Chapter 35 Reductionism - Du Yaquan

Those who reduce the government cloud, reduce the merger of government offices, reduce officials, and reduce government affairs, that is, reduce the scope of politics.This doctrine is quite advocated in Europe and Japan.In order to rectify the shortcomings of complicated politics, save government expenses to support the people, and reduce political power to accommodate the people's sentiments, on the one hand, it will eliminate the people's dependence on the government, so as to break the misconception of the government's omnipotence; Preventing the spread of anarchism is an important topic in solid political science.For several years, our country has implemented constitutionalism, imitating the complicated politics of other countries, including everything, but the ability is not enough to do it.Since then, there is fear of giving up food because of choking.It is better to adopt the doctrine of political reduction, put an end to the situation, think of a long-lasting strategy, concentrate on the spirit, and go to the current urgent situation instead of being confused and confused for a while.Now that the new official system is about to be celebrated, the overall policy is urgently suitable for examination and determination at this time. Therefore, we are willing to study this topic with our people and the Communist Party of China.

The idea of ​​government reduction advocated by various countries in Europe and Japan can be described in the following way: "Politics are a kind of affairs in society. Governments are political organs in society, and they are also a kind of institution. Today's governments, The bureaucratic politics with complicated organization sees that all affairs in society can be included in politics, and there is nothing that the government cannot do or cannot do. The government is becoming more and more expensive, and the power of political organs is a real concern for the society. Also. People in the society may not be aware of it, and praise the omnipotence of the government, and rely on the government for everything. If you run a business, you will ask for subsidies from the state treasury, and if you do something, you will ask for the protection of the government. The people's independence is weak. In fact, it was cultivated by the authorities' interference in politics for many years. After accumulating for a long time, they did not realize that they were mistaken. The French harvested grapes and announced to the government. For a long time, this announcement is indispensable. People who know it say steaming If the production and sales of cakes are run by officials, the people will also have a kind of misunderstanding, thinking that steamed cakes are a private business of the people, and there must be a shortage of supply. It makes people say that there is no school. Then education will decline, and if there is no agriculture, industry and commerce, the industry will be sluggish, and it is still the same. Social affairs are governed by natural laws, and this is something that politicians must know. There are certain restrictions, and the government can never create them. With the vitality of research and academics, education will prosper, and with the vitality of production, industry will prosper. The development of society has a certain order, and the government cannot help it. Knowledge and ability If the competition is fierce, it will develop in education; if the material needs increase, it will develop industry. The duty of the government of a country is to preserve the tranquility of the society, maintain the order of the society, nourish the source of its vitality and not dry it up, let it go The way of development should not be obstructed, even if the society can freely develop its vitality. Education, reproduction, the government is only in charge of government affairs, and it is not necessary to be an educator or run a business of agriculture and industry. The prosperity of national education It is said that the non-government promulgates more school regulations and compiles more textbooks; the prosperity of the national industry is not the government operating more official businesses, and more inspection methods are called. In a word, the progress of the national destiny is not the government's strength. The rationale is that if trade and trade spread power arbitrarily and increase government expenses, the more the people will be interfered with, the faster the burden will be added to the people. Too much interference will hinder the development of the society, and the burden will exhaust the vitality of the society. The society will decline and the government will Then try to be pro-French government, the number of officials is as many as 600,000, and the government expenditure accounts for three tenths of the national productivity. And those who want to use violence to achieve their goals also think that the people of Europe and the United States have long held grievances against heavy political power and huge government expenses, so they set up an ideal society, saying that government is not necessary for society, and that no government is the only thing in society. Viewed today, this kind of doctrine is only enough to disrupt society. However, this dangerous and unequal party, who is willing to be the enemy of stability and order, is actually stimulated by a government that is happy with good deeds. The progress of the government, taking into account the security of the government, must implement the policy of reducing government policy."

The complicated bureaucracy of the governments of various countries also has the ability to unify and the method of supervision; the governance of the bureaucracy is quick and well-adjusted, and the service of the officials is diligent and experienced, and it is for the welfare of the people. The cover is all over the place and it will come; people of insight still worry about it, saying that it is not beneficial to society but harmful, and its momentum will not last long.If in our country, talents are a reserve, but financial resources are not enough, even though the government has the heart to change its course, the bureaucrats still have the habit of letting go and stealing peace.The scale must be prepared, so a number of government offices should be added, and a large number of officials should be added; It cannot be completely abolished, so there are those who adhere to the rules, those who are not mixed, and those who are not related to politics.The crowd goes hand in hand, the old and the new are mixed, the authorities whitewash their traditions with arrogance, and the courtiers abandon their posts by running around.Mencius said: "To do what you want, to seek what you want, is like looking for fish by the tree." This is what it means.In the past, we have predicted the result, and there are almost two ways: one is forced by financial difficulties, it is impossible to just maintain the status quo, and it is perfunctory, which is almost equal to reduction; If the policy is not right, the search becomes more and more powerful, and finally collapses.It is especially unimaginable, on the one hand, the perfunctory policy is carried out, and the politics are eliminated at the top;This is the reason why I want to maintain the doctrine of political reduction in order to curb the current decline and alleviate the real disaster in the future.

Or say: "Reductionists, the ideals of the people of various countries are also the ideals of the people. Today, the governments of various countries not only have no tendency to adopt them, but also show a tendency to oppose them, but want to adopt them in our country. They also examine the social situation in our country. Is it applicable? The society of our country is not compared with European and American societies. European and American societies have the ability to organize, have the concept of order, advocate public morality, and are enthusiastic about public welfare. Therefore, even if the government does not plan for it, the society can also It is possible to start and seek for yourself, and reduce the government. If our society is as isolated as scattered sand, as mixed as a bush, and morality is degraded, there is a view that the river is in decline, and the economy is difficult. There is a sense of emptiness. If the policy of reducing government policy is implemented today and everything is left to itself, I am afraid that there will never be a period of evolution, and there will be Lu Chen's evil ears." However, it is not true to be pessimistic about this society.The independent nature of our country's people is strong, and the foundation of self-government is solid.If it is said that the progress of the society must rely on the support of the government, it is more correct to say that the progress of the government depends on the support of the society.Trying to correct it with recent events, the implementation of constitutionalism, although it originated from the heroic judgment of the former emperor, has not always been the force of social advocacy.He has gradually achieved success in smoking ban, and the number of study tours has increased day by day. Although the government has severely punished him and rewarded him generously, it is fair to say that it is also the tendency of society.If not, why is the political strategy of Lin Wenzhong, Zeng Wenzheng, and Li Wenzhong not as effective as it is today?From this point of view, the spirit of our society is also inferior to that of Europe and the United States, but it is also worthwhile not to underestimate yourself if you are eager to catch up.If we are more advanced, we can prove it from the history of our country. Knowing the social situation of our country, it is really necessary to adopt political reductionists.Since ancient times, our country has regarded self-respect and inaction as the ultimate rule, and mediocrity as the most precept.After the first emperor's unification, he established a powerful government and onerous government orders, none of which were designed for the permanent counsel of the people. However, they were resisted by the people and collapsed without a hitch.The Han Dynasty followed it, and it was against what it had done, advocating generosity, Xiao Cao's career, and establishing a name for its tranquility, thus laying a long-lasting foundation for four hundred years.Between success and failure, the situation is clearly visible.Another example is that Wang Jinggong's strict implementation of the New Deal did not mean to facilitate the people, so that the interference is too complicated, which is a disease for the people. This is also the lesson of our country's politicians.Ji Wenda said: "Under three generations, the rule is to not disturb the people." He is also the forerunner of the doctrine of reducing political power.

Or say: "Reductionists. Passivism is also degenerate, and non-evolutionary. From simplicity to complexity, one of the great principles of nature cannot go against the trend. Today's world competition is diverse and changing. , our country can only adopt a strategy of progress, and must not keep the habit of retreating. Otherwise, how can a mature and prudent government make a big move for this! Sincerely, with internal and external troubles, it is time to take advantage of it, in view of the irreversible trend , the opportunity cannot wait, and it is a last resort. If the policy of reducing government is adopted today, it will be suitable for all the princes, and it is appropriate to follow the selfishness of their wives and alcohol, and to support them with a gentle and light fur. The frontier officials who steal security are just using the heavy taxation of the law as an excuse to destroy the germination of constitutionalism, and the demise of China can be established and waited." However, this is also a misunderstanding of the true meaning of the policy of reducing government.Mencius said: "People must do something before they can do something." Political reductionists mean that they do not do something in order to do something, but use negative means to achieve positive goals, and those who seem to retreat but actually make progress .If today's government uses a positive face to pursue its negative ambitions, it seems that it will actually retreat.I also know that our government does not like to make a big show of it, and it has to do it as a last resort. However, what is said as a last resort is the root of the disease in today's politics, and making a show of it is the sickness of today's politics.Reductionism is the special medicine for this disease.If the talent is not sufficient, then the spirit of distraction will be eliminated; if the financial resources are insufficient, the complicated expenses will be eliminated. After the trap is clarified, it is the urgent task at the top, establish a certain scope, deliberately encourage it, and persevere.Reductionism, how can it be called anarchism!How can it be said that the government should accompany the food in the court, entrust snakes to the liaison, and do nothing!Gai will use this to reveal the veil of the constitutional government, to show its glory, to remove the mask of the bureaucrats, to clear its air, on the one hand, the government will have funds to be caught off guard, and on the other hand, the government will have nothing to hide.Politics that must be smeared will be eliminated without sending them away. If the true politics is discovered, it will be given by the doctrine of political reduction.

Today, we use the doctrine of political reduction to view the current politics, and those who do not belong to the scope of constitutional government can be ignored.As far as it falls within the scope of constitutional government, there are also those who make us feel that the matter is useless and that the cost can be saved.As far as the important ones are concerned, one or two of them will be briefly mentioned.The extravagant expenses of the postal department.There is no reason for the hypocrisy of agriculture, industry and commerce.Ruofu's civil administration pays a lot for the police, but our police system, imitating other countries, does not seem to be suitable for our situation.People from all over the world gather in the cities, where there are a lot of traitors in various places, and there is a lot of noise and danger, so there is a system of city and street police.One or two prosperous areas in our country can certainly be imitated. The cities and markets of various prefectures and counties are also complex within dozens of villages. Armed patrols are planted, and even among villages, there are occasional ones. Its cost is very complicated, and its benefit is very little.If reforms are made to make things like the judicial police a little more suitable, there will be a lot of savings in the whole country. (I don't mean that the police can be sent out, but they can't be allowed to stand all day long and do nothing.) As far as the management and education of the school department is concerned, everything must be based on Shengmo, graduation rewards, and comprehensive examinations are especially strict. , It takes a lot of time to calculate the score by checking the roster.However, the result of these complicated regulations will hinder the development of learning.I don't have time to explain the reasons in detail, but the reason why the knowledge of the era of the Cisco Examinations cannot be developed is not because of the restraint of laws?The regulations of the Ministry of Education now imitate the imperial examinations and go even further. For the sake of the future of education, it is really necessary to greatly increase or decrease.Such facts cannot be enumerated one by one.Today, the new official system will be promulgated, and the new cabinet will be established. The policy of reducing the government should be determined at this time.If the legislation is simple, then it can be complicated, and if the legislation is complicated, it will be reduced later, but the money has been wasted, and the disadvantages are already serious.

Today, we even hold the policy of reducing government to discuss the future official system.There were six in the old days, but now there are twelve.As far as the administrative system is concerned, the Ministry of Officials can be abolished, and part of its affairs can be transferred to the cabinet;Comparing the other ministries with the complex political forms of other countries, it seems that they cannot be reduced; however, national politics is in the spirit rather than in the form, let alone the day when the constitutional government was first implemented, why should the form be prepared?Japan's political reductionists advocate the abolition of the Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the Metropolitan Police Department and the Privy Council (refer to Japan's "Central Koron" Vol. .All internal affairs administration can be combined into one department; or the transportation administration can be divided into one department, while the rest of the education administration, agriculture, industry and commerce administration do not need to set up separate departments.Matters such as education and industry depend entirely on the self-seeking of the society. The state is only responsible for advocating and inspecting, and there are few things it does directly on its own.If so, state administration should be divided into one part for diplomacy, one or two departments for military affairs, one part for finance, one part for judiciary, and one or two departments for internal affairs. There is no dedicated department.Therefore, it is sufficient to set up six or eight departments.Other central government agencies, except the Audit Court, Administrative Tribunal, and Dali Yuan (the Ministry of Internal Affairs is not included in the political scope, so it is not included), all can be abolished.As far as local control is concerned, each province has an administrative office with a chief executive, a number of departments, and a department under it.At the prefecture and county level, one administrative officer and two secretaries are enough (except for the judicial officer), and all the administrative offices and other miscellaneous services can be abolished.The soldiers are good but not many, and so are the officials.The reason why today's politics are troubled and complicated is because there are too many officials, and they exchange documents with each other to consume the energy of the day. The so-called "paper world" is also true.These matters are all between officials and officials, and have nothing to do with our people.What our people need from the country is not only to defend the country from the outside, but also to put an end to riots from the inside. In addition, the matter of litigation and prison must be judged by the official court, and the tax payment must be paid to the official court. That's all, the so-called criminal names and money grains are nothing more.I hope that when our government formulates the official system, it should not only hold the view that too many officials govern affairs, but also consider the harm of too many officials causing troubles.

In short, political reductionists are also new trends in the society of various countries, old political experience in our country, the prerequisite for implementing constitutionalism, and good financial relief laws.Gentlemen of our country, it is very fortunate not to use this common talk of those who oppose the New Deal. ("Oriental Miscellany" Vol. 8 No. 1, March 1911)