Chapter 16 4. Institutional arrangements for a "civilized country"
Americans often say: The United States is easy to understand. It is a "democratic system" in politics and a "market economy" in economy. good idea.I personally think that it is not difficult to understand China, and it is a very accurate understanding: Politically, China is a "civilized country"; economically, China is a "mixed economy".If a more detailed explanation is needed, especially to explain the institutional reasons for the success of the Chinese model, we can focus on interpreting China's national nature and China's set of institutional arrangements.This interpretation can also be referred to simply as "one country with four directions"—"one country", that is, China is a "civilizational state" (a civilization state), and "four directions" refers to China's institutional arrangements in four aspects: In terms of political party system, China is a "state party" (a state party, or "overall interest party") whose role is leadership and coordination; in terms of democratic system, China is a "consultative democracy" (a consultative democracy), Including "new democratic centralism" in the field of decision-making; in terms of organizational system, China is a "meritocracy"; in terms of economic system, China is a "mixed economy" (a mixed economy).These institutional arrangements have ensured China's rapid rise, and are also an important institutional guarantee for the Chinese model to surpass the Western model.
Here is an overview of "One Country, Four Parties":
First of all, "one country" - "civilized country": In the book "China Shock", I expounded such a point of view at quite a long time: the rise of China is not the rise of an ordinary country, but a "civilized country". There is only one country of this kind in the world, and that is China. She is the overlap of a great civilization that lasts for five thousand years and a super-large modern country.I wrote it like this:
If the ancient Egyptian civilization, the ancient Mesopotamia civilization, the ancient Indian civilization, and the ancient Greek civilization in history could continue to this day and realize the transformation of modern countries, then they may also be "civilized countries" today, but this opportunity has already passed. no longer exists.If the ancient Roman Empire had not been torn apart and completed the transformation of a modern country, then Europe may also have been a "civilized country" of considerable scale, but this can only be a deduction and assumption.If the Islamic world composed of dozens of countries can complete the combination of tradition and modernity and integrate into a unified country to rise, then it may also be a "civilized country" with a population of one billion. It is also an unattainable vision.Looking around the world today, there is only one country with thousands of years of ancient civilization and modern state that almost completely overlaps, and that is China.
This kind of "civilized country" has a strong historical and cultural background, and will not follow others, will not copy the West or any other model, it will only continue to evolve and develop along its own unique track and logic; It may also experience bumps and bumps on the road, but the momentum of its rise is irresistible, and the direction of its rise is irreversible; this kind of "civilized country" has the ability to absorb all the advantages of other civilizations without losing itself, and has a positive impact on the world. Civilization makes original contributions because it is an endogenous subject civilization that constantly produces new coordinates. ...
China's "civilized country" has eight main characteristics.These eight characteristics can also be referred to as "four super" and "four special". The "Four Supers" refer to a super-large population, a super-broad territory, a super-long history and tradition, and a super-profound cultural heritage. The "four specialties" are mainly derived from the "four supers", that is, a unique language, a unique politics, a unique society, and a unique economy.Every bit of this involves a fusion of traditional "civilization" and "(modern) state".
These characteristics roughly regulate the uniqueness and path dependence of Chinese roads and their institutional arrangements.The above-mentioned dynamic relationship between China's political power, social power, and capital power can well illustrate this point.China has a long tradition of relatively strong and neutral political forces.The super-large population size, super-broad territory, super-long historical tradition, and super-profound cultural heritage mean that many complicated factors need to be considered in the governance of such a big country, and a relatively strong, promising and neutral government is required. To be able to solve the problem of natural disasters and man-made disasters, we must be able to deal with the huge challenges brought about by the population and the size of the territory.The more prosperous dynasties in Chinese history are associated with more powerful, more neutral and tolerant governments.If the government is not strong and promising, the country will decline and even disintegrate (such as the situation in the late Song Dynasty).If the government is not neutral and inclusive, the country will not be able to coordinate various complex interests, and eventually the entire country may fall into conflicts of interests and stagnate or even paralyze civil strife.If the central government is generally considered to be particularly partial to a certain class and a certain region, it may cause widespread dissatisfaction and lose the ability to integrate, leading to no peace in the country (such as the warlord melee after the founding of the Republic of China).It now appears that China's political power is relatively strong and neutral, which enables it to represent the interests of the overwhelming majority of the people, and enables it to regulate and lead capital and social forces.This kind of institutional arrangement in China has better guaranteed China's rapid rise. This arrangement reflects the organic integration of traditional genes, red genes and Western elements of Chinese civilization. All these also constitute the biggest difference between Chinese institutional arrangements and Western institutional arrangements. Now it seems that these arrangements are also the institutional guarantee for China to surpass the West and Western models.
The second is the “quartet”—institutional arrangements in four aspects:
One is a national political party (or overall interest party).In terms of the political party system, China is a "national political party" (or "general interest party") that plays a leading and coordinating role.China's rapid rise has become an indisputable fact, but many people still believe that the biggest weakness of the Chinese model is China's political system, especially the political party system, because the "one-party system" does not conform to the democratic system defined by the West, and it is also different from other countries in the world. Most countries have different political systems.Many Western scholars believe that such a system will not be able to meet the challenges posed by the increasing diversity of Chinese society and the growth of China's middle class.My point of view is just the opposite: the key reason for China's success is a series of institutional arrangements, including the Chinese political party system. Although this arrangement has shortcomings, it can be improved, but its vitality is very strong, because behind it is thousands of years of history. Inheriting Chinese culture, it has also absorbed many nutrients from red culture and Western culture.
The Communist Party of China is a "national political party" or an "overall interest party", which means that the party represents the overall interests of the entire country and all people.Although the Chinese Communist Party is called the "Party", its connotation is completely different from that of the Western "Party".The theory of political parties in the West is actually not complicated. It believes that a society is composed of different interest groups, and each interest group should have its own representatives. This is the origin of the multi-party system. Each party represents the interests of some voters, and then through Election and ballot system, you get 51% of the votes, I get 49% of the votes, you win, I lose, and a pluralistic society has changed from "divided" to "joined" through voting. (The reason why non-Western countries often fail to adopt the Western model is because once the society is "divided" in this way, it can no longer be "joined". Now Western societies are also facing this kind of challenge.) From this perspective, the Chinese Communist Party It is a "partial interest party", while Western political parties are open "partial interest parties".Although many Western political parties also claim to represent the overall interests of the people, the results of various polls in Western countries show that most people believe that their country's political parties mostly represent specific interest groups, rather than the overall interests of the majority of citizens.
As a "civilized country", China has a completely different historical heritage.In our long history of the past 2,000 years, most of us have been governed by a unified ruling group. A "civilized country" is "the sum of a hundred countries", and the ruling group leading such a country cannot only represent the interests of some people.If China's ruling party only represents the interests of some people like Western political parties, this party will be abandoned by the people.The ruling group in history also strives to represent the interests of the people as a whole. It may or may not be a true representative, but it also claims to be able to represent it.Openly representing the interests of some people, like Western political parties, will not work in China.
Because of this, all independent and credible polls in the past ten years, such as polls by the Pew Center in the United States and Asia Barometers, have found that the Chinese central government has a very high prestige among the people, and the support rate is the lowest. More than 75%, far higher than the support rate of Western governments in Western society.Some people who hate New China always hope that China's political party system will collapse. This is a misjudgment that is out of touch with China's people and national conditions.Frankly speaking, it is hard to imagine that one day China’s ruling party will be ruled by a party that only represents the interests of some people, and then every four or five years, a new central government will be in power. It is unbelievable in China.
From the perspective of ideological inheritance, the Communist Party of China and its leaders have always had the ideological inheritance of "a great mission from heaven". A great civilization that has risen again after falling into a trough due to internal and external troubles.It is not only responsible for the development of the country and the well-being of the people, but also responsible for the continuation of its own civilization.From this perspective, we can understand why Chairman Mao Zedong has been reminding Chinese people to "catch up" and "surpass" the United States, otherwise they will be expelled from the "ball game".After Deng Xiaoping resumed work, he first proposed that China's modernization should be divided into three steps, and eventually China should become a socialist developed country in the middle of the 21st century, and prove to the world that the socialist system is superior to the capitalist system.Xi Jinping also clearly pointed out: "Since the day our party was founded, it has shouldered the historical mission of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. Our party leads the people to carry out revolutionary construction and reforms to make the Chinese people rich, the country strong, and the great Chinese nation revitalized. nationality."
Compared with the political parties in the Western model, most of them can only be regarded as "partial interest parties" or even "game parties".Unlike the Chinese Communist Party, most of these political parties do not assume ultimate responsibility for the overall interests of their own nation.For example, South Korea’s political party election may elect a party that leads to a war with North Korea, but South Korea’s security is ultimately protected by the United States. Whether South Korea will have an armed conflict with North Korea and to what extent depends largely on in the United States.The same is true of Japan's political parties. Ten years and nine ministers have elected a populist leader. Will he drag Japan back into the chariot of militarism and eventually harm Japan itself, the entire East Asia and the world?A lot depends on the US as well.In contrast, China's ruling party bears ultimate responsibility for the rise and fall of Chinese civilization.Xi Jinping said that "China is a big country and subversive mistakes cannot be made", and this is what he said.If a "subversive" mistake occurs, no country will be able to help China restore its balance, and some forces and countries that want to subvert China all day long will gloat at their misfortune and take the opportunity to add insult to injury.In this sense, the Communist Party of China is the "Party of Destiny", a political party that "mandates all people from heaven" and is no one but me.It bears ultimate responsibility for the fate of its own country and civilization.
From the perspective of institutional inheritance, China's ruling party is the continuation and development of a unified ruling group in Chinese history, and it is also the inheritance and development of the Marxist-Leninist party tradition.The Chinese Communist Party defines itself as the vanguard of the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.The Communist Party of China has also kept pace with the times with the deepening of reform and opening up.Today's Chinese Communist Party should be the political party with the largest organization scale and strongest organizational ability in the world.China has learned from some beneficial experiences of Western political parties and has established a powerful modern political party system, but at the same time has a unique political and cultural tradition. Legalism and other serious problems.Of course, our ruling party also has many problems. We need to "govern the party strictly", continuously improve the party's leadership and governance, and ensure that the party becomes the strong leadership core of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
The second is deliberative democracy.In terms of democratic system, China's biggest feature is deliberative democracy.The breadth and depth of this kind of deliberative democracy are unmatched by other political systems in the world.In Western countries, democracy is almost locked into the political sphere, locked in the regular election of the country's top leaders.In China, deliberative democracy is not only an institutional arrangement at the political level (especially at the party and state level), but also an institutional arrangement at the economic and social levels.The reason why China adopts the form of deliberative democracy is largely determined by the characteristics of China's "civilized country".China's super-large population and vast territory mean that China needs a more inclusive and integrated democratic system.In a country as big as China, if even 10% of the people are opposed to a decision, that is 130 million people. Therefore, in general, China should not adopt the method of 51% to 49% in the simple voting system, and the winner takes all. It is necessary to reach the greatest consensus among the people through extensive consultations.Of course, this is not a discussion without a decision, but a decisive decision based on extensive consultations.
China's deliberative democracy includes the decision-making system of "new democratic centralism".An important reason for China's rapid rise is that China's decision-making is more able to consider the overall and long-term interests of the country and the people.The strategic planning and implementation capabilities of China's political system are probably the strongest in the world.The smooth formulation and implementation of one five-year plan after another is a good example.Westerners often lament that Western companies have short-, medium-, and long-term plans, but almost no Western countries have such plans.To a large extent, this is because the multi-party election system determines the plan formulated by a political party, and it will be difficult to continue if another political party comes to power.Before the so-called "democratization", the Taiwan region still had a six-year plan. The economic take-off of the year was inseparable from such a plan, but after "democratization", such a plan cannot be formulated.Is a country and society well-planned or not?Of course it was planned.Today, China has formed a consensus of "making decisions before acting", and has formed a decision-making system that can be called "new democratic centralism", including "come from the masses, go to the masses", "please come in, go Go out" and a series of specific procedures and methods.Judging from the practice of China's development, the overall quality of China's democratic decision-making is obviously higher than that of the West.
From the perspective of ideological inheritance, China's deliberative democracy and decision-making system have inherited the concept of "the one who understands the master: listen to the arbitrariness and have many schools" emphasized in ancient Chinese political culture, and inherited the concept of "those who do not seek the overall situation are not enough to seek a domain." This tradition of taking the long view.From the point of view of system inheritance, it has continued the collective discussion system of the ancient Chinese imperial court, including many specific practices such as court meetings, prime minister meetings, hundreds of officials meetings, court meetings, etc. It has also learned from and developed the democratic centralism and five formulation of annual plans.
Compared with the ancient Chinese decision-making and discussion system, China's deliberative democracy and decision-making system today involve a wide range, rich content, diverse forms, and complicated processes, which are unimaginable by the ancients.Democratic centralism was founded by Soviet leader Lenin, and played a vital role in the rise of the Soviet Union. However, as the Soviet model became rigid, democratic centralism under the Soviet model became more and more centralized without democracy. It even became a "one word"; the five-year plan system of the Soviet Union was the same, which played an important role in the industrialization of the Soviet Union, but with the rigidity of the centrally planned economic system, the five-year plan became synonymous with the rigid centrally planned economy. It has become synonymous with the loss of vitality of the Soviet economy.In the process of reform and opening up, China firstly strengthened the democratic component of democratic centralism through system reform and innovation. This is indeed the general trend, because the tasks of national development are becoming more and more difficult and the fields involved are becoming more and more complex. Countries cannot make good decisions without a great deal of expertise.
Since the reform and opening up, we have concentrated on the basis of extensive deliberative democracy and achieved relatively good results. We have successfully formulated five-year plans one after another. The five-year plans have also changed from mandatory plans in the era of planned economy to A guiding plan under the socialist market economic system.The formulation and execution of one plan after another laid the foundation for China's rapid rise.China today has undoubtedly become the country in the world that is best able to make long-term plans, and is also the country that is best able to implement long-term plans. The "new democratic centralism" is an institutionalized decision-making mechanism.Taking the formulation of the five-year plan as an example, it basically takes about one and a half years to carry out hundreds of consultations and consultations at various levels, with a few ups and downs.Because of such a process, the legitimacy and feasibility of China's macro-decision-making is generally higher than that of many Western countries.In the United States, an important decision, such as Obama's health care reform, is often made in a very small circle, and then bargained with various interest groups. The final result is tedious and cumbersome, with poor execution and a lot of public relations. It is unthinkable in China for a company to "sell" to the public.
We should also pay attention to the "creation of expectations" and "creation of needs" brought about by China's deliberative democracy and "new democratic centralism"; whether it is a local development plan or the formulation of a national five-year plan, consultation from top to bottom And consultations, discussions on various related issues in the media and the Internet, this process itself is a process of creating and shaping public expectations, and this process itself creates a lot of demand, and often medium and long-term demand.China's rapid growth over the past 30 years is inseparable from this "anticipation creation" and "demand creation".Compared with the situation in which most Western countries are unable to carry out medium and long-term planning, China's institutional arrangements are obviously a transcendence, and we can be very confident in this.
The third is to select talents and appoint talents.In terms of organizational system, China implements "selecting the best and appointing the best". Shortly after his comeback in 1978, Deng Xiaoping proposed that China's modernization should be divided into "three steps" until it reached the level of a moderately developed country in the middle of the 21st century.Starting from these long-term strategic goals, Deng Xiaoping repeatedly stated that China must ensure long-term stability, ensure the continuity of various reform and opening policies, and ensure that China's modernization goals are realized on schedule.To match this kind of undertaking, Deng Xiaoping emphasized the need to ensure the realization of these strategic goals organizationally through the selection and appointment of talents.He said: "The correct political line is guaranteed by the correct organizational line. Whether China's affairs can be run well, whether socialism and reform and opening up can be persisted, whether the economy can develop faster, and whether the country can enjoy long-term peace and stability, depends on certain In a sense, the key lies in people.” In his discussion on the selection of talents and appointments, Deng Xiaoping regarded the selection of China’s top ruling team as the top priority. He said that “the key to China’s problems lies in the fact that the Communist Party must have a good political , especially a good Politburo Standing Committee. As long as there are no problems in this link, China will be as stable as Mount Tai.”
From the perspective of ideological inheritance, the key to the success of this kind of undertaking lies in the long history of human thought in Chinese political and cultural traditions. "The way to govern the country is to promote talents", "The key to politics is to win people, and it will be difficult to govern if you use people who are not the right people" all express this idea.In a sense, this is also a deep-seated psychological structure in China's political culture. From the cultural and psychological perspective, people and cadres agree that "governing the country must rely on talents."Like the West, you can run for president if you can speak well, which is incompatible with the deep psychological structure of Chinese political culture.From the perspective of institutional inheritance, this system of selecting talents and appointing talents originated from the imperial examination selection system that lasted for thousands of years, and also integrated some practices in Western political systems, such as polls and elections.From top to bottom, the entire country has roughly established a system that can be called "selection + some form of election".Generally speaking, the promotion of cadres must go through procedures such as preliminary inspection, solicitation of opinions, polls, evaluation, voting, and publicity.
China's meritocratic system challenges the age-old dichotomy of "democracy or autocracy."From a Chinese perspective, the nature and legitimacy of a regime should be judged by its substantive content, which is whether it can implement good governance, whether it can have diligent and capable leaders, and whether it can make the majority of the people feel satisfy.Although the Chinese government and meritocratic system still have many deficiencies, it has indeed ensured the longest period of high-speed economic growth in the world and greatly improved the living standards of most people.According to the poll conducted by the Pew Research Center of the United States, as many as 85% of the Chinese people interviewed in 2013 expressed satisfaction with the direction of the country's development, which is far higher than that of other countries participating in the survey.
During the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the editor of the American "New York Times" asked me to write a commentary article. I wrote an article "Choosing Talents Can Challenge Western Democracy". At that time, I wrote:
The coincidence that the world's two largest economies are both undergoing a change of top leadership has been described by Western media as a stark contrast between an opaque communist state and a transparent mass democracy.This contrast is very superficial, and it really involves a competition between two political models: one that emphasizes meritocracy, and the other that is fetishized with votes.In contrast, China's meritocratic model may win out. ...
Almost all candidates for the Politburo Standing Committee, China's highest decision-making body, have served two terms as provincial party secretary or have other relevant work experience.In China, the work of governing a province has very high requirements on the talents and abilities of the rulers, because the average size of a province in China is almost the size of four or five countries in Europe.It is hard to imagine that under China's system of meritocracy, incompetent leaders like Bush Jr. of the United States and Yoshihiko Noda of Japan can enter the top leadership of the country.
Take, for example, the incoming Chinese leader, Xi Jinping, who served as governor of Fujian, a vibrant economy, then party secretary of Zhejiang, a highly privately-owned economy, and Shanghai, China's capital city. Financial and commercial center, and many powerful state-owned enterprises.In other words, before Xi Jinping became a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the regions he ruled had a population of more than 120 million and an economy larger than India.After that, he spent another five years as a national leader to familiarize himself with the leadership work in the political and military fields at the national level.
Abraham Lincoln's ideal was a government "of the people, by the people, and for the people", but in reality this ideal is not easy to achieve.The American democratic system is still quite far from Lincoln's ideal, otherwise the Nobel laureate in economics Joseph Stiglitz would not have criticized the American system as "1% has, 1% governs, and 1% enjoys".Of course, the "1%" statement may be too harsh.
China has become the world's largest laboratory of economic, social and political reform.China's "selection plus election" model can already compete with the American model of electoral democracy.Winston Churchill famously said: "Democracy is the worst system, but other systems that have been tried are worse." In the cultural context of the West, this may be true.Many Chinese have paraphrased Churchill's famous quote as "the least bad system", or what Sun Tzu, the great Chinese strategist, called the "lowest policy", which at least guarantees the elimination of bad leaders.However, in the Chinese Confucian political tradition of meritocracy, the government should always pursue the goal of "the best policy" or "the best" and strive to select the most outstanding leaders.This is of course difficult to do, but the effort will not stop.Through innovations in the political system, China has produced an institutional arrangement that largely realizes the "top policy" (electing a proven leader) and the "bottom policy" (guaranteeing that the combination of leaders out).
Fourth is the mixed economy.In terms of economic system, the socialist market economy implemented in China today is essentially a "mixed economy", which strives to optimize the allocation of resources through the market economy and ensure macro stability and social fairness and justice through socialism.It is a mixture of "invisible hand" and "visible hand"; a mixture of planning and market; a mixture of state-owned economy and private economy; a mixture of "market economics" and "humanistic economics" .Practice has proved that this institutional arrangement, although it is still in the process of continuous improvement, has created the miracle of China's rapid rise, and the living standards of the vast majority of the people have been greatly improved. Of course, this process has also brought about many problems, but generally speaking, This institutional arrangement transcends the Western model, especially the American model.It is Western countries, not China, that have fallen into financial crisis, debt crisis and economic crisis one after another; it is Western countries, not China, where people's income has stagnated for a long time and assets have depreciated.
From the perspective of ideological inheritance, China's "mixed economy" has continued and developed "people-oriented economics" in the traditional sense of China, that is, economic development is first of all for the well-being of the people, and for the sake of "making the world better for the people". The national economy and the people's livelihood are integrated, and the economy is linked with the governance of the country.At the same time, this institutional arrangement has also introduced the concept of modern Western market economy, including modern enterprise system, modern trade system, modern banking system, modern financing system, etc., to ensure that China becomes one of the most competitive countries in the world, and eventually become the world's largest economy.
From the point of view of institutional inheritance, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, China's natural economy still dominated, but in the Han Dynasty, many large professional households began to appear, and various economic components began to develop. conditions.Beginning in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the government expanded the status of government-run industry and commerce through monopoly policies such as salt and iron government-run operations, and the private economy was also developing. However, in general, most scholars tend to summarize the commodity economy in ancient China as "small production, large circulation. ", the government and the private sector coexist, and the commodity circulation is relatively developed.The role of the government in the Chinese economy can be traced back to the Western Han Dynasty's "On Salt and Iron", and even back to Dayu's flood control four thousand years ago.Once this tradition is established, it is not easy to change. What we have to do is to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages.
In China's long history, if a government fails to develop the economy and improve people's livelihood, and fails to handle catastrophes, it will lose the support of the people and lose the "Mandate of Heaven".However, if we only talk about "people-oriented economy" without talking about "modern market economy", our economy will not have international competitiveness. Therefore, in the past few decades, we have introduced the "modern market economy" from the West and tried to make it It is organically combined with the traditional Chinese "humanistic economics".We cannot yet say that the combination of the two has been perfect. On the contrary, there are still many areas for improvement in the combination of the two, but our "mixed economy" model has created a solid Chinese miracle and a rapid increase in the wealth of the majority.
Generally speaking, we must not only give full play to the high efficiency of market economy in controlling resources, but also ensure the advantages of socialism's macro-integration, while rejecting market fundamentalism.Our "mixed economy" does not mechanically imitate the Western market economy, but learns its strengths, understands and overcomes its shortcomings as much as possible, and constantly explores system innovations based on its own conditions. Now China's socialist market economy, Including a set of ideas, methods, measures, and combinations of macro-control, it has shown strong vitality.The whole world is studying how China adopts macro-control to avoid and deal with the world economic crisis.
I mentioned in the book "China Shock" that due to China's large population and vast territory, both the central and local governments are often the engines that drive China's economic development.This interactive relationship between the central and local governments can be traced back to the "prefecture and county system" in the Qin and Han Dynasties, to Wang Anshi's reforms in those years, and to Mao Zedong's "walking on two legs."Practice has proved that the role played by the Chinese government in promoting economic development is essentially a part of China's core competitiveness. Of course, this role should also have a clearer boundary, and its shortcomings should also be recognized in future practice. fix.
Economist Shi Zhengfu believes that China's socialist market economic system is a three-dimensional economy, that is, an economic system composed of strategic central government, competitive local government and competitive enterprises.One of the main reasons why China's economy is more dynamic than other economies is that it is three-dimensional, unlike most other countries whose economies are two-dimensional, and the two-dimensional economy is not as dynamic as the three-dimensional economy.Shi Zhengfu also analyzed the difference in business transaction costs between the Chinese model and the Western model. The Western market economy is promoted through so-called social intermediaries such as lawyers and lobbying. The transaction costs are significantly higher than those in China through the interaction between competitive local governments and competitive companies These views are also an illustration of China's "mixed economy" model.
The "one country, four parties" described above can roughly summarize the characteristics of the Chinese state and its related institutional arrangements.Although these institutional arrangements are still being improved, they have already demonstrated their own advantages. They can compete with Western institutional arrangements and win: the "Party of the Whole Interest" has more cohesion and leadership than the "Party of Interests" in the West. and executive power; "deliberative democracy" can better reflect the common interests of different classes than Western "mass democracy", and can make long-term strategic planning and decision-making; The Western "draft model" is more called functional; the "mixed economy" is better than "market fundamentalism" to ensure smooth, rapid and stable economic development. China's practice has proved that China's "mixed economy" model is also a way to avoid financial crises, Effective institutional arrangements for debt crises and economic crises.These systems practiced by China all embody the organic combination of Chinese traditional civilization gene, red gene and Western elements, including a summary of China's own successful experience and reference to other countries' beneficial experience.These political arrangements have demonstrated their great determination and vitality, providing the most important institutional guarantee for China's rapid rise and for China to surpass the West and Western models.
Notes:
Notes: