Chapter 26 Chapter Six Network Society

There is no doubt that the world is entering a self-media era of "I the media".Blogs, DV, and other convenient, mass media are changing the face of journalism.When everyone can shoot DVs and write blogs (blogs), they have all become reporters or "senators" in another sense. The Internet not only records the history that is happening, but also makes history.In this era of "everyone has his own aspirations", everyone can independently record their own life and encounters, and use the Internet and other emerging media to make their own voices heard in the public domain, to be a lonely and real masthead watcher.If you are favored by the god of luck, you will open a passionate page of history with your own unintentional glance.Seeing this radical change, in 2006, the US "Time" magazine selected Internet users as Person of the Year.

Surfing the web used to be considered a fad, but now it's more of a lifestyle necessity.Alvin Toffler once asserted in the book "Recreating a New Civilization" that the world has ushered in the third wave.The first wave was marked by the hoe, the second wave by the assembly line, and the third wave by the computer.The mass society of the second wave has been replaced by a fragmented society, and the homogeneous society has been replaced by a diverse society.Today, with the rise of various social software (Social software) and social networking (Social networking), the Internet civilization has already blossomed.

As for opinions popular on the Internet, some people may say that Internet opinions are incomplete opinions and do not represent public opinion.This kind of criticism is more or less utopian, because until today, there is probably no public opinion in history that was reached by consensus, or there would be a more expedient "minority obeys the majority" principle.In fact, with the advent of a fragmented society, how to protect the rights of minorities is the primary task of modern politics.If Internet opinions are regarded as a part of public opinion, then any Internet opinion, even if it is just a lonely voice from the Internet, deserves the attention of the government and society.

The "Tiger Zhou" incident in 2007 can be described as vigorous. While some people blamed the government's "credibility crisis" for the cause of "fighting tigers by the whole people", I would rather see the other side of social changes and attribute this to China. The rise of citizens' ability to seek truth and express opinions.The resolution of the "Xiamen PX" incident also benefited from the Internet (including text messages).Thanks to it, an "unorganized and disciplined walk" was brewed overnight. Although the Internet has to a certain extent contributed to the spread of "rumors" and "wrong speeches", it has made some sentimental and honest gentlemen feel apprehensive, and even tried their best to cover up the ulcers that need to be healed in this era.However, even so, the Internet can always bring us warmth, surprises and light at critical times.Since the advent of the Internet, the pattern of information dissemination has undergone tremendous changes. Everyone can easily become a "news agency", an "editorial department", a "radio station", and a "terminal for asserting rights". From the "best nail house in history" to the walkers "holding text messages" in the "Xiamen PX" incident, all of these show that if there is sustainable freedom and rights, every citizen can stand upright.

The rise of public opinion in China comes from China's nearly 30 years of reform and opening up, and from the development of modern network technology.If it is admitted that the process of China's transition from closedness to openness coincides with the process of "rediscovering society"; if it is admitted that China is gradually saying goodbye to the past era of "high level of unity" centered on politics, it is not difficult to find that, Whether it is the reform and opening up, or the development of the Internet, objectively, a horizontal alliance is formed on the basis of individual equality.As mentioned earlier, the most important difference between a centrally planned economy and a market economy is that in the former, information flows vertically, while in a market economy, information flows mainly horizontally and diagonally, with buyers and sellers exchanging information at all levels.

At the same time, the excessive prosperity of the Internet also reflects the helplessness of real life.Just imagine, if it weren't for the unsatisfactory real life and nowhere to go, who would spend all day on the Internet?If it weren't for the love that is inseparable, who would bother to date the future online?In China's transformation period, the Internet seems to be more like a place of exile in the real world, and living in it is sometimes just masturbation and self-rescue after losing paradise.The Internet has witnessed the fear and love of Chinese people during the transformation period. When people can’t plant their real fields well, and can’t get the harvest of power on the street, they can only praise the little mouse, as if it is floating in the vast The night ship carrying the future of the country on the waves.

The era of openness is an era of "everyone has his own aspirations".The rise of blogs is undoubtedly the best footnote of the open era. People have the desire to express, just like in "Journey to the West", Sun Wukong did not forget to write "The Great Sage Equaling Heaven Comes Here" on the root of Tathagata Buddha's finger.All over the world, we can see graffiti wherever there are tourist attractions that can be written.Similarly, ancient literati and ink writers would leave ink treasures on a whim, such as ancient wall poems. This art form began in the Han Dynasty, grew more and more in the Southern Dynasties, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties.These can be understood as the earliest blogs or BBS.

Of course, the poems on the wall were popular at that time. The main reason was that the ability of engraving and printing was limited, and a large number of poems could not be engraved. However, the wall on the wall is simple and easy to do. As long as the works are written on the wall, people from all over the world can read it and spread it. Therefore, the title wall has become an important way for poets to "publish" their works. The well-known poems inscribed on the wall in the Song Dynasty and their authors include Wang Yucheng's "Inscribed on the Monk's Wall", Su Shunqin's "Inscribed on the Wall of Huashan Temple", Wang Anshi's "Inscribed on the Wall of He's House", Yang Wanli's "Inscribed on the Wall of Longgui Temple", Lu You's "Inscribed on the Wall of the Wine House ", Su Shi's "Inscription on the West Forest Wall" and so on.It can be seen that in the old days, it was not only martial arts written by Jin Yong, but also talented poets.

There are many good stories about the wall, and the most famous one is probably the poem "Yellow Crane Tower" by Cui Hao.After Cui Hao wrote "Yellow Crane Tower", Li Bai was startled as a swan song, and felt ashamed that "there is a scene in front of me, but Cui Hao's poems are on it".In the Tang Dynasty, the number of poems on the wall suddenly increased, and a trend began to form.Yuan Zhen wrote a poem: "There are several lines on the wall of the post booth, and Cui Li inscribed Wang Bai's poems. No one speaks together all day long, and they never leave the wall until they go down." Zhou Bangyan once wrote a poem "Huanxisha", one of which is It is "find the words on the wall first when you get off the horse". In today's words, it means to go to an Internet cafe to post a post after getting off the car.

Once, "Xunyang Tower Song Jiang Yin Anti-Poem Liangshan Bo Dai Zong Chuan False Letter", wrote about Song Jiang's inscription on the wall when he was drunk.A song "My heart is in Shandong, my body is in Wu, and the river is full of sighs. If he is Ling Yunzhi at that time, he dares to laugh at Huang Chao for not being a husband", which shocked the government and the public.This was an early "political blog".As for Wu Song bragging on the wall after the murder, "Killer, Wu Song also beat the tiger", it seems that Wu Song is promoting his "Tiger Fighting Brand", which can be regarded as a "marketing blog".

Of course, in addition to writing anti-poetry, other types of "topic wall" can also achieve the purpose of political communication.For example, in the Song Dynasty, there was a man named Lu Bing, who was originally a county clerk, a deputy department-level cadre, a little older than the official Qin Zhongfei who was "sent in prison" in Pengshui County, Chongqing. He wrote a poem on the wall of the hotel , and was later read by Wang Anshi, so he was promoted. There is a similar story: Yuan Mei, a poet of the Qing Dynasty, passed by Yangzhou once and read a good poem. Since the government at that time did not implement the "real name system on the wall", the author only left a "vest" when signing his name, so Yuan Mei asked everywhere. , I have been busy for more than a year, the so-called "it's easy to copy manuscripts on stacked paper, and visit Sri Lankan people along the way at the end of the world".In ancient times when information communication was difficult, hotels, temples and other places for people to rest were important places for information dissemination, but they were only dissemination, and two-way communication was difficult. The walls that imprisoned free people are also often used by free people, turning into a server for maintaining "political blogs".For example, Tan Sitong wrote in prison, "Wangmen seeks refuge and thinks of Zhang Jian, endures death and waits for Dugan for a while. I laugh at the sky from the sword, and go to Kunlun to keep my heart and soul." The most charming title wall is undoubtedly Yu Dafu. In 1931, while visiting Yanziling in Tonglu, this melancholy talent wrote a poem on the high wall of the ancestral hall called "Diaotai Inscribed on the Wall", in which two lines "I used to whip famous horses because of drunkenness, "I'm afraid I'm tired of love" has long been known. Some people feel that China is a "slogan country".Whether in the city or the countryside, the most popular political propaganda people see today are slogans and slogans.Such as "Whoever sets the fire, whoever goes to jail", "It is better to shed blood than to have more than one child", etc., these propaganda with the distinctive characteristics of this era can be regarded as an important content of "organization blog" or "official blog". There are many similar blog forms.Blackboard News is such a blog.One year, I went back to the middle school where I had been away for many years. I stood in front of the blackboard newspaper and read it for a long time, feeling like I was reading a blog.When I read one of the sentences, I also felt a little emotional-"Time will not pass, but we are the ones who pass." In fact, the greatest misfortune or helplessness in life lies in the fact that during his lifetime, he saw that "the old system will not pass, We are the ones who pass away."A friend of mine signed on MSN: "The most painful thing I can think of is growing old with this system." The first time I came into contact with the term "oral history" was when I read Tang Degang a few years ago. Tang Degang has a book called "Hu Shi's Oral Autobiography", which opened the door to Hu Shi for me, and at the same time gave me a deep impression of oral history.Tang Degang was a disciple of Hu Shi in his later years. He insisted on oral history for many years, and the most influential one is "Hu Shi Oral Autobiography". As a method of historical research, oral history has been an important branch of Western historical disciplines since the 1940s. In 1948, American historian A. Nevins (Allan Nevins) established the Oral History Research Office of Columbia University.The oral biographies of many famous historical figures in modern China, such as "Gu Weijun's Memoirs", "He Lian's Memoirs" and "Jiang Tingfu's Memoirs" were organized and completed by this institution. According to Tang Degang, oral history has existed in China since ancient times.And the history of "oral history" can be pushed at least to "Jing Ke's assassination of the King of Qin".Many chapters of Sima Qian's "Historical Records" were written by the dictation of the ancients. What is oral history?American writer Donald A. Ritchie gave a theoretical definition in his book "Let's Do Oral History": "A collection of biographers talking about their own historically significant events in the form of recorded interviews. Some personal opinions. An oral history interview is a well-prepared interviewer who asks questions to the interviewee, and the questions and answers are in the form of audio recordings or videos. Of course, they will also be organized into texts for easy circulation.” If it is admitted that oral histories and oral myths have existed in China since ancient times, it is not difficult to infer that Rizzi's definition is very one-sided.The real oral history is not in a state of passive narration as he described, "reaching out for clothes and opening mouth for food".The so-called "passive narration" is to narrate history under the choices of others.From the perspective of communication, everyone is a source of information. If there are historical materials to describe, they will usually describe it in various forms in daily life, and it is not necessary to wait for media or quasi-media to interview. And all history is incomplete history.If the truth cannot enter the public domain, it will inevitably be lost like an "ancestral secret recipe".The "General History" and "Complete Compilation" that we see today are just a glimpse of the leopard.As Maslow said, "The entire history of thought is the history of speaking ill of human nature... I don't think history truly reflects the human spirit", "History is just abstract statistics". ——It is precisely in this situation that everyone comes to "oral history without being selected" has become the key to the progress of historical narrative. Professor Wang Jizhen of Columbia University once criticized those who wrote "autobiographies" mostly for "selling plaster" and "blasphemy".It is not difficult to find that this is a problem with Wang Jizhen's logic—"bragging" through the autobiography is not a problem with the autobiography, nor is there a problem with the bragging, but a problem with "only one person bragging".The emperor's old man wrote his own biography, which is naturally wise and powerful; the beggar's gang leader wrote his own biography, and the little beggar's credit is also due to his leadership. The integrity of a society can only be won by "mutual correction".Without this premise of mutual correction, it is absolutely impossible for most people in a society to abide by integrity.And if everyone comes to oral history and cross-validation, the braggarts are naturally afraid of being exposed, so they are "forced to be honest". The popular blog in China seems to provide such a possibility. Although it is a "blog", writing a blog does not require a knowledge of the past, astronomy, and geography.People only need to record their daily thoughts and life.Whether it is pointing the country or gossip, everything is according to one's own wishes, and authority is not needed to guide thoughts and values. Etymologically speaking, Blog is the abbreviation of "Web blog", which means "weblog" precisely, a simple and instant "personal publishing system".In ancient Chinese, in addition to "aspiration", "zhi" also means "record", such as local chronicles, character chronicles, mountain and sea chronicles, etc.In this sense, the popularity of blogs seems to indicate that we will usher in an era in which everyone can record their own destiny, a great era, an era of "everyone has his own ambitions". In the era of "everyone has his own aspirations", under the premise of not infringing on the freedom of others, everyone has the right to interpret and record in their own way: their own life.Because "everyone has his own ambition, there is no need to force it", authoritative discourse will lose its former prestige from now on. The famous communication scholar McLuhan said that "the medium is the message".Dan Gilmer said "we are the media", it should be said that they are all people who have learned the true meaning of communication and media.Blogs have become a benchmark for the self-media of "communication by everyone to everyone".In this "I got a chance to speak" age, as Gilmer puts it: "Your voice matters. If you have something worth saying, people will listen. You can be your own news, and we all can." Blogs enable national expression.Everyone has their own microphone or countless, and it's a multinational microphone.Everyone speaks for themselves, and at any time, it is possible to do it simultaneously, and the narrative is as simple and ordinary as our daily life.This historical process may be summarized as "technology changes communication, communication changes life, life changes culture/politics". In an open era where "everyone has his own aspirations", everyone has their own official website.It means that everyone is the authoritative narrator of their own history; it means that everyone is a participant and witness of the entire historical process.When bloggers take the trouble to bring their private lives or thoughts—whether out of narcissism or responsibility—into the public sphere, as Arendt puts it, they gain life in the public sphere. More importantly, for a country that is actively promoting social transformation, "Where there is a will, there is a way" has also been given another cultural or political meaning. One day in June 2009, the author came across a piece of news about a member of the Dutch parliament who was crazy about microblogging Twitter.It is said that many of them use the meeting time to bury their heads on the keyboard and "tweet" and indulge in the Twitter website. "Twitter madness" is like an infectious disease, and more and more congressmen are infected, until "the speaker finally couldn't bear it, and privately persuaded them to restrain themselves and pay more attention to politics." For many, however, using Twitter to speak out is a form of politics in itself.Moreover, the popularity of similar microblogs has attracted the attention of netizens and politicians in more and more countries.For example, during the street riots that occurred in Iran in June of this year, Twitter was an important channel for demonstrators to vent their dissatisfaction and connect with each other.Due to the Iranian government's control of the media and the Internet during the riots, photos of street demonstrations in Tehran, conflicts, and casualties that were released through these websites have even become an important source of information for major Western media to report on Iran. 140 characters can only make two or three sentences clear, but it is these two or three sentences that are constantly flowing on the Internet that "fueled" the turbulent situation after the Iranian election. It is said that on the night of June 15, Twitter The information on the Internet with the label "Iranian election" increases by 30 almost every minute. What is even more intriguing is that in the afternoon of US time, San Francisco-based Twitter received an email from the White House, "requesting" the company to postpone its system maintenance originally scheduled for late at night on the 15th. The Washington Post later revealed that the witty emails included: "Iran is at a decisive moment in which Twitter clearly plays an important role, can you keep it working?" Related to this, according to The New York Times According to reports, the newly appointed US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is keen to promote "cyber diplomacy" and attaches great importance to the use of social networking site Facebook, video sharing site Youtube, picture sharing site Flickr and Twitter to transmit foreign policy information, claiming to use cyber power to deal with those A country that suppresses domestic media, and the Obama administration has seen social networking sites as "a new arrow in the diplomatic quiver." Stone, one of the company's co-founders, was surprised that the Twitter website had some kind of political influence overnight.Two years ago, Twitter was only a test product of a few technologists, but now, Twitter has become a social way that has swept the world. Its registered users can use SMS to send messages between mobile phones and the Internet. The recipients can be friends, It can also be "Followers" who don't know each other.In less than three years, Twitter has become the third largest social networking site after Facebook and My space.The microblog server with a limit of 140 characters impresses all kinds of political gamers because it frequently calls on tens of thousands of people to act collectively. In early May 2009, the White House opened an official Twitter account to invite citizens to learn about the government's information; at the end of the same month, even the Korean Central News Agency logged into Twitter with the username KCNA, expressing the voice of North Korea. In fact, this is not the first time social networking sites such as Twitter have shown their huge "inciting power".The unsuccessful "color revolution" that followed the general election in Moldova two months ago has been dubbed the "Twitter revolution".Twitter has been the main convening platform for two large-scale protests from Moldova to Iran. The "New York Times" disclosed in detail on April 9 how a youth organization in Moldova planned a "Twitter revolution."The article stated that the two youth organizations "Hydepark" and "Thinkmoldva" were the organizers of the demonstration. Natalia Morari, one of the leaders of "Thinkmoldva", revealed the mobilization process on her blog: "Six people, it took only 10 minutes of quick thinking to make a decision, and then spent hours on the Internet, Facebook, blogs, etc. , text messages and e-mail to spread the word...and 15,000 young people took to the streets." As mentioned earlier, network technology not only changes people's lives, but also changes the political landscape and the way of political communication.Previously, mobile phones and text messages were considered to have played an important role in Ukraine's "Orange Revolution", but now many people believe that the "revolution" triggered is not only technological, but also political. Of course, many media have questioned whether social networking sites such as Twitter can play the role of "changing history". The "New York Times" believes that its shortcomings are as prominent as its advantages.On the one hand, Twitter is difficult to be censored. Even if the website is blocked, people can still communicate and communicate with each other through text messages or blogs, which is why it can still function after the Iranian government controls the Internet; The news is all unconfirmed, and there is no shortage of malicious rumors, which also determines that the audience may be taken advantage of.Specific to the current turmoil in Iran, the columnist of the Washington online magazine Slate also listed a large amount of false information from Twitter, including Mousavi's house arrest; and "Time" also believed that although Twitter provided massive information, but it is difficult for people to find the source of the information, let alone whether the person who sent the information is inside or outside Iran.The British "Guardian" even emphasized that it was the lack of a face-to-face social network that could build trust that led to the failure of Moldova's "Twitter revolution". Although I quoted a lot of media comments above, I have to say that in this era of rapid development, traditional newspapers, radio stations, TV stations and even "traditional websites" are losing their news advantages, and more and more audiences are no longer Rely on newspapers and their online editions to get the latest news or breaking news, but get the latest news through Twitter, Facebook, MSN, QQ and other social networking sites or friends or strangers on social software.The news of Michael Jackson's sudden death first appeared on a celebrity website, but the major TV stations, which have always been able to rush to report breaking news, were left far behind.After the news was announced, the traffic of Google, Facebook, Twitter and other websites skyrocketed. The number of views of Youtube's official music video soared to 10 million, an increase of nearly 50 times compared with usual. Google even identified the search keyword "Jackson" as a cyber attack. The advent of the self-media era has made it possible for every netizen to show off their mountains and dews and walk to the cusp of the times.An era of "everybody's blog is overwhelmed by the wall" has arrived, it may be a Moldovan-style storm, or it may be a gentle wind and a drizzle.Regardless of its impact on the trend of real politics, it is indisputable that these personal media have changed the way of political communication and have had a huge impact on propaganda and regulatory media. Mr. Fairbank once described China in the past: "So far, China is still a paradise for journalists and a hell for statisticians." As Huang Renyu criticized the so-called "hell for statisticians", there was no real "number management" in old China. "; while "Reporter's Paradise" explained the subtle relationship and profound meaning between the transition period and the journalism industry. Today, more and more foreign media see Beijing as a "paradise for global journalists" and send more staff to Beijing.As some reporters said, Beijing has become a "hot spot to visit" and a "paradise for interviews" in the minds of journalists around the world.Obviously, journalists are needed in any era, but in a country in transition, journalism as a career is even more exciting.Why do so many people like to huddle together to watch the sunrise?Because people love seeing new things, witnessing immediate growth, and pointing out, when necessary, outrageous lies and potential dangers. China has increasingly become the birthplace and source of major news in the world, and has become a rich mine of major news. On the other hand, there are many sensational news events in China every year. For journalists, this is both challenging and will be a challenge. important opportunities for their careers.China is in a period of transformation, where old things have not faded away, and new things are growing. If journalists have a mission and are willing to move forward in distress, they will not waste the unique resources of this era, and can make a big difference because of it. Truth makes history.From the "dung picking movement" that began in the United States in the 19th century to the Watergate incident in the 20th century; "Events, it is not difficult to find that seeking the truth is an important law of social progress, and it is an unfinished business, because it is impossible for any person or era to obtain all the truth, but can only continuously obtain the truth. There is no era that does not grow lies, and there is no era that is not darkened by lies and ignorance. Even those who claim to seek the truth will participate in the creation of lies or fertilize them.But on the whole, the profession of journalists has been seeking and disseminating the truth since its birth, and it is an honor to explore and disseminate it.Of course, a journalist’s adventures and difficulties are not limited to quietly keeping a running account of the truth for the times. He must participate in the testimony, because he knows what kind of era he is in, what kind of difficulties this era is overcoming, and what kind of principles he is sticking to. Value and care for those tacit understandings that are about progress. Everyone is a reporter, and everyone has the truth.On the surface, journalism is a profession, but for many it is more a way of documenting and participating in society.Thanks to the Internet and video recording technology, especially with the rise of mass communication methods such as blogs (blogs) and DV, now everyone has the possibility to become a reporter, and every audience can participate in the future of journalism .History has proved countless times that only by letting the real information flow to the society continuously and letting the public know, can the world avoid the run and avalanche of the truth due to the collapse of lies, and have a promising prospect. When it comes to obtaining the truth, I often think of two sentences.One is an ancient Chinese saying, "The sky does not give birth to Zhongni, and eternity is like a long night"; the other is Hugo's "If there is no press and publication, eternity is like a long night". It is interesting to compare these two sentences: this ancient Chinese seems to believe that the sky is It lit up all of a sudden, like a flashlight, and when the sage came out, the world became clear; but Hugo thought that the sky was gradually getting brighter, and it might even darken.The so-called sage is born, and can even sit on the sidelines in the delivery room, but the truth can only need a long evolution like news publishing, and can only be found and assembled bit by bit on the road.If you can't guard it well, I'm afraid this bit of light may be lost in the extreme age. I believe that most Chinese today agree more with Hugo's judgment than with the exiled self-exiled and boundless lyricism of that ancient compatriot.The truth never falls from the sky, let alone hope for the illumination of some saint from above. On the morning of November 24, 2007, representatives of more than 50 groups in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province gathered together to announce the official establishment of the "Jinhua City Youth QQ Group Federation".It is reported that this is the first non-governmental organization in the country that has an online QQ group as a member.In this regard, the civil affairs department of Zhejiang Province stated that "its innovative significance and exploration value are extraordinary." There are thousands of styles in Chinese society today, and the rise and popularity of the Internet have contributed a lot.Since the mid-1990s, thanks to the Internet, Chinese people's horizontal communication has expanded rapidly. For a while, online chats and meetings with netizens have become fashionable.At the same time, groups established on the Internet have also flourished.The Internet has not only changed the way of life of Chinese people, but also changed the way of working and organization of Chinese people.It is for this reason that more and more units and individuals choose to communicate through instant communication tools such as MSN or QQ, not only to break through communication barriers, but also to save costs.At the same time, various online societies/communities have emerged, but most of them can only be a virtual existence. It is impossible for a citizen of any country to do a great cause beneficial to the society by himself, let alone live a life of stragglers and loafers.With the deepening of reform and opening up and the awakening of people's awareness of rights, "small government, big society" and building a government with "small powers and big responsibilities" have increasingly become a consensus.A good government is only responsible for providing public goods, acting as a social "referee" and "night watchman".This "public product" of course also includes the construction of citizens' self-organization capabilities.In recent years, "social construction" has been repeatedly proposed, and it has therefore become an important opportunity for China's social forces to cultivate and rebuild the government. As mentioned above, in the process of China moving from a past society to a more open and autonomous civil society, due to the continuous disintegration and reconstruction of old rituals, customs and culture, each individual "thrown" into society As a result, she fell into a relatively "lonely" state.From this perspective, citizen self-organization is not only a social need, but also a psychological need.In this sense, if the government does not allow the society to "organize for self-help", objectively it also means that those people who have escaped from their old life will fall back into the situation of "double abandonment". For a country in transition, the most active approach is usually that the government encourages members of society to get out of the old system and culture and seek independence in a more open economy and society. Give them as much convenience as possible in the system, and make it possible to rebuild various social ties.From this perspective, the establishment of civil organizations with network groups as members should be a natural extension of this logic. On the Internet, in reality, there have been many debates about special economic zones in recent years.However, in my opinion, the biggest special zone in China during the transition period is the Internet.This is a special zone for ideas, but also a special zone for communication, dissemination, and citizen self-organization.It transcends all red tape in life; it confronts technology with technology and breaks down all kinds of taboos. "Hungry beast, save the hungry!" No one would doubt that this is an era of deconstruction, a thrilling era.From "push-ups" to "peek-a-boo", from "soy sauce" to the mythical animal "grass mud horse" on "Male Gobi" to "monkey snake"...ism and jingle, truth and unspoken rules, virtuality and reality, honest men and gentlemen Erotic video tapes, rewards and humiliation, hope and loss, various concepts, thoughts and emotions are entangled with each other, and various morality, status and interests are fully contested.Although Chinese citizens have not yet obtained the complete freedom of expression in the modern sense, it is undeniable that the Internet has suddenly come like a spring breeze overnight, blowing flowers and trees for Chinese social expression and individual creation. Relying on overwhelming advertisements, a multinational star lineup, and a production cost of hundreds of millions of yuan, at the end of 2005, Chen Kaige and Chen Hong persuaded many movie fans to enter the theater.However, movie fans were mostly disappointed, what they saw was nothing more than a non-existent steamed bun, a pale woman and her almost nonsensical curse. It was this "telling" of the plot that gave Hu Ge, a young man from Wuhan, the opportunity to show his skills. At the beginning of the new year in 2006, the video clip of "A Murder Caused by a Steamed Bun" quickly became the focus of attention.For a while, "spoofs" became popular, and Chen Kaige's sentence at the airport, "People can't be so shameless" quickly became a buzzword on the Internet, just like Huang Jianxiang's screams when explaining the World Cup a few months later, breeding all kinds of people. version of. It is not useless, and the reason why it has become a channel for people to vent their "public indignation" is firstly attributed to Chen Kaige's overreaction to this "shocking steamed bun".Threats of moral condemnation and lawsuits against an outstanding young man seem to reveal that Chen Kaige has fallen behind in this Internet age in concept.This is a contest between the common people and the elite.Before the civilians grow into elites, most people turn their sympathetic eyes to the penniless Hu Ge. In 2006, "Literature is dead!" died in the poet's mouth, and it was an ugly death.The poet Ye Kuangzheng wrote in "Literature is Dead!"An interactive text era has come! "The article asserts that "this sentence that has been held back in many people's hearts can finally be said." At this moment, the "national poet" fell down with a "hush". "National Female Poet" Zhao Lihua's "Pear Blossom School" poems were ridiculed by everyone.People don't understand why the meaningless vernacular, such as "I firmly cannot tolerate /those /in public places/toilets/after defecating/do not flush/urinals/" is just because "the country The slender hands of "National Poetess" pressed the enter key a few times, and it became a "national-level" poem. "From tomorrow onwards, I will be a poem writer, typing, returning, one sentence and one paragraph..." Some people say that after Haizi, there will be no more poets in China, and when "I/finally/know/write poetry/has become" The "Poetry Writing Secrets" popular on the Internet, every Chinese has become a poet.My standard is up to me. As for whether it is "national level", go to hell! In his speech "Talking with Literary Artists", Wen Jiabao spoke highly of the Renaissance era as "a glorious era in which a hundred flowers bloomed, fruitful, stars were brilliant, and talents came out in large numbers." "Great economic prosperity often brings unprecedented ideological and cultural Active”, any government that wants to make a difference must not only encourage everyone to pursue the truth, but also do everything possible to provide the environment for the society to pursue the truth. The popularity of deconstruction is undoubtedly a positive signal for China today.In essence, it means that Chinese people have gained their own perspective and right to interpret life.The education and propaganda that used to be pure indoctrination has now given way to people's interpretation of their own lives.All political, economic and social topics, within the scope permitted by the law, people can incorporate them into their own value system, and make their own judgments through their own experience and knowledge.他们不再需要“观点辅导员”与“意见监护人”，每位公民都有自己观察生活、认识真理的眼睛与心灵，没有谁再可以强加给他们任何他们不再相信的东西。而那些貌似强大的说教，同样失去了动员的能力，反而被人们置之一笑。 当然，从传播学的角度来说，解构的这种积极意义还在于，言论自由与公共空间的建设，不仅必要，而且可能。如传播学者斯图亚特·霍尔所说，受众是意义完成的关键。既然任何信息的发布，意义的完成最终都是由受众所决定，那么，听者有心，言者无罪，任何言论、文学与艺术对于这个社会来说，都不至于形成直接的危害。 进一步说，解构主义的到来，既为中国言论空间的拓展提供了某种可能，同祥为中国的社会觉醒树立了标杆。当人们开始意识到当下中国已经迎来了“复兴文艺”的最好时期，更有理由相信，决定中国未来命运的“文艺复兴”将肇始于这场解构运动——因为解构正在完成文艺复兴的第一步，即让每一个个体抽身于旧有的仪式，否定权威，服从内心，复活或者增加自己的创造。 2008年，网上流传着一则有关广东开平市未成年人性虐待未成年人的视频。在接到报案后，警方随即展开调查。真相是：2007年7月中旬，七名女孩将一少女从开平某网吧强行带到某旅店，并约来四名男孩，对受害少女进行殴打、凌辱和强暴，并逼她自扇耳光和踏正步。一名涉案者用手机拍摄了部分过程，无意中为这起恶行留下了证据。 如唐德刚先生所感慨，人不过是脊椎动物中的一种。看到这样的“日常之恶”、用手机拍摄的“残忍的戏剧”，相信许多善良的人都难免会悲观、伤感。其实，无论受害者是谁，其骇人听闻的程度都足以成为社会之大不幸。那些少男少女在视频中所表现出来的罪恶，不仅让我们看到了潜藏于人性深处的卑污，更应让所有同时代的人因蒙羞而警醒： 为什么有人会容忍这样的罪行？为什么这些少年竟会如此凶残，肆无忌惮？为什么在相关群体中几乎广为人知的罪行，在近一年后才为警方所知？倘若不是互联网“睁着眼睛”，上述罪行会不会像没有发生一样，一切风平浪静，而作恶者却继续招摇？ 法国群体心理学家古斯塔夫·勒庞在《乌合之众》中这样解释群体犯下的暴行：“孤立的个人很清楚，在孤身一人时，他不能焚烧宫殿或洗劫商店，即使受到这样做的诱惑，他也很容易抵制这种诱惑。但是在成为群体中的一员时，他就会意识到人数赋予他的力量，这足以让他生出杀人劫掠的念头，并且会立刻屈从于这种诱惑。出乎预料的障碍会被狂暴地摧毁。” 相关新闻透露，这七位少女是“结拜姐妹”，实际上已经形成了一个小帮派。当“帮派利益”形成后，这些人实际上已经将自己的灵魂部分交给了帮派，“与魔鬼缔约”，若是一起“做大事”，便会让自己成为帮派机器中的一个零件。少数服从多数，温和让位极端，“群体时常会混杂、融合、聚变，获得一种共有的、窒息自我的本性”（莫斯语）。久而久之，个人道德不得不屈从于群体意志，个人理性不得不屈从于群体情感。人们因为“理智丢失，责任分散”而丧失自己做人与合群的底线，就像被卷入了一场疯狂的舞会，此时此刻只有集体疯狂，人生舍此全无意义。 与此同时，在谴责这些少年的暴行时，更要直面导演李杨镜头下的“盲社会”。当一个人甚至一个群体失去理性时，整个社会应该如何面对，是保持目光明亮还是熟视无睹？显然，就公民社会责任而言，透过发生在开平的这出悲剧，我们所看到的却是太多失望。尽管许多在私下传看过视频的学生包括一些成年人都知道个中行为是有罪的，但是竟没有一个人去报案，因为“怕惹麻烦上身”。 和李杨的“盲系列”电影（《盲山》《盲井》）相反，由蒋雯丽主演的电影《刮痧》反映的则是另一种社会现实。在这部据说反映中美文化冲突的电影里，美国医生给中国小孩例行身体检查时偶然发现孩子背上有刮痧留下的印痕，立刻电话报警。随后，警方不仅通知儿童权益保护机构出面，甚至决定暂时剥夺孩子父母的监护权，有问题法庭上见。 发生在开平的这起案件无疑暴露了中国未成年人保护方面的问题。然而，我更愿意将此归咎于这些孩子以及周边社会人权观念的淡漠。所幸在作恶者狂欢、围观者绕行的时刻，如今还有互联网——所幸网络睁开了正义之眼。 抽烟不但有害健康，也可能有害仕途。2009年，一度闹得沸沸扬扬的南京市江宁区房产管理局局长，以抽1500元一条烟闻名的周久耕，被免去房产管理局局长职务。 从官方通讯社的报道来看，周久耕被罢官不外乎三个原因：一是“发表了不当言论”；二是“存在用公款购买高档香烟的奢侈消费行为”；三是“在社会上产生了不良影响”。在这里，前两个问题应该都不是真正的问题，否则周久耕官早就丢了。显然，其丢官的关键在于第三条，即犯了众怒。 早在此前，在周久耕表示自己坚决查处降价房是“对百姓负责”之后，许多网民不但不买账，反而对他的言论“厌恶至极”。在绝大多数人看来，房价只有降到大家买得起的水平才是真正“对百姓负责”，否则一切免谈。 由于中国尚没有真正意义上的官员财产申报制度，又因近年来有若干房管部门领导因腐败下台，在不知道周久耕究竟有多少财产的前提下，网民的确有理由浮动“腐败猜想”，质疑他凭着一点公务员薪水如何能开得起凯迪拉克，抽得起1500元一条的烟，戴得起10万元一只的手表。接下来的情形是，周久耕不但被“人肉搜索”，而且遭到了无数网民的戏弄与嘲讽，诸如“周至尊”“久耕托市”等民间词语应运而生，广为流传。一场集体参与的“网络弹劾”由此渐渐进入高潮。 就在网民享受“弹劾”之愉悦时，必须承认的是，只能盯着某位官员的香烟、手表来反腐败，充其量只是一种表面上的、肤浅的反腐败。对于这种蜂拥而起的“网络弹劾”，我宁愿将其视为一场轰轰烈烈的公共戏剧。而且，虽然在现实生活中它偶尔起到了“弹劾”的作用，但在反腐败效率方面却是十分低下的。这不仅表现在它从头到尾会花掉网民大量的时间和精力（更别说有时还会功败垂成），更重要的是，在舞台上人们追求“戏剧正义”，然而当观众各自离开剧场，几人还会去关心那个丰富了他们业余生活的反面典型？ 仅就约束权力而言，网民这种即兴而业余的反腐败尽管不乏意义，但其更多只是标本意义或象征意义。显而易见，当下中国最需要的仍是独立机构的专业反腐败，是一整套能够在日常约束权力的有效机制。如果没有这种有效机制，那种体现或者奉承广场民意的反腐败，完全可能沦落为一种意见的装饰，一种为民意泄洪的政治技艺。 当然，另一方面，社会进步有一个过程。透过周久耕“对百姓负责”这一政治表态在网上所受到的“民意狙击”，不难发现今日中国社会已取得怎样的成长。从政治传播的角度而言，说是一回事，做是另一回事；怎么说是一回事，怎么理解又是一回事。众所周知，在过去一些官员们大谈“为人民服务”时，人们通常只知被动地接受“服务”，却很少有渠道反馈这种“服务”质量如何，能否更换。而现在，借助网络，以网民形象出现的公民们可以对那些伪称自己“对百姓负责”的官员集体说不。 网民不是全体人民，但在这个时代它却有着极其特殊的现实意义。和“人民”这一概念不同的是，网民不只是一个集体称谓，它更是一个个意见终端与权利终端，一个个具体的人，它兼个人身份与集体身份于一身。当“人民”变成网民，每个人都是直接表达自己意见的权利主体，每个人都是集体利益最真实的代言人。正因为此，网上流传的各种有关周久耕的零星反对意见，最后能上升为一种不谋而合的集体表达，能够汇聚成强大的民意潮水，终于浮走了混世者的官帽。 今日中国，网络更是一种推动社会运动和社会进步的工具，担负着相较其他发达国家更多的时代重负。毋庸讳言，在过去政治表达十分落后的条件下，民众尤其缺乏集体表达反对意见的渠道，而现今网络鬼斧神工、攻城略地。拜其所赐，民众随时可以端起键盘，成为表达自己公共意见的网民。而“网络弹劾”戏剧的真正意义就在于，它一次次激发人们关注公共事务的兴趣与信心，不断培养和历练人们的公共精神。在此意义上，这种公共戏剧的意义远非“反腐败”所能丈量，因为它不仅关乎社会道德之再造，同样将以滴水穿石之功再造政治。 对于一个社会来说，民意崛起并非可以取到立竿见影的效果，有时还可能毫无作用，因为民意会遭遇强力的抵抗甚至反噬。比如说，每位公民都应该享有宪法赋予的言论自由，但在实际操作中，我们却看到许多无法无天的县官使其治下的异见公民因言获罪。与此同时，对于制度建设的推动也往往收效甚微。但是，网络的存在已经让制度内的“害虫”不敢过于招摇，因为它们随时可能被聚焦于网眼之下，被定点爆破。古有“看杀卫玠”，今有“看杀贪官”。 据称，在“黑砖窑”事件曝光时，当时的山西省长于幼军一直高度关注网上的反应。“有一次，我起码打了十几个省厅和地市官员的电话，问他们'有没有看网上？'都说没有，都不重视网络。”今日中国互联网不仅是一种认识真理的工具，同样是一种新的治理工具。从中央到地方，中国政府对互联网的重视是显而易见的。在2008年“两会”上，中央领导人希望网络能成为民众与中央沟通的平台，互联网将从学用、商用、民用走到政治生活前台，更加深刻地影响中国社会。地方官员也在不同场合鼓吹学好、用好网络，“如果党政官员不愿、不会、不能利用网络和群众保持沟通的话，那可能就会变成现代社会的聋子和瞎子”。 互联网改变执政观念。执政党对互联网的重视在一定程度上表明了网络时代的中国政治进入了一个新阶段。与此相关的背景是，据中国互联网信息中心2009年1月份的统计数据显示，中国网民数量已经达到3.6亿，居世界第一。网民的政治参与，部分弥补了现实政治表达的“贫困”，日益影响着政治决策和高层思考。即使是那些曾经视互联网为洪水猛兽的人也渐渐相信，与其把互联网视为挑战，不如顺势而为，使其变成可以提高政府执政能力的一次机遇。 所谓“互联网执政”不过是“新闻执政”的拓展。“新闻执政”（Governing with the news）的提法源于美国白宫发言人，它区别于传统政治传播中的“宣传统治”（Rulling by Propaganda）。不难发现，在由封闭走向开放的路途中，中国同样经历着由“宣传统治”到“新闻执政”的转变。国务院新闻办的官员亦表示，中国政府应对新闻媒体的态度已由“媒体控制”“媒体管理”过渡到现在的“媒体合作”。 据说美国总统的新闻班子会适时地把信息透露给守在白宫外的记者，并将此视为“给野兽喂食”。不幸的是，在一个处在矛盾凸显期的社会，公众同样像渴望正义之肉的野兽，他们通常会在间歇性发作的正义声讨中“尝鲜即安”，然后心满意足地离开，这也是许多争端大事化小、小事化了，不能彻底解决的原因所在。 显然，互联网上的拦轿喊冤和随之而来的互联网执政并不能实现人们期许的普遍正义，因为互联网并不足以支撑起一套行之有效、一以贯之的规则，不能消解制度上的贫困。如果一个社会凡事都要靠民意来推动，那么其制度建设就一定有不尽人意之处。显而易见，民意更需要在制度上落实，而不是依靠网络上风起云涌的街头运动“头痛医头，脚痛医脚”。零星的社会工程诚然需要所有人的努力，但是这种“计件式维权”终究不如扶起一种制度更有效力，更符合一个宪政国家的政治伦理。 政治是管理公共事务的艺术，善治的实现必然离不开公众的广泛参与。然而，在网民毫不吝惜地赞美互联网为中国正在形成的开放社会立约时，同样应该看到，互联网议政与互联网执政的过度繁荣，也从另一个侧面反映了其他治理途径的严重缺位，尤其反映了主流媒体——诸如报纸、电台、电视台——作为舆论平台的失效。在中国，网络更像是政治与社会表达的一个替代品或者集合器，它集街头运动、议会辩论、舆论监督与社会监督等于一身。它表面上热烈无比，却又有着杂烩一切的暧昧。作为博弈工具的互联网，一次次见证了原本可以在法院解决的问题，却不得不首先经过一场场轰轰烈烈的“媒体审判”或者“互联网审判”才能推动；原本可以在日常行政中解决的问题，却要通过互联网上风起云涌的声讨“定止纷争”。 比如“厦门PX”事件中，百位政协委员的提案曾被搁置一边，直到这一切被搬到互联网和手机上才渐渐引起重视。同样，山西“黑砖窑”案引起全国声讨之前，山西地方官员却像是生活在巨大的盲点之中，实乃熟视无睹。 还应该看到的是，靠吸引眼球而获得的权利只是一种“眼球权利”。如果不能真正在制度的日常运行中保障这种权利，一旦公众的视线挪开，维权者难免会再度陷入“权利的贫困”。 有了危机怎么办？对于有些人来说，最省事莫过于两种：一是自杀，二是下跪。 比如说在电影里面，女主角王佳芝稀里糊涂地做了特工，在执行任务前，特工头子给了她一粒毒药，让她在“情急”时吃下去。这个招数无疑是十分狠毒的，意思是你要是失败了，就不要再连累组织了。这种“置成员于死地”而“求组织之后生”的偏方早已广为人知。 至于下跪，电视机里，大导演们更为大臣与草民们设有“专跪”，须臾不忘推销帝王时代的美好生活；网络之上，“跪求”一词也同样像瘟疫一样传遍了每个角落。此外，近年来有关下跪的消息，虽说是“新闻”，但对许多人来说，却也是司空见惯寻常事。比如说，西安10户购房者因开发商未按时交房在售楼处跪求返还首付款；南京一老妇因孙子打人当街跪求不要报警；桂林一老汉当街跪求一男子还他刚从三轮车上掉落的一袋薯粉；胶州一女考生因错过考试最后入场时间，向监考人员下跪求情；重庆一公司搞“下跪训练”，让员工当街下跪乞讨，据称乞讨是该公司的培训项目。更令人哭笑不得的是，在法制“休克”时，有执法者同样使用“下跪疗法”：北京某交警抓到一辆违章车，司机70岁的母亲下跪希望通行，而这交警无奈抢先给她跪了下来，算是把“非下跪不足以抒情”演绎到了极致。而此前，他的一位包头同行为了维持交通秩序索性跪到了地上…… 令人称奇的是，二十一世纪的今天，有关权利、法律和商业之事，如何竟要通过下跪来解决？莫非这就是所谓“男儿膝下有黄金”？而且取之不尽，用之不绝？中国人的膝盖更像是一座金矿，如果不能逢山开路、遇水搭桥，那就在自己的膝盖上寻找出路。种种“下跪新闻”似乎在向我们道明中国社会生活里的另一种真相——一方面，非下跪不足以维权；另一方面，非下跪不足以抒情。 虽然我们对社会组织的成长时常抱以厚望，不可否认的是，如果没有头脑，失去人对个体尊严的感受与领悟，这个组织充其量只能发展成一个庞然大物，而不会使社会有力量。或许这也是当下中国“洗脑型企业组织”的困境所在。关于这一点，看看市面上流行多少“向军队学管理”之类的书籍就知道了。 百余年前，英国传教士麦高温在《中国人生活的明与暗》中嘲讽中国士兵不能抬头挺胸，“没有充分利用父母赐予的每一英寸高度”。美国传教士明恩溥同样在《中国人的素质》谈到中国人的糊涂生活：当有一个曾经当过兵的仆人被问及自己的身高时，他们都没有计算肩膀以上的部分。因为对他来说，负重时锁骨的高度才是最重要的。明恩溥由此嘲讽中国人——“除了脑袋之外是要派各种用场的，因此忽略了脑袋”。考虑到当年绝大多数中国人缺乏独立思考的能力，这种描摹也并非无中生有。 更令人痛心的是另一种“有组织下跪”。2007年，蚌埠东部的鲍家沟的村民，奔走呼号十几年解决不了当地日益严重的污染问题，最后百般无奈的村民们只好组织起来，当然不是做什么惊天动地的事情，而是趁着国家环保总局检查组前来视察时“紧急下跪”——上百位村民守在村口“跪请政府治污”。 尽管网上也有“跪求”，有“Orz”（英文字母模拟的跪姿），但是网络让许多中国人的生活开始变得昂扬，却是不争之实。Where is China going?每当看到那些习惯于“意识形态问题意识形态解决”的朋友们流露出某种悲观情绪时，我便会反问：你是否想到传播技术的发展对于中国有着怎样的意义？ 如果能够看清政治的本质就是传播的艺术，就不难理解一项具有革命性的传播技术的发展必然会改变一个社会的政治与生活。互联网对中国而言具有史诗性的意义即在于此。 当然，一项技术从发明到广泛运用会有一个时差。在手机刚开始流行的时候，尽管手机都内置了收发短信的功能，但是大家却很少用它。直到2001年开始，短信的使用量才出现了井喷式增长。忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开，短信神话向我们表明，那些蛰伏于日常生活中的传播科技，可能在无声处酝酿惊雷。 2006年8月15日，重庆彭水县教委办事科员秦中飞因为用短信的形式写了首《沁园春·彭水》，而以涉嫌“诽谤罪”被关押一个月。该案被曝光后，在舆论压力下秦中飞才得以告别“短信狱”，当地公安局、检察院最终承认秦中飞诽谤案属于“错案”。如果说“秦中飞案”最初表现为一位公民的单打独斗，那么2008年发生在“厦门PX”事件则展示了另一个视角。出于对自己居住的城市的爱护，短短几天内，厦门人创造了“百万短信议政”的纪录。由于此前代表民意的105位政协委员的反对声音被轻视，这里的“短信议政”更像是一种社会自觉，是一个群体在意识到自己身处危险之中的“紧急救济”。在官方的救济通道不畅时，正是新兴的传播科技给社会带来了新的救济的可能，使“大家一起去散步”成为可能。正因为是“新兴的”，才让固有权力部门猝不及防。尽管其后“厦门PX当局”仍然摆出“只许政府劈叉（PX），不许百姓散步”的威权Pose，然而，于民心大势而言，终究只是螳螂一臂。 从“秦中飞案”的即兴嘲讽到厦门“反PX”时的群起议政，不难发现，借助短信、互联网等传播方式，被讥为“犬儒化”或“马铃薯化”的中国人在群体沟通、联合以及社会网络化方面已经有了更多选择。2007年台湾地震导致许多中国人无法正常上网，其间所有烦躁不安，已深刻说明科技对于今人“识字、进步、生产”究竟有多么巨大的影响。生活便利与民心向背已经决定了中国社会的互联网化具有刚性发展势头。而这种不可逆性同样表现于“短信议政”的具体实践。不难想象，即使某些权力部门反对“短信议政”，也不可能真正收回民众收发短信的权利，更多只能在过滤信息方面为所欲为——而权力的使用一旦下放到技术层面，其实一切已经简单了。 换句话说，在全世界都在点电灯时，有权有势者即使有心让自家囤积的劣质煤油卖个好价钱，也不敢明目张胆地否定电灯的价值，更没有能力冒天下之大不韪，让人们唾弃电灯而团结在昏昏欲睡的煤油灯下。 一百多年以前，在信息时代尚未破晓之时，大概是意识到人们对信息的过度攫取会毁掉自己的生活，梭罗离开了喧闹的城市，走近了瓦尔登湖。就像今天，拔了网线，关了电视，过不被信息垃圾包围的日子。显然，对于绝大多数人来说，那些发生在远在天边的大事小情，无论是一场血淋淋的自杀式袭击、绑匪的演讲，还是女明星成功或者失败的隆胸术，与我们的生活其实是毫不相干的。 我们不得不面临这样的尴尬：无用的信息管道像章鱼的爪子一样连接我们身体与生活的每一根神经，有用的信息却在黑箱之中无路可寻。这种失衡让我们提倡使每个人免于成为“标准阅读器”的“第六种自由”时显得多么力不从心。 笔者从1996年开始上网，一路见证了中国网络社会的荣辱与成长。相信许多朋友也和我一样，在网络上度过或者耗费了一生中最美好的光阴。有时我们也会因为自己成为“信息成瘾者”变得烦恼不安，即便偶尔下定决心享受几个“信息斋戒”的日子，也难免会像个网络时代的逃犯一般鬼使神差地接上网线，再被网络引渡回来。然而，尽管知道互联网并非享受生活的美好所在，但对于那些关注社会成长的人来说，互联网却是一个必不可少的“时代