Chapter 8 Chapter V Division and Expansion Three Kingdoms

The consequence of the collapse is division, and the reorganization of the collapse is a matter of the Three Kingdoms.When it comes to the Three Kingdoms, one cannot fail to mention Zhuge Liang.Zhuge Liang and his family and friends moved to live in Nanyang, a little distance from the capital Luoyang, when there was chaos in the Eastern Han Dynasty.Nanyang is so far away from Luoyang that there is no need to get involved in real politics, and it is so close that the news is quite well-informed.There are many talents here, and the academic atmosphere is lively.In this fertile academic soil, Zhuge Liang and his friends planned a strategy for how to reorganize China after the fall of the Han Dynasty.During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang's three brothers worked in Wei, Shu and Wu respectively, and they all held very important positions. Among the famous advisers and ministers in Wei and Wu, there were many old friends of them.But in this group of people, probably only Zhuge Liang himself can display his talents, at least he has done the work of stabilizing Sichuan.Since it became popular, the image of Zhuge Liang is a military strategist with wisdom and power.In fact, he was a brilliant executive.He is not necessarily good at military intelligence, but pays great attention to management.Therefore, Sima Yi, Zhuge Liang's enemy, admired him most for marching and camping with rules-this is the performance of good management.Zhuge Liang's highly respected military talent Xiang Chong in "Distinguished Teachers" has never seen great military exploits, but he is a master of military management.

Zhuge Liang just integrated a part of China.But in his wish, if the integration of the Shuhan is successful, the integration of the whole of China can follow the model of the Shuhan in the future.Zhuge Liang is a strong CEO, Liu Bei believes in him, and of course the successor A Dou listens to him more.In Zhuge Liang's management structure, the inner court was completely deleted, but after Zhuge Liang's death, the inner court revived.The eunuch Huang Hao was involved in politics in the era of the Empress, but the Empress did not actually have an inner court organization, but Huang Hao and others were making trouble by the Empress' side.When Zhuge Liang was alive, there were already some problems. It is said in "Teacher's List" that the palace and the mansion are all one, and there should be no difference in rewards and punishments. This passage reflects the phenomenon of injustice in the palace.After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and others couldn't support Huang Hao's intervention in the government, forcing Jiang Wei to escape.

Zhuge Liang's CEO power is very different from that of his successors Jiang Wan and Fei Yi. The CEO system is closely related to the relationship between people. The reason why Zhuge Liang can become such a CEO is because his integrity is believed by everyone. Knowing that he has made a law, even his son, nephew, and closest friend will be punished for breaking the law.Strict and clear is the reason why he convinced everyone.Strictness and clarity are followed by sincerity and trustworthiness. He has a certain degree of trust, but if something goes wrong, he will be punished severely and will never be lenient.Some people think that he is a Legalist, not a Confucianist. This is unavoidable during the reorganization.He wanted to bring the structure of the Shu Han back to the structure after Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, but it was too difficult for him to do it, because the Shu Han area is too small, just like the market of the company is too small, there is no way to maintain that structure with so few customers, let alone Forget about competing with powerful competitors.

The grand strategy Zhuge Liang planned for Liu Bei in "Longzhong Pairs" originally used the two forces of Jingzhou and Yizhou to attack in a pincer shape, divide the troops and attack together, and should be able to compete with Cao Cao.After Guan Yu lost Jingzhou and Liu Bei failed in his eastward campaign, the strength of the Shu Han was weakened by more than half, and the grand strategy of "Longzhong Pairs" was no longer easy to realize.Just like the competition in the business world, when the power gap between the two opposing political forces is too large, even if there is a situation that can be leveraged, the weak may not be able to get much advantage.Zhuge Liang's situation in Sichuan is too weak and resources are too thin. If he does not open up new territories, let alone the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, it will not be easy to delay his survival.Therefore, Zhuge Liang must go south. This is a strategy to avoid the hard market and take the soft market first.If the weak in the business war can make enough easy money from the soft market, they can then use this capital to challenge the strong and compete for the hard market.Zhuge Liang crossed the mountains and crossed Lu in May, and went deep into today's Yunnan and Burma region in just enough time to catch his breath, just to obtain the resources in South China: horses, copper and iron... and the source of soldiers in the south.He also developed Liangzhou, gained the support of the Qiang people, and recruited talents like Jiang Wei.

Zhuge Liang's own capital is too small, and he must combine with local heroes, so he does not eradicate their power.In order to develop new markets, Zhuge Liang found many partners. Partners are different from shareholders, and the requirements for partners and shareholders are also different.At the beginning of the development of Sichuan, he brought many cadres to combine with the local forces. He himself served as the prime minister and Yizhou Mu as a bridge of communication, and combined the two forces with personal integrity, prestige and affinity.At that time, the local power in Sichuan was very strong, and there were few Jingxiang people brought into Sichuan by Liu Bei. If we wanted to rebuild the government structure of the Han Dynasty, we had to use the local power when we lacked capital and had to deal with huge expenses.He cooperates with localities in a partnership manner.Zhuge Liang gave the local people the power to manage Yizhou. The situation is very similar to the monopoly privilege, which is responsible for its own profits and losses. It is like the company has many contracted distribution stations, which contract the government's laws and regulations, collect taxes for the government, and maintain local prosperity for the government.However, the contracted local forces must also get considerable benefits, and a very important part of it is to ensure that they have a certain strength and position in the entire government structure.

This approach can easily become the situation in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, when local forces controlled the states and counties, and the central government was emptied.Zhuge Liang's approach is to use severe punishments and laws. If you want to be my underwriter, you must abide by my laws, otherwise I would rather abolish this underwriter. This is the principle he insists on.Therefore, Zhuge Liang could not integrate the elite from Jingxiang into Sichuan into the local forces in Sichuan, but he could let the heroes of Sichuan accept his appointment, perform the tasks assigned, and even provide enough troops to support him as the capital for conquering the Central Plains.Although the capital brought by Jingxiang in the Shu Han Dynasty has not been consumed in Sichuan, the people will be tired and the age will increase. Therefore, in Zhuge Liang's "Later Teachers", it is said that the old people will die and die. It is impossible to rely on local new forces.This situation is very similar to that of the Chiang Ching-kuo era in Taiwan. The old capital was lost, and the army and elite brought by the mainland were getting old. If they did not combine with local forces, there would be no way to maintain it.The current situation is the same as in Zhuge Liang's time. The new forces are monopolistic, and local tyrants monopolize the local government.

Zhuge Liang's work of reorganizing the structure of the Han Dynasty was only partially successful. He could only use Nanzhong's own power to develop Nanzhong. rather than accept others.His reputation is reliable, and what he said counts. The development of Nanzhong increased the population and land of Shuhan, and also obtained the resources of Nanzhong, which increased Shuhan's strength a lot.If it is difficult to develop a hard market, new resources can be used to open up new markets, and the company can still be maintained after all.But there is a limit to the maintenance of this soft market.In Nanzhong, Zhuge Liang could never rebuild the structure of the Han Dynasty.The local hero in Nanzhong is more independent than Sichuan, and his "company structure" is very loose. Even if Zhuge Liang lived for a few more years, he may not be able to further integrate.

The example of Zhuge Liang taught us a lesson: it is difficult to forcefully do big business when the capital is not enough.Zhuge Liang was oppressed by the times, and he must do big business with small capital, so he had no choice but to surrender to the market and the source of funds.In other words, if the capital is not enough, if I borrow money to do business, the creditor will kill me.My development is a fake development, not a real development.Zhuge Liang relied on his personal credit to make loans, and relying on his personal credit to forcibly mortgage the products, it was still not sustainable for a long time.Zhuge Liang is admirable because of his sense of mission.Make him know that he can't do it but still do it.In commercial situations, it is impossible to do things with a sense of mission, to do transactions that the situation does not allow, and to expand beyond the situation.In "Longzhong Pairs", Zhuge Liang predicted that the situation in the world is still promising. He didn't expect that the original available capital would be reduced by more than half, he didn't expect to open up a soft market, and he didn't want to borrow money.But because the chairman did something wrong, Liu Bei put Jingzhou's capital on the gambling table and lost it all.Guan Gong Maicheng was defeated, Liu Bei did not listen to Zhuge Liang's advice, and gathered the power of the whole country to attack Soochow for 700 miles. This high-spirited gamble cut his capital in half.In other words, Zhuge Liang cleaned up the mess and had to do half the business with half the capital—of course it couldn't be done.Chairman Liu Bei made this wrong decision, but it was up to Zhuge Liang to clean up the mess. Zhuge Liang lost his life, but he still couldn't clean up the mess.Therefore, the reason why the Shu Han was defeated was not by A Dou, but by Liu Bei's gamble, which made General Manager Zhuge Liang irretrievable.Zhuge Liang also knew that it was difficult to accomplish things. The reason why he still went out of Qishan six times and cut down the Central Plains nine times was to repay Liu Bei emotionally.Zhuge Liang knew the consequences, so he devoted himself to death and died at the age of fifty-four.In fact, even if he lived for another twenty years, the result would not necessarily change.

By comparing this failure example with the success example of the Han Dynasty, we can understand that many compromises made to achieve short-term goals will only become their own burdens in the end.You should still measure your own ability and future prospects to see if the capital invested can reach a certain level.If it cannot be achieved, it will not be successful to rely on the accumulation of short-term profits again and again as capital, because the basic structure is unstable and the strength is very weak.Opportunities do not fall out of thin air, opportunities are fleeting. Zhuge Liang saw that there was an opportunity to take advantage of, but after this opportunity was destroyed, he wanted to find the opportunity again, but the opportunity was gone forever. The CEO is not just about management, and the chairman is not just about making decisions. Both of them must have a broad perspective—be able to see the situation and judge the situation, and not be impulsive.Liu Bei's impulsiveness was for his feelings, for the unjust death of his righteous brother Guan Zhang.Regardless of success or failure, Zhuge Liang devoted himself to his feelings, and to repay Liu Bei for his acquaintance with him.With Zhuge Liang's talents, if he can focus on the existing situation, give up the big business of fighting for the Central Plains, and only do small business of reorganizing Sichuan, the unification cannot be achieved, and the stability and prosperity of Sichuan can still be achieved.Starting from the reorganization of Sichuan, the matter of absorbing local talents to manage Sichuan also made the local heroes of Sichuan accept foreign talents. Zhuge Liang might not be able to rebuild the government.Given the situation of partial security in Sichuan, it can still be maintained for quite a long time.If it lasted until the chaos in the early Jin Dynasty, the Shu Han might make a comeback.This is what we can see a thousand years later.It can be seen that consolidating one's own foundation, accepting one's own strength, and not being ambitious, a truly clever gambler accumulates small victories into big victories, rather than putting all his eggs in one basket - this is a steady and steady way.

The development of Nanzhong is also worth noting.Nanzhong is highly localized, and the central government has no control over it, nor can it collect taxes.Basically, the period when Nanzhong was used by the Shu Han was quite short.After the Shu Han until the Southern Dynasties, Nanzhong maintained a semi-independent state and was not fully integrated.Nanzhong was not fully integrated in China, and the local forces had to make ends meet by themselves, just like a company split into many small shops, and the small shops could only supply a small market.This is the situation in Nanzhong, and it is also the situation in Sichuan, because Sichuan has no way to truly integrate into the central system in the end.In fact, after the collapse of the South, the south of the Yangtze River has not been able to integrate. The Southern Dynasty has never established a central government system. Just like a company without products, it is just a fake company; a dynasty without integration is also a fake dynasty.

The integration work of the Southern Dynasties was only in the hands of Wang Dao, and there were some achievements.Wang Dao is the leader of the Langya Wang family in Shandong. Before the founding of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the enfeoffed princes of the Jin Dynasty fought each other and brought down the Western Jin Dynasty. Wang Dao and his brothers supported Sima Rui, the prince who was enfeoffed in Shandong at that time, and helped him establish Pianan in Jiangdong. The small imperial court.The Wang family was the main support force of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, so at that time there was a song Yao that "the king and Sima share the world".Dao Wang's elder brother Wang Dun, relying on his military strength, did not agree with the original local powerful families in Jiangdong, and he almost wanted to seize the Sima family's throne.Director Wang took a different approach: he tried his best to seek cooperation with the local forces in Jiangdong, so that he might be able to maintain the privileges of those local clans.Under the policy of Wang Dao's "Tranquility and Tranquility", the foreign clans in the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the local clans gradually lived in peace and coexisted peacefully.In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the local rich clans had already occupied all the land in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River Delta, and the big clans who crossed the river to the east could only develop in today's Zhejiang area, and opened up a lot of land.In addition, in today's Jiangxi and Hunan areas, there are also quite a lot of indigenous peoples. The Han refugees who crossed the river organized armed groups to pioneer.These new inland forces gradually developed into local forces.Throughout the Southern Dynasties, these local forces were quite independent and could not be effectively commanded by the Southern Dynasties Central Committee.Wang Dao used his personal prestige to combine the scholar-bureaucrats from the south of the Central Plains with the scholar-bureaucrats from Jiangnan itself. Each local force, as a local powerful, collected local resources and maintained its own situation. The central government was just an empty space. shelf.Therefore, throughout the history of the Southern Dynasty, there was neither security nor prosperity, and it was always on the verge of collapse, unable to complete the integrated structure like the Han Dynasty.The structure established by the Han Dynasty was only left in the shell in the Southern Dynasty, and the localities were divided and went their separate ways, not to mention the restoration of the Central Plains. Otherwise, with the resources and material resources of the South, it should be possible to unify the North. But why did the Southern Dynasty last much longer than the Shuhan?Because the Southern Dynasty was a bit bigger and had more capital than the Shuhan after all, and the Southern Dynasty did not put a lot of capital in fighting for the Central Plains.From the Eastern Jin Dynasty to Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen, the Southern Dynasties spent a lot of effort on defending the front line, let alone taking the initiative to attack.The Southern Dynasties only used just enough troops to defend the north of the Yangtze River; they used the same method as Chao Cuo. The Beifu soldiers stationed in Jiangbei were professional soldiers who built a barrier by producing locally and defending their hometown.This method of raising soldiers, which is equivalent to garrisoning fields, is not expensive.Because the cost is very low, the Southern Dynasty can barely maintain its existence.In other words, if you don't seek high-quality products, as long as there is a line of products that can be maintained.The Southern Dynasties only wanted to prevent the aggression of the Hu people in the north, and only cared about "safety", as far as prosperity and expansion were concerned.Using an enterprise as an example, if the company has seven or eight lines of products, it can only keep one of them at present, so that the company will not collapse without seeking improvement. This is the way to survive.And the Southern Dynasties were in a state of lingering death. From Zhuge Liang to Wang Dao, from Shu Han to Southern Dynasties, it is like how difficult it is to reorganize after a company collapses.Because this structure collapsed so completely, retail investors only cared about their own interests, and were unwilling to give up any resources, let alone accept integration, so all integration efforts fell through.Extremes are bound to reverse, there is a long-term peace and stability of the Han Dynasty, there is a disintegration of the Three Kingdoms and the Southern Dynasty.The local influence is too great, just like a big company disintegrating, the remaining agents can only do their own business, run some small local businesses with small capital, and don't want to distribute goods for the company anymore, the profit of distribution is not as good as that of independent small businesses When it comes to profits, he would rather the company only have a signboard, but can use the signboard to do his own business.I think many chains have this problem: when the chain is not doing well, there is nothing but a sign.Therefore, the head office of the chain store can only collect a little royalty, and will never be able to expand, transform products, or open up new markets. The chairman or general manager is just an empty name.At this point, any once prosperous enterprise is also powerless.It is necessary to wait for another brand-new product to enter the new market at a low price and break through all the chain stores, so that this new product can rebuild a new order.When will this new company appear?In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the foundation of the Sui and Tang Dynasties was in the Northern Dynasties, not in the Southern Dynasties.