Chapter 3 1978 China, back
On November 27, 1978, Liu Chuanzhi, a 34-year-old engineering technician from the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, went to work on time. He took out the "People's Daily" of the day from his letter box. Generally speaking, he would spend the whole morning reading the newspaper. More than 20 years later, he recalled:
"I remember in 1978, I saw an article about how to raise cattle in People's Daily for the first time, which made me very excited. Since the 'Cultural Revolution', the newspapers were full of revolutions and struggles, It was full of editorials. At that time, raising chickens and growing vegetables were all regarded as the tail of capitalism, which would be cut off, but People’s Daily actually published an article about raising cattle, the climate is really about to change!"
Judging from the information I have consulted now, Liu Chuanzhi, who later founded the well-known Lenovo Group, may have a little memory loss.Because in the already yellowed 1978 "People's Daily", there is no article on how to raise cattle, but there is a news about scientifically raising pigs.On the third page of the newspaper that day, there was a long report titled "The Masses Created Experience to Accelerate the Pig Raising Industry", which introduced in detail how Guangxi and Tongxian County in Beijing have improved the efficiency of raising pigs. One head can be slaughtered by itself", "the new method of implementing public-owned distribution" and so on.What Liu Chuanzhi saw should be this press release.
However, it doesn't seem to matter whether they raise cattle or pigs. The important thing is that there are indeed a group of people like Liu Chuanzhi in the whole country who are "Prophets of Spring River Plumbing Ducks". changes.
In the modern history of China, 1978 was a very delicate and crucial year.Although the "Gang of Four" who carried out the ultra-left political line had been overthrown in the previous two years, some people in the top leadership of the party and the country put forward the political proposition of "two whatevers", implementing consciousness in the two major fields of politics and economy. Morphological governance.Deng Xiaoping, a leader of the older generation who has just returned, is trying to use his influence to promote changes in China's destiny.
On January 14, 1978, Hu Fuming, a teacher at Nanjing University, suddenly received a letter.The letter was written by Wang Qianghua, editor of Guangming Daily. Hu had written an article and sent it to the newspaper half a year ago. After not receiving a reply for a long time, he no longer had any illusions about it.He was very surprised by Wang's sudden letter.Hu Fuming recalled: "Wang Qianghua sent a copy of the proof in the letter, which is the proof of "Practice is the standard for testing truth". I still keep the letter. It probably means, what do you want to say about the meaning of this article? We are clear, we want to use it, and hope to revise it quickly and send it. It is just a suggestion, hoping to make the truth more complete, and not make people feel that Marxism is outdated. From then on, our The manuscript came and went several times. I sent him the revised one, and he revised the manuscript and sent it to me after a few days. Then, there was another letter with a different tone and a different tone. It needs to be written more clearly, more targeted, and more critical, and the tone has changed from the previous one.”
On May 11, "Guangming Daily" published an article by a special commentator entitled "Practice is the only criterion for testing truth".On the same day, Xinhua News Agency forwarded this article, and the next day, "People's Daily" reproduced it in full.This can be regarded as the most important political declaration of the year in China.At the end of the article, the author bravely declares: "Where there is a 'forbidden zone' that transcends practice and regards itself as absolute, there is no science, no real Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, but only obscurantism, idealism, and cultural tyranny. doctrine.” The publication of the article aroused great repercussions in the dull and suffocating Chinese society at the time. In places such as Northeast China and Shanghai, where the ideology was relatively conservative, there were voices of crusade against him for “reproaching him for cutting the flag”, “violating the spirit of the Central Committee and opposing Mao Zedong Thought”. everywhere.After reading the newspaper, Hu Fuming went home and said to his wife, "I'm already mentally prepared. I'm going to go to jail." His wife said, "I'll either go to jail with you, or deliver food every day until you get out of prison."
On May 19, Deng Xiaoping talked about this article when he received the person in charge of the core leading group of the Ministry of Culture, and believed that the article was in line with Marxism-Leninism. He put forward dogmatism, called for "breaking the shackles of the spirit, and liberating our minds", and pointed out that it is very necessary to discuss the issue that practice is the only criterion for testing truth.
This great discussion on the test of truth has affected the entire process of China's reform.On the ideological basis, it completely destroyed the "two whatevers" political principle and advocated a brand-new practical theory.In the economic transformation, it tries to establish a new ideological foundation and business ethics.Until 30 years later, we can still strongly feel the influence of this thought on China's reform.In the next few years, it was in line with political maxims such as "centering on economic construction" and "stability over everything else", and clearly expressed it from three aspects: methodology, strategic goals, and growth boundaries, thus constituting China's The reform culture and the three cornerstones of thought.It can be said that the development of Chinese enterprises and other undertakings in the future will take this as the most fundamental starting point and boundary.
At the end of this year, more than 20 days after Liu Chuanzhi read the newspaper, the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Beijing with historical significance. Lead the collective.The plenary session made a decision to shift the focus of the party's work to socialist construction.Before and after the plenum, the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China announced that the "April-Five" Tiananmen Movement was a completely revolutionary action.At the same time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China rehabilitated and held a memorial service for Peng Dehuai, Tao Zhu and other politicians who had been wronged during the "Cultural Revolution".In the following two years, more than 3 million cadres and masses across the country were rehabilitated, and 550,000 "rightists" were corrected. So far, the "historical task of bringing order out of chaos" has been basically completed, and the axis of China's development has been completely transformed since then.
In the first half of this corporate history, if there is a "protagonist", it should be Deng Xiaoping.
Objectively speaking, Deng Xiaoping laid the ideological foundation for China's transformation and dominated the rhythm of the entire transformation during the time he controlled.This small Sichuan native has amazing tenacity and insightful political determination.According to the memories of those close to him, when faced with major decisions, he liked to sit alone in the room and smoke Panda cigarettes silently.When he makes a certain decision, few people can change it.Bergson, a French thinker and winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927, once said: "It is nonsense to say that the progress of society occurs naturally due to the social and ideological conditions of a certain period of history. It is actually only when this society has already It was achieved overnight after making up our minds to conduct experiments. That is to say, this society must be confident, or allow itself to be shocked anyway, and this shock is always given by someone.” Deng Xiaoping is undoubtedly Bergson’s so-called "someone".
1978 was the first year when Deng Xiaoping truly dominated China's destiny.At the first meeting of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held in March of that year, he was elected chairman of the CPPCC.
After becoming the chairman of the CPPCC, Deng Xiaoping presided over the first conference was the subsequent "National Science Conference".At the conference, he unexpectedly proposed that "science and technology are productive forces" and "intellectuals are part of the working class".
At this conference, national leaders acknowledged that China lags behind the world level by 15 to 20 years in many aspects, and at the same time proposed an ambitious scientific development plan, identifying 108 projects as the key points of national scientific and technological research, and its purpose It is "to catch up with or surpass the world level by the end of this century".
Subsequent history has proved that this unrealistic goal was not fully realized.But at that time, it really shocked the whole of China, and everyone seemed to hear the sharp sound of the era train changing tracks.That year, a total of 6,000 people participated in the scientific conference, of which only more than 150 were under the age of 35.In the back row of the meeting sat a 33-year-old young man named Ren Zhengfei. He was a representative sent by the People's Liberation Army. Worried about his father's rehabilitation and whether he could join the party, but what he didn't expect was that in another ten years, he would drift to Shenzhen in the south and start an electronics company called Huawei with a meager 20,000 yuan. This company will rise rapidly with its strict militarized management and sharp bottom price strategy, and cause headaches for colleagues all over the world.
After the Science Conference, the country's reforms in scientific research and education accelerated significantly. In April, the Ministry of Education decided to restore and add 55 institutions of higher learning, including the famous Jinan University.Soon, news of the resumption of the unified national college entrance examination spread across the country.
In fact, the college entrance examination system had been partially restored in 1977, and the national college entrance examination was officially held in 1978.From this year onwards, college admissions resumed the national unified examination, and the Ministry of Education organized the proposition, and the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government organized examinations, marking papers, and admissions to local colleges and universities.The liberal arts test politics, Chinese, mathematics, history, geography and foreign languages; the science tests politics, Chinese, mathematics, physics, chemistry and foreign languages.The languages of the foreign language test are English, Russian, Japanese, French, German, Spanish, and Arabic. The test scores will not be included in the total score for the time being, but will be used as a reference for admission.Those who have not learned the above languages can be exempted from the test.Those who apply for foreign language colleges or majors must also take an oral test; the foreign language written test score will be included in the total score, and the math score will be used as a reference.
According to Deng Xiaoping’s instructions, “While publishing the list of participants for the physical examination, the test scores of all candidates are announced. The method of publication is that the county (district) admissions committee notifies the candidates’ units to pass them on to themselves.” The release of candidates’ scores is to improve enrollment. The important measure of the openness and transparency of the examination process has played a major role in changing the social atmosphere and eliminating unhealthy trends such as "going through the back door" and favoritism and fraud.
Statistics show that as many as 5.8 million candidates signed up for the first batch of college entrance examinations, far exceeding the enrollment plans of colleges and universities.Enrollment expansion has become the unanimous voice of the whole country.Mao Zuhuan, director of the Institute of Educational Sciences, Beijing University of Science and Technology, recalled: "The expansion of enrollment was also decided temporarily. At that time, each school was asked to report how many people each school could recruit, and it was reported in this way, and the score line was set in this way. That year There are still more students who do well in the exam, because people of many classes are pressed together to take the college entrance examination, so in the end, I remember that when Lin Hujia was the mayor of Beijing, Beijing took the lead in expanding enrollment. For example, 330 points, 340 points I just crossed the line with a score of 300, and later said that anyone with a score of 300 or above can go to college, and it suddenly increased by at least one-third to one-half. This ratio is still very large. Later, Tianjin, Shanghai and other universities The cities followed up, resulting in a second expansion of enrollment.”
According to data released by the Ministry of Education, in 1978, 6.1 million people applied for the national college entrance examination, and 402,000 people were admitted.Looking through this year's "National College Enrollment Chinese Test Paper", the first part is to add punctuation marks to a paragraph of text, and the first question is related to the economy:
(1) The realization of mechanization depends on the revolutionization of people's thinking. Only with revolutionization can mechanization be achieved. Mechanization is not just blown out in one breath. It takes a lot of hard work to succeed. We must carry out the struggle to expose and criticize the Gang of Four to the end. We must eliminate their poison and promote people. A soft and lazy leadership team cannot afford to shoulder the heavy burden of ideological revolutionization.
This was the most mainstream value at that time: the emancipation of the mind and the elimination of left-leaning and rigid dogmatism were the most important prerequisites for economic progress.From here, later people can find out how daunting the pursuit of economic growth was in 1978.
The dragon gate opens steeply, and the crucian carp leaps.Once the talent frenzy that has been accumulated for more than ten years spews out, how can there be no talented people among the more than 400,000 people.
In Liaoning, Ma Weihua, a worker at the Shenyang Railway Bureau, was admitted to the Department of Economics of Jilin University, majoring in national economic management. 11 years later, he became the president of the head office of China Merchants Bank; Zhang Zhengyu, who was born in Hangzhou, was admitted to Beijing Institute of Technology (later renamed Beijing Institute of Technology) , he studied until he graduated with a Ph.D. He founded his own company in 1987, and later produced the first-generation PDA handheld computer "Business Communication"; Duan Yongji, a young teacher from Beijing 176 Middle School, was admitted to Beijing Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (later renamed Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics) Six years later, he founded Stone Company, and later became a man of the hour in Zhongguancun, Beijing.In Sichuan, the three brothers Liu Yongxing participated in the college entrance examination in 1977. They all passed the mark but were not admitted because of their "bad background". The three brothers set up a small breeding farm in a rage. Twenty years later They became the "richest man in China" at that time.
Like all universities in the country, the South China Institute of Technology in Guangzhou (renamed South China University of Technology in 1988) also welcomed the first batch of students after the resumption of the college entrance examination. The classrooms of the radio class were full, and the students looked at each other with curious eyes. .The oldest among them is 40 years old, and the youngest is only 18 years old. Among them, three classmates who are similar in age are very good friends. The youngest is Chen Weirong, who is from Luoding County, Guangdong. Li Dongsheng is from Wuzhishan, Hainan and Huizhou respectively.Their classmates later recalled: "Huang Hongsheng is the most mature, he is the big brother of the whole class, and he takes good care of his juniors in school. Huang Hongsheng walked into the classroom wearing liberation shoes with big toes exposed. Class monitor, he spent almost all of his four years in the library in the library. Li Dongsheng is the study committee member of the class. He is very introverted and doesn't like to play with other students, especially when he sees girls, he will blush, so some The female classmates didn’t know his name when they graduated.” These three people later founded three color TV companies, Konka, Skyworth and TCL.At their peak, the color TV production of these three companies accounted for 40% of the country's total output.
Of course, not all intellectual youths are as lucky as Duan Yongji and Li Dongsheng.
In Changsha, Hunan, Yang Xiguang, who had been in prison for ten years, returned home.He was arrested and imprisoned as an important "imperial prisoner" in February 1968. At the age of 21, he was arrested by the ultra-left "Cultural Revolution" because he wrote the eloquent "Where is China Going?" "The leader Kang Sheng called his name three times and was sentenced to ten years in prison.After he was released from prison, Yang Xiguang applied for the postgraduate examination of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Although several experts valued his talent, he was not admitted because he failed the "political examination".It was not until two years later that Hu Yaobang, then secretary of the Central Secretariat, personally instructed the Organization Department of the Central Committee that Yang Xiguang's case should be dealt with by the court according to the law, and that he regained his "political innocence".Afterwards, he used his childhood name "Yang Xiaokai" to take the postgraduate entrance examination of the Academy of Social Sciences, and finally became the most humanistic and critical economist in contemporary China.
Interestingly, Mou Zhong, a native of Wanxian, Sichuan, who also wrote "Where is China Going?" had to wait until December 31, 1979 to be released from prison.He did not go to university, but set up a sales department. In the next 10 years, he changed from "China's richest man" to "China's first scammer". In 2004, Yang Xiaokai, who converted to Christianity, died, and Mou Zhong was put in prison again in 1999.
In Inner Mongolia, a young man named Niu Gensheng suffered the death of his father.He was a poor child who was sold from the countryside to the city within a month of his birth. It is said that he was only worth 50 yuan.He didn't know his surname, because the person who adopted him was a cattle breeder, so he was given the surname Niu. His adoptive father had raised cattle for 28 years since the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and he grew up among cattle.That year, his adoptive father passed away, and Niu Gensheng wiped away his tears, took over the whip and continued to raise cattle.Five years later, Niu Gensheng worked as a bottle cleaner in a "Hui Min Dairy Factory", where he worked for 16 years, and then founded Mengniu Group, which later became China's largest dairy company.
In Wenzhou, 13-year-old Nan Cunhui had to drop out of school due to poverty. He became a cobbler who walked the streets and alleys. Blood gushed out immediately after being stuck in my finger. I had to wrap the wound with a piece of torn paper, and continued to mend the shoe for the customer with tears in my eyes. At that time, I made more money every day than my peers, so I could repair it with my own speed. Work harder and be more reliable in quality.” Six years later, the shoe repairman built a workshop-style switch factory in a dilapidated house. Twenty years later, Chint Group, which he founded, became one of the largest private companies in China.
In the southern town of Shenzhen, a 27-year-old literary youth named Wang Shi is sleeping in a bamboo shed on a construction site with a torn book under his pillow.He later wrote in his autobiography:
"In Shenzhen in April 1978, the blooming kapoks had withered. Dead pigs were thrown beside the road tracks, and blowflies were buzzing; the air was filled with the mixed stench of livestock manure and carrion. I was in Sungang, Shenzhen. The quarantine and disinfection warehouse of North Station guides the construction of water supply and drainage projects on site. The fresh and live commodities exported to Hong Kong by railways from various provinces and cities in the mainland are transported to Shenzhen, where they are assembled and quarantined at Sungang North Station, and then transported across the Luohu Bridge. Livestock that become ill or die during transportation , Deteriorated fruits and vegetables should be inspected and removed here.
"The reason why I came to Shenzhen was that when I graduated from Lanzhou Railway College in 1977, I was assigned to the fifth section of the Guangzhou Railway Bureau project as a water supply and drainage technician with a monthly salary of 42 yuan. The fifth section of the project was mainly responsible for the north to Guangdong and Hunan. Pingshi at the junction, a civil engineering project along the ××km road section south to Shenzhen Luohu Qiaotou. In this jurisdictional section, several engineering projects are often carried out at the same time. In 1978, we took over the disinfection warehouse project of Sungang North Station. At that time, Shenzhen is still a restricted zone for frontier defense, and not just anyone can come here.
"I went to Shatoujiao in spare time during construction: a winding narrow stone street with a boundary marker in the middle of the road, deserted. The boundary marker cannot be crossed, and the only two shops on the Chinese side are stocked with very common daily groceries.
"The construction site of Sungang North Station is very simple. The temporary dormitory for sleeping and rest is built beside the railway. Thirty people live in the shed made of bamboo mats. Mosquito nets, drilled in, compiled project schedules, final accounts, read books, and slept. Guangdong mosquitoes only bully people from other provinces. The bitten parts are red, swollen, and itchy. Hanging mosquito nets prevents mosquito bites and flies; The ropes of clothes or light ropes are always occupied by flies, densely packed, making your skin crawl.
"After work, I always hold a book, and after dinner, I shut myself up in the room alone to make reading notes until early in the morning; on holidays, I go to English classes. One weekend, I listened to a concert at the Guangzhou Friendship Theater: Hong Kong Violin The virtuoso Mr. Liu Yuansheng played the "Butterfly Lovers" violin concerto together with the Guangzhou Orchestra. I liked this love first concerto so much that I went to the backstage to congratulate the performers after the performance. Mr. Liu gave me a personal performance of "Butterfly Lovers" Concerto tapes. At that time, I never imagined that Mr. Liu would become my business partner who founded Vanke in Shenzhen and one of the major shareholders after IPO.
"...the project continues. I hope to finish the project as soon as possible, away from Shenzhen, which is across the river from Hong Kong."
What was the scene of Chinese enterprises in 1978?Maybe we can see it more clearly from the eyes of foreigners.
The "Washington Post" on July 28, 1978 published an observation of Chinese factories published by reporter Jay Matthews.Through unknown procedures, he was allowed to visit a state-run factory in Guilin for the first time.Since the summer of this year, various parts of China seem to have relaxed the approval process for overseas journalists to interview Chinese companies.Therefore, in various international media, people have read many strange eyewitness accounts.
In the report, "Jobs Still Loose Despite Announced Factory Reforms," Matthews wrote:
As in most factories in China, the workers at the Guilin silk factory did not appear to be motivated.Job security, guaranteed pensions, and other benefits pushed high school graduates to squeeze into factory jobs.As a result, many were squeezed into the ranks of workers who were already too many.Too many workers on the production line keep workers idle for long periods of time.When I walked into a workshop, there were three female workers chatting with another female worker at the next table.As soon as I entered, they quickly returned to their seats, and then sat there with their arms crossed, looking at me curiously.During the few minutes I was there, only one of the female workers worked, and none of the female workers made it clear what their production quota was.
Chinese workers see their work as a right, not an opportunity.Factory management dared not suppress members of the working class.In such enterprises, worker status can be hereditary, and when a worker retires, he or she can send a child to work in the factory.There are more than 2,500 workers in the Guilin silk factory, and no one has ever been fired.
Xie Guangzhi, director of the revolutionary committee of this factory, told reporters that over 85% of the workers in the factory received a small wage increase last year. For many, this was the first wage increase in 10-20 years.Since almost all workers received wage increases, the wage increase did not provide a significant stimulus.Beginning this year, the factory began to give a small amount of bonuses to some workers who worked well, and the bonus for the first quarter did not exceed US$1.75.
In the end, Matthews asserts, "this sloppy working attitude remains a major obstacle to the modernization of the world's most populous nation".
The most dramatic business visits occurred in central China.A Japanese reporter found a machine more than 140 years ago at the Chongqing Steel Works.This factory with an annual output of 300,000 tons of raw steel uses all the machinery and equipment before the 1950s. Among them, the steam rolling mill made in Britain more than 140 years ago is still in use.The reporter couldn't believe his eyes. He pointed to the factory label on the machine and asked the factory manager, "Is this a mistake in the year?" Using."
In the "Nihon Keizai Shimbun" on August 28, 1978, Okada, the newspaper's Beijing correspondent, published an observation entitled "China's planes are always grounded":
China is developing domestic transportation, but civil aviation remains unreliable.First of all, the timetable is unreliable. On the timetable of China's civil aviation that costs a dime, there are "ghost flights" mixed in.For example, on page 25 of the timetable, it says that there is a daily flight to Harbin, departing from Beijing at 8:15 in the morning.However, there are actually no flights on Thursday and Sunday.I went to the window and asked why.The answer is: "Oh, what is the reason? Probably when it was changed." What happens after boarding the plane?There is no guarantee that you will be able to fly to your destination on time.This time from Beijing to Harbin, the takeoff was one hour late, and the stopover in Shenyang was delayed for another four hours. Finally, I transferred to Changchun, and announced that "because it is raining in Harbin, today's flight is cancelled."I had no choice but to stay in Changchun for one night, but the next day it was still "suspended today".When I arrived in Harbin, I realized the reason. It turned out that Harbin Airport did not have a concrete runway, and the plane was taxiing on the grassland.It's no wonder that when it rains, the voyage must be suspended.
Also in August, an American house builder named Eli Broad visited five cities including Beijing and Guangzhou. He told a reporter from United Press International about his perception of China, "I saw a Impressive underdeveloped country". "Chinese people use clay and straw to make bricks, but they also use some prefabricated concrete slabs to build houses. Chinese houses are primitive, and the quality after completion is very rough, but they are very practical. Usually, a two-bedroom house can accommodate four people. Generations, from 80-year-old great-grandmothers to children.” Meanwhile, Eli Broad senses the changes just beginning to take place: “Everywhere I go, they’re changing the water pipes. Some new industrial estates are starting to construction, but I don't see any pollution control measures."
"Yomiuri Shimbun" Hong Kong reporter Matsunaga was also deeply surprised by the backwardness of Chinese enterprises on the 2nd.In June of this year, he visited an integrated circuit factory in Shanghai. He wrote, "The integrated circuit factory in Japan is so clean that there is no dust. In contrast, this factory in Shanghai is like a road factory. The factory said , More than half of the products are substandard and cannot be sold.” He also observed that the long-term political struggle and the suspension of enrollment in schools have left Chinese factories with an extreme shortage of basic talents.For example, he said that the average age of the 31 technicians at the Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute is 56 years old.
In an electromechanical factory in Minhang, Shanghai, Matsunaga saw a slogan, "Let's see who reaches the goal first."The factory began to reward workers who exceeded their quotas, and the monthly bonus was divided into three levels: three yuan, five yuan, and seven yuan.Matsunaga asked a question, "Are there any workers who have returned their bonuses and are still working hard on socialist construction?" The factory manager answered clearly, "No."
After experiencing these observations, Matsunaga predicted that China was about to start a new economic revolution.In a commentary on October 3, he declared bluntly, "China's future task after 30 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China is to implement a high-speed economic growth policy and build China into a powerful economic power."The approach China is taking is, "Under the reinstated leadership of Deng Xiaoping, try to strengthen economic relations with foreign countries—centered on the developed Western industrial countries, and pursue a line that emphasizes capabilities and efficiency at home."
Matsunaga tried to prove his observation with facts, "China's leaders have realized that it is impossible to achieve rapid modernization relying on the old factory in Shanghai, so they must make up their minds to introduce advanced foreign technology. Recently, China has strengthened its economic relations with foreign countries. The activities of the relationship are astounding. As of September this year, China has sent party and government leaders to visit 31 countries and received government leaders from 15 countries. Most of them are former enemies - developed countries in Western Europe. It goes without saying that the purpose of this open door policy is to introduce advanced technology."
It should be said that Matsunaga's observation is very precise. In 1978, in addition to the frequent visits of major leaders, the Chinese government also took some actions, which did not seem to arouse associations at the time, but in the eyes of later researchers, it was by no means a coincidence.On July 3 of this year, the Chinese government stopped aid to Vietnam. On the 13th, it announced the suspension of all technical and economic assistance to Albania. On October 23, the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship" came into effect. , China and the United States issued a joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations.
One alienation and one closeness seem to be irrelevant, but in fact it is not difficult to see a certain inner choice: get rid of the entanglement of ideology, take economic development as the main axis, and quietly move closer to developed countries. The development-oriented strategy has begun to ferment.
At the Tiananmen National Day ceremony this year, a Hong Kong businessman named Li Ka-shing appeared.He was wearing a tight-fitting blue Chinese tunic suit, and he stood awkwardly beside a large group of central cadres who were also wearing Chinese tunic suits. Tiananmen Square was so big that this Chaoshan native from a small island was not used to it.Since he left the mainland at the age of 11, this is the first time he has returned to his hometown in 40 years. A few years ago, he was criticized by the mainland media as a vicious capitalist, and now he has become a respected guest.He himself may not have imagined that in another 20 years, he would build a huge, ultra-modern Oriental Plaza one kilometer away from Tiananmen Square.He was personally invited by Deng Xiaoping to attend the National Day ceremony.Before coming here, he set himself a "horoscope commandment" - "keep the limelight and don't talk about politics."
Back in Hong Kong, Li Ka-shing immediately decided to donate and build 14 "people's apartments" in his hometown of Chaozhou City. He wrote in a letter to his hometown: "I am very concerned about the serious shortage of rural houses. Therefore, I have considered Appropriately support this plan at the local level.” He asked the media in his hometown not to make any publicity about it.One detail related to this is that two years later, when the "mass apartment" was completed, people who moved into the new house pasted a pair of self-written Spring Festival couplets on the door, saying: "Don't forget the Communist Party when you stand up, and don't forget Li Ka-shing when you are happy. "This couplet was quickly written by reporters as an "internal reference" and reported to the central government, which caused quite a stir.Li Ka-shing doesn't mess with politics, but he can't prevent politics from messing with him.
Four months before Li Ka-shing came to Beijing from Hong Kong to attend the National Day ceremony, 36-year-old Rong Zhijian carried simple luggage and a one-way pass, far away from his family, said goodbye to his wife and children, and came to Hong Kong from Beijing.Those who came to meet him at the pier were his two cousins, Rong Zhiqian and Rong Zhixin.The fourth generation of the distinguished century-old Rong family finally got together again in a humid summer.
The Rong family in Wuxi, which flourished in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, started out by running a printing and dyeing factory. It was a prominent merchant family in the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At its peak, the Rong family almost controlled most of China's textile industry. After 1949, the Rong family has always been a staunch supporter of the Communist Party. In 1953, the Party Central Committee experimented with the public-private partnership plan in a planned way. Under the active advocacy of Rong Yiren, the third generation head of the Rong family, the Guangzhou No. It became the first private factory in the country to submit an application for a public-private partnership, which played a national demonstration and publicity role. Mao Zedong therefore praised the Rong family as "the first household of national capitalists."Three years later, the national public-private partnership plan was coming to an end. At the second meeting of the second session of the CPPCC National Committee, Rong Yiren, as a representative of the industry and commerce team, announced the good news to Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi and others. The transformation of industry and commerce has entered a socialist society." In 1957, 41-year-old Rong Yiren became the deputy mayor of Shanghai, and later also served as the deputy minister of the Ministry of Textiles.
During the "Cultural Revolution", Rong Yiren stood aside and suffered a lot. His index finger was broken by the Red Guards. For several years, he had been transporting coal in the boiler room of the canteen of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and cleaning all the toilets of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce.His son Rong Zhijian was exiled to a hydropower station in Liangshan, Sichuan as a soil lifter. After the "Gang of Four" stepped down, Deng Xiaoping came back, and Rong Yiren turned around immediately. At the Fifth CPPCC meeting held in February 1978, Deng Xiaoping was elected as the chairman of the CPPCC National Committee, and Rong Yiren was elected as the vice chairman.
Although politically it has regained its brilliance, the Rong family's assets have been wiped out in the mainland.Rong Zhijian, who had returned to Beijing at this time, had nothing to do. He was not interested in scientific research or politics, so going south to Hong Kong became the best choice. , but still stick to the family business.Before the trip, Rong Yiren thought for a long time. He remembered that his father opened several textile factories in Hong Kong, and the dividends and dividends had not been moved for more than 30 years. , which became the capital for him to venture into Xiangjiang.After all, the children of the aristocratic family are unusual, and their starting point should be superior to others. In December, the Aika Electronics Factory, a joint venture between him and his two cousins, opened, with a total share capital of 1 million Hong Kong dollars, and each of the three held 1/3 of the shares. Waiting to sell to the mainland, at that time, it was almost an unimaginable privilege to be granted the "right to sell to the mainland". Three years later, this small electronics factory with a strong background was acquired by Fitelec of the United States at a high price of 12 million US dollars.The Rong family's financial skills are very effective after a test, and it is really extraordinary.Rong Zhijian's assets once climbed to the throne of "China's richest man" in the future, and its origin should have started this summer.
Compared with his son who went to Hong Kong alone, Rong Yiren, who became the vice chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, fought fiercely in the mainland.He suggested to Deng Xiaoping that "to attract funds from abroad and introduce advanced technology, it seems necessary to set up an international trust and investment company to absorb foreign investment in a centralized manner, and to invest in national construction according to the national plan and the wishes of investors."In Rong Yiren's proposal, the company to be founded is called China International Trust and Investment Corporation, or CITIC for short.This proposal was immediately approved by Deng, and other leaders also praised it. In 1979, CITIC Corporation was formally established.For quite a long time, it played an intermediary role in China's introduction of international capital.
On October 22, 1978, Deng Xiaoping visited Japan after he successfully set off an ideological wave of "discussion on the standard of truth" in China.During this visit, visiting Japanese companies is one of the important items of his trip.This Chinese leader who studied in France in his early years and worked as a worker in a printing factory has not stepped into a capitalist factory for half a century.This time, he was obviously not just for visiting, but expressing his deep meaning time and time again with his gestures.
He first visited Nippon Steel Corporation and Nissan Motor Corporation in Tokyo.In a Nissan car factory, he really got a taste of the "modern" production line. During his inspection in Osaka, he made a special trip to the Ibaraki factory of Panasonic Electric Company. There, waiting for him was another Asian legend, Panasonic Corporation. The founder, the 83-year-old Konosuke Matsushita, who is honored as the "God of Japanese Management".
The accompanying Xinhua News Agency reporter described in the report: Japanese friends introduced to Vice Premier Deng the general situation of Panasonic Electric Company's production of various TV sets.Since producing the first television in 1952, as of March 1978, the company has produced 5,000 televisions.Vice Premier Deng walked into the production workshop and visited the TV assembly production line, automatic plug-in device and inspection of finished products and other production processes.After leaving the workshop, Vice Premier Deng was invited to an exhibition room. Japanese friends introduced to Vice Premier Deng the dual-screen TV, high-speed fax machine, Chinese character arrangement device, video recorder, video record, stereo player and microwave oven, etc. product.Vice Premier Deng said in his speech that in the development of China's four modernizations, the electronic industry, electronic instruments and automation are all necessary. The signing and entry into force of the "Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship" enabled the friendly cooperation between the two countries to continue in a wider range of fields.At the request of the owner, Vice Premier Deng wrote an inscription on the commemorative book of this factory: "A Bright Future for Sino-Japanese Friendship".
Deng Xiaoping's inspection of Panasonic left a deep impression on the 83-year-old Konosuke Matsushita, which prompted the old man to start thinking about Panasonic's strategy for China.In the second year, Konosuke Matsushita flew to China and became the first international entrepreneur to visit New China. Matsushita signed a "Technical Cooperation No. 1" agreement with the Chinese government to provide the Shanghai Bulb Factory with complete sets of black and white picture tube equipment. Donated equipment worth 120 million yen to Peking University and Fudan University through the International Exchange Fund, and opened Panasonic's Beijing office accordingly.Panasonic's first entry into China had a huge demonstration effect, and other Japanese companies flocked to it. In the following 10 years, Japanese companies became the first batch of foreign pioneers in the Chinese market.
Yosuke Nakae, former Japanese ambassador to China, recorded another detail of Deng Xiaoping’s visit to Japan in his memoir “Deng Xiaoping Made China Rich”: Nakae asked Deng Xiaoping what he was interested in in Japan while accompanying him, and Deng Xiaoping said that Chinese people use briquettes in winter , carbon monoxide poisoning often occurs, he would like to know if there are briquettes in Japan that do not produce carbon monoxide.
After his visit to Japan, Deng Xiaoping made a reciprocal visit to Singapore.Lee Kuan Yew recalled this experience in the book "Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: 1965-2000".Lee Kuan Yew was so impressed by Deng Xiaoping that he wrote in the book: "Deng Xiaoping is the most impressive leader I have ever met. Although he is only five feet tall, he is a man of excellence. Although already At 74, he is always ready to change his mind when confronted with unpleasant realities."
Contrary to Lee Kuan Yew's expectations, Deng Xiaoping expressed a strong interest in Singapore's economic system.He wrote in his memoirs, “A few weeks after Deng Xiaoping left, someone showed me an article about Singapore published in Beijing’s People’s Daily. The route of the report changed, and one after another described Singapore as a garden city. Say here Greening, public housing and tourism are all worthy of investigation and study. We are no longer 'running dogs of US imperialism'. Deng Xiaoping said in a speech the following year: 'I went to Singapore to investigate how they use foreign capital. Firstly, the 35% tax paid by foreign companies based on net profit is owned by the state; secondly, all labor income goes to the workers; thirdly, foreign investment drives the service industry. These are the state’s income 。'他在1978年所看到的新加坡，为中国人要争取的最基本的成就提供了一个参考标准。”
These details were submerged in news reports in 1978. People only paid attention to and praised the various political significance of Deng Xiaoping's visit, but did not find that he was actually learning experience for China's future economic system reform.邓小平是一个深思而慎行的人，当他提出某一个主张的时候，便表明他已经对此深思熟虑。At a central working conference at the end of the year, Deng Xiaoping suddenly proposed a new theory: "Let some cities get rich first."At that time, he listed a dozen cities in one breath, and the first one was Shenzhen.
Yu Guangyuan, an economist who was present at the time, recalled that Deng Xiaoping mentioned "Shenzhen" instead of "Bao'an" as people often say. and thought deeply about it. In March 1979, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was established.
1978年底，美国《时代周刊》将邓小平评为“《时代》年度人物”。这家在国际上影响重大的周刊用整整48页的系列文章介绍了年度人物邓小平和打开大门的中国，其开篇之作的标题是：“新中国的梦想家”（Visionary of a New China）。
1978年，中国最重大的经济事件并不发生在城市里，而是在一个偏僻、贫穷的小乡村。这在即将开始的30年里一点也不奇怪，因为日后更多改变中国变革命运的事件都是没有预谋的，都是在很偏僻的地方、由一些很平凡的小人物所意外引爆的。
这年11月24日晚上，在安徽省凤阳县小岗生产队的一间破草屋里，18个衣衫老旧、面色饥黄的农民，借助一盏昏暗的煤油灯，面对一张契约，一个个神情紧张地按下血红的指印，并人人发誓：宁愿坐牢杀头，也要分田到户搞包干。This large-scale contract, which was later preserved in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum, is considered to be the "first shot" of China's rural reform.
Before 1978, the people's commune system, which had been implemented for more than 20 years, tied farmers across the country firmly to the land. The disadvantages of "big pot rice" were clearly evident, and the agricultural efficiency was so low that farmers could not survive.小岗村是远近闻名的“三靠村”—“吃粮靠返销，用钱靠救济、生产靠贷款”，每年秋收后几乎家家外出讨饭。 In Anhui in 1978, there was a drought since the spring, and the province's summer grain production was greatly reduced.小岗村的农民在走投无路的情况下，被逼到了包产到户的这一条路上。The dry contract system was very effective. In the second year, Xiaogang Village achieved a bumper harvest. For the first time, it paid public grain to the state and repaid the loan.Under the strong auspices of Wan Li, then Secretary of the Anhui Provincial Party Committee, Xiaogang Village’s experience in large-scale labor contracting was promoted throughout Anhui overnight.Since then, China's rural reform, named after the "household joint production contract responsibility system", has spread rapidly across the country, bringing changes that are universally recognized in China's rural areas.
包产到户的意义无疑是巨大的。它让中国农民摆脱了遏制劳动积极性的人民公社制度，从而解放了生产力，它的推广在根本上解决了中国的口粮产能问题。而在另一个方面，它让农民从土地的束缚中解放出来，在土地严重缺乏而观念较为领先的东南沿海地带，大量闲散人口开始逃离土地，他们很自然地转而进入工业制造领域寻找生存的机会，这群人的出现直接地诱发了乡镇企业的“意外崛起”。在某种意义上，中国民间公司的庞然生长，在逻辑根源上也可以从小岗村的那个冬夜开始追寻。
如果说小岗村的包干制是一场革命的话，那么，也是在1978年，距这里数百公里外的江苏省华西村则发生着另一场农村变革，与小岗村不同的是，它是从人民公社的肌体中变异过来的一种集体经济，它代表了另一类、在相当长的时间内受到政府认可，并也确实发展了生产力的民间公司模式。
华西村早在20世纪60年代就是“农业学大寨”的全国典型，吴仁宝在这个村里当了创纪录的48年的村党委书记，他既是一个农村基层政权的领导者，同时又是一个乡村公司的企业家，这双重的角色让他在很多时候游刃有余，也在另一些时候，遭遇终极难题。This mixed fate will run through his entire career of change.
当年，华西村成为全国闻名的“农业学大寨”样板大队，吴仁宝还因此当过所在的江阴县的县委书记，在江浙一带，华西村的地位和风光可比大寨，吴仁宝则赫然是“陈永贵式”的好干部。在1975年10月26日的《人民日报》上，新华社记者还曾用充满激情的笔触描写过华西村：“华西大队认真学大寨十一年，过去粮食亩产超一吨，今年可达2400斤……吴仁宝同志向自己提出了五项要求……四是百分之八十的力量用于抓农业，百分之十的地方财力用于农业机械化，把各行各业纳入以农业为基础的轨道；五是继续抓好六十四个先进大队，同时帮助六个后进公社赶上去。除此之外，还要建立一万人的理论队伍，一万人的科学技术队伍。他还向全省代表讲了改土治水、作物品种布局、秋肥造田、平整土地的规划，他把自己的蓝图编成了一首诗：九十万人民心向党，七十万亩田成方，六万山地换新装，五业发展六畜旺，社员人人喜洋洋。”
这样的报道充斥了一大串看上去确凿的、闪闪发光的数据，它曾经引得81岁的文学家叶圣陶激动不已，这位江阴人据此写了一首很长的赞美诗，其中有“仁宝同志江阴众，英雄业绩维仔肩，更思举国数千县，孰不能如江阴焉”之句。In fact, while Wu Renbao was studying Dazhai with a high profile, he was doing other "shady" jobs.早在1969年，他就抽调20人在村里偷偷办起了小五金厂。 “当时可千万不能让外面知道，正是割资本主义尾巴的时候呢。”后来顶替吴仁宝担任华西村党委书记的他的第四个儿子吴协恩回忆说，“田里红旗飘飘、喇叭声声，检查的同志走了，我们转身也进了工厂。为什么冒险搞工业？因为种田实在挣不到钱。当时全村人拼死拼活，农业总产值24万元，而只用20个人办的小五金厂，三年后就达到了24万元的产值。”1978年，吴仁宝盘点过华西村的家底，共有固定资产100万元，银行存款100万元，另外还存有三年的口粮，这在全国的数千乡村中可谓富甲一时。在当时，一包烟的价格是0.2元，整个江阴县的工农业总产值也仅仅数亿元而已。
就这样，吴仁宝用一种很特殊的方式改造他的家乡，1978年12月8日，《人民日报》在头版头条的显赫位置再次报道了华西村，题目是《农民热爱这样的社会主义》，同时还配发了“本报评论员”文章《华西的经验说明了什么》，这是当年度这家“中国第一媒体”对全国乡村最高规格的报道。可是，在江苏省和江阴一带，华西被嘲讽为“吹牛大队”，还有一些人给中央写内参，告发“华西村是个假典型”。在这样的风波中，吴仁宝奇迹般地躲过了暗箭，他的“江阴县委书记”在一次举报后被摘掉了，可他在华西村搞的那些小工厂却一直在地下运转。这些不受保护、偷偷摸摸的五金作坊成为了日后燎原中国的乡镇集体企业的胚胎。
It is not difficult to find that Wu Renbao was not alone in China at that time if we broaden our horizons.在北方天津静海县蔡公庄的大邱庄，一个叫禹作敏的村党支部书记也在村里偷偷办起了一家冷轧带钢厂。大邱庄是远近闻名的穷村，当地有“宁吃三年糠，有女不嫁大邱庄”的民谣，谁也不会料到十年后这里竟会成为富甲一时的“天下第一村”。而在素来有工业传统的江浙一带，一批小工业作坊—没有人做过确凿的统计，如果我们用“上千个”这个概念应该不会太偏离事实—已经星星点点地冒了出来。在浙江，钱塘江畔的萧山县，鲁冠球创办的农机厂已经悄悄度过了它十周年的纪念日。
在这里，我们必须提醒读者一个事实：中国民营公司的成长从一开始就有两个源头，一是华西式的乡村基层政权及其集体企业组织，二是鲁冠球工厂式的自主创业型企业。在日后很长的时间里，吴仁宝和鲁冠球是中国乡镇企业最耀眼的“双子星座”，但是他们的起点却相去甚远，前者始终依托在村级政府的肌体上，而后者的崛起则大半是个人创造。这种差异在一开始并不起眼，甚至在相当长的时期内，连他们自己都没有注意到这一点，“乡镇企业”一直是他们共用的一个概念，直到“企业产权”的归属成为一个问题时，他们的命运才开始向不同的方向飞奔，这自然是1990年之后的话题了。
萧山虽处鱼米之乡的江南，却是江沙冲击出来的小平原，人口众多而地力贫瘠，鲁冠球生来对种地毫无兴趣，他自小流浪乡里，先学打铁，后修自行车，25岁那年，他东借西凑4000元，带着6个人办起了“宁围公社农机厂”，并自任厂长。宁围是他出生地所在，在他将近50年的职业生涯中，这位日后著名的“中国企业常青树”把公司办到了大洋彼岸，自己却从来没有离开过这块土地。
When Lu Guanqiu set up a factory, it can be said that he really started out of poverty.工厂没有地方买原材料，他蹬着一辆破自行车每天过江到杭州城里，走街串巷地收废旧钢材，有时候就蜷在一些国营大工厂的门外一整天，有厂里不要的废钢管、旧铁线扔出来，就宝贝一样地拣回去。Whatever he produces, there are ups and downs. At the beginning, he made a thousand coulters and went to sell them to agricultural machinery companies. He was kicked out as soon as he entered the door because he had no "distribution quota".It was an era of planned economy like an iron barrel. What to produce, what to buy, and what to sell had to be set by the state, and the circulation of goods beyond the quota was "illegal".精明的鲁冠球东钻西闯，好不容易找到了一条活下来的缝隙，那就是为周边公社的农具提供配套生产，如饲料机上的榔头、打板，拖拉机上的尾轮叉，柴油机上的油嘴，要什么做什么。
到1978年，雪球慢慢滚大，鲁冠球的工厂竟已有400号人，年产值300余万元，厂门口挂着“宁围农机厂”、“宁围轴承厂”、“宁围链条厂”、“宁围失蜡铸钢厂”四块牌子，到这一年的秋天，他又挂上了“宁围万向节厂”。Few of the surrounding farmers have figured out what lost-wax cast steel and universal joints are.在后来人看来，从农作耕地到初级工业化之间，鲁冠球似乎已经在费力地搭建自己的企业基石。
What is still surprising is that Lu Guanqiu, who has only a junior high school education and has never been exposed to any business management knowledge, tried the method of managing factories very early.在1969年建厂之际，他就实行了基本工资制，工人工资额固定，按月出勤结算发放。 1971年，他提出了计件（时）工资制，根据工人的劳动量来分配他们的收入。直到七八年后，少数觉醒的国营工厂才小心翼翼地开始试验这种分配制度。 “做工厂不能有什么就做什么，到了一定的时候就要小而专、小而精。”鲁冠球后来说，他从1978年开始考虑一些问题。如果这是事实的话，他可能是当时8亿中国农民中仅有的几个开始思考这些问题的人。这一年，在一些企业已经开始悄悄恢复基本工资加奖金的制度，有的还开始尝试计件制。 9月，吴敬琏、周叔莲和汪海波发表长篇论文《建立和改进企业基金提成制度》，他们用经济学和政治学的混杂语言十分辛苦地论证，利润考核和提成制度是符合社会主义经济特征的，不是“资本主义的利润挂帅”，在结论上，他们很自然地将那些错误的观点归咎于林彪和“四人帮”：“他们把两件不相干的事情混在一起，用心险恶地要把我们的企业都变成坐吃山空的官僚衙门。”
1978年的冬天，北京的每一个清晨都给人寒冷的感觉。新华社记者在新闻稿中写道：灰白的太阳终于费力地钻出薄雾，把它那毫无热气的光线投射到这个巨大城市的每一个角落—拥挤的楼房、狭窄的棋盘式街道和蠕动的密集人群中。
If it is said that Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan at the end of the year was a bit of a "investment invitation", then business owners in Europe and the United States clearly smelled the atmosphere of China's reform.特别是早在1972年就与中国恢复了正常外交关系的超级大国美国，它那家最著名的公司—可口可乐公司很早就把它的临时办事机构设在王府井街口的北京饭店里。At that time, the person in charge of affairs in China was a middle-aged American named Handa from Coca-Cola's Asia Pacific division. Anyone who had contact with him remembered that he had iron-gray hair. 12月17日，中美双方发表《中美建交联合公报》，宣布“中美双方商定，自1979年1月1日起，建立大使级外交关系”。第二天，亨达与中国粮油集团签署了一份合同，获准向中国出售第一批瓶装可口可乐。根据当时的协议，可口可乐公司获准以补偿贸易的方式及其他支付办法，向中国主要城市和游览区提供可口可乐制罐及罐装设备，在中国设立专厂装罐装瓶，并在中国市场销售。在罐装厂建立之前，从1979年起，由中粮公司采用寄售的方式先行销售可口可乐饮料。合同是在外贸部大院（与北京饭店斜斜相望，仅隔着一条长安街）签订的。外贸部长李强在批复中加了一条：“仅限于在涉外饭店、旅游商店出售。”尽管合作的姿态是审慎和小心翼翼的，但是可口可乐总部显然是非常满意的，因为几乎所有人都知道，水闸一经打开，就再也关不上了。
The speed of the United States and Coca-Cola is enviable. It seems that there is no capitalist country that is not interested in China that has opened its doors.The international environment at that time was that the United States had just withdrawn from the Vietnam War and was unable to intervene in other regional affairs; the Soviet Union also had no time to care about it because it wanted to intervene in Afghanistan, and the Cold War situation was at a low ebb.In terms of economy, the western countries have just emerged from the economic depression and have more spare funds, so they urgently need to expand overseas markets. 4月，国务院主管经济的副总理谷牧率中国代表团出访欧洲各国，所到之处，官员和商人都表现了愿意同中国发展经济合作的强烈意向。在和法国总统德斯坦会谈时，法国驻华大使对谷牧说：“听说你们要搞120个大项目，我们法国很愿意有所贡献，给我们10个行不行？”在联邦德国，巴符州州长说可以贷款50亿美元给中国，马上可以签字；北威州则表示100亿美元也问题不大。All this information has stimulated Chinese leaders to take a positive attitude towards imports, thus forming the idea of accelerating the expansion of foreign imports.
6月22日，邓小平找余秋里、谷牧等人的谈话中指出同国外做生意可以做大一点，搞它500亿，形势不可错过，胆子大一点，步子也可以大一点。不要老是议论，看准了就干，从煤矿、有色、石油、电站、电子、军工、交通运输一直到饲料加工厂，都可以尽快开工。
一个不太为人所知的事实是，根据邓小平的这段讲话，中央政府曾经策划过一个庞大的10年引资计划，计划引进600亿美元的外资，大大扩大工业、农业、科学技术和武器产品的生产，其中包括了120个大型项目，如矿山、钢铁联合企业和石油化工设备。哈佛大学的中国问题专家费正清日后评论说：“该目标不切实际，一年左右就不得不大幅度降低。许多与国外签订的合同被迫取消或推迟，因为中国缺乏付款能力。”这里隐藏着一个事实，那就是，在改革开放的初年，邓小平曾经尝试用“巨额资本密集投入”的方式来迅速地拯救中国经济，这仍然是一种强有力的国家经济运动，与毛泽东发动群众搞经济的方式不同，邓小平这一次是试图借用资本主义的钱来造“中国大厦”。不过，他的这个浪漫蓝图很快就被证明是行不通的。在发现这一计划无法实现的第一时间，邓小平就迅速地改变了战略，他开始把重点放在上万家国有企业的改造上，期望通过对它们的放权改造激发出生产的积极性，与此同时，他还在地理位置比较偏远、国有经济实力不强的南方进行特区试验，用窗口效应来吸纳国外资本和技术。
领导人的这种急迫心态，一层层地很快感染到了各级