Chapter 22 On Liberty (May 8, 22, 1902)

"Give me liberty or give me death!" The Si language is also the basis for the establishment of countries in Europe and America in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Does the meaning of freedom apply to China today?Said: Freedom is the axiom of the world, the essentials of life, and there is no one that is inapplicable.Although, there is true freedom, false freedom, total freedom, partial freedom, civilized freedom, and barbaric freedom.Today, the phrase "free cloud free cloud" has gradually become the mantra of the young generation.Xinminzi said: If the people of our country want to enjoy the blessing of complete civilization and true freedom forever, don't let them know what freedom is like.Please talk about freedom.

A free man is treated like a slave.Looking at the history of freedom and development in Europe and the United States, there are four points of contention: one is political freedom, the other is religious freedom, the third is ethnic freedom, and the fourth is livelihood freedom (that is, the so-called economic freedom in Japan). free).Political freedom means that the people maintain their freedom from the government.Religious freedom means that believers maintain their freedom with respect to the church.Those who are nationally free also preserve their own freedom against foreign countries.For those who are free in their livelihood, capitalists and laborers mutually protect their freedom.And political freedom can be divided into three parts: first, common people protect their freedom from nobles; second, all citizens protect their freedom from the government; third, colonies protect their freedom from their mother country.Those who implement the sign of freedom are nothing more than that.

With this spirit, the results it creates have six ends. (1) The issue of the equality of the four peoples: In a country, no matter who is allowed to have privileges (special rights that are different from those of the same people), this is the freedom that the common people have won from the nobles. (2) The issue of political participation: Anyone who lives in a country will be eligible to be a citizen when he is old enough to participate in the political affairs of a country. This is the freedom that all citizens have won from the government. (3) The issue of territorial self-government: People who colonize other lands have the right to establish their own government at will, which is equal to the rights they enjoyed when they were in their own country. This is the freedom that colonies have won from their mother country. (4) Belief issues: People are free to choose what religion they want to believe in, and the government must not interfere with the state religion. This is the freedom that believers have fought for from the church. (5) The issue of nation-building: the people of a country live together as a group, self-government, and other countries are not allowed to control their sovereignty, and are not allowed to interfere with its internal governance and encroach on land of its size. Get the freedom too. (6) The problem of workers and groups (it is called labor problem or social problem in Japan): All those who work hard can earn their own living, and landlords and capitalists are not allowed to slave them.Try looking through the historical records of the three or four hundred years of modern times, the wise men open their tongues in the temple, the brave men smear their livers and brains in the field, the former are servants, the latter are prosperous, they fail repeatedly but do not regret, and those who are not at a loss when they win, what is their struggle for? Don't use this number?Wouldn't his income be counted here?Let’s try to describe it briefly:

In the early days of Greco-Roman government, every facility was designed to reach the common people.The system of republic and self-government is developed and built in ancient times.However, Greece is a purely aristocratic regime. The so-called citizens are only a small part of the people, and the rest of the farmers, workers, merchants and slaves cannot be ignored.The so-called citizens of Rome are nothing more than the Latin nation in its metropolis, and the territories it conquered cannot be ignored.Therefore, although political freedom originated in Greece far away, the abuse of liberty by the nobles towards the common people, the mother country towards the territories, the natives towards foreigners, and the landowners towards laborers, has been the same since ancient times.And the rise of Jesus Christ, the establishment of the Roman Empire, and the rise of religious and political tyranny.At the beginning of the Middle Ages, it goes without saying that the barbarians wore raccoons and culture was ravaged.And at the end, the Roman emperor and the Pope are in charge of the two worlds of the body and soul of the people of all Europe, living under the elbow and unable to extricate themselves.Therefore, the historians of the Middle Ages are also the dark ages of Taixi.And since the 14th and 15th centuries, Martin Luther Xing broke through the barriers of the old religion, opened the door to freedom of thought, and a new world began to appear.In the next two or three hundred years, the nations fought internally or attacked abroad, the fields were full of meat, the valleys were filled with blood, the sky was bleak, and the gods and ghosts were pale and yellow, all because of this.This is the era of fighting for religious freedom.In the seventeenth century, Greenwell started in England; To the west of the Mediterranean Sea and across the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, there is no country that is not a constitutional country. The colonies of Canada and Australia are all self-governing governments.This is the era of political freedom.Since the 16th century, the Dutch fought to get rid of the Spanish yoke and fought for more than 40 years. After that, other countries prospered. In the 19th century, nationalism was overwhelming.Italy and Hungary are to Austria, Ireland is to England, Poland is to Russia, Prussia, and Austria, the countries of the Balkan Peninsula are to Turkey, and Boya is to England, and the Philippines is to America, so they died. Those who follow each other without regret are all saying that "non-my race cannot have my sovereignty".Although its purpose may or may not be achieved, its spirit is the same.This is the era of fighting for national freedom. (Whether national freedom or not is mostly based on politics, so the boundaries between the two are often confused.) Since the nineteenth century, the ban on slavery in the United States and the abolition of the peasant servant system in Russia have greatly affected the livelihood circles. In the past 23 years, strikes of the Union have occurred in many places, and factory regulations have been issued one after another. From now on, this problem will become the biggest problem in the world.This is the era of free livelihood.All these aspects are the major aspects of Taixi's reform and progress in the past four hundred years, and those who want to get rid of them are also nine out of ten.Hey, what is the way?They are all the words "give me freedom or give me death", which stirs up and inspires them, and they go out of the earth and rise to the sky, life and death are flesh and bones.Yuxi, the flower of freedom!Yuxi, majestic God of freedom!

The major events in the struggle for freedom in recent history are as follows: 1532 Protestants and Protestants concluded a treaty promising freedom of religion Religious liberty In 1524 the Protestant municipalities of the Swiss letter began to unite with the Commonwealth of the Republic In 1536 the Dimer Congress declared Protestantism the state religion. In 1570, civil strife in France put an end to Protestants, and freedom In 1598, the Protestants of France agreed to suffrage In 1648, after 40 years of hard fighting between the Netherlands and Spain, they won their own national freedom and also because of religion.

1618 In 1648, Spain, France, Sweden, Germany, Dimmer and other countries continued to join forces, and it was decided that the old and new religions should share equal rights and religious freedom In 1649, the British people killed their king, Charles the first, and exercised the political freedom of the republic 1776 Proclamation of Independence of the United States of America (Relationships to the Colonies) Since the French Revolution in 1789, the relationship with (nobility and civilians) Independence of Mexico in 1822 (relations to the colonies) 1819-1813 South American States Independence

In 1832 the United Kingdom revised the Electoral Act 1833 British Prohibition of Slavery on Colonial Livelihood Freedom The Second French Revolution of 1848 Political Liberty In the same year the Austrian Vienna Revolution In the same year, a new government was established in Hungary, and in the following year, Austria-Hungary went to war for national freedom In the same year the Italian Revolution began In the same year, Germany seeks to unify In the same year, Italy, Switzerland, Dimmer, and the Netherlands promulgated constitutional freedoms in politics 1861 Russia's Liberation of Slave Peasants' Subsistence Freedom

1863 Greco-Turkish National Liberty In the same year, the Poles refused to fight against Russia In the same year, the North and the South competed with each other over the prohibition of slavery in the United States. In 1867 the North German Confederation became nationally and politically free The Political Liberty of the Third French Revolution of 1870 1871 Italian Unification Achieves National and Political Liberty From 1875 to 1878, Nego, Serbia, Hesgovina and other countries belonging to Turkey all advocated independence, national and religious freedom In 1881, the second general of Russian Emperor Alexander promulgated the constitution, which was slain by the nihilistic party for political freedom

Since the Great League strike in 1882, every country has had it since then, and the freedom of livelihood has continued year after year. Independence of Brazil in 1889, a republic and political freedom (relations between colonies) National Liberty In 1899 the Philippines was at war with the United States In the same year, Boya and the United Kingdom fought together 1901 The Commonwealth of Australia became politically free From this point of view, why is it that the word "freedom" is the driving force behind the major events in the world for hundreds of years?People seek this freedom at different times, in different countries, and in different types of needs, so what they come with is often different. It is necessary to use real facts instead of empty talk, and use it against public enemies instead of self-interest. .Try the six major issues listed before, and apply them to China. The first issue of the equality of the four peoples is nonexistent in China. Since the Warring States period, the system of Shiqing has been abolished, and the bad habits of class have long been eliminated.The third issue of territorial autonomy is that China has nothing, because it has no colonies outside its borders.Regarding the fourth question of faith, China has nothing, because it has no colonies outside its borders.The fourth issue of belief is even more non-existent in China. Our country is a non-religious country, and there have been no religious disputes for thousands of years.The sixth problem of workers and groups may exist in the future, but it does not exist today, because the livelihood circle is still stagnant and the competition is not fierce.However, what China is most anxious about today is the second issue of participating in politics, and the fourth issue of nation-building.These two things have the same origin, if you get the second, then A will come without asking for it; if you get the first, then B will be harmless even if you don't get it.If the so-called freedom of husband and wife is not the way to seek freedom, you can see it.

The definition of freedom is said: "Everyone is free, and the freedom that does not invade others is the boundary." Since the husband does not allow the freedom of others to be violated, the lack of freedom is also serious.But why does Gu call this the extreme of freedom?Liberty says that the freedom of the group is not the freedom of the individual.In a barbaric age, individual freedom prevails, while group freedom perishes; in a civilized age, group freedom increases, while individual freedom decreases.There is a certain proportion between the two, but there is no room for them.Let it take personal freedom as freedom, and those who enjoy the blessing of freedom in the world should be like the Chinese people today.Gentlemen are arbitrary in the country, and those who are fish and meat cannot resist; businessmen who fail to pay their debts, and those who are deceived cannot be held accountable.Everyone can be a gentleman, and everyone can be a businessman, so everyone is free.

It is not peaceful, but in the first good area, men and women regard the officialdom as their space, how free it is; between the cities and towns, the old and young use opium as a bean, how free it is.If you are in a civilized country, you will be fined if it is light, and you will lose the city if it is serious.All these kinds of people, if they are all listed, it will be even more ten servants and cannot be exhausted.In other words, are the Chinese free, and are the people of other countries free?Those who care about the knowledge are the country of freedom, what is the difference between this and the other?Barbaric freedom is also the thief of civilized freedom.Those who are civilized and free are free under the law. Their every move is like the joints of a machine, and their advance and retreat are like the steps of an army.Since barbarians look at it, they think that the world is not free, nothing more.What is the reason why the husband must be so?There is no one in the world who does not self-regulate internally, but can compete with the outside.There is no end to external competition, so the internal world is also endless.If one abuses one's freedom to infringe upon the freedom of others, and to infringe upon the freedom of the group, the group will no longer be able to stand on its own, and will become the slave of another group. How much freedom can there be?Therefore, those who are truly free must be able to obey.Who obeys?Obey the law too.The law is what I make to protect my freedom, but also to restrain my freedom.Bi Yingren is already.Among the nations in the world, there is no one who is more obedient than the English, and no one who enjoys freedom and happiness the most.Fuan knows that obedience is the mother of freedom.Husband!Young people in this world are all clamoring about freedom, and those who say it claim to have civilized thinking. They have never tried their husband Tessie's so-called freedom. In the past, all major issues have been resolved for the benefit of the group. It is not a person's unrestrained and rebellious person who can entrust him to hide.Today, we don’t use it to pursue the constitution, we don’t use it to extend the power of the country, but we just eat half of one or two theories, take advantage of our own interests, destroy public morality, and return to barbaric barbarism. Those who have rules, dare to say Ran Kang said: "I am free, I am free." I am very afraid of the word "freedom". It is not just an excuse for the autocratic party, but it is actually the public enemy of China's future! "Love" doctrine, the world's good doctrine.Some people are here to love themselves, and they say, can I practice love? "Profit" advocates are also the best in the world.Some people are here to do business for their own interests, and they say that it is okay for me to practice profitism? "Music" advocates are also the good doctrine in the world. Some people here are happy with themselves, and they say that it is okay for me to practice the doctrine of happiness?Therefore, the goal of all ancient sages and modern philosophers to change the world is not for the sake of a single person.The body and the group school, the group is big and the body is small, and the body stretches out to the group, this is the great scripture of the rule of man.When the two are not combined, it is often not to love oneself, not to benefit oneself, and not to be happy with oneself, so as to achieve the reality of loving, benefiting and enjoying the group.The Buddha said: "If I don't go to hell, who will go to hell." Doesn't the Buddha's teaching mean that he wants to get all living beings out of hell?And his hands must go to hell himself.If it is a person with lofty ideals, he must lose his shape, because he will balance his heart, and live in an unfree world all his life, and then he will be able to raise his beloved group and country and be free.Those who talk about freedom in this world do not focus on the way to enter their groups and their countries in freedom, but only in the details of things and daily food. How different is it that they insist on their own freedom? Through the philosophy of the utilitarian school; drink Bo rogue, and say that I follow the ethics of the happy school. "Warring States Policy" said: "There are those who have studied Confucianism for three years, and they return to the name of their mother." I see that those who misunderstand the meaning of freedom are so similar. But is the meaning of freedom not applicable to individuals?Said: Evil, what words!Group freedom is the product of individual freedom.People cannot live without the group. If the group does not protect its freedom, other groups will invade, oppress, and rob it from the outside, so what is the freedom of the individual!For example, in the body, if you let your mouth be free, if you don’t choose what you want to eat, if you eat something, you will suffer a serious illness, and the inherent freedom of your mouth will also be lost; if you let your hands be free, if you use a stile to kill someone, you will be punished heavily, and your hands will lose their freedom. The inherent freedom is also lost.Every drink, every meal, every move of the old husband, who is like a teacher of temperance, is the way for all kinds of bodies to keep their freedom forever, this is like negotiating with others.I ask you to say something more about your freedom. Whoever is free is my freedom.Although, people have two selves: first, the self who treats all living beings is the one who stands seven feet tall in the world; (Mencius said: "When things are handed over to things, it is enough to quote them." For things, I treat them. The upper things refer to all living beings, and the lower things refer to the seven feet, which are the officials of the ears and eyes. What I want is all things, not me. I also What is it? The official of the heart is already. First stand on the big one, and then the small one cannot take it away. Only I am the big one, and all things in the two worlds are small. If the small one does not take the big one, then the extreme track of freedom will be gone. .) I am a slave of an old man, not to be feared, but not to be as painful as to be a slave to others; to be a slave to others, is not to be feared, but not to be as miserable as to be a slave to me.Zhuangzi said: "There is no sorrow greater than the death of the heart, and the second is the death of the body." I also said: There is no shame greater than the slavery of the heart, and the slavery of the body is the end.I am not happy that my wife forced me to be a slave, but I can get rid of it as soon as I get up, just like the people's upheavals in various countries in the 19th century.Those who use their bodies as slaves to others, whether they are touched by kindness or forced by justice, they can still get out of me and kill them. This is also the case with the release of black slaves in the United States.The establishment of the independent 461 Liang Qichao's anthology to the heart of the slave is not obtained by other forces; its liberation is not assisted by other forces.Like a silkworm in a cocoon, it binds itself; like ointment in a cauldron, it cooks by itself every day.If anyone desires true freedom, he must start by getting rid of the slaves in his heart. Let me talk about the types of slaves of the heart, and then discuss the way to get rid of them. One said, don't be a slave to the ancients.The ancient sages and sages, and the ancient heroes, all had great merits and virtues in a group, and it is appropriate for our generation to love and respect them.Although, the ancients are from ancient times, I am myself.The reason why the ancients can be sages and heroes is not because they can be themselves?If you don't, there will be sages first and no sages after, and there will be no more outstanding ones.For example, Confucius recited the Dharma of Yao and Shun, and I recited the Dharma of Confucius. I once thought that the reason why Confucius can be Confucius is that there are people who stand outside of Yao and Shun.If Confucius were to be the slave of Yao and Shun, there would be no Confucius left after a hundred generations.Those who hear it are appalled by my words?Those who think about the fate of the world will get better and better, and those who are wise will become more brilliant. Although there are great philosophers, they are just sayings to correct the disadvantages of the moment and regulate the benefits of the present, and they are definitely not enough to cover people millions of years later.There is also Nestorianism in Western Europe, but in the Middle Ages, it was not the center of the civilization of the first generation, and it was too embarrassing to catch the poor, and the shackles were too fast.Had it not been for Luther, Began, Descartes, Kant, Darwin, Maitreya, and Huxley all the sages who rose up to benefit and save them, they would be safe and secure today!China is not the case. In the words and deeds of the ancients, it is not only that words that are difficult to discern are not dared to speak, but also doubts are not dared to sprout in the heart.The husband's heart is solid and I have it, listen to a word, accept a righteousness, and say I think about it, I think about it, if I believe it, if I doubt it, how can I be punished after that?However, no one in the world would dare to do this.I have nothing to compare it to, but the boxer.When a boxer mage is sent out, wields his sword, walks around, and mutters a word, if the listener thinks about it, there must be some suspicious people among them, and those who believe in it will go through it several times, which is bound to scare them. Those who dare not get involved in other ideas; otherwise, they will be false, and those who deceive themselves and others in order to fulfill their prestige.Want it.He was also a slave to the Boxers.For this example, I do not dare to compare the Yihetuan with the ancients. What is important is that none of the principles of the Four Books and the Six Classics can be used today.And the world commits itself to marrying the ancients, recommending pillows to concubines and offering dustpans to them, I don't know what to do with the believers of the Boxer.I have eyes and ears, I have my own style, I have a mind, I care about my poverty, I stand on the top of a high mountain, and walk deep in the sea, just like the ancients, I sometimes teach them, sometimes make friends, and sometimes oppose them. It's just about justice.What about freedom! Second, don't be a slave to the world.Even the weakness of human nature! "In the city, there is a high bun, one foot high in all directions, and wide sleeves in the city, with full silk in all directions." The ancient husbands have rumored it.However, it is still possible to say that the country is stupid and ignorant, and the so-called scholars are very dangerous.In the late Ming Dynasty, when the whole country talked about the study of mind, the whole academic world was a wild fox;However, it can be said that the time has gradually changed, and it can be said that in the past few years, between Ding and Wu, the whole country has learned from the West like a scumbag, and between the Geng and the whole country, the whole country has avoided the West like a scorpion, and now it is stern again.The husband is the same person, the same learning, but it can change like this in a few years, without him, you can follow others, and you can't be free.I have seen some monkey performers, if they dance, the monkeys will dance; if they throw, the monkeys will throw; if they dance, the monkeys will dance; if they laugh, the monkeys will laugh; if they coax the monkeys, they will yell;The proverb goes: "One dog barks at the shadow, and a hundred dogs bark at the sound." Sad!Human beings live by the pure and gentle spirit of heaven and earth, so do you care about those who are different from the crowd?Hu Zi slandered him for making friends with monkeys and dogs!Husbands who can cast a new era are above all, that is, they cannot but be engulfed and sunk by the old era, or secondly, the raging waves, the pillars stand tall, the drunken dreams, the spiritual platform is clear, and the husband's affairs are also.What about freedom! Three said, don't be a slave to circumstances.People stand in the world of things with one body, and those who surround me in all situations are those who fight with me day and night and never stop.Therefore, those who win the battle will stand, and those who do not fight but are oppressed by the situation will perish.If so, it is also called the slave of Tianxing.The cruelty of Heavenly Acts is true for those who act on a group, and it is also true for those who act on one person.If the country seekers are content with their circumstances, the United States will not have a war of independence, Hungary will not have an autonomous division, and Germany and Italy will become vassals of tigers and wolves.To make those who want to live in peace with their circumstances, the nobles of the humble clan will be established. Wei Xun; Daner's Lincoln (former American commander, son of a fisherman, very poor) dares to aspire to the great cause of freeing slaves;I see today's so-called wise men who know the time, open their mouths and say: "Yangjiu's calamity, catastrophe and ashes luck, heaven will destroy China, there is nothing to do."If the person who is so self-centered does not move because of poverty and lowliness, then the rich and noble will become prostitutes, and the most superior will also be subdued when they meet mighty power.The setback of one thing is the moment of desperation, and the former power is so upright and invincible that it has been exhausted.Duh, what is this mere thing that makes me manipulate my heart like a war?Shanfu, "Mozi.The words of "Fate" also say: "Those who insist on fate are the righteousness that overwhelms the world, and they talk about the people's dissatisfaction." There are no Chinese people who are good at speaking about fate in the world, and the people of a country are dying.There is no need for power, but obedience to orders, but people are just dogs that walk in the sky, automatic machines, and they never have the right to autonomy. ?Xi Lezai?The British Confucian Huxley said: "Today, if you want to make great achievements in governing the Tao, you must compete with the sky to win. You must use Shen Yi to be strong. Seeing the sharpness of a man, you can stand strong and not oppose it. You can fight for it and not surrender. The good you encounter When encountering bad things, there is no shame." Lu Xiangshan said: "Profits and disadvantages are called ridicule, bitterness and joy, and they are called eight winds. Eight winds do not move, and enter samadhi." Shao Yaofu's poem Said: "Juan Shu a generation of rising and falling hands, going in and out of thousands of clouds and water bodies." The noisy situation was not enough to damage the toes of a hero, but how could it be trapped in its cage.What about freedom! Fourth, don't be a slave to lust.If a person loses his heart, how can it be done by others?Mencius said: "I want to die for the body and not accept it. Now it is the beauty of the palace, the worship of wives and concubines, and the poor who know me can do it for me. It is impossible!" There is no one, and the poison of lust is deep.The ancients said: the heart is the slave of the form.If the form is used as a slave, it can still be healed; if the heart is used as a slave, what can you do?If the heart is enslaved to him, it can still be pulled out; if the heart is enslaved to the form, what can be done?If the body is not connected with the heart for a day, it will shrink under the six roots and six dusts for the rest of its life, and the sprout of freedom will be cut off.I often see young people who are young, Yueyue, and young. Their volunteers and talents can be exploited through the ages, and they can be overthrown for a while.Without him, anyone who has talent beyond others must have desires that surpass others; if he has talent beyond others, desires beyond others, but does not have the moral heart to be independent, then his talents are just slaves to his desires , Once upon a time, it was exhausted.The late husband Taixi has been in the past for hundreds of years, and those who performed earth-shattering miracles are often people with religious thoughts.It is certainly not valuable to be a slave of a husband who is superstitious about religion, but he uses this to restrain his lust, so that his heart will not be trapped by the obstinate body and filthy shell, and then he can go alone and come alone.Those who advocated the success of the Japanese Restoration campaign either learned from Wang Xue, or learned from Zen Buddhism.In China's modern times, there is no one with such a illustrious reputation as Zeng Wenzheng. Try to read his complete works, and see how he works hard when he is struggling, knowing how to work hard, and his ambition to overcome himself?There is no one in the world who can solve great difficulties and achieve great achievements without having nothing to support.Otherwise, every day I say I am free, I am free, but I am actually driven by the five thieves (the five thieves are also called the five sense organs in Buddhist scriptures), and I work hard to use my soldiers to pay for my food. I don't know where the so-called freedom is?Confucius said: "Self-restraining and reverence is benevolence." The self is called the self for all living beings, that is, the thing for the original mind.What is restrained is already, and what is restrained is another self. Self-restraint is called self-victory, and self-victory is called strength.From the source of victory, how strong is its freedom! Hu, the meaning of freedom, the ancient and modern philosophers of Western and Western countries, have written hundreds of thousands of words to analyze it, but they still cannot be exhausted.If you have a superficial knowledge, but want to invent it in a few words and a single language, don't you know what it is?Although, the essence of Dali, contemporary scholars, have described it a little bit.Therefore, based on the two meanings of group freedom and individual freedom, I pick the one that is simple and straightforward, and present it to my academic circle.There are people who love freedom in the world, so be careful to poison freedom to poison the world!