Chapter 6 On the Principle of Evolution of Monarchy and Civil Administration (October 6, 1897)

Bo Yizai, the righteousness of Zhang Sanshi in "Spring and Autumn".There are three generations who govern the world: the first is the age of many rulers, the second is the age of one ruler, and the third is the age of the people.There are two distinctions between the multi-kingdoms: one is the age of chiefs, and the other is the age of feudalism and Shiqing.There are two distinctions between the king and the world: one is the world of the king, and the other is the world of the king and the people.There are also two differences in the world of civil affairs: one is a world with a president, and the other is a world without a president.Those who have many rulers govern the times of chaos; those who have one ruler govern the times of peace; those who have the people govern the times of peace.The three ages and six differences are related to the time limit since the earth began to have human beings. It cannot be ignored if it is not in the world;

Where did the world of chieftains start?Human beings first fought against things and won them, but without the advantage of riding boats and boats, there is no communication between mountains, rivers, forests and swamps.Therefore, it is destined to be a country, and those who are cunning or powerful will be ruled by it.Therefore, Lao Tzu said: "In ancient times, neighboring countries looked at each other, and the sounds of chickens and dogs were heard, and their people did not communicate with each other when they were old and dead."The size of Yu Yuyu is not half of today's, but there are thousands of people in the country, and the world of chieftains is also.Today's Mongolia, Huijiang, Miao, Li, Shengfan, Tusi, Africa, Nanyang, America, and Australia are all the world before my Xiahou clan.In the world of chiefs, there are the most battles, why?The land is separated, so the people don't learn from each other, and their emotions don't match each other. In addition, all flesh and blood are competitive, so there is no end to mutual killing.

In the feudal world, since there is one day who wants to rule all the princes, but he is still ordered to be many monarchs, why?In feudalism, the emperor and the feudal lords ruled according to the land, and they had the righteousness of impure ministers (see the annotation of "Gongyang"). From the perspective of "Zhou Li", they only ruled within the Ji, and the princes of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States were in charge of their own affairs. This can be seen in the customs of the feudal world. .At that time, the princes and the emperor had unlimited power, so they were called many monarchs.Feudalism is also a big chieftain's ear, and its killings are also miserable, and there are many battles.

Shiqing also called it many monarchs, why? The biography of "Rites and Mourning Clothes" says: "The ministers of public officials and bureaucrats are their kings." "Biography" says: "The king calls those who have land".Those who have built ancient lands are called kings who have mining land, and those who are official in their towns and live in their lands are all people.It also has unlimited power to treat it, so it is also called many monarchs.There are also many battles in Shiqing's country, such as the Jisun and Qi clans in Lu, and the Han, Wei, Fan, and Zhongxing clans in Jin.Gu Shiqing can also be described as a small feudalism.

In a world where there are many rulers, the people are extremely miserable, fighting for cities and land, and fighting for corruption, no matter what.If he is a king, he must be extravagant and extremely violent, the taxation is harsh, the corvee is hard, and the punishment is immeasurable.Looking at the princes and kings of the Han Dynasty, and today's chieftains, one can still get an overview of them.Confucius wrote "Spring and Autumn" to save the people, so he established a great unity and ridiculed the ambiguity of the world. These two, so he changed many monarchs into one monarch.Changing many rulers into one ruler is called Xiaokang.In the past, Qin, Chu, Wu, and Yue fought against each other and killed each other, and there were tens of millions of people who shed blood. Now, are there people from Shaanxi and Hunan competing for power, and Su people and Zhejiang people making grievances?Nothing.In the past, those who hated each other and killed each other were all done by two monarchs. Without a monarch, there would be no country. If they return to one, they will rest with the people. This is the effect of great unification.In the world of Shiqing, Gou is not a nobleman, and he cannot be alone. He ridiculed Shiqing and established an election, but he made the scriptures clear and practiced. Things depend on others, and this is the effect of ridiculing Shiqing.

Although, when it changes, it will be difficult to cover it.After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the "Spring and Autumn" was regarded as the study of managing the world, and it was also unified.However, there was chaos in the seven kingdoms of Wu and Chu in the early Han Dynasty, chaos in the states and herdsmen in the end of the Han Dynasty, chaos in the Eight Kings of the Jin Dynasty, chaos in the Tang Dynasty, and even the Yanwang Chenhao in the Ming Dynasty.Over two thousand years, until our dynasty, Ding clan from the prince down to the ninth rank of General Feng En, and the meritorious officials from the first rank down to the twenty-sixth rank of En Qiwei Fan, all used the system of Hanguan Neihou, without dividing land, There is no distinction between the people, but the feudal system will be abolished when there are many monarchs.Although the Han family established an election system, the Wei and Jin nine-rank Zhongzheng, the poor family nobles, and the boundaries are drawn, which still has the meaning of Shiqing.Although, my China has been freed from the harm of many monarchs for two thousand years, and there are already many people, all of whom are bestowed by the king of vegetarianism.Whoever changes from many monarchs to one monarch, his country will suddenly become stronger.In the past, there were thirty-seven states in the United States, twenty-five states in virtue, twenty-four states in Italy, and ninety-two princes in Japan. The earth is also; it is both combined, and each male grows on three continents.Why?In the past, the people would stop their people from fighting with each other, slaying their vitality and wasting their financial resources, so as to provide for the selfish desires of their kings; if they are united, they will avoid this difficulty. The reason why this king's world is well-off and also.But it is a pity that the meaning of "Spring and Autumn" was used too late by all countries, and the corruption a hundred years ago is good and sad.

There are so many monarchs in the world, and there are few people who can change from all countries on the earth except Middle Earth.Japan has been poisoned for the longest time. After Fujiwara, the political power was shifted down, and the power of the generals and princes surpassed that of the emperor.The royal family of today's Russia lives in the key points of the world; the British Spokesperson presides over the House of Lords; even legal persons have changed their civil affairs, while the nobles of the former dynasty are still secretly watching and gradually shifting state power; it is extremely difficult to change!

The relationship between feudal officials and slaves is related to each other.Take the land of the world and give it to the princes, and everyone who lives in the land will dare not be a minister; take the land of the world and gather nobles, and everyone who cultivates the land will dare not be a vassal.Therefore, in a world with many rulers, its people must be divided into several classes, and slaves are everywhere in the world.The system of Confucius, from outside the emperor, scholars, farmers, businessmen (the emperor's original son, You Shi), was organized into four peoples, each granted a hundred mu, and they were free.The Six Classics does not say that there are slaves, (the ones in the "Zhou Li" are not the system established by Confucius.) The Han Dynasty repeatedly ordered the release of slaves and maidservants, and followed the system of Confucius.Regardless of this discussion in later generations, to this day in Manchuria and Mongolia, there are still prominent families in the coat, and high-ranking officials still have servants in the world, which is based on the old habits of many kings.In the west, the land of Russia is still under the jurisdiction of the nobles; the land of France is all owned by the priests and princes.Those who want to cultivate the people of Qi have to rent their land, and those who rent their land have to be slaves.From other countries, there are also many types.Japan is especially prevalent in dividing people into numbers, and even has names such as filthy and inhuman.In North and South America, even the issue of slave trade has been at war for ten years.These are all the malpractices of the monarchy, and they are about to be completely reformed now.This is also the end of "Spring and Autumn" and the barbarians. (Yu Bieyou has "Constraints to ban slaves and maidservants".)

Europe has had a council since the time of the Greek states, and commentators believe that it is the current civil administration.However, I secretly doubt it.He Qizhiyuan is presided over by princes and nobles, such as Sanhuan of Lu, Qimu of Zheng, Liuqing of Jin, Qujing of Chu, father and son brothers, who live in key cities for generations, and they are close to each other one after another.As for household registration, how can it be impossible to be the same as Wen Guo, and even treat them as slaves, and the whole family cannot be registered.This is also for politics. It is okay to say that the monarch has no power, but it is not allowed to say that the people have power.The degree of its system is almost like the House of Lords in Britain today, rather than the House of Commons in Britain today.Zhou Li has no way, sees that he is in the middle of the river, and the republic is in power; Teng Wengong has three years of mourning, but his father, brother, and officials are all displeased. This is actually the system of the House of Lords, and it cannot be called civil affairs.If this is called civil affairs, then between me Chaotiancong and Chongde, eight beiles sit side by side to discuss government affairs, and I would rather call it civil affairs.According to Russian history, there is a council in Russia, which is dominated by nobles and is quite powerful, and everything can be decided at discretion.In 1699, Peter the Great abolished it and established a new society to make profit and loss rules so that he could control himself (see Volume 2 of "Translation of Russian History").The old society of Russia is almost like the councils of the Greek and Roman countries, and the government of many kings. The change of many kings into one king in Russia began with Peter the Great.

Everything in the earth, from simplicity to complexity, from quality to text, from evil to good, there is a certain degree of unity, and there is a certain time of unity, such as The order of the stones in each layer of geology cannot be messed up.Today it is said that there were many monarchs in the middle land, but the country already had civil administration, and since there was civil administration, it was reversed and replaced by monarchy. Yan Fu said: European political systems can be divided into three types: those under Mannaqi, a system in which one monarch governs the people; those in the time of Mauritogra, the system of a republic of nobles of the family; those in the time of Demogra, people It is also the system of government.At the time of Demogra, it was also known as Gongchan, also known as Hezhong, the two histories of Greek and Romania, and they could be recorded in class, and they rose and fell with the first two systems.Although the legal system at that time was not as beautiful as it is today, it was actually the beginning of the people's government later.Moreover, the evolution of nature begins with an embryo and finally becomes a body. Taixi has today's democracy, and the seed was contained in the Xia and Shang dynasties as the starting point; and the state of exclusive monarchy, although it has been performed for hundreds of millions of years, cannot be transformed from the monarch into the people. .The son's words are not right.

Qi Chao said: "Since I haven't mastered the reading of Western books, I have relied on my tongue for everything, so I have a glimpse of it from Western history."But if they are in doubt, they should be measured according to the ratio of false reason, so that if the country is able to carry out civil administration, the people must be very wise and powerful. And Liyan, there must be no retreat, and it is the principle of monarchy. This is like no coal seam under the diamond, and no human traces under the coal seam.As for the two histories of Greece and Luo, what they claim may be like the stone juice ejected by volcanoes and earthquakes, and added to the strata, is not known, but it is finally suspected that it is an accidental thing, and it is not all. Lande often seizes and usurps it. (Western history calls those who use the name of civil rights to seize the throne, which is called Dailande.) It is almost inseparable from today's civil affairs.It is even suspected that there are embryos in the West and no starting point in the East, so it is almost not the case.Japan is a country ruled by a king for two thousand years, and its monarchy is more important than our country. Today, the extension of civil justice does not allow Britain and Germany, but civil administration does not have to wait for the starting point thousands of years ago to be clear.The destiny of the earth is to enter peace, and it is certainly not the only thing that Taixi can achieve, nor is it that it can be avoided by Cathay. I know that in less than a hundred years, it will take the five continents and know that only the people will follow, and our China may not be able to be independent and unchanged. , This is also the reason for those who have nothing to do. The world's sages who know too much may doubt why Confucius talked about being well-off. This is a big fallacy.Those who enter the civil government from the government of many monarchs must go through the government of one monarch, which is Shi Keda.The difference is that in Westerners, many rulers have good luck, and one ruler has short luck; in China, many rulers have short luck, and one ruler has long luck. (This matter is said within three thousand years.) From now on, it has been under the civil administration, so the so-called success is the same.This is like the suddenness and gradualness of Buddhism, but the same method.If Husband and Wu, the middle land, follow the system of one monarch, so that for two thousand years, there will be fewer murderous opportunities than those in the Western Kingdom, then the merits of a well-off society will be insignificant. Ask the United States and France today, can they be peaceful?Say evil, evil!Today's world, if we talk about the United States, France and other countries, can be called a world of civil administration; if we talk about China, Russia, Britain, Japan and other countries, it can be called a world of one king; It's just for the world of many kings.Each privately owns his own country, each privately owns his own species, each privately owns his own land, each privately owns his property, each privately owns his work, each privately owns his own business, each privately owns his own property, the amount of spending is half-filled with soldiers, and the people of the whole country are all subordinates. Walking in the army, staring at each other, enmity with each other, dragons and snakes rise to land, murderous intent grows, mantises and sparrows look for each other, who will ask about karmic relatives?Woo hoo, five continents and ten thousand countries, the world of a great chief! "Spring and Autumn" said: "Isn't it not a pleasure? Yao and Shun know the gentleman."