Chapter 3 Chapter 1 I am not against the shareholding system

Lang Xianping: Dear guests and viewers in front of the TV, hello, welcome to this program.Now CCTV is launching "Hundred Schools Lecture Forum". This program has given birth to several stars, such as Yi Zhongtian and Yu Dan who talked about it.Then, I also paid attention to this kind of historical craze, and also watched Yi Zhongtian's "Three Kingdoms". Yi Zhongtian's eloquence is really good.After he became famous, he was attacked by many people, and now he is under a lot of pressure.Of course, the same is true for Yu Dan, who suddenly became famous because CCTV gave her this opportunity to talk about our Chinese history and philosophy. Now, her popularity in China has increased.I watched their explaining process and observed very carefully. There is a potential problem with their telling history, that is, they did not understand the essence of history.Then, through some academic research, taking the example as an example, he can only clarify whether there was a battle of Chibi, whether there was an empty city plan, etc. What is this called?This is called textual research, everyone understands what I mean, so basically the history talked about in "Lecture Forum of Hundred Schools" is the history of textual research.

So frankly speaking, I am quite disappointed with this program; if I have one point of optimism, it is that the general public of our society is beginning to pay attention to the so-called history itself, which is a good sign.I think I also want to talk about history with you in this TV program, but the history I talk about is definitely not limited to just textual research, I don't do this kind of thing.Today, everyone follows me to jump out of this circle and talk about what is real history. So in order to illustrate my point of view, I will find out an incident that everyone can understand: we have gone through 30 years of reform and opening up, and one of them is very important. What is it called?It's called reform, changing it to a joint-stock system, so I still remember that in the early 1990s or the end of the 1980s, all large and small enterprises across the country rushed to change to the joint-stock system.I will speak out a big truth from the small matter of the shareholding system.I would like to ask the audience friends across the country, do you know what a joint stock system is?Let me ask you again, where is the first joint stock limited company in the world?

Do you understand why there was a joint-stock system in the first place?This is a very regrettable question. Now, I am going to talk to you about something that cannot be found in textbooks, nor can you find it in any historical documents in bookstores. I even doubt that in our entire China There is no trace of a history that can be found on the earth.Today, the history lesson I am talking about is definitely the experience I have summed up in the process of research.Well, according to my research with my Hong Kong university colleague Professor Yang Yaohui, you will find that the first joint-stock company appeared in the UK.when?In the 10th century AD, that is to say, during the Song Dynasty, which was almost equal to China, the world's first joint stock company appeared in Britain.How did this limited company come about?After listening to it, you will suddenly realize that this history is so interesting. In Europe more than 1,000 years ago, it was a theocratic world and a theocratic society. People there worshiped God beyond belief. You could call it superstition, but I won’t comment on that.In short, the worship of God by the people there was unimaginable, so there was a saying in Europe in the 10th century AD: People who committed crimes would go to hell after death.In order to avoid going to hell, people had to donate their land and houses to the church before they died.By the middle of the 10th century AD, almost 58% of the land in Britain belonged to the church.Then the question arises, what is the church for?The church is not a company, and priests and others cannot run a business, so what should we do?And what is more serious is that priests cannot marry, so they have no legal offspring.Of course, many historical documents say that priests have incest and have illegal offspring, which is another matter.Priests may have offspring, but it is illegal.Since there are no legal descendants, inheritance is a big problem. Then, after the church has acquired so much land and houses, who is going to manage them and who will inherit them?Since no heir could be found, the church at that time was forced to hire a professional manager.In this way, a very ridiculous story came out. What does the "limited" of the limited company mean? What does "share" mean?Then there are two points: the first point is the separation of management rights and ownership, which we regard as a great thing; the second point is the limited liability system, listed companies and limited companies, we regard it as a great book.But if you think about it, what happened to these two laws at the time?We believe that the reason for the separation of management and ownership is that the church has no legal heirs, and management and ownership have to be separated.Therefore, it can only be operated by professional managers.

So, why is it called a limited company?That is, there is no right of recourse. How much money I borrowed, I ran away. You can’t sue me personally. This is called limited liability, right?I believe that anyone who has a little concept of the company will understand.Treat the limited liability system as a sacrosanct system, every company must implement this system, how much do you know?You think about why the joint-stock system was established in the first place, and think about the circumstances at that time, in a society with theocracy, when a professional manager was running a business and real estate, would it be possible for him to borrow money? Of course it was possible. What if the money doesn't come up?Do you believe that when creditors get angry, they go to church and make a scene.Did the theocratic society of the time allow this?If you really went to the church to make a big noise, it would alarm the comrades in the church, so what happened, so I made it clear at the time, comrade, I borrowed money from you, if I still don’t come up, let’s stop here, you Don't go to the church to make trouble, otherwise our brothers will go to hell together, think it over, this is the end, limited liability system, you can't do it anymore, if you continue to do it, neither will please, so there will be a limited company!The church is behind and dare not infringe on God. Therefore, how much money I borrowed, and I haven’t come up, it’s over, do you understand what I mean?

So, you can see that we take the joint stock company seriously, but in fact the management right is separated from the ownership, because it is taught that it has no heirs and it has to be separated, so it can only find professional managers.So why limited liability?Because they were afraid of God's punishment, they didn't dare to go to the church to make trouble, and they did it for a long time. At that time, the joint-stock system was a system of last resort!This is what I have repeatedly told the students in the classroom, our nation, the level is like this, we only look at the superficial phenomena when looking at everything, thinking that the joint-stock system that appeared in European and American countries is a great thing, but how do you know about this system? The source is a last resort, not because it is good at all, but because there is no other way.Why do the shareholding systems in Europe and the United States operate relatively successfully from today's perspective?Do you know?Why did the shareholding system come to China but was deceived? Didn't our joint stock company do less bad things in the past few years?It still exists even now. Why can't it play well in China, but it can play well in Europe and the United States?That is the essential question that I have repeatedly emphasized.

If you want to study the history of Europe, you need to understand why the shareholding system worked well in Europe at that time.The reason is very clear, because there was a very interesting phenomenon in the church at that time. Let me tell you, the church at that time was the center of theocracy, and these professional managers had a "fiduciary responsibility" to God in their hearts, so "fiduciary responsibility" was formed in religion.Since I am a professional manager of this church company today, I will do my best to do it well according to God’s entrustment.Let me tell you that this kind of "fiduciary responsibility" based on conscience is the only reason why the shareholding system can survive; It is God's business.So, audiences and guests, do our Chinese entrepreneurs have such a conscience?Is there such a fine tradition?I will not answer for now.The basis for the success of the joint-stock system is conscience, understand what I mean?

Well, in Europe, let me put it this way, Europe is the foundation of modern science and modern professional knowledge, which basically comes from the church. Beginning with Emperor Kangxi, what did European missionaries introduce?Science, remember?The introduction of mathematics, Emperor Kangxi liked mathematics very much, you may not like mathematics, maybe you hate mathematics, your level is not as good as that of Emperor Kangxi; this buddy is quite good at mathematics, a generation of Mingjun does not have two brushes Can't play.In order to study science and engineering, he introduced a large number of missionaries and modern science, so modern knowledge such as science basically comes from Western religions, so let’s talk more academically, what is the English taught?

I want to talk to you about this issue.What was the teaching of Western religions more than 1,000 years ago?It is the same word as professional.It turns out that the professor itself is a continuation of the profession more than 1,000 years ago. The profession came from the church at that time, and it is the source of Western science.Priests and missionaries not only retain the technological civilization of the West, but also have a "trust responsibility" from conscience against God.Under the pressure of this conscientious "fiduciary duty," driven by a duty to God, the corporation survives.

The interesting thing is that the church-operated joint stock company was too successful, but three or four hundred years later, the church became corrupt. How corrupt has it become?At that time, there was a saying: Do you want to be saved?Donating property to the church, the church wants to say that it is troublesome, and it has to manage your property, so just give it in cash, so it says, if you want to be saved, don’t donate your land and houses to the church, just give money directly Well, I'll give you a ticket, what's it called?Let's see how the level of your college students is, the indulgence coupons are out, everyone still has an impression!Anyone who is an undergraduate student will have an impression!It turns out that the Atonement is a product of a limited company, so that’s good, you don’t want to give this property to the church, just use money to buy tickets, and issue you an indulgence ticket, well, you will be saved, and the church will stop How much better to take the trouble to manage it and get cash directly!Cash is king.But after running it for a long time, the church still finds it troublesome. Our church still has to receive you when you buy indulgences, and we have to pray for you falsely. It’s so annoying. We eat, drink, prostitute and gamble a lot behind the scenes it is good!It’s really like this in the dark ages, well, why don’t you come here, we put something on every corner... It’s a chain store, this is the predecessor of McDonald’s, understand what I mean?What is it for?It specializes in selling indulgences, and you buy indulgences directly there. After you buy them, they come to pay the bill, and we don’t even need to receive you. In the end, the religious churches are reduced to the bottom, why?It's just a few words of eating, drinking, whoring and gambling.The most famous one is Pope. Of course we don't have a proper translation, but his English name is Borgial.

I translated it for him as the Great Hierarch, how did the religious revolution come about?It is very interesting for you to listen to me tell historical stories.You've all heard the stories of the Religious Revolution, and none of you can figure out what's going on, I know best.This buddy is licentious, and he has a cardinal under his command, Calvin.One day, Calvin rushed into the room of the Hierarch in a hurry to report to him, but he saw that the Hierarch was having incest with his illegitimate daughter. Calvin was extremely angry and went to the bed, and he walked to the bed Before, I didn’t go to see it, I didn’t read Lust, Caution, that’s not what it meant. I went to the bed and picked up the Pope’s scepter, held it up high, smashed it to the ground, and shattered it. The religious revolution was launched, and the archbishop was tormented by the fire of hell forever, so the religious revolution began.What is the purpose of the religious revolution?It's so interesting.There is a saying that the price elasticity of redemption is equal to zero. I especially want to explain this phenomenon from an economic point of view.

Those of us later deliberately made this joke, that is, the price elasticity of redemption is equal to zero. What does this mean?That is to say, you can’t be saved no matter how much you pay because the elasticity is zero. The idea of ​​“no matter how much you pay” was put forward by Calvin at that time, which is called the religious revolution.In this way, the religious revolution succeeded and spread across Europe. No matter how much money we give, we will not be saved, and if we still go to hell, what will happen to us?We don't give it, which is a normal reality.You can see that religion declined in the Middle Ages in Europe, after the 15th century, and began to decline in the 16th century, because I donated money to the church, but I still couldn’t be saved, so I had to think about it.Then at this time, some historical phenomena occurred, and this historical phenomenon was very strange, and you discovered that all of this seemed to be God's will. Countries have risen, countries in Europe have risen, of course, when I was filming "The Rise of Great Powers", I talked about this matter, why did countries rise at that moment?You still have to admire the level of Professor Lang.In the past, Europeans rode horses without saddles, holding on to the mane and holding the horse's belly between their legs. It was very inconvenient, wasn't it?At least one hand is holding the horse's mane, and the legs are clamped. That horse is very bumpy. I don't know if you have ridden a horse. It is very bumpy. It is very inconvenient to fight with the remaining hand.Well, China at that time exported a high-tech product called a saddle at this time.What good is a saddle?It has stirrups, which is the place to step on the feet, so the knight can sit on the saddle, step on the stirrups, and control the horse with two hands, do you understand?So, two extra hands, why?can fight.So at this moment, professional cavalry appeared. It takes a long time for this professional cavalry to train, just like your undergraduate studies, it takes more than ten years to prepare for the exam.The saddle is ready, there is a spear, you have to learn this, the whole body is armor, the armor is terribly heavy, once the armor is worn, a person can't walk, he must lie on a stretcher and his attendants will carry him on the horse, so the horse It was also very unlucky to carry a person and a set of armor, which was too heavy to die, but at that time, knights could step on the stirrups and go to war with spears.At this time, please note that at that time, the barbarians in the north had been invading Europe. Maybe because there were high-tech knights wearing armor and holding spears, they could stab the barbarians in the north from five or six meters away. What epoch-making significance?That is, rich people in many places began to raise these knights. What are the benefits of raising these knights?He can own a piece of land, which is my territory, called the country. Because I have knights who can protect me and establish a country. After the country has a country, is there any benefit?What does country mean?The country is very interesting. It is different from China. After the European countries were formed in this way, the European castle is in the middle. Its walls only surround the nobles and the rich. They buy knights, but what about the common people?All live outside the walls, this is Europe.Look at us in China, like Beijing, the common people all live in the city, which is called a besieged city, and they surround each other like they are married.Not in Europe. In Europe, the castle is in the middle, and the people live around it. It’s just the opposite. It’s very interesting.You see at this time the country was established, and then I told the common people, you understand, I protect you from the northern barbarians, you have to pay the protection fee, this is the tax that comes from the protection fee, You paid the protection fee, which is called a tax in the euphemistic name, but it actually means the protection fee. We raised knights to protect you, so the European countries were established. Then collect taxes, buy knights, collect taxes, buy knights, and you don’t need to buy more after buying a part. It doesn’t take much, but the result is that the tax is still collected, and there is no need to increase the number of military personnel. In the end, the more money you collect, the more money you get. Cool!They're getting richer and have nothing to spend, so what?It's time to spend time and drink, this is the history of Europe, it's so interesting.But the common people are upset, you know, the common people said why you collect taxes, we are busy here, this is not good, then the first group of noble knights: We fight, you can’t enjoy it alone, we have to Rights were distributed, so at this time the first parliamentary system arose.What are you doing?What is the use of dividing the spoils called?House of Lords. At present, the House of Lords in the United Kingdom and Canada is still composed of nobles. What is the purpose?Share this tax with the king, understand what I mean, this is where the tax comes from, of course, now there are taxes in every country.The king felt very uncomfortable under the threat of the House of Lords. The tax collection had to be approved by the House of Lords, and he had to share it with them. The more he thought about it, the more unhappy he became.Is there any other way, without going through the House of Lords?As a result, many of his staff who were very smart and had learned financial knowledge told him that there was a way!any solution?You import directly from customs!How to import?You invade other countries!This is the beginning of the 16th century, and the European countries' aggression against the world for the entire four to five hundred years began at this time. Why?for money.You will find that all of this is closely related to the joint stock company at that time.Okay, so what kind of company do you get?In their minds, our part of China is called the East India, so various countries have been established. What is the ethnic hatred that we Chinese can never forget?East India Company.for what purposeIt is to bypass the House of Lords for the king and go to other countries to grab gold and silver for him to squander. Well, it’s cool, like Spain and Portugal have a lot of gold, and as a result, there is more gold, and European inflation is coming. very good. Fighting and fighting, the common people are upset, why are they upset?The common people said why should we sacrifice our children for your consumption? This is not acceptable, so this group of common people gathered together and said it was unfair, and we have to oppose it.Well, these ordinary people get together, of course, at the party at night, called Party, remember this English word, Party we translate into party, it is the party at night, everyone said it was unfair at this party, why should we Fight wars and let your kings spend; it's not fair.Well, it turns out that these people start sharing the rights of the king, sharing the rights of the nobles, what is it called?It's called the House of Commons. Do you remember what the English name for a political party is? Party, the same word, you know the source, it comes from how these people want to oppose the government and the king’s exploitation in the party, so they formed different interest groups, each formed their own party, we translate it If it becomes a political party system, then the House of Commons will be formed, which is the origin of the European Parliament system, whether it sounds good or not. In the wars of aggression that began in the 16th century, the people of all countries were exhausted. Therefore, the governments of various countries must actively raise war funds. How should they be raised?So the world's first bond was issued, which was an exchange of war bonds. But the war bonds expired, and they had to be repaid, but they still hadn't come out. What should I do?Yes, it is something that we are all familiar with. If you hit a "white note", it will not come out today; if you pay it back in two years, you will be "white note".What should I do if the "white strip" expires two years later?As a result, the "white strips" were piled up as high as the sky, and the whole "white strips" were piled up together, so much stock! Finally, the king started to have a headache, what should I do?He has a lot of geniuses under his command, all of whom are Ph.D. geniuses who have studied financial knowledge. If this is the case, we must sell the "IOUs". Who does the king say to sell it to?Let's sell it to some fools!How to find these fools?He said king, don't worry, it's everywhere, as long as you can create new concepts, there will be no shortage of fools!The king said what should I do?These smart people said that if you want to sell this "white strip", you must first set up a market to sell it. What is a market? A market is a market, so what kind of market should we create? Market, what do we translate into?The stock market is actually called the "Stock Market".It used to mean "white strip", so how did the king cheat when he said that he was engaged in this market?They say that if you want to deceive people, you can’t be like the vegetable market on our street, that’s not easy to deceive!The king said how to lie?It's just like our Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange, which are magnificent and magnificent, and you can put a marble pillar, which is easy to deceive!That's why stock markets everywhere have those marble pillars, why?It's so deceiving, do you understand what I mean?You see our Shanghai Stock Exchange is very beautiful, why?Just to attract more people to speculate in stocks, understand what I mean?Alright, it's very magnificent and beautiful, so here comes the question, how can I cheat?Manufacturing concept stocks, what concept?The value of stocks is currently invisible, so why do people buy stocks?Where is its value?Its value is the future cash flow. What is the guarantee of future cash flow?That is the guarantee of the East India Company. The East India Company will invade China in the future. China has such a vast territory and such a vast land. How much gold and silver are waiting for us to take it!So as long as the East India Company exists, future cash flow can be obtained from China's gold and silver, so every bond is guaranteed by gold "white bars" from other countries, so how to get it?By what method?The invasion of the East India Company.Today's financial management and financial management, if you have studied this subject, ask your teacher or classmates, what is the value of stocks?You will find that their answers are exactly the same, the value of the stock is equal to the future cash flow.Is this the same as the deception 400 years ago?At present, this stock looks like a piece of paper, but it has value. Where is the value?In the future cash flow, it doesn’t matter if you can’t see it now. The future cash flow has been cheated from 400 years ago to now, because there are too many fools.After the first batch of fools bought it, they started to fool the second batch of fools, telling them how much wealth the East India Company will create for us in terms of future cash flow!So the value of the stock got higher and higher, and the second batch of fools bought it again.Then sell to the third batch of fools for the same reason, sell the third batch of fools to the fourth batch of fools, the fifth batch of fools... sell it, and finally at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries, there were three very serious European financial crises, the stock market Total breakdown.Why?Because the price-to-earnings ratio is too high, you find this history very interesting. Everything you experience today has been seen in the past.The price-earnings ratio was too high, causing the stock market to crash. Until the middle of the 18th century, whether it was Britain or France, what did they accomplish? The Bubble Act. Do you know what the "Bubble Act" is about?They found that in the stock market at that time, many joint stock companies made frauds, conducted insider trading, manipulated stock prices, and used money borrowed from banks to manipulate stock prices. This caused many countries, including my country, to make people lose their money.Therefore, at the beginning of the 18th century, there were clear regulations in the "Bubble Act" of Britain and France.According to the British regulations, there is no joint stock company, and the joint stock company is prohibited for 100 years; the French "Bubble Act" prohibits the word "bank" for 150 years.Why?Because many people borrowed money from the bank to speculate in stocks, entrapping stockholders, seeing if they didn't see it, the joint stock company was prohibited from reaching 100 years.Audience friends and guests, do you know what it means?Once this society loses its conscience, once it loses the "trust responsibility" based on conscience, the joint stock company will definitely become one of the most effective tools for exploiting the common people and stockholders.This is what I want to tell you, so before we introduced a limited company, have we considered why there is a limited company and what is its basis for existence?I believe that everyone understands the story I told. It turns out that the background of the joint stock company is so complicated.Then in the 17th century, 18th century, 19th century, until the beginning of the 20th century, the limited company gradually declined. Because it lacks the basis of existence - conscience, this is what European history tells us.But our nation is not a nation that likes to read. We read all the books during the college entrance examination, and never read again. We never care about the history of other countries and regions. We let the tragedies of the times find The great wheel of history keeps repeating itself. So why did joint stock companies in Europe and the United States start to appear again at the end of the 20th century?This story is so interesting, because in 1929, there was a stock market crash in the United States. The stock market crash in the United States was the same as the European financial crisis at that time, and the reasons were the same. It was also due to insider trading, stock price manipulation, borrowing Bank money to speculate in stocks.It crashed at that time, I remember that this data should have dropped from the market value of US$89 billion at that time to about US$15 billion, a big drop! The great economic panic in 1929 once again severely tested the viability of the limited company.But at this moment, the United States did not prohibit joint stock companies like Europe did at that time, but adopted a completely different concept, that is, since 1932, the US government has adopted severe laws to save joint stock companies, making people Dare not to have a conscience, so that people dare not have a "fiduciary responsibility".So you can see that after 1932, when the United States introduced the rule of law with harsh laws, the joint stock company was redirected to the right path. At this time, the company can create wealth for shareholders.Think about it again, why the United States has become so prosperous and powerful at this moment. The basis is the reengineering of limited companies. In 1890, President Harrison of the United States introduced a bill, which was also recently passed by China. It is called the "Anti-Monopoly Law". Have you heard of it? At this moment, I would like to talk to you about legal issues. So please pay attention, what is the essence of the Anti-Monopoly Law?I will write the English version of the "Anti-Monopoly Law" for you to read.This is called the "Anti-Monopoly Law". Anti means anti, Law means law, and Trust means monopoly. It seems to be different from the words you memorized.Our viewers in front of the TV, if you don’t know the meaning of this word, just ask your children, as long as students who have studied in high school or junior high school know this word, what does it mean?What is it called?Credit, but here it does not mean credit, Trust has another meaning, trust fund.Therefore, the essence of the "Anti-Monopoly Law" in the United States is the anti-trust fund law. Well, for the "Anti-Monopoly Law" promoted by our country today, our program is of great significance, and I want to let everyone know what its essence is.According to an article I published in Europe the year before last, we found out who were the holders of trust funds at that time?Big families, so the basic essence of the US Anti-Monopoly Law is the anti-big family law.How to reverse?It is to let the big families cash out at a high price-earnings ratio in the stock market and withdraw from the stage of history forever. Look at your computers, HP computers. HP computers are produced by a company founded by the HP family. If you are interested, look up HP computers online. Is there a member of the HP family on the board of directors, not a single one.Many private brands are the names of big families, such as McDonald's, but there is no one from this family on the board of directors. Why?The "Anti-Monopoly Law" of the United States requires them to withdraw, so the United States is one of the few countries in the world where the public holds shares except the United Kingdom, and it is a public holding company limited by shares with limited shares.So this significance is particularly important. Do you know why?In 1932, the law of severe punishment was introduced, requiring every professional manager to have a conscience as they did 1,000 years ago, but not now, right? It doesn’t matter. The law forces them to have a conscience. What are they going to do? Woolen cloth?They try their best to give fiduciary responsibility to their shareholders, as they did 1000 years ago, to God, and create wealth for their shareholders. So who owns these listed companies in the United States?Not a big family, who is that?They are all ordinary people, public-owned companies, so as long as they can earn 1 dollar, they can be magnified by the stock market by 30 times the price-earnings ratio, earning 1 dollar, stockholders, and ordinary people across the country can get a 30-fold return. Do you understand what I mean?So as long as the U.S. economy continues to grow and companies continue to make profits, and the price-earnings ratio is magnified by 30 times, who will give it back?It's not giving back to the big family again, but giving back to all the people, you know what I mean.Did you see that the joint stock companies are in the hands of the United States, using severe punishments and cooperating with the "Antitrust Act" to make these joint stock companies a company owned by ordinary people.And use this strict law to force today's professional managers to create wealth for the company's shareholders based on their conscience and their fiduciary responsibilities, as they did 1,000 years ago. These shareholders are not big families, but all ordinary people.This is the process by which the US stock market redistributes wealth and so on. You see, after my simple explanation, we suddenly discovered that we have been doing restructuring for so many years, but we don't even know what the basis of the restructuring is?It’s not that I’m against joint stock companies, nor is it bad, but if you’ve ever read European history, you know that joint stock companies must have two conditions, otherwise they must have a conscience; It was the conscience of God at that time; if there was no conscience, the rules of the game ruled by the rule of law would be used to force people to have a conscience.So if a country, a society, or a region has neither conscience nor harsh laws, is it ridiculous to engage in a joint-stock system?So, when you look at the United States now, the United States is so rich and powerful, and the listed companies in the United States are all limited companies, so what should we learn from the United States?We must learn from the superficial phenomenon in the United States. After introducing the joint stock company to China, everyone discovered that the body has come, but the soul has not. Therefore, our restructuring and listing is a restructuring and listing without a soul. There is only a body without a soul.So I would like to ask you again, why do I emphasize the construction of the rule of law so much, and why I advocate that the government should promote the construction of the rule of law? There are some historical reasons for this, but let’s not talk about political issues today. Ltd. to tell you how important history is. Well, this historical story, I believe that after our program is broadcast, it should shock many people. I want to tell you clearly through this story that what we have learned from the West until now has basically been superficial phenomena, and we have not learned The true essential soul of Western capitalism.I have talked about financial evils in the previous episodes. I said that this financial evil is like the famous financial companies in the United States. Why are they so law-abiding in the United States? company?Isn't this also a shareholding system?why?People didn’t understand it before, but after listening to my story, people will suddenly understand that the essence of the shareholding system is to have a conscience, and if there is no conscience, severe punishments will be used to force people not to dare not have a conscience. This is the foundation.There is a strict legal environment in the United States, and people dare not be unconscionable. In Hong Kong or the mainland, if there is no rule of law and no conscience, it will definitely bully the small and the strong. People will say that Professor Lang's skills are not bad. Yes, I have read a lot of books, but this is not a simple question of reading, but to understand what the essence of the book is. Like Xu Sanduo, how did he study?He went to the library to start studying from A, from ABCD to reading. It is useless to read too much. From now on, you have to read. Remember what Professor Lang said, you don’t need to read the book from beginning to end. You have to read it from the beginning. Ask yourself, where is the soul of this book?What is this book trying to tell me?The soul can only tell you one word, one sentence, and a book can only tell you one sentence.如果你们不理解这个灵魂，也就是本质，看都白看，你们就像许三多一样，图书馆的书都看完了，也毫无概念，永远都不会有自己的思想，永远都无法从书中读出道理，你们只是看完了而已。这样，你们就会成为一个缺乏灵魂的读书者。 今天我这么讲好了，《百家讲坛》讲得好，我可以告诉你们，《百家讲坛》的历史故事是缺乏灵魂的历史故事。如果说有灵魂那么我问你们，当听完易中天的《品三国》之后，你们回答我，学到了什么灵魂，我告诉你们你们什么都不记得了，他讲得很精彩，说完之后你们也忘了，这就是因为没有灵魂。 整部所告诉大家的就是我们中国人的劣根性，什么劣根性？中华文化的“精髓”之一是什么？投机取巧，我跟你们讲，整个就是讲这个故事。而且它不但讲投机取巧，甚至还讲特别强调小概念事件。我举个例子，易中天《品三国》，他说赤壁之战未必有其事，这个非常好，他做了很好的考据，可是不重要啊，郎教授所呼吁的是从赤壁之战来理解的本质，这是我要谈的。你们知道赤壁之战告诉要大家什么吗？诸葛亮同志，在那边装神弄鬼，借东风，你们要晓得赤壁之战借东风是胜败的关键，如果风不转向的话，无法进行火攻，对不对，因为当时是冬天，是北风，所以一定要有东风才行，所以那个同志就忽悠老天爷，忽悠老百姓，借东风，借东风，哎呀，运气太好了，东风终于来了，诸葛亮同志牛啊，结果用火攻打败了曹军，你可以考证说是不是确有其事，最后证明可能没有这件事，这不重要。我反问各位一个问题，我希望各位抛弃这种陈腐的思维，抛弃这种僵化的思维，思考一个问题，如果东风借不来怎么办？ 你们有没有思考过这个问题，诸葛亮同志如果借不来东风怎么办？百万将士的生命将置于何处？你们回答我，一个为政者竟然敢相信诸葛亮先生借东风，这本身就是不合理的。那么这位同志借不来怎么办？上百万人的性命就寄托在这么一个小概率事件上，这不是投机取巧是什么，而且我们中国文化既然这么强调这么一件事，甚至还拍成电影，大加赞扬，你们晓得什么结果吗？这会使得我们每一个中国人都认为投机取巧是对的，而且你们就认为它是合情合理的。举个例子来讲，有没有听说过杀鸡不用宰牛刀啊，有没有听过四两拨千斤啊，你们要抛弃这种陈腐的旧思维，听了郎教授的课就要转换思维，首先问问自己，四两拨千斤拨不了怎么办，不是被千斤压死了嘛。中华文化为什么不能强调千斤拨四两呢，有必胜的把握为什么不好？当然不好，为什么呢？从就能看得出来，中华文化是崇拜小概率事件的，是非常危险的。而对这种必胜的把握却看不起，所以我倒建议各位，做到精益求精，一步一个脚印，那就是要有千斤拨四两的思维，你们要把每一步走好，做个脚踏实地，扎扎实实的读书人，做老百姓，就做一个扎扎实实的老百姓，把你们的每一份工作做好，像许三多一样，这叫什么？叫做千斤拨四两，你们不要走些歪门邪道的。今天我就花了5分钟的时间讲，我这几个字你们一生都不会忘记，不是我讲得好，而是我讲到了的本质。的灵魂就是强调了中国劣根性，就是投机取巧，小概率事件，理解了嘛。 郎教授水平可以吧，没有两把刷子是不敢走江湖的，我想今天也不用问问题了，因为这个不是什么特别值的讲的企业案例。 观众：郎教授，你好，现在说一个现实的问题，你看今天讲到这个股票，我问一下，现在内地股票市场市盈率已经很高，香港的市盈率也是很高，如果按照你的这个说法，如果，按照历史的走向来说，就是到了大跌的时候，但是在现在之前的时间，中央政府推出《反垄断法》，在未来的几天推动股指期货，你觉得中国的股票市场会何去何从呢？你对中囯的一些小股民，或者一些投资者有什么建议呢？ 郎咸平：你请坐，你不要把整个股票市场强行地牵在一起，因为中国的股票市场和当时的欧洲不同，我在以前也谈过，中国股票市场为什么有泡沫？它的原因是在于投资经营环境的恶化，企业家把应该投资而不投资的钱拿去炒股，那么这个泡沫是跟17世纪、18世纪的欧洲是不一样的，而且这个《反垄断法》本身的精神是对的，《劳动合同法》的精神是对的，所以我反问一下，当拟定《反垄断法》的时候，有没有研究过《反垄断法》的本质是什么？《反垄断法》的目的不是为了垄断而垄断，而是为了什么？像美国19世纪90年代，是为了老百姓的最终利益而设立反垄断的，那么这里我想通过我们节目做一个证明，也是算做一个呼吁，所以我们这个故事究竟跟美国是不一样，跟欧洲不同，你不要扯在一起。 观众：郎教授，你好，我想问一个问题，就是说在你讲的这些历史故事里面，你希望自己能够扮演一个什么样的角色？或者是已有一个什么样的人物，是你想要成为的角色？第二个问题就是说谈到这个信托责任，西方欧美一些囯家的人民是比较有富了，在这个时代来说，生来就有人为他承担信托责任，中国人民要靠谁来承担这份信托资任呢？中国的社会说没钱吧，其实还是有些钱，有些基金，我们把这些基金放给有信托责任的人，而这些有信托责任的人是不是中国人我们不在乎，我们应该通过什么渠道来接触到这些有信托责任的人呢？ 郎咸平：非常好，你这个问题问得很深刻，我愿意回答你这个问题，首先第一个问题是我想担任什么角色，事实上我本人是学金融的，但是我谈历史，谈法律，谈政治都可以，我并不是把自己当万金油，什么都谈，而我所谈过的课题，都是经过相当深入的研究的。我的目的是希望促使这个社会进行反思，我认为今天中国的危机来源，是由于思维的僵化。因此，我做任何节目，都会不断地强调这一点。我们首先要与国际接轨的不是什么股票市场，不是汇率制度，而是人们的思维。你们要了解西方社会，你们如果都是第一次听说的话，你们不觉得民族有危机嘛，我们引进这么多西方的东西，而我们对它们的灵魂却一无所知，你们不觉得危险嘛，所以我本人想扮演什么角色呢？为了国家，为了民族，为了老百姓未来的利益，我担任的角色很清楚，就是担任一个思想的指导者，思想的先锋。 关于第二个问题，信托责任由谁来承担，我们这一代不像欧美人士，2008年欧美人士就生活在信托社会里，而我们却不是，那我们应该怎么办呢？我告诉你们，每一个国家都会经历这种阵痛，那么这种阵痛将在我们这一代人身上演义，所以我希望大家每一个人都要有这种勇气，为你们的下一代而活'，而不是为自己而活，我们这一代干什么呢？我们这一代一定要了解我们的问题所在，尤其一定要替下一代建立起良好的信托责任，通过各种方法，包括我说的法制化建设等等。我们是为谁？我们是为下一代，为了我们子女而活！ 观众：你好，郎教授，我想问一下，我觉得你要是在国际期刊上发表文章，又出很多书，这一定占用了你很多时间，我不知道你用什么时间看，研究这些历史政治啊？ 郎咸平：好，非常好的问题，我愿意回答你。人生的成功，跟所谓的博学分不开。我现在51岁，这50年来，至少40年来，我没有一天敢懈怠，也就是说我真正做到了积累，我绝对不会让自己闲着没事，像傻子一样，我绝对不会，我看任何电视都是有目的的什么目的呢？为了积累。我不会为了娱乐而做一件事，当然我不希望你们跟我一样，我看任何电视都有目的，包括我看，包括我看《金婚》，包括我看“超女”，我都是为了个人学问的积累。接下来，你说，我看过易中天的《品三国》，不然我怎么知道他讲了什么，看过之后，经过自己的思考和整理才讲得出来，所以你问我什么时候看书，我不知道，因为我一直在看，从来没停过，这是长期的积累。 观众：郎教授，你好，今天你讲了很多关于本质的问题，那么针对本质这个问题，我有一个疑惑，想请你解答一下，首先因为中国有那么多的行业，当然并不是每一个企业家，每一个想创业的人都会去了解每个行业的本质，而且他们也都是心有余而力不足。那么作为一个经营者来说，首先看到一个行业，你通过什么渠道去了解这个行业的本质？还有一、个问题就是说，把握一个行业的本质的难度是很高的，那么，第三个问题是我想请郎教授本人回答一下，你在这个领域，作为一个经济学家，你觉得把握住了这个领域的本质了吗？ 郎咸平：还有第三个问题啊？ 观众：对，就是说作为一个学者在中国这么受欢迎，难道其他经济学家他们就没有把握住这个领域的本质吗？也就是说，在一个事物的发展过程中，把握住事物的本质是不是起着决定性的作用？ 郎咸平：好，非常好，我年纪大了，你问了那么多问题，我都忘了前面是什么问题了。第一个问题什么？提醒一下，每个行业的本质怎么追寻。大家注意，我们今天是电视节目，电视节目简单易懂，如果我讲得太专业化很多观众会睡觉，可是对于收看我节目的企业家而言，我这个节目对他们很有帮助，我希望他们从现在开始思考，企业成功的充分条件是什么？很多人这一生考虑的问题都是必要条件，包括资金、技术、人才等等，从现在开始我建议大家考虑成功的充分条件，而这个充分条件就是行业本质。至于怎么考虑，至少要有一个开始，因为这个本质的东西要讲的清楚，我简单地讲，这就是大家要做的，做了一辈子的行业，它的本质是什么？而且每一个行业的本质都不相同。 你所提出来的第二个问题是作为经济学家，认为经济领域的本质是什么？经济领域的本质是根据事实，根据数据来说话，什么叫做科学的精神？这种科学跟伪科学不是前一阵在网上炒的很热吗？我做一个定义吧，关于经济学，我讲的话可以被复制，你们只要用同样的数据，同样的方法去做研究，一定会得到相同的结论，这叫什么？这叫做科学，所以以科学为本的研究成果，以科学为本的发言，这是经济学家应该把握住的行业本质。 第三个问题是其他经济学家怎么没有做到这一步呢？这个话，我就不好讲了，你们都应该知道，是不是，我相信真理在民间，你们比谁都清楚，否则何必来收看我的节目呢？最后一个问题！ 观众：郎教授你好，我想问一下中国现在股份制改革现状如何？ 郎咸平：现在所谓的股份有限公司已经是成为大家耳熟能详的名词了，我相信无论你是否是从事商业经营的人，你都知道什么叫公司，也都知道什么叫做股份有限公司，也理解管理权、所有权分离，也理解所有权是什么意思，这些都是很简单的概念。我可以这么说，我们所有的国有企业都经过改革了，民营企业也好，国有企业也好，现在基本上都是股份制的公司。那么这个问题就是我今天提出来的，既然都是股份制的公司，我的问题就是你理解股份制吗？股份制的外表好学，像我们现在干的，管理权、所有权分离，你的责任是有限的，那么前面我就谈到从宗教谈起为什么有股份制，为什么会有优先责任，一直谈到议会，我觉得我前面那一段谈话，可以用一个短片做一个简单的说明，那么现在我就想和各位谈一谈，现代的金融制度从何而来的？为什么现在的股份有限公司在欧美各国运行得极其良好，虽然在当时给中古世纪的欧洲造成了沉重的打击，一个没有良知的有限公司，是最容易成为剥削老百姓的公司，从这期节目我继续往下谈，从议会制开始谈，现在金融市场是如何起源的。 anymore question? 观众：郎教授你好，我发现你讲话很有意思，我听了以后感觉很爽，我发现你也是一个博学多才之士，就是包括历史、法律、政治什么都谈，刚才你谈了，我想趁此机会把四大名著都问一问，我想四大名著观众们都读过，像你说的就是看过了，不一定看得透，对四大名著读一下也花不少时间，看不透很郁闷，我想请你和我们再聊一聊关注四大名著的事情，四大名著的本质是什么？ 郎咸平：四大名著各自有不同的侧重点，我也只是花30分钟来讲一个节目，我可以这么跟你说，所谓的名著为什么有名？你要思考这个话题，它所反映的一定是这个社会的悲叹或者是这个社会的特定现象，或者是这个社会的集体认知。我可以这么讲，中华文化的本质是什么？两大本质，几乎散布在各种书籍当中，包括你所谓的四大名著，我现在不一一分解，可是我告诉你两件事，中华文化的本质散布在各种章回体小说的故事里面，简单地讲共有两大故事，当然我必须得讲我承认中华文化是博大精深，在博大精深之下它的本质有两点：第一点是浮躁；第二点投机取巧。你拿我这两句话再回头去读一读各大名著，看看你是不是能寻找到一些蛛丝马迹，好，谢谢各位。