Chapter 7 1980 Farewell to the romantic era

In the first spring of the 1980s, the wind and rain in the north and south of the river were smooth, and the whole country felt an irrepressible joy. The 24-year-old Beijing poet Gu Cheng published his famous work "A Generation" in the "Star" poetry magazine. The whole poem is very short, only two lines, but it detonated the long-awaited emotions of an entire generation like an atomic bomb: "The night gave me black eyes/I used them to find light." It is an indescribable outpouring of emotion, and the awakening of personal consciousness is revealed in these two lines without hiding it.Everyone seems to be beginning to realize that this will be an uneasy start.

In order to let people across the country enjoy the first Spring Festival in the 1980s, the Ministry of Commerce issued a special notice on January 18, requiring major cities to open up the supply of pork.In the previous year, the number of live pigs in the country increased by 8 million, and the average gross weight of each pig increased by 12 kilograms. The notice requires that it is best to "purchase locally, slaughter locally, and sell locally."A few days later, the State Council issued a document allowing "seasonal price differences for eggs", which means that the country is already trying to use price leverage to coordinate the market.Such notices and documents will continue to be distributed tirelessly for more than ten years, and no one will find them very abrupt. The country has always been like a big nanny, carefully taking care of the people's basic necessities of life.

This spring, the most important political event was the rehabilitation of former President Liu Shaoqi by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.At the Fifth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held on February 23, the 65-year-old Hu Yaobang was elected as the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. A group of younger cadres were promoted to important leadership positions, including those in Anhui , Wan Li and others who vigorously promoted the joint production contract responsibility system in Sichuan. Liu Shaoqi, who was branded a "traitor, traitor, and scab" 14 years ago, has officially recovered his political reputation, and a large number of unjust cases resulting from this have been rehabilitated.The smug Deng Xiaoping said in his speech at the meeting that after solving the political and ideological lines, the future work should focus on the study of system reform.

Deng Xiaoping obviously wanted to focus the attention of the people of the whole country on the reform of the economic system.By the end of last year, there were 4,200 state-owned enterprises in the country conducting pilot projects of expanding autonomy. In 1980, there were 6,600 state-owned enterprises, accounting for about 16% of the total number of industrial enterprises within the national budget, and their output value and profit accounted for 60% and 70% respectively. about.The key state-owned enterprises in the eyes of the central and local governments have basically been put into the big basket of "pilot projects".In order to promote this important reform, on January 22, based on the experience of pilot enterprises such as Shougang, the State Council issued the "Trial Method for Profit Retention of State-owned Industrial Enterprises", which allows pilot enterprises to expand their autonomy must complete the output, quality, Only when the four economic indicators of profit and supply contract are met, can all profit retention funds be withdrawn according to the approved and stipulated retention ratio.In February, the State Economic Commission issued another notice, requiring the pilot enterprises to ensure that “the state receives more, the enterprise retains more, and the employees get more.” This is of course a requirement that sounds good, but it is very difficult to implement.There are various indications that the control is being loosened step by step, but the central government hopes that everything will be carried out in an orderly manner under the control of the plan.All over the country, news of new reforms is emerging one after another: at the beginning of the year, the People’s Insurance Company of China came back, and domestic insurance business was allowed to resume; on April 10, the Beijing Administration of Civil Aviation of China and Hong Kong China Aviation Catering Co., Ltd. established a joint venture with a registered capital of 5.58 million yuan. "Beijing Aviation Food Company", Wu Shuqing, a Hong Kong native, serves as the executive director of the Hong Kong side.The State Administration for Industry and Commerce issued the No. 001 business license for Sino-foreign joint ventures. This is the first Sino-foreign joint venture officially approved by the Chinese government.At that time, the daily catering volume of Beijing Aviation Catering Company was only 640. After 20 years, this number will rise to 25,000.

Compared with the Sino-foreign joint venture of this small company, a project that is getting off to a rough start in the South sounds much larger. This plan, which will affect China's opening up in the future, is to establish a "special economic zone" in the south. The economic term "special zone" is a new invention of the Chinese.According to the book "The Mystery of the Sphinx in Shenzhen", its inventor is also Deng Xiaoping.In April of the previous year, he discussed with Xi Zhongxun, the first secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee and Governor Xi Zhongxun, about opening up, and proposed to establish a new open area in Shenzhen, fully introduce foreign capital, implement special economic policies, and suggested this open area It's called "SAR".

When Deng Xiaoping proposed the concept of "special zone", Yuan Geng had already gone to the south to start his Shekou Industrial Zone. As soon as the word "special zone" came out, Xi Zhongxun, who understood it, immediately accelerated the speed of opening up.Soon, on July 15, a "Two Reports of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council Approved by the Guangdong Provincial Committee and the Fujian Provincial Committee on the Implementation of Special Policies and Flexible Measures for Foreign Economic Activities" was formed. The report clearly stated: "In Shenzhen Zhuhai, Shantou and Zhuhai tried to set up export special zones. In the special zones, overseas Chinese, Hong Kong and Macao businessmen are allowed to invest directly in setting up factories, and some foreign manufacturers are also allowed to invest in setting up factories, or to set up joint ventures and tourism businesses with them...the construction of the three special zones must also have steps We will proceed in a timely manner and focus on the construction of Shenzhen City first.”

The idea of ​​establishing the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone gradually became clear, and it was clearly defined as a "special economic zone".The state provided a loan of 30 million yuan for the development of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone. This figure is insignificant compared with the development of Pudong in the future. It can be seen that the special zone was purely experimental at the time, and the central government did not care about it. Have strategic expectations.Shenzhen has been upgraded from a county-level city to a prefecture-level city.This time, the special zone's handwriting is still much bigger than Yuan Geng's Shekou.The total area of ​​Shenzhen is 2,020 square kilometers, and the total area designated as a special economic zone is 327.5 square kilometers. It is more than 50 kilometers long from east to west, and the average width from north to south is more than 6 kilometers.A bird's-eye view of the SAR from the plane looks like a long and narrow kelp floating at the foot of the mountain and the sea.Among them, 110 square kilometers can be planned and developed.

The larger the area, the bigger it is, but there is still only 30 million yuan in loans—this amount is not enough to provide three links and one leveling for 2 square kilometers.The developer has no choice but to rent out the land and exchange the land money for cash.This idea was considered "rebellious" in China at the time.The reason for the opponents is simple: how can the land of the Communist Party be rented out to capitalists?At that time, a cadre of the real estate bureau named Luo Jinxing searched through the original works of Marxism-Leninism, and finally found out in the thick "Complete Works of Lenin" that Lenin quoted Engels: "...houses, factories, etc., at least in the transitional period, may not be It is handed over to individuals or cooperatives at no cost. Similarly, the abolition of private ownership of land does not require the abolition of land rent, but the transfer of land rent—albeit in a changed form—to society.” Luo Jinxing found this passage for a while Overjoyed, he rushed to knock on the door of Zhang Xunfu's house that night.It is said that all the cadres in Shenzhen at that time would recite this quotation, and when inspectors and questioners came from afar, they recited it fluently to those people.

The first land lease agreement in Shenzhen was signed on January 1, 1980.The first Hong Kong businessman who ate crabs was named Liu Tianzhu, and the one who negotiated business with him was Luo Jinxing, who found Engels' original words in "The Complete Works of Lenin".According to Luo's later recollection, the negotiation dialogue at that time was like this. Liu said: "Just allocate a suitable piece of land. I will organize the design, pay for the construction of the house, and sell it in Hong Kong. The Chinese side will get the most of the money. I will Little head.” Luo said, “How about setting aside a piece of land near East Lake Park?” Liu said, “Okay, you get seven of the profits, and I get three.” Luo shook his head: “You take too much. That's too much." Liu laughed and said, "You take eight, I take two, how about it?" Luo said, "I take eight and a half, and the rest is yours!" Liu said, "We're dealing with each other for the first time. A lot, this time it's up to you!" Such a conversation is indeed a business discussion.

The real estate developed by Liu Tianzhu is called "East Lake Liyuan". There are 108 new houses in the first phase. After he designed the blueprints of the houses, he began to sell them in Hong Kong. In just three days, the 108 houses that were still on the blueprints were sold. And empty. The success of "Donghu Liyuan" has greatly enlightened the people of Shenzhen. They quickly came up with a new plan and proposed the idea of ​​collecting land use fees. The land use fee is 4,500 Hong Kong dollars per square meter, which is only equivalent to the land price on the other side of the river. 1/11 of Hong Kong.Shenzhen used the hundreds of millions of dollars it received to cut down mounds, fill in ravines, open roads, connect electricity, water, and postal services.In the five years from 1980 to 1985, Shenzhen actually utilized 1.28 billion yuan of foreign capital, completed a total of 7.63 billion yuan in infrastructure investment, built a large number of new energy, transportation, communication and other infrastructure projects, and initially formed nine industrial zones , Hong Kong and foreign businessmen poured into the special zone to set up factories and start companies.

Since then, the south wind has gone all the way northward, and the momentum of opening up is unstoppable. For a country or a person, the greatest depression is that the depression is suppressed in the heart and cannot be vented.In 1980, with the loosening of the system and the emergence of various new things, people began to express their emotions, and the state also acquiesced to such a move. In Guangdong, Dai Houying's novel "People, People" caused a sensation. This female writer who was killed by a burglar at home was the first to describe the lives of ordinary people in a tone full of compassion; And "Legend of Tianyun Mountain" made young people flock to the cinema like crazy. Every floral dress of the heroine Zhang Yu aroused great curiosity among the girls; A still photo from the British movie "The Crystal Slipper and the Rose". The photo shows a pair of young lovers kissing passionately. In May, "China Youth", which has a circulation of more than 2 million copies, published a long letter signed by "Ordinary Female Worker Pan Xiao", "The road of life, why is it getting narrower and narrower...".Pan Xiao said in the letter: "The times are advancing, but I can't touch its powerful wings; some people say that there is a broad and great cause in the world, but I don't know where it is. The road of life, how to go beyond it? The narrower I walked...Really, I secretly went to a Catholic church service, I had the idea of ​​shaving my hair and becoming a nun, and even, I thought of dying... My heart is really chaotic and contradictory." The article aroused great resonance, but also attracted fierce attacks.As a result, on the issue of life path, a large-scale discussion was launched across China, and Pan Xiao's name caused a sensation.The big discussion continued until March of the following year, causing "China Youth" to reach its highest circulation of 3.69 million copies, and the letters from readers to the magazine and Pan Xiao alone exceeded 60,000.About a year later, it became known that Pan Xiao was the nickname of Huang Xiaoju, a female textile worker, and Pan Yi, a student at the Beijing School of Economics.Huang Xiaoju only had a junior high school diploma. After writing the sensational "Letter from Pan Xiao", she was transferred from a textile factory to a publishing house, and then was admitted to a research institute by self-study.However, when the scientific research institute discovered that Huang Xiaoju was actually Pan Xiao, they fired her.At this time, the husband who had been Pan Xiao's admirer also filed for divorce.In desperation, Huang Xiaoju became one of the earliest clothing stall owners in Beijing. In the late 1980s, she went south to Shenzhen to seek gold alone, and later became a small boss with five shops.And Pan Yi is a big boy with a height of 1.9 meters. After Pan Xiao became famous, he went through the formalities of dropping out of school and started wandering around. He lived in the waiting room of the train station, a self-made shack, the aisle of a building, and the bottom of an overpass. He wandered and begged for two years. Later, he got a job as a stevedore, carrying hundreds of bales weighing more than 100 kilograms every day, and living in the warehouse. In 1984, Pan Yi took a piece of solder from the freight yard and was sentenced to three and a half years in prison for "theft".After being released from prison, Pan Yi had no means of living and switched jobs everywhere. He was once the host of the "Career Consulting" column of a talent website. This kind of discussion is undoubtedly very subversive to a society that has been closed for a long time. It makes people doubt the meaning and value of the current state of existence, and generate unprecedented vision and planning for future life.He Boquan, the founder of Guangdong Robust Group, who later founded one of the largest beverage companies in China, recalled that when he was a cadre of the Youth League Committee of Xiaoyan Town, Zhongshan County, he discussed this topic enthusiastically with a girl who was "Pan Xiao "Letter" made him re-examine and plan his life, and the girl later became his wife. From the discussion on the Pan Xiao phenomenon, people realized that openness and change have gradually become the main theme of this country, and its evolution path will be very tortuous, but the direction of progress seems to be irreversible.By August, a major enterprise accident that had been concealed for more than half a year was suddenly dealt with, which undoubtedly became the most eye-catching news event of the year. This enterprise accident occurred on November 24 last year when the Bohai No. 2 drilling ship capsized and sank.In that vicious incident, due to improper management and command (the term was "bureaucracy" at the time), 72 oil workers were killed.The published materials show that after the Bohai No. 2 drilling ship was purchased from abroad, many technical materials and operating procedures have not been translated in seven years. Or "competition", "using some inappropriate methods in political campaigns in the past to engage in production and construction".After the ship capsizing incident, all levels of management pushed each other and delayed the rescue time, causing more than 70 workers to freeze to death at sea.The State Council handled the "Bohai No. 2 incident" with an unusually high profile, and almost all the media in the country reported it condemningly.The Minister of Petroleum was dismissed, and Kang Shi'en, the vice-premier in charge of petroleum and a hero in the Daqing Battle in the 1950s, was publicly punished as a major demerit.In the public review conducted by the Ministry of Petroleum, it was even disclosed that "Since 1975, there have been 1,042 accidents of various sizes in the Oceanic Administration, including 33 major accidents, but we have not taken them seriously." The high-profile handling of the "Bohai No. 2 accident" was an extraordinary move at the time. It seemed to foretell that the mobilization and political campaign-style economic work meetings of the past were no longer applicable.In the long run, this "public opinion attack" symbolically put an end to the romantic economic development concepts of the "Cultural Revolution" era, "how bold the people are, how productive the land is", "the oil workers shouted, The slogan "shake the earth will shake three times" gradually spread out in the mainstream media, and people began to use scientific and management ideas to lead and manage their own enterprises. Of course, this is only the beginning of the concept change, and it will go through a very long process. For business operations, knowing the importance of science and management is one issue, but what is science and how to master science are other more important issues. In the history of Chinese enterprises, Bohai No. 2 was not the most serious accident, but it was "discussed by the whole country" at that time.In addition to the country's strict management measures, there are also media and cultural people following up. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Jisheng wrote in the press release "Bohai No. 2 Festival" sent to the national media: "In the There is such an unreasonable system in our country: people who understand the situation have no right to make decisions, and those who make decisions do not understand the situation.” And the gentle poetess Shu Ting wrote the popular "After the Storm": "Finally I sincerely hope that / future poets / will no longer have this impotent rage / when seventy-two pairs / eyes of seaweed and red coral / fixate on your pen." Apparently, in 1980 In 2009, the "Bohai No. 2 incident" has evolved from a corporate accident to an event that impacts concepts and humanistic reflections. The pace of multinational corporations entering China is quietly accelerating.At the end of last year, the first batch of 3,000 cases of bottled Coca-Cola was sent from Hong Kong to Beijing, and the shipper was Hong Kong Ng Fung Hong.After tentative sales, the United States proposed to present a bottling line producing 300 bottles of Coca-Cola per minute to COFCO, and reached a ten-year agreement to authorize COFCO to exclusively use the Coca-Cola trademark and produce it in mainland China. , the agreement to sell products. A dramatic plot is that initially, COFCO very much hoped that the first production line would be located in Shanghai Zhengguanghe Soda Factory, an old factory founded in 1864.Unexpectedly, this proposal met with firm and strong resistance from Shanghai.Relevant newspapers and periodicals published articles and letters from the masses, accusing COFCO of traitorism and foreign slave philosophy. The introduction of Coca-Cola was the introduction of a decadent bourgeois way of life and a blow to national industry.COFCO had no choice but to retreat to Fengtai, Beijing.Coca-Cola from this production line is mainly supplied to tourist restaurants, but soon this market is saturated.Approved by the Ministry of Commerce, in early 1982, the remaining Coca-Cola began to be sold domestically in the Beijing market. The changes that would turn around the fortunes of Chinese companies are still germinating outside the system.For Lu Guanqiu in 1980, his biggest victory this year was his first squeeze into the "plan" sequence.From the present point of view, this incident can be regarded as an "accident". At the beginning of the year, Lu Guanqiu made a decision. He removed the seven or eight factory plates hanging on the factory gate one by one, and finally only one "Xiaoshan Universal Joint Factory" remained.He is the kind of person with good intuition—this is the common talent of almost all start-up entrepreneurs. After ten years of ups and downs, he is determined to devote his energy to only one product in the future, that is, the consumables of cars. Spare parts "universal joint".He excitedly went to the industry trade fair with his products on his back, but was kicked out because, except for state-owned factories, other enterprises were "not allowed to enter."Of course, Lu Guanqiu would not be reconciled to this. He secretly set up a stall for sale at the entrance of the venue. The universal joint he brought was sold at a price 20% lower than that of the state-owned factory, so he was popular. He quietly expanded like a groundhog. own territory.In order to let the manufactured products truly occupy the market, Lu Guanqiu showed extraordinary determination. This summer, a customer in Wuhu, Anhui sent a return letter, saying that some of the universal joints sent to them had cracks.Lu Guanqiu immediately organized 30 people to check and clear the goods at customers all over the country, but they returned more than 30,000 sets of universal joints.Lu Guanqiu gathered all the workers in the factory, and then he was the first to carry the straw bag full of waste products with a stern face, and walked towards the waste recycling station in Ningwei Town.These more than 30,000 sets of universal joints were all sold as scrap iron for six cents a catty, and the factory lost 430,000 yuan.This was almost an astronomical figure back then. Lu Guanqiu's almost legendary action made the township enterprises he led begin to have the temperament of a big industry.Township enterprise is a Chinese-style enterprise term.The World Bank defines township and village enterprises (TVEs) as: enterprises considered to have a unique form of property rights, neither state-owned nor privately owned, but owned by local governments and residents, whose incentive mechanism is similar to that of private enterprises, and the remaining The distribution among social strata (stable communities and their governments, and enterprise managers), the free participation of enterprises, competition, hard budget constraints, and the appropriate fiscal enthusiasm of local governments have resulted in the relatively high development speed and operational efficiency of township enterprises.At that time, the China National Automobile Industry Corporation wanted to determine three designated production plants for universal joints. Among the 56 universal joint production plants in the country, Xiaoshan Universal Joint Factory was the only "collectively owned township enterprise". There was no chance, but Lu Guanqiu ran around, insisting that the expert review team in Beijing included it as an object of participation, and finally passed the review and became one of the three designated factories.This fixed-point determination is decisive for Lu Guanqiu.It allowed this "low status" enterprise to be recognized by mainstream factories.Universal joints are a small industry, and Lu Guanqiu's victory seems to indicate a possibility that private enterprises outside the system have the opportunity to use their flexible mechanism and technical advantages to win in some unpopular industries. Industry succeeds. The "plan" seems so strict, but it may be broken through by the flexible "little guys". This truth will be repeatedly fulfilled in the future.In July 1997, the State Council promulgated the "Regulations on Several Issues Concerning the Development of Communal and Brigade Enterprises (Trial Draft)": "Based on the needs of production development and with reference to the capacity that the commune and brigade may undertake, urban industries may plan to put some The products and components are distributed to the commune and team companies for production.” Lu Guanqiu was able to participate in the selection because of this regulation. Like Lu Guanqiu who tried his best to tear open the "plan", in Wenzhou in southern Zhejiang, Chaoshan in Fujian, and the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong, more and more rural factories showed their extraordinary vitality.A reporter from the US "Newsweek" went to Shishi, Fujian and Nanhai, Guangdong for interviews. In his report, he said, "The small commodity trade in Shishi is similar to the small hardware, small chemicals, small plastics, small textiles, small smelting, and small Processing, it grows like a weed all over the world." Wenzhou in Zhejiang Province is located in a remote area, without trains for many years, the transportation is extremely inconvenient, and the cultivated land is even scarcer, with an average per capita of only a little more than two cents. Therefore, farmers here have had the urge to leave the land and go out to survive for a century. After 1979, a smuggling frenzy broke out in the Yueqing and Cangnan areas here. One by one smuggling boats smuggled in overseas clothing, small household appliances, hardware, etc., and formed a smuggling market in some remote small docks.The local government is not responsible for the law, so it has no choice but to turn a blind eye.As a result, these smuggled goods became one of the important sources of the first generation of large-scale commodity bazaars after the "Cultural Revolution". People became the first generation of businessmen in the early reform period.Statistics show that by around 1980, there were more than 3,000 individual merchants in Wenzhou, and some professional production workshops appeared one after another in some market towns with active transactions, such as Liushi in Yueqing. The title of "big king", such as Hu Jinlin, the king of electrical appliances, Liu Dayuan, the king of screws, Cheng Buqing, the king of miner's lamps, Zheng Xiangqing, the king of coils, etc.The assets of these people were more than 100,000 yuan at the time, and the quality of the products they produced could probably compete with state-owned factories.Unlike Lu Guanqiu, these kings and their enterprises were private from the very beginning. Except for Wenzhou and a few areas in the Pearl River Delta, it was almost unimaginable in China at that time. The completion of gray primitive accumulation due to smuggling was an important driving factor for the germination of the rural economy in the southeast coast at that time, and this point has not been noticed by the academic circle. Around 1980, the places where smuggling was the most rampant in the country were Wenzhou and Taizhou in Zhejiang Province, and Chaoshan in Fujian Province. They also became the regions where the commodity economy started the fastest and the private economy was the most active at that time.Xinhua News Agency reporter Wei Yunheng once described the smuggling scene along the coast of Fujian in this way: At that time, there were dozens of smuggling ships from Hong Kong and Taiwan mooring and cruising in the waters of Dongsha Island every day, and hundreds of smuggling ships from the mainland going to exchange.Electronic watches and nylon fabrics flowed into the mainland like a rising tide, while gold and silver dollars flowed out like an ebbing tide.Thousands of people are crazy, and several well-known distribution markets for private goods have been formed in coastal cities and villages. Just when the "underground factories" in the Pearl River Delta and Wenzhou are proliferating like weeds, in the central cities or sub-central cities, individualized economic activities still appear so cautious and careless.The long-term planned economy has made people accustomed to living in a formative, disciplined and organized environment. Once he is to get rid of that inertia, it often requires extremely huge external force or courage.This is why in the early days of reform and opening up, the vast majority of those engaged in individual business activities came from the bottom of society. They were the unemployed, those who returned to the city, those with criminal records and those with low education. Outside the "warm" and "guaranteed" system, they were forced to embark on the road of doing business and starting a business when they had no choice but to do so.In Urumqi, Tang Wanxin, a 16-year-old school dropout who had nowhere to go, opened a photofinishing shop with his elder brother Tang Wanli. No one expected that he would set off from this remote border town more than 20 years later to build a Delong Empire with a market value of 120 billion yuan. .In Beijing, a middle-aged woman named Liu Guixian accidentally got the city's first private restaurant license. Liu Guixian is a handyman in a kindergarten. There are five children in her family. Because her livelihood is really difficult, she has the idea of ​​opening a small restaurant. Her restaurant is located in Cuihua Hutong, Dongcheng District, and is named Yuebin Restaurant.Now there is no information to show why Beijing chose this woman with no background to open the first independent restaurant.At the first restaurant opened, the director of the District Industrial and Commercial Bureau came to warn Liu Guixian: "This is the first individual restaurant approved by the above, you have to work hard, and don't discredit the government!" It is not easy for Liu Guixian to open a restaurant. At that time, almost all food—grain, oil, meat, poultry, and eggs—was supplied by ticket. In order to help her get tofu tickets, pork tickets, food tickets, etc., Dongcheng District mobilized the Bureau of Industry and Commerce, the Food Bureau, Food service companies and other sectors.Because it is the first individual restaurant in Beijing, many foreign journalists come to take pictures and interview every day, and the questions they ask are generally the same: "Is this restaurant opened by yourself or the government asked you to open it?" "Are you worried that you will be criticized in the future?" ?” “Will the money you earn be taken away by others?” In fact, Liu Guixian himself really wanted to find someone to ask these questions clearly.On the New Year's Eve of the second year, two big shots came to Yuebin Restaurant, and the two vice premiers, Chen Muhua and Yao Yilin, came to greet her in person.It was at this time that a new identity term became popular in the city: self-employed, which refers to people like Liu Guixian who have no national protection and set up small shops on their own. , sympathy, and a little secret admiration for "freedom". As the first individual restaurant in Beijing, Liu Guixian's career has never left Cuihua Hutong. Thirty years later, people can still find that small restaurant that can only accommodate seven or eight tables of Eight Immortals in that narrow and decaying alley. China in 1980 was still a bit far away from the world. On April 14, the British "Guardian" published a news photo from China. It was the window of a photo studio in Shanghai. There was a suit hanging in it and a sign on it. Suits." The photo reveals a witty metaphor.Another news photo published by "Newsweek" has a different meaning. A western female tourist is visiting the Forbidden City, while the corridor is full of Chinese tourists visiting her.This is really a kind of curiosity that is strange to each other. This year, the average grain consumption per capita in the country was 428 catties, an increase of 8.2% over 1952, and pork was 22.3 catties, an increase of 88.6% year-on-year.A total of 169 million pairs of leather shoes have been sold across the country, roughly speaking, that is, one out of every ten people has worn leather shoes.Because the population growth has exceeded the construction of houses, the living area per person in the country is 3.9 square meters, which is 0.6 square meters less than that in 1952.In order to control the continuous population growth, the State Council set up a family planning leading group, which clearly stated for the first time that "it is best for a couple to have only one child", which soon became a basic national policy that has been strictly implemented for a long time.From November 1 of this year, televisions were finally allowed to be "open supply", before it was a commodity that required quotas and approvals to purchase.By the end of the year, the national per capita retail sales of daily necessities was 4.22 billion yuan, of which, the proportion of purchasing the "big four items" - bicycles, watches, sewing machines and televisions increased from 0.5% in 1952 to 24.5%. At that time, the highest requirement for a girl to marry in the south was to have these "four major pieces". Internationally, the Japanese economy is still thriving.Calculated in terms of GDP, China and Japan were basically equal in the 1960s, but by 1980, Japan was four times that of China. At the end of 1980, Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry announced that the country's automobile production exceeded the 10 million mark for the first time, reaching 11.04 million, accounting for more than 30% of the world's total automobile production, and defeated the United States in one fell swoop to become "the world's number one."Automobiles are the iconic commodity of industrial civilization and the competition of modern countries. For this reason, NBC TV station in the United States aired a program called "Japan Can, Why Can't We?" ", a two-hour TV feature film, whose theme is to compare the industries of the United States and Japan. The host of NBC said: Ten years ago, the Japanese were famous for making fake and inferior products, and the term "Made in Japan" became a catchphrase to make fun of inferior products.But today, "Made in Japan" has become synonymous with excellent quality, and young people in the United States are now proud to drive small Japanese sports cars.There was still such a story circulating in the Western media at that time: One day, a well-mannered Japanese ran to live with an American family in the name of learning English.The strange thing is that he is taking notes every day, all the details of American home life, including what food to eat, what TV programs to watch, etc., are all recorded.Three months later, the Japanese left.Shortly thereafter, Toyota hit the market with an affordable, high-quality station wagon designed for the needs of American families.The car was designed with Americans in mind in every detail.What made Americans even more suffocated was that Toyota also published their research report on American families in the newspaper, and apologized to the family, and expressed their gratitude at the same time. In response to the Japanese challenge, American companies had to try to learn.Xerox, which was beaten up by the Japanese copier company, began to implement "benchmarking management", which is to dismantle every link of production and operation, and compare them one by one with the most powerful competitor, Japan's Fujitsu, so that Find key points for improvement.Xerox's project persisted for ten years, and finally repelled Fuji's attack in the copier field. General Electric, which is also under great pressure, is about to change its CEO. Reginald Jones, who is about to retire, has chosen Jack Welch against all odds.Welch was not on the list of candidates for succession because he was too young, too impatient and had a stutter. 20 years later the whole world believed what a great choice it was. On November 4 of this year, Ronald Reagan, a Hollywood actor, was elected the 40th president of the United States.As soon as he took office, he faced challenges such as the oil crisis, the tension between the US and the Soviet Union, and the rise of the Japanese economy. No one thought that he would become one of the most successful presidents in American history. On December 8, John Lennon, the icon of the British Beatles, was assassinated by his admirers at his door.This decadent young man who broke out of a small bar in Liverpool is the most popular singer in the history of rock and roll. He and his music were once considered by the media as "the reason why teenagers make trouble and booing", but his legendary life is still being publicized many years later. relish.If you want to find a person who has something to do with him in China, you can pay attention to a high school graduate named Cui Jian in Beijing. At that time, he was unemployed at home. His greatest dream is to be admitted to the Beijing Song and Dance Troupe as a trumpeter .Six years later, he wrote "Nothing" with a "Lennon temperament", and thus became the most famous rock singer in China in the future.Lennon's death seems to herald the end of the romantic hippie era, and a new cycle of commercial luxury is on schedule. Another event worth remembering in the global business community is that Alvin Toffler, an American futurist who was born as a journalist, published the sensational "The Third Wave", in which he combined pre-industrial society, industrial society and post-industrial society A redefinition is carried out, pointing out that their important means of creating wealth are land, capital and information respectively.Toffler found that in the United States and some European countries, the employed population of the modern service industry has surpassed the industrial labor population and has become a new leading industry. From this, he proposed the "third wave" based on the premise of the new technological revolution. This point of view has greatly influenced people's thinking.The book was introduced to China two years later and was "published internally" in a non-public range. Two weeks after John Lennon was assassinated, at the gate of a warehouse at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, 46-year-old Chen Chunxian stood in the cold wind and greeted people who came by bicycle warmly. There are 14 of them in total, and each of them is weak in appearance and soft in tone.They are all researchers from the Institute of Physics, Institute of Electronics and Institute of Mechanics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. This time they were all "fooled" by Lao Chen.In this year, they will start a "big thing" together. The initiator of this "big event" is Chen Chunxian.He is a well-known scientific genius of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He studied in the Soviet Union in his early years and was received by Stalin because of his excellent grades.His special subject is very cutting-edge nuclear fusion. He built the first tokamak device in China and established China's nuclear fusion base in Hefei. In 1978, the Chinese Academy of Sciences appraised and hired the first batch of professor-level researchers, and there were only ten places in the whole academy. He was on the list together with the famous mathematician Chen Jingrun.在过去的两年里，他作为中国最重量级的科学家之一三次访问美国，而这三次考察却彻底地改变了他的人生。 陈春先去了著名的硅谷和波士顿128号公路，他深深为那两个地方高科技公司的繁荣而心动不已。报国心切的陈春先直觉地认为，中国也应该有自己的硅谷，让那些沉睡在实验室里的科技成果可以转化成为市场价值的商品。回国后，他多次在各种场合发言呼吁。在他的方案中，甚至已经圈定了“中国硅谷”的地点，那就是他工作所在的中关村。 中关村是北京城北面的一个小村庄的名字。1949年以前，这里是一个有70户住家、276口人的自然小村，周边的坟地占了土地的30%多。1952年，中国科学院定址于此，再一年，燕京大学与北京大学合并，又在这个小村的北部形成一个教研院区。日后，中关村一带先后建起了中科院的几个重点研究所和大面积的员工宿舍，成为科研人员聚集度很高的一个区域。在陈春先的心目中，“这里的人才密度绝不比旧金山和波士顿地区低，素质也并不差，我觉得有很大的潜力没有挖出来”。 陈春先已经为他的这个设想激动了很久，第三次考察回国后，他终于决定从自己做起，来催生出中国的硅谷。在他的奔波下，北京科协成了他的支持者。这个力量弱小的协会借给了陈春先200元钱，并帮助他开设了一个公司帐户。于是，在年关将近之际，陈春先在中关村的一个仓库办起了国内第一家民营科技实体——北京等离子体学会先进技术发展服务部。 陈春先的举措在中科院内部引起了不小的震动，但是在社会上，这是一个十分不起眼的事件。没有一个媒体对此进行报道，陈春先也不知道自己到底能走多远。这位中科院里思想最活跃的中年人彻底放弃了自己的科学家生涯，他将开始一段平庸而坎坷的企业家经历，日后他整天为业务而奔忙，甚至还曾经因为债务纠纷而被人两次绑架。他是一个失意的公司经营者。 可是，就是这个陈春先却以一人之力撬动了中国高科技产业。他为服务部所设定的经营原则后来成为中国民营高科技公司创办的共同规律，那就是：科技人员走出研究所，遵循科技转化规律、市场经济规律，不要国家拨款，不占国家编制，自筹资金、自负盈亏、自主经营、依法自主决策。在他被怀疑、辱骂和嘲笑的身后，一家又一家科技公司在中关村出生了。三年后，在没有国家任何投资的前提下，中关村赫然成为中国最著名的“电子一条街”，到1992年，这里的民营科技公司达到5180家。 1980年的北京之冬十分寒冷，整个12月共下了五场鹅毛大雪，有报道说，这年冬天的降雪量是近20年来最大的一次。陈春先的服务部在开业的两个月后终于接到了第一单生意，海淀区一个街道小厂的厂长向上门兜售业务的核聚变科学家陈春先：“你能帮我们解决一下电源上的问题吗？”陈春先楞了一下，然后说，“这当然，你可以给多少钱？”与陈春先动议“中国硅谷”并在中关村创业的同时，台湾地区创建新竹科技园，试图打造“中国台湾硅谷”，为此，当局成立了科技管理局，制定科教园规划，设计发展框架，在资金筹建、人才训练、环境优化等方面出台了以系列优惠措施，并为入园创业者提供“一站式”快捷高效服务。据首任管理局局长何宜慈博士称，到1984年，新竹科技园已创办了70余家高科技企业，产值100亿元台币，一个东方“硅谷”的雏形初露端倪，到2000年，方圆六平方公里的新竹科技园，吸纳了300多家高科技企业落户，2000年总销售额达9300多亿新台币。新竹科技园成为台湾高科技产业的孵化器。几乎同时起步的中关村与新竹科技园，两者命运相异，颇可对照研究。