by a newspaper in London for a year, assuming that it was used in the four hundred years from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth century, is more than that of making machines.The next teacher of the American commander-in-chief only takes about an hour, but it can be conveyed to China, buy goods in India in the morning, and withdraw money in the London bank in the afternoon, so the telegram is what it is.All of these can completely change the world's politics, business, military, and even learning and morality.And the person who created this world was Watt who boiled water (Watt realized the theory of steam engine because of boiling water.) and Frank who released paper kites (Fushi tried to release paper kites to test the theory of electricity).What is the relationship between the two sages in the world!

The sixth is Adam Smith (Adam Smith, British, born in 1723 and died in 1790.) Financial management.Western commentators, when is the birth date of so-called financial management?That is, one thousand five hundred and seventy-six years.Why?Covered with Adam Smith's "Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations" (Inquiry into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations, translated by Hou Guan Yan), published in this year.The publication of this book is not just about the changes in the academic world, it is related to the communication of people and the politics of the country, and so on.After 1846, the United Kingdom decided to implement a free trade policy (Free Trade), avoiding Guan Rui as much as possible, so that the prosperity of today's business is based on Smith's "Original Wealth".The so-called socialism in modern times is dedicated to protecting laborers so that they can enjoy the benefits together, and its strategy has gradually become the number one issue since then.It also originated from Smith, and his disciple Marshall advocated it, what is the relationship between Adam Smith and the world!

The seventh is Bruntschili (Bluntschili, German, born in 1808 and died in 1881.) National Studies.Boron's theory of knowledge is also the opposite of Rousseau.Although the Lu family was established in the eighteenth century, it is the mother of the nineteenth century; the Bo family was established in the nineteenth century, and it is the mother of the twentieth century.Since Bo's birth, he then defined the country and knew what the nature, spirit, and function of the country are, so nationalism has flourished in the world.The former so-called country is born for the people, but now it is said that the people are born for the country, so that all citizens take patriotism as their first duty, and a prosperous and powerful country can be established. The politics of the world at the end of the nineteenth century is also the same. .And from now on, this righteousness has become more and more the driving force of all countries, there is no doubt about it.What is the relationship between Bo Lun's knowledge and the world!

The eighth is Darwin's theory of evolution.The ancients believed that the golden world was in the past, and the end of the world was degenerate, starting from Darwin, and then people on the earth, and even everything, followed the axiom of evolution, and went to civilization day by day.The predecessors believed that human rights are born with natural rights, and that people are born with the rights they deserve naturally. After Darwin came out, they knew that things compete with each other and natural selection, the superior wins the inferior and the inferior loses. If it is not for self-improvement, it will never be enough for self-reliance.Darwin, who embodies the thoughts after the nineteenth century, is a thorough and new one.Therefore, all the phenomena that can be seen by human intelligence are all penetrated by the principle of evolution.The change of political and legal system is also evolution; the development of religious morality is also evolution; the transfer of customs and habits is also evolution.The history of thousands of years, the history of evolution, the world of tens of thousands of miles, the world of evolution.Therefore, the theory of evolution came out, while the former theory of sect superstition lost all ground.People in the church are so disgusted with Dashi that they say that there is a devil dwelling in their minds, and it is not for nothing.Once this meaning is clear, everyone dares not to encourage themselves to be the strong and the superior, and then they can stand in the realm of natural selection.Regardless of whether it is a person or a country, everyone is advancing towards this goal. This is the origin of modern national imperialism (National Imperialism).This doctrine is sprouting today, and it will fill this century in the future.Although it is said that Darwin was the world before, it is also possible that Darwin will be the world afterward.It has nothing to do with the world.

The ten sages listed above are only the ones who are the most important.As far as Naiduan (Newton, English, born in 1641 and died in 1727.) created and re-learned, Guericke (German, born in 1602 and died in 1727.) 1686.) Huai Li (Boyle, British, born in 1626, died in 1691.) Exhaust device, Linneus (Linneus, Swedish, born in 1686.) 707, died in 1778.) of botany, Kant (Kant, German, born in 1724, died in 1804.) of pure philosophy, Pi Priestley (Priestley, Englishman, born in 1733, died in 1804.) Chemistry, Bentham (Bentham, Englishman, born in 1747, died in 183 Two years.) of utilitarianism, Herbart (Herbart, born in 1776, died in 1841.) of pedagogy, Xianshimen (St. Simon, legal person), Comte (Comte , legal person, born in 1795 and died in 1857.) advocated crowdism and group studies, John Stuart Mill (John Stuart Mill, British, born in 1806, died in 18 1873.) theory, political science, feminist theory, Spencer (Spencer, English, born in 1820, still alive today.) Group studies, etc., are all uniquely acquired by his erudite thinking , examining the application of the current situation in the future is not like the scholars of the previous generation, who took academics as a career to escape from the world, as Cheng Zi said, "playing with things and losing one's ambition".Therefore, once it is said, the species can stir up a lifetime, and it will be left to future generations.Woohoo, where does this bright and splendid world like tea and brocade come from?In fact, the brains, hard work, spit, and pen of the sages are organized and solemn. There are also those who do not need to come up with new theories, but with their sincerity, lofty thoughts, and wonderful writings, they can transport the new ideas of civilizations from other countries and transplant them to their own countries to benefit their compatriots. This power is also great and incredible. By.Such as Voltaire in France (born 1694-died in 1778), Yukichi Fukuzawa in Japan (died last year), Tolstoi in Russia (who still survives today) .) Zhu Xian is also.When Louis XIV was in his prime, Frotter was worried about the future of France. He wrote great thoughts with his extremely fluent pen, and put them in various poems, novels, etc., citing British politics and satirizing current affairs. Imprisoned and expelled, almost on the verge of death, he was a pioneer of French innovation, as famous as Montesquieu and Rousseau.Because it was created by the French people, the credit is not due to the two.Before the Meiji Restoration, Fukuzawa Yukichi had no teacher to teach him. He taught himself English and tried hand-copying the "Chinese-English Dictionary". Today, it is the giant of private schools and newspaper offices in Japan. It has published dozens of books and focuses on importing Western and Western civilization ideas.The Japanese know that there is Western learning, which began in Fukuzawa; their reforms and reforms have also been consulted by Fukuzawa.Tolstoy, born in the most authoritarian country on the earth, advocated the equality of all human beings, and he had a unique experience in what he said, and he must have relied on the words of Eastern European sages.Most of his books are novels, with profound thoughts and bold writing style, so the academic circles in Russia have changed.In recent years, students from all over the world have been dissatisfied with the autocratic government, and they have repeatedly assembled and demanded. The government arrested, imprisoned, released, and expelled them.From this point of view, Flutter in France, Fukuzawa Yukichi in Japan, and Tolstoy in Russia are all indispensable people.If there is no such person, the country may not make progress, and even progress may not be as rapid as it is.But what is the relationship between such a person and the world! I would like to tell scholars in our country: the public and others have the power to control the world, why not use it?If the public can't be Bacon, Descartes, and Darwin, can't it be Flutter, Fukuzawa Yukichi, and Tolstoy?That is, if you can't control the world, can you not control a country?Whoever can control our country is the reason why our country can control the world.Crying for the mountain, Mu Rugao; Crying for the water, as vast as the long.I hear the sound of footsteps, I want to go back and follow them, I want to wish them a sweet fragrance!