Chapter 19 Similarities and Differences in the Change of National Thought (October 12, 1901, October 22)

The thinker is the mother of facts.What kind of facts you want to build, what kind of thoughts you must first develop. There has been a complete country in the world since modern times.The former is easy to become an incomplete state?Its national ideology is not complete.Is the national ideology described by the Westerners today completely negated?I dare not know.Although, looking at the former, the trace of its evolution is obvious.It is also not a result of one day and one night, nor is it achieved by one hand and one foot, or it is stimulated from the outside world, or inspired by the inner world.Although it is said that the axiom of natural evolution and daily progress is unavoidable, how can those who emphasize invention and promote it be delayed?Therefore, I briefly describe the similarities and differences of its changes, so that our people can compare and reflect on themselves.The popularization of Gou's thought will lead to the establishment of our country, which will not be far away.

"National Studies" written by the great German political scientist Boren Zhili, cites the unique points of the changes in European national thought in the middle ages and modern times. Some of the articles are translated as follows: I will briefly imitate this example, deduce it, and compare the old European thoughts with the old Chinese thoughts and the new European thoughts. The list is as follows: Today's Europe and the United States are the era of nationalism and national imperialism; today's Asia is the era of imperialism and nationalism.As far as Europe is concerned, nationalism flourished in the nineteenth century, and its germination was also in the second half of the eighteenth century; national imperialism flourished in the twentieth century, and its germination was also in the second half of the nineteenth century. .Today's world is really nothing more than the stage of these two major doctrines.

In today's academic circles, there are two schools of universities that rule the roost by separate regimes. All theories come from here, and national thinking is at one end.One is the right-handed faction, and Rousseau’s disciples are represented by the civil contract theorists; the other is the powerful faction, and the Spencer followers are represented by the evolutionists.The words of the affirmative say: Human rights are given by heaven, so everyone has the right to autonomy, and everyone is equal.The state is established by the agreement of the people and the contract. Therefore, the people should have unlimited power, and the government must obey the will of the people.This is the driving force behind nationalism.Its effect is also that it can increase the spirit of personal strength and help the progress of the group; its disadvantage is also that it is trapped in anarchist party and destroys the order of the country.The words of the power faction say: There are no rights granted by heaven in the world, only the rights of the strong. Therefore, all living beings are naturally unequal, and the right to autonomy should be obtained with blood and sweat; Also, the government should have unlimited powers, and the people must obey its duties.This is the driving force behind new imperialism.As an effect, it can establish the nominative character of the rule of law (the rule of law is called the rule of law), so as to protect the interests of the group; and its disadvantages are to fall into aggression and ravage the peace of the world.

At the turn of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the era of nationalism leaped forward.The French Revolution created a great cause unprecedented in history. Its "Declaration of Human Rights" stated: "All citizens who live under the same law as they want must not be governed by foreigners; and the whole or part of their country must not be ruled by foreigners." Separated from foreign countries. Those who cover the nation are also independent and indissoluble." Yunyun.This great doctrine, with its majestic arrogance, rushes into the minds of everyone all over the world. Those who follow it will prosper, and those who go against it will perish.With Napoleon's incomparable talent, he swallowed the earth in his chest most of the time, but he never had a problem, but he fell again and again. As a prisoner, his ten-year ambition was like a dream, and it was only because of his resistance to this doctrine.After Napoleon's defeat, this doctrine is also like the darkening of the bright sun, although the wind and thunder have calmed down, the remaining clouds are not yet exhausted.So Belgium was merged with the Netherlands, Holstein (one of the capitals of the Germanic tribes) was taken to Denmark, most of Italy was yoked to Austria, Hungary and Bohemia were also taken to Austria, and Poland Divided by Russia, Pu, and Austria, the countries of the Bagan Peninsula are hidden in Turkey.The principle of national independence for a while, if it will be lost.Once upon a time, Greece fought against the soil and became independent, Belgium separated from the Netherlands, and Holstein returned to Germany after that. Germany and Italy, which had been emerald under the church and empire for hundreds of years, all established new nations to rule the world. Well, Hungary also has a special self-government constitution, Romania, Serbia, and the brothers all raised their eyebrows, and the Irish self-government case was passed.By the 1900th century, the trend of it was going straight and rolling, overflowing the world outside Europe.The Philippines, which is a mere desert island, once resisted Spain, which had been bound for a hundred years, and got rid of its shackles;The population of Durance Valley in the rugged valley was once less than that of a commune in London, and the more than 300,000 soldiers of the mighty British are still suffering.How can there be any other kind of dramatic dramas in the past century, and the nationalism is surging in the hearts of everyone. They would rather smash their bones and stain the ground with blood than live under the oppression of aliens.Heroes, so be it!Citizens, it should be so!In today's European world, every grass and stone is the gift of nationalism.Reading the history of the nineteenth century, I know that the person who invented this idea is not due to Yu.

Nationalists, the most luminous, upright, and fair doctrines in the world, do not allow other races to invade my freedom, and I will not invade the freedom of other races.It lies in the country, the independence of people; it lies in the world, the independence of the country.It is a great joy in the world to enable the rate to be based on this principle, each to understand its boundaries and to perpetuate in the future!Although, there are often those who are incompatible with the truth and the current situation.Since the evolution of heaven, there has been competition, where there is competition, there are advantages and disadvantages, and when there are advantages and disadvantages, there are winners and losers. Therefore, the righteousness of power, although it is not an axiom, has to become an axiom.Nationalism is extremely developed, and those who seek to promote the happiness of their own people are never satisfied, and their internal strength is full, so they have to think about it.Therefore, it is said: When two equals meet, there is no power, and reason is power; when two unequals meet, there is no reason, and power is reason.From the former, the reason why nationalism works is because of the relationship between European countries; from the latter, the reason why imperialism works is because of the relationship between European countries and countries outside Europe.As a result, the policy of concentrating national power and expanding territories unknowingly spread in the second half of the nineteenth century.Although, there are also words for its self-explanation.His words said: Most of the world is controlled by ignorant and incompetent peoples. These peoples cannot develop their natural forces (such as mines, mountains, forests, etc.) for human use, and they will be abandoned; A civilized nation has a dense population, lack of supplies, and no way to inject it. Therefore, it is imperative that this inferior nation be under the command and supervision of a superior nation, so that appropriate politics can be spread all over the world, and then it can invest capital anywhere to pursue the future of the business. Developed to increase the public welfare of the world.This is the big end of its rhetoric.The only thing that is disturbing is that they dare to blatantly say that the hereditary property of the powerful people in the world is also the hereditary property of the powerful people, and they will reject the weak ones, and occupying their land is a right granted by heaven.The only thing that is disturbing is that they say that the superior citizens use force to civilize the inferior citizens, which is their duty, and if they refuse to do so, it is a renunciation of responsibility.Since such doctrines are prevalent, various unscrupulous diplomatic methods have followed.Therefore, Germany plundered the port in China for the reason of killing two priests, and Britain raised a large army in Poya for the sake of the rights of the brigades. The rest of the mutual suspicion and mutual deception have been exchanged between the minds of the diplomats of the great powers. It will take more than a day. .After all, just as the United States turned to Monroeism and stood aloof from other worlds, it also cunningly changed its policy, destroying Hawaii in one fell swoop, and conquering the Philippines in one fell swoop.The new imperialism is like a gust of wind, like a thunderbolt, and it shocks the whole world with such speed.

The implementation of the new imperialism is not only a slight change in the external strategy, but also a major change in the internal thinking.Nationalists are those who say that the country depends on the people for its existence, so they would rather sacrifice ordinary interests for the people; imperialists are those who say that the people rely on the country for its existence.Therefore, it is better to sacrifice the interests of ordinary people to think of the country, to be strong but weak, and to emphasize the group rather than the individual.So the former used the government as a mediator and a wart, and in a moment of repercussions, the government's omnipotent words spread all over the land.What's more, like the autocratic regime in the Russian period, it was able to be agile and lively, and was the envy of all nations, while the old theories of human rights and civil treaties were almost ignored in the depression.Turning from yellow to green, without any reason, the current situation is so strange.Now try out the words of Mencius to prove the changes in national thought as follows:

Before the 18th century, the king was the most important, the people were the least important From the end of the eighteenth century to the nineteenth century, the people are the most important From the end of the nineteenth century to the twenty century Although the imperialism of the nineteenth century and the imperialism before the eighteenth century were similar in appearance, their essence was quite different.Why?In the past, the government had a monarch as the main body, so its empire was called the Dufu Empire; today's government takes the people of the whole country as the main body, so its empire is called the nation empire.Any country that has not passed through the nationalist class cannot be called a country.For example, nationalism is an indispensable material from embryo to adulthood; from nationalism to national imperialism, it is necessary for adults to earn a living and build a career.Today's European and American powers are relying on their strong physical strength to compete with us, but our country is still not an embryo for the so-called nationalists.The obstinate stream, clinging to pre-eighteenth-century thinking, wants to compete with axioms, and the power of pebbles is not worth mentioning.I am particularly afraid that the so-called political scholars of the future will be blinded by new theories, without considering their status, and rashly use the ideas of the end of the nineteenth century as the ultimate solution, saying that European countries have practiced and effective, and then want to use the government as omnipotent. It is said that if they are transplanted to China, our country will never have the day of becoming a country.Knowing that others invade with imperialism is terrible, and quickly develop my inherent nationalism to resist it, this is what our people should learn from today!