Chapter 7 Chapter 19 1945: Reception Rebellion

(This is a poem written by Chen Yinke on the day he heard about Japan's surrender. The whole poem: You won't know until you wake up on the evening of the surrender. How lucky you are to have this time in this life. Hearing the news, Du Ling burst into tears, and returned home to congratulate the prison. The country's feud has been moved to the south of the country, and the family sacrifice is unforgettable. Beiding. Recalling the past still brings infinite emotions, and the happy inscription turns into sadness.) The victory came so suddenly that it seemed that no one was prepared for it.

An American reporter named Eskelund described the scene of Shanghai in August 1945: "The army in Chongqing entered the city, and cheering crowds lined up to pay tribute to the heroes of the War of Resistance. The harbor was revived, Airplanes are circling in the sky, the sound of the plane is roaring, and there are firecrackers below... Japanese soldiers and civilians disappeared from the streets, and most of their shops were closed. They withdrew. The missions were evacuated, they were about to leave, and the Japanese went back to Japan Yes. American boys, British boys, Shanghai girls, do your duty! That's what they do. Every nightclub is full of people. The good life starts at dusk and goes on forever. Who cares? Curfew time? The war is won, the peace may be kept! In a century, two world wars are enough."

But is it really enough?At least not in China.What was about to happen was that a chaotic peace lasted only a brief ten months, followed by three years of brutal civil war. Let's first look at the economic structure of China after the war. Over the past eight years, some new changes have emerged.Before the war, Shanghai was the only world-class industrial and commercial city in China. In the Yangtze River Delta region centered on it, most of the Chinese-funded banks and more than half of the factories were gathered, and more than 60% of foreign trade was undertaken. .After the war, the heavy industry in the Northeast rose dramatically, while Guangdong and Hong Kong in the South became new trade and financial centers. As a result, the economic structure of "East Industry and West Agriculture, South Light and North Heavy" quietly took shape. Centuries later it remains unchanged.

Around 1945, Northeast China was the most important heavy industry base in China and even in Asia.As we have said before, as early as the 1920s when the Zhang family and his sons (Zhang Zuolin and Zhang Xueliang) governed Northeast China, they had already laid a certain industrial foundation, forming a heavy industry system centered on steel and coal, and a grain processing system. Shenyang's arsenal is the only large-scale military enterprise that can independently manufacture aircraft and trucks, and Harbin is the largest international metropolis in Northeast Asia. The Customs has surpassed Shanghai Customs and Guangdong Customs, firmly sitting on the top spot of the six major customs in the country, and has become the largest flour production and export base, alcohol and beer production base in the country.Zhang's father and son even built the most powerful navy and air force in China at that time.After the "September 18th" incident in 1931, the Japanese controlled the Northeast and supported the establishment of Manchukuo. Since then, Japan has continued to invest heavily in the Northeast, building it into an "industrial engine" for Asian expansion.From 1933 to 1942, the Puppet Manchukuo authorities made detailed plans for the construction of 109 large and small cities. Among them, Changchun was one of the fastest-growing large cities. It built the largest radio station in Asia-Xinjing Radio Station and the largest Its film studio - Manchuria Film Association Co., Ltd. (the predecessor of Changchun Film Studio), is the first city in Asia to fully popularize flush toilets, piped gas and the first city in China to plan a subway. In 1945, the mileage of the Northeast Railway reached 11,479 kilometers, which was half of the total mileage of the national railways. In 1943, the total mileage of the Northeast Highway was nearly 60,000 kilometers. By 1949, the total mileage of China’s highways including the Northeast was 80,900 kilometers.

According to statistics, Japanese investment in Chinese enterprises was US$890 million in 1930; US$1.629 billion in 1936, of which US$1.324 billion was in the Northeast and US$305 million in the customs; in 1944, when Japan’s investment in China reached its peak, the total amount reached 6.163 billion US dollars, of which 5.279 billion US dollars in the Northeast and 884 million US dollars in the customs. By 1945, the Northeast's industrial scale was not only larger than that of Shanghai, but even surpassed that of Japan, ranking first in Asia.There are many factory chimneys on both sides of the Shenyang-Dalian line from Shenyang to Dalian, and the cities are connected into one piece, becoming a world-famous "Long Industrial Zone". Shenyang Tiexi District is known as the "Oriental Ruhr". (The Ruhr Industrial Zone, located in the Ruhr River Basin in western Germany, is a famous industrial belt in Europe, accounting for 1.3% of Germany's national area and realizing 40% of the national industrial output value.) The industrialization level of the Northeast increased rapidly. In 1943, the Northeast With one-ninth of China's land and one-tenth of its population, it produces 49.4% of China's coal, 87.7% of pig iron, 93% of steel, 93.3% of electricity, 69% of sulfuric acid, 60% of Soda ash, 66% of cement, 95% of machinery, formed a huge fine chemical, special steel and other leading technology companies in the world at that time.According to Qu Xiaofan's calculation in the book "Historical Changes of Modern Northeast Cities", when the Anti-Japanese War ended in 1945, the Northeast accounted for 85% of China's total industrial output value, Taiwan accounted for 10%, and other regions that had been in civil wars for years only accounted for 85% of China's total industrial output value. 5%.

After the end of the war, the Northeast took the lead in encountering an unprecedented "reception catastrophe". From September 1945 to May 1946, the Soviet army dismantled and shipped most of the materials such as factories, mines, and power stations in Northeast China back to China.From September, for the next 7 months, the trains did not stop day and night, even the office furniture of the Changchun Municipal Government was spared. Before November 15, 1945, 200 trucks from Shenyang alone drove to the Soviet Union every day. By the beginning of 1946, more than 90% of the factories in Greater Shenyang had become empty shells, and even the doors and windows had been removed.A total of 75% of the locomotives and 93% of the freight cars of the Northeast Railway were robbed.Zhang Xinfu, a famous geologist and native of Jilin, was killed when he tried to prevent Soviet engineers from transporting the machines in the factory.

Angus Maddison concluded in "The Long-term Performance of China's Economy" that "when the Soviet army occupied the Northeast, they dismantled most of the machinery and equipment that could be transported in the factories in the Northeast." Shao Shiping, the director, recorded what he witnessed in his diary from May to December 1948: "Dalian Iron Works, this is the largest machine factory, but it was a pity that the damage was too severe. First of all, it was the destruction of the Soviets. There are many good machines. I think this is also a kind of plundering... I went to Shenyang to visit the military factory. ...Shenyang Arsenal is said to be the largest armory in China at present. It has 7,000 machine tools of various types, about 5,000 of which can be used effectively. This factory is only for making wheels, but actually it is making machines, steelmaking, foundry, vehicles, etc. The machines and workshops are very large and new, but all the machines have been removed by the Soviet army. It really shouldn’t be!” Shaw said in It was a very risky thing to record these details in the diary secretly.According to the "History of Anshan Iron and Steel", after the surrender of the Japanese army, Anshan Iron and Steel suffered extremely serious damage. From the end of September 1945, in only 40 days, 60 trucks were shipped, and one-third of Anshan Iron and Steel's machinery and equipment were dismantled by the Soviet army. Second, together with other materials that were transported away, the total amounted to more than 70,000 tons, among which the loss and damage of various key equipment was the most serious. In 1957, Gu Zhun, who was the first director of the Finance and Taxation Bureau of the Shanghai Municipal Government of the Communist Party of China, went to Komsomolsk in the Soviet Union for an inspection. It was demolished from Northeast China that year.

In January 1946, the National Government announced that all enemy property in Northeast China was owned by the Chinese government.The Soviet ambassador to China, Petrov, told Chiang Kai-shek that the Soviet government considered the statement "groundless and invalid."Jiang had no choice but to turn to the United States for help. In May, the new American President Truman made representations to the Soviet Union (President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who led the United States out of the economic crisis in 1933 and won World War II, passed away in April 1945. The only one in American history The president, who served more than two terms, was a polio sufferer whose most famous dictum was, "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.") before the Soviets stopped moving and returned home.Truman also sent a delegation to investigate the incident for two months. According to preliminary estimates, the value of the industrial equipment dismantled by the Soviet army was about 850 million U.S. dollars. Fairbank recorded in the book "The United States and China" that "Japan Industrial facilities in the Northeast were weakened after the Russians removed more than half of the capital equipment in 1945, and it was estimated at the time that the cost of restoring the original equipment would be at least $2 billion." Izvestia, Moscow, January 29, 1947 According to reports, the Soviet army's move was to get compensation for sending troops to fight, and the equipment it transported away was worth about 97 million US dollars.

The Soviet army's brutal demolition of industrial equipment in Northeast China was the first blow to China's economy after the war.If it is said that this was an external disaster, then the Chongqing Nationalist Government's acceptance of the enemy's property in the occupied areas is even more deplorable. After Japan announced its surrender, it became a top priority to take over the properties of the Japanese-occupied area and the Wangtong area (Wang Jingwei passed away in Japan in November 1944. Zhou Fohai succeeded him as the head of the Nanjing government.) The national government was in ecstasy Immediately, the "Measures of the Ministries and Bureaus of the Executive Yuan for Sending Recovered Areas to Receive Personnel" was drawn up, and "Reception Committee Members" immediately became the hottest vacancies in Chongqing.

The reception story that followed was an out-and-out catastrophe, no matter in terms of politics, economy, social order or morality.Since August, "anti-Japanese heroes" from all walks of life have poured out from the underground and the sky. Shanghai is undoubtedly one of the most competitive cities in the receiving war.Shanghai, which has always worshiped the ocean, suddenly became popular to eat Sichuan cuisine. "Can a person eat spicy food" became a political test question, showing how long he had persisted in the war of resistance in Sichuan.Four "city party headquarters" popped up here at once.The first one was the members of the KMT’s Three Youth League locked in Tilanqiao Prison. When they heard the sound of the emperor’s surrender on the radio, they immediately notified the prison authorities, “We will be released from prison today and start working.” Soon, these Based on a western-style building on Yuqing Road owned by Shao Shijun, director of the "Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui Taxation Bureau", they put up the signboard of "KMT Shanghai Special City Party Headquarters".The second one is the Kuomintang "Loyalty and Nation Salvation Army" who played games in Pudong. They also established the "Shanghai Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang" in Sheng Wenyi's house on Jinshifu Road (now Ruijin 2nd Road).The third one is the "underground workers" of Chen Lifu's CC department. Their base is on Albert Road (now Shaanxi South Road).Just when the three "local gangs" were arguing about who was authentic, the receptionist who flew from Chongqing arrived, and the fourth "party headquarters" appeared again. (Three Youth League: the Three People's Principles Youth League, the youth organization of the Kuomintang. CC faction: a faction within the Kuomintang. Its English name is "Central Club" ("Central Club"). The head is long-term control of the Kuomintang personnel and organizational system Brothers Chen Guofu and Chen Lifu.)

Like vicious dogs fighting for meat, these party members fought fiercely over huge undertakings, industries, and funds. Wanyan Shaoyuan described in his book "Great Reception" that a newspaper in Shanghai changed four registrations within a few days. The "black humor" story: The city party headquarters of the CC department took over a "New China Newspaper". One day later, it was snatched away by people sent from Chongqing and renamed "Justice Daily". The new newspaper was launched on August 16 It was launched grandly, but on the second day, it was suddenly changed to "Renewal Daily". It turned out that it was taken away by people on Father Jin Road in the name of the Propaganda Committee of the Military Committee, but only seven days later, the subscribers got the newspaper. It was changed to "Frontline Daily Shanghai Edition", and the new recipient was the Shanghai Office of the Commander-in-Chief of the Third War Zone.Jin Xiongbai, an official of the Wang family, confessed in prison, "From mid-August to early September in Shanghai, as long as anyone was related to a senior official in Chongqing, he regarded himself as an underground worker. Military commanders, but no one knows the authenticity of their identities and the level of their positions." The scene of the four "city party headquarters" standing side by side in Shanghai is not the most chaotic. In Beiping, eight "city party headquarters" appeared at the same time. What is especially ridiculous is that these party headquarters need to wait for the puppet North China Political Affairs Commission to accept them. No one dared to offend the latter, so they simply gave money to all eight companies. The liveliest one is Tianjin.The reception representative appointed by Chiang Kai-shek was Jin Yunpeng, an old politician who was the prime minister of the cabinet of the Beiyang government. Just as he was about to hang up the signboard of the "Office of the Chairman of the Military Commission in Tianjin", someone hung up the "Tianjin Headquarters of the Military Commission's Anti-Japanese War and National Construction Work Group" ", then, "Tianjin Party Headquarters", "Tianjin Branch of the Three Youth League", "Central Command Tianjin Station", "Military Command Tianjin Station", "Military Command Tianjin Special Station", "Military Command Tianjin North China Special Communication Station ” And so on are popping up like mushrooms after rain, and their only job is to search for receiving assets all over Tianjin.In the end, the secret service of the Japanese army stationed in Tianjin was also dumbfounded, so they had to publish a report and invite all personnel from various departments in Tianjin to come to the city hall to hold a joint meeting.On the day of the meeting, hundreds of people from more than a dozen systems came all at once, and everyone was noisy for a while, but they couldn't figure it out in the end.Jin Yunpeng, who was personally appointed by Generalissimo Jiang, knew that although he had a high status, he was not as close as the little ghosts from all walks of life and Chongqing. In desperation, he had no choice but to announce that he would not open. The chaos in Shanghai, Beijing and Tianjin is a microcosm of the reception war, and the chaos in other provincial capitals and small and medium-sized cities is even worse.In Hangzhou, 28 "city party headquarters" have appeared one after another, and several of them were actually "on the spot" by officials of the Wang family. The head of the Nanjing government's secret agents, who had hunted and killed many Kuomintang agents, unexpectedly turned around and became a "Zhejiang Military Commissioner" specially appointed by the Military Commission at this time, and joined the hot business of receiving.In his memoirs, Shen Zui, who once served as a major general of the Military Command Bureau, recorded a widely circulated "reception ballad": "Those floating in the river are not as good as those rolling in the ground; those rolling in the ground are not as good as the sky." Those who fly; those who come from the sky are not as good as those who come out of the ground; those who come out of the ground are not as good as those who are sitting still." Shen Zui commented, "The so-called sitting still refers to traitors who have transformed themselves into robbers. Faster than anything." The situation was so chaotic that Chiang Kai-shek had no choice but to change the method of directly appointing reception representatives to various places, and asked Weng Wenhao, Vice President of the Executive Yuan and Minister of Economic Affairs, to immediately come up with a new reception decree.Weng led a group of experts to study through the night, and finally formulated a set of "receiving laws". The central government established the "Party and Government Receiving Planning Committee" to regulate the receiving and asset disposal of industrial and mining enterprises, financial and financial institutions. According to the method, financial assets The Ministry of Finance, the four major state-owned banks, the Central Trust Bureau, and the Postal Savings and Remittance Bureau are responsible for receiving, while industrial and mining enterprises are under the Ministry of Economic Affairs, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Food, the Ministry of Military Affairs, the Joint Logistics Command, and the Navy Command. The unit is responsible for the division of labor.Interestingly, according to Chiang Kai-shek's personal planning, this "Party and Government Acceptance Planning Committee" was hung under the Army Headquarters, so party officials, government officials and soldiers were mixed together, and no one would obey the other. "It is difficult to be strictly enforced. As early as September 14, the editor-in-chief of Ta Kung Pao, Wang Yunsheng, published an editorial titled "Recover the Lost Lands, Don't Lose People's Hearts." The property seized by the enemy and the puppets, welcome our suffering compatriots, rescue them from the dire straits, and board their seats. This is a task of the War of Resistance, which is both solemn and sacred. Dirty hands and dark hearts, please Stay far away and don't pollute this solemn and sacred mission." For this reason, he proposed, "We hope that the staff sent by the government to the recovered areas will pay special attention to integrity. Cleaning oneself and serving the public is the current number one official motto." Unfortunately, These words of advice have become deaf ears.On September 27, Wang Yunsheng wrote an editorial again: "The situation in Beijing and Shanghai is extremely exciting and chaotic. Amidst the heat and chaos, the people in Beijing and Shanghai have almost lost their hearts in the past 20 days. It's all gone. There are those who have already ambushed there, and some who go from the rear. As long as everyone has a background, everyone will grab it first. Dozens of people rob a car, and many agencies fight for a house; Railways, big mines, but few people care about them.” Wang Yunsheng wrote in his usual sharp style, “Poor compatriots in the recovered areas, they looked forward to the dawn and saw the flag of the motherland. They were ecstatic, but sleepy. After a few nights of sleep, I found that most of them have gone bankrupt." His editorial had a very shocking title: "Don't Lose Your Heart." Even the knowledgeable insiders of the Kuomintang couldn't stand this situation anymore. Chiang Kai-shek's "literate courage" Chen Bulei quietly copied to Chiang Kai-shek the Qijue of "Chongqing Guest". Rumors among the people are robbery.” Jiang had no choice but to change the acceptance method for the third time. He adopted Song Ziwen’s opinion and established the “Executive Yuan Recovering National Business Acceptance Committee” in the Executive Yuan. Except that the acquisition of the military system was presided over by the Army Headquarters, Other acceptance work falls under this committee. In just over two months, the central government changed the acceptance method three times in a row, and the order was changed day by day, which shows the rush and confusion at that time.But the fact in the future is that the looting of soldiers from all over the country has never been effectively restricted, and the chaos has continued. Later generations circulated many "accepting ballads" similar to Shenzui and Chen Bulei's collection, such as: "Looking forward to the central government, looking at the central government, it will be even worse when the central government comes!", "Hide in the back and pretend to be a grandson, get off the plane and become a rabbit, and the market will change. Mule", "After waiting for eight and a half years, a group of bastards came", "Fire the wrong firecracker, slap the wrong slap, welcome the wrong Chiang", "I would rather the devils burn and kill than the national army stationed" and so on. A pair of couplets was pasted at the entrance of the Haikou Reception Headquarters on Hainan Island, saying, "All the treacherous people at home are hidden from abroad; there are evil spirits in the universe, and they are in this museum." Stealing, swallowing, cheating and biting."Among them, the most widely circulated new term is Wuzi Dengke.The five sons are gold, silver, houses, cars, and women. (The writer Zhang Henshui of the Republic of China published the chapter novel "Five Sons Enrolled" in 1947 with the theme of accepting scandals. There are many versions of what is "five sons", such as "hat, seat, house, ticket, bitch", "house, car, woman, ticket and gold", "gold, son, house, car, woman", etc.) The reception headquarters of Tianjin is located in the home of Mayor Zhang Ting’er. During the entire reception period, he only held two meetings, and the participants were all relatives and subordinates. In less than two months, he received 400 people at one go. There are many enterprises, more than 400 shops and hospitals, and more than 100 residences. Most of these are collected through the front door and sold through the back door, becoming gold bars of the Zhang family.Almost all the industrial and mining equipment and stored materials of the Japanese army in Hainan were stolen and sold, and the government finally took in only more than 200 rotten ships that no one wanted. The Ministry of Economic Affairs was designated as the receiving department, but the people in this department are a group of powerless civil servants, who are no match for politicians and soldiers in running or grabbing things. They even have their offices blocked. Dong Zanyao, a special commissioner of the Ministry of Economic Affairs who was responsible for the reception in Nanjing, recalled, "After arriving in Nanjing, we went to the Ministry of Economic Affairs, but the original site had been preempted by other agencies, and the Ministry of Economic Affairs could not accept it." What made him even more horrified was that , "When we got here, there was nothing to receive except archives." He also recalled, "The scope of the Ministry of Economic Affairs is very wide. For example, coal mines and coal should be received by the Ministry of Economic Affairs, while the Railway Bureau emphasizes transportation. There is an urgent need for coal, and they are forced to accept it. Another example is flour mills and some food factories. The Ministry of Grain says that these factories are engaged in food processing and should be taken over by the Ministry of Grain. As for textile factories, the clothing factory of the Military Supply Department of the Ministry of Military Affairs emphasizes military supplies. To take over. At that time, as a receptionist of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, I felt that the situation was too messy and bad, and the departments that were busy taking over were big, some had guns and the army, and there was really nothing to do about it.” The situation was similar everywhere. According to the memories of He Lian, who was the deputy minister of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, in Hubei, there were 365 industrial and mining enterprises, 45 mines, 82 company lines, and 26 electrical enterprises that should be accepted by the Ministry of Economic Affairs. Only 40 were received, and the rest were "hijacked" by other units or individuals.There are more than 180 factories in Wuhan, but after the looting, only about 30 can start work. The most popular houses are in Beiping and Shanghai.At the end of the war, Riwang handed over 8,500 real estate properties in Shanghai, of which more than 5,000 were taken over by the military and the party and government.There are more than 14,000 enemy and counterfeit real estate in Beiping, but only 380 have been taken over.The Nanman Railway Company has 1,200 properties in Shenyang, but only two remain in the end. In order to conceal the fact of private distribution, the receiving staff from all walks of life have two "supplies list", one is true, and the other is false. What is ridiculous is that even the fake one has to be checked again because of layers of deductions. Modified again and again.The Japanese who surrendered were also very familiar with the Kuomintang’s routines. When they handed over their assets, they deliberately left some assets that were not included in the register, and handed over a copy to the recipient as a "buy route."Okabe Naozo, commander-in-chief of the Japanese 6th Front Army, surrendered in Wuhan, leaving behind a large amount of cash, opium, rations, salt, ships, and cars, which were handed over to Guo Chan, the deputy commander of the 6th War Zone.The director of the reception committee sold most of them to himself, and the rest were shipped to Nanjing by ship and "gifted" to upper-level officials.Jin Xiongbai, an official of the Wang Department, gave an extremely ridiculous example: the Japanese garrison in Shanghai has the strength of 7 divisions, and the number is no less than 200,000, but the guns received are only 60,000. Could it be that there are 140,000 Japanese troops? Was it with a kitchen knife or a spear? "It's a really inexplicable thing." Due to the high quality of the receiving commissioners in each province, the final results are very different.Taking East China as an example, the reception commissioners assigned to Jiangsu were relatively clean and quick-moving, and those who took advantage of the fire and robbed had not had time to start. Therefore, the total amount of enemy output was 12.3 billion yuan, while the figure reported by Zhejiang Province was 288 million yuan. Yuan, Anhui is 133 million yuan, put together is simply unbelievable. The most ironic thing is that in order to stop the phenomenon of private distribution of assets, various ministries and commissions have specially formulated a secret report system, offering heavy rewards to whistleblowers.Unexpectedly, this became an opportunity for some officials to make a fortune. Many illegal activities were reported by secret reports, and those who presided over the secret report work took advantage of the fact that there was no trace of these materials, and then delayed them in the name of cleaning them up, and finally concealed them.Just take the Third Front Army as an example. The army handled secret reports in Shanghai and accepted more than 1,600 secret reports worth more than 200 billion yuan. In the end, only 74 cases were handed over, worth 30 billion yuan. The rest were embezzled. As for the "female admission to the imperial examination", it is an absolute parasite of corruption, and the wives and concubines and female secretaries of the enemy and puppets have all become the property to be accepted.This unhealthy wind even blows down from the top.Fu Sinian once recorded a detail: Song Ziwen, the head of the Executive Yuan, came to Beiping for the first time, "often in a certain house, one day, a big banquet, a play, and a gathering of local gentlemen from all civil and military bureaucrats. He came late, and when he came With someone from a certain family, the whole audience was shocked." Fu Sinian went on to say, "This is the beginning of people in Peking despising the central government after the victory." On October 24, "Ta Kung Pao" published the newsletter "Don't Say Chongqing Come! ", the newsletter said at the beginning: "'Chongqing people' are falling in price in the eyes of the people in the recovered areas. Jiangdong's elders first looked at these victorious people with admiration, and then watched them calmly. Now they have almost shook their heads and frowned...the cold-eyed Jiangdong elders After observing for nearly two months, I came to a conclusion that when the "Chongqing people" arrived in the recovery area, the first job was to make clothes and find a house, the second job was to buy cars, the third job was to buy gold, and the fourth job was to be a woman. They originally hoped that when these triumphant heroes came, the local order would gradually stabilize, prices would gradually level off, and they would be freed from the sea of ​​suffering. Unexpectedly, this group of people enjoyed themselves desperately, which became a factor that raised prices. Tenfold, railway passenger transportation increased ninefold, water and electricity increased tenfold. Nanjing city was blatantly looting during the day, detention centers were overcrowded, and general commodity prices were jumping.” "Maybe it's because of jealousy? People in the recovery area began to hate 'Chongqing people'." Finally, the author gave a very irritating advice: "So, I advise my friends to stop talking about Chongqing when they come to Nanjing. 'Chongqing people' The limelight has made this group of advance personnel go out of their way, so come and steal your eyes." Chiang Kai-shek later realized the serious sequelae of the "Reception Rebellion". In July 1948, at the military conference held in Nanjing, he summed up the lessons learned from the military failures of the Kuomintang army and said: "Because many high-ranking officers received a lot of money during the reception, they were extravagant and dissolute, and indulged in wine and sex. The generals are arrogant, the discipline is corrupt, and the army has no fighting spirit. It can be said that our failure is failure in receiving." Statistics show that the Japanese counterfeit industry waiting to be received in the recovery areas is about 4 trillion yuan, which is almost 90% of China's family property at that time.However, the reception battle of the ghostly dance made the originally promising post-war reconstruction uncertain.And that's not the worst.The three major economic policies implemented by the national government in 1945 - currency exchange, foreign exchange liberalization and industrial nationalization put hundreds of millions of people and private companies into a desperate situation of collective bankruptcy. During the war, there were two main types of currency in circulation in the Chinese market, one was the French currency of the Jiang government in Chongqing, and the other was the central reserve certificates of the Wang government in Nanjing.As early as 1942, the circulation ratio of fiat currency to China Reserve Bank was once around 1:2, 1:3.As soon as Japan surrendered, the value of legal currency rose sharply. At the beginning of August, every tael of gold was exchanged for 200,000 yuan for legal currency. By August 11, it fell to 170,000 yuan, and a few days later it reached 140,000 yuan.The China Reserves depreciated sharply.By mid-September, with prices in Chongqing and Shanghai as references, the ratio of fiat currency to China National Reserve Bonds was roughly 1:50, and the fiat currency showed signs of continuing to rise.People and businesses in the occupied areas called on Chongqing to immediately announce the official exchange rate to stabilize the market and the people. At a special meeting of the Executive Yuan, He Lian, an economist and vice-minister of the Ministry of Economic Affairs, proposed a ratio of 1:50, at most no more than 1:60. On a blackboard, he made a detailed comparison of the grain, fuel, and The price situation of utility bills, also draws a wholesale price index chart.The Ministry of Finance led by Song Ziwen, Chen Xing, and Xu Kan insisted on 1:200.The reason is, "The value of legal currency is rising, and some people are exchanging counterfeit currency that continues to depreciate for the rising legal currency." When He Lian repeatedly expressed his opposition, Xu Kan, who is famous for being "unbearable", counterattacked on the grounds of being in command of politics. , He said, "An optimistic estimate of the value of the legal currency is also an expression of confidence in the party-state's prospects." Dr. He, who graduated from Yale University, had to shut up. On November 1, the official exchange rate came into effect, and the ratio was exactly 1:200.As soon as the case came out, 200 million people screamed in unison. In his memoirs, He Lian believes that "the reason for the overestimation of the value of the legal currency is partly due to over-optimism about the post-war situation, and partly due to the damage to traffic, which makes it difficult for the legal currency to enter the recovery area." The fact of depreciation is undeniable.In addition to the current situation of prices in Chongqing and Shanghai at that time, it can also be seen from the consideration of these two currencies and international currencies.During the war, the ratio of the yen to the China Reserve Bank was 1:5.55.After the war, the United States stipulated that the ratio of the yen to the dollar was 1:15.After the introduction of the exchange method for fiat currency and China National Reserve Certificates, 1 yen is worth about 70 French currency, which is equivalent to 14,000 yuan for China National Reserve Certificates.Calculated in this way, around 1945, the depreciation rate of China Reserve Bank was as high as 254.5 times.At that time, the country's total population was 450 million, of which 257 million were people in the enemy-occupied areas. These families went bankrupt almost overnight. There was a popular folk song in Shanghai, "Yesterday the cannons (firecrackers) were fired, and today they hanged themselves." The mistake of the exchange policy caused endless troubles. It not only caused hundreds of millions of people to grit their teeth and lose confidence in the Chiang Kai-shek regime, but also directly promoted nationwide inflation, and the monetary policy became less flexible, paving the way for the future macroeconomic collapse. A heavy foreshadowing was made.Zhang Gongquan also analyzed in the book "The History of Chinese Inflation" that "the consequences of the exchange policy are unfortunate." From August to December 1945, the Chinese people felt relaxed and happy. After a brief period of stability, Shanghai's price index dropped from 43,200 to 34,508. However, by December, people holding China Reserve certificates were afraid of further depreciation and flocked to buy goods. times. In addition to monetary policy, Song Ziwen's financial liberalization policy also proved to be a major decision-making error. After the war, the government’s financial reserves were in the best situation in more than ten years. The central bank’s gold reserves amounted to 5.68 million ounces, worth 850 million US dollars. items, 4.54 million pieces of cotton cloth, 510,000 taels of gold, 8.57 million taels of silver, and 2,424 residential buildings.Song Ziwen thought that he had enough money to stabilize prices and stimulate imports and exports. Therefore, he implemented a financial opening policy, that is, the exchange rate of legal currency was changed to float freely with market supply, and the central bank controlled the trading market. As everyone knows, the smooth implementation of the financial opening-up policy depends on the confidence in market expectations and political stability.In 1945, when the political outlook was uncertain, this open policy was extremely volatile and caused speculation. Instead of stabilizing prices, it became the leader of inflation.This was the case later. In March 1946, the central bank opened the foreign exchange market. The exchange rate between the French currency and the U.S. dollar was 2020:1.Throughout 1946, the issuance of French currency increased by an average of 11% per month, and the price index rose by an average of 17% per month, which was close to out of control. Young, an American consultant to the Ministry of Finance, said, "There has never been inflation like China's current inflation , and avoid financial ruin.” On February 1, 1947, the price of gold rose to 406,000 yuan per tael, and the black market price of US dollars exchanged for legal currency exceeded 10,000 yuan, an increase of nearly 5 times compared with the previous year. On February 8, the price of gold rose five times a day. The closing price exceeded 550,000 yuan every two, and rose to 960,000 yuan on February 10.The slump in the value of the legal currency has led to an increase in the prices of other necessities for people's livelihood. Daily and foreign goods generally doubled, and the price of rice soared.According to this, the financial frenzy triggered by Shanghai spread rapidly to the whole country. First, in major cities such as Tianjin and Nanjing, people rushed to buy gold and dollar bills like crazy, and then Zhenjiang, Jiaxing, Huaian and other small and medium-sized cities followed suit. "Golden Wave".By February 16, the National Defense Supreme Council had to pass the "Economic Emergency Measures Plan", which decided to ban gold and foreign currency trading and circulation from now on, and raised the exchange rate between the legal tender and the US dollar to 12,000 to 1. On the same day, the Control Yuan held a plenary meeting In an emergency meeting of the supervisory committee, it was decided to send personnel to thoroughly investigate the serious consequences and those responsible for the "gold wave". In the more than one year since the policy of financial opening-up, the central bank’s foreign exchange reserves have decreased by 453 million US dollars, and gold has decreased by 3.31 million ounces, which is half of the original amount. The foreshadowing of the future central financial bankruptcy was laid. If it is said that the reckless, domineering and reckless monetary and financial policies caused great harm to ordinary people, then the national government’s formulation of post-war industrial policies fatally hit private capital that was already on the verge of collapse. In the beginning, the situation seemed to be moving in the direction of marketization.After the war, the Ministry of Economic Affairs headed by Weng Wenhao and He Lian quickly drew up a plan of "The First General Principles of Economic Business During the Recovery Period", which formulated "China's First Five-Year Plan for Economic Construction after the War", and its The basic principle is to implement the "mixed economy" model. According to He Lian's expression, it is "planned development in a mixed economy", which is to promote the coexistence of various economic components including state-owned, private and actively introduced foreign investment. The "General Principles" also specifically emphasizes limiting the scope of state-owned enterprises to certain important public utilities such as military industry, coinage, major railways, large-scale energy and power operations, and postal and telecommunications.Encourage private enterprises to develop under the guidance of the government's overall plan for economic construction, and the government will provide assistance in finance, operating facilities, etc., and in actual operation, enjoy the status, rights and obligations of equal competition with state-owned enterprises.The degree of openness in the introduction of foreign capital has also increased. It is stipulated that in any Sino-foreign joint venture, except for the chairman of the board who must be held by a Chinese, there is no need to limit the percentage of foreign capital.In addition, it is particularly emphasized that persons serving in the government are prohibited from operating and managing any business within the scope of their regulatory functions. The "General Principles" were voted and approved by the Supreme National Defense Council and announced to the world. Reading it now, the spirit of this "General Principles" is very similar to the thinking of China's reform and opening up more than 30 years later, and even some expressions are almost the same.这是1934年之后，中央政府提出的最具市场化精神的纲领性文件。当时的中国经济，百废待兴，确实出现了一个改革的大好时机，美国学者费维恺在他的研究中便认为：“政府在收复沦陷区时，其间间隙的时间虽然短暂，本可以出现一个实行彻底而公正的税收改革，以抵销通货膨胀的影响，但政府并没有抓住这个机会。……收复中国工业较发达的省份，对解决商品供应不足的问题，可能有些希望，但这希望被事实残酷地粉碎了。” 希望之所以被粉碎，一是顽固的国家主义理念仍是主流，若非决策者的绝大决心，很难被一纸《总原则》否决，二是官僚资本集团已经与国营垄断体系形成了一个制度性的共犯结构，他们成为市场化改革的最大反动力。经济部里的那些书生当然无法与行政院和财政部的宋子文等官商抗衡。 总而言之，看上去很美的《总原则》自出笼之后，就变成一纸废文，徒给后人留了一道长长的叹息。 在宋子文的主导下，一连串以“中国”为名号的国营垄断企业纷纷挂牌诞生：中国盐业公司、中国蚕丝公司、中国植物油料公司、中国造纸公司、中国纺织建设公司、中国茶叶公司、中国石油有限公司、中国渔业有限公司、中华水产公司、中华烟草公司、华北钢铁公司、华中钢铁公司、天津造纸公司……他们以划拨的方式无偿得到了数以千计的、资产质量最好的资产，据经济部统计，到1946年6月，已经接收的2243个工矿企业中，作“拨交”处理的就高达1017个，标卖给民营的只有114个，还不到接收工厂总数的5％。 这些中字号企业中，最典型的是宋子文直接控制的中国纺织建设公司。自晚清以来，纺织业就是中国最重要的民生产业，而且长期为民营资本所掌控，在这个领域出现了张謇、荣氏兄弟等众多企业家，它可以说是民营资本集团的最后一块阵地。此次，宋子文利用接收的天赐良机，来了一个大抄底，他接收了日资在华的所有纺织工厂，还将上海、天津等地的众多大型华资纺织厂纳入囊中，官僚和国营集团分文未出，一举拿下全国总纱锭的37.6％和全国织布机的60.1％，几乎完全垄断了中国的纺织工业。 据何廉的回忆，他曾与宋子文就纺织业的国营化问题展开过激烈的争论，他以《总原则》为根据，认为政府应该立即把接收的轻工业交给私营企业经营，他还提出了具体的方法，“我们可以把敌产作为政府股本搞联营形式、或者规定条件出租，或者干脆估价后出售给私营企业，以充分利用他们在这方面的管理经验，也有益于市场竞争。”宋的回答是：“纺织工业的管理并不十分困难。而且，政府需款孔急，轻纺工业非常有利可图，为什么要让私营企业家获利，而不让政府这样做？”1946年6月23日，上海市商会特别电请南京政府行政院，认为“自政府接收敌伪工厂物资之后，耽于近利，不惜以此为弥补赤字财政之不合理计算，设立中国纺建公司、中国蚕丝公司、台湾糖业公司等，於显然违反经建原则之下，展开与民争利之压迫，以致与此有关之民族工业，危如累卵”，提出为“维护民族工业，已经国营之中纺、中蚕、糖业等公司，迅予改归民营”。此电没有得到回复。 在民国企业史上，孔祥熙对银行业的突袭以及宋子文对纺织业的收网，是两次具决定意义的“经济战役”，两个数百年间均由民间经营的、生机勃勃的重要产业从此被彻底的国营化。国民政府把接收的敌产归为国有，使资本国家化，进一步充实了国家资本的力量，从产量计，国家资本从此控制了全国煤的33％，钢铁的90％，石油和有色金属的100％，电力的67％，水泥的45％，纱锭的37％，织布机的60％，此外，铁路和银行早已被完全掌握，一个强大而垄断国家资本主义格局全面形成。统计显示，到1948年上半年，国家产业资本已经占全国产业资本总额的80％以上。 杨小凯在他的经济史笔记里评论说：“不幸的是，抗战胜利后，这些日本私人资本大多被转化为中国的官僚资本，不但在接收过程中因贪污和不同单位争夺资产而受损，而且以后成为官商不分、制度化国家机会主义的工具……这个国营化也是中国后来制度化国家机会主义的基础，它成为经济发展的主要制度障碍之一。” 1945年10月4日，范旭东突发急病在重庆去世。 在过去的一段时间，他一直在为工厂的复兴忙碌着。早在去年的9月，他与陈光甫、卢作孚等人参加了在美国召开的工商国际开发会议，所有的人都看了战胜的曙光，范旭东连夜拟定了战后复兴计划，其中包括扩充天津的永利碱厂、修复南京铔厂、完成四川的铵厂和硫酸厂工程以及在湖南新建炼焦厂、玻璃厂、水泥厂等等，扩建和新建工厂总数为十个，这是一个雄心勃勃的计划。为此，范旭东向美国进出口银行申请贷款1600万美元。1945年初，在陈光甫的居中帮助下，美方同意了他的申请，不过要求国民政府居中担保。范旭东郑重其事地向行政院上递了借款报告。数月下来，渺无音讯，范数次催促，竟得到宋子文托人传来的转告之词，“如果宋先生出任永利董事长，借款合同可立即由中国银行指令纽约分行签署担保。”范愤而拒绝，他对永利老臣、宋子文的哈佛同学孙学悟说，“近因胜利，看见我们许多高官厚禄的老友，伸长手臂向空中乱抓，实在不过意，但若辈乐此不疲，民族休矣。” 不久，行政院正式批复，对永利的担保申请“不予批准。”范旭东忿极攻心，一病不起，终于黯然弃世，终年只有61岁。在逝前，昏迷中的他用手拼命向空中抓去，嘴中大喊，“铁链——”，其临终遗言是，“齐心合德，努力前进。” 范旭东毕生拼斗于中国化工业的振兴，生为此虑，死不瞑目，实在是本部企业史上顶天立地的大丈夫。他以书生意气投身商业，日思夜想，全为报国，数十年间惨淡经营，无中有生，独力催孕出中国的化工产业。在他的周围环绕着侯德榜、陈调甫、李烛尘、孙学悟等诸多科技精英，他们或出身欧美名校，或就职跨国大公司，原本都有优厚舒适的事业生活，全是被范旭东的精诚感动，毅然追随他四海漂泊，在残败苦寒中尝尽百难，后来的三十年里，这些人一直是国家化工业的领导者。“商之大者，为国为民”，说的正是象他这样的人呀。 范旭东的多年同事侯德榜回忆，“先生当公司总经理三十余年，出门不置汽车，家居不营大厦，一生全部精神，集中于事业，其艰苦卓绝，稍知范先生为人者，胥能道之。”据他的儿子范果恒回忆，即使在生意顺利的天津时期，家里的生活也还是比较拘谨的。那时候家里日常食用的大米都是从老家湖南乡下运来，因为这样比在北京、天津购粮要便宜一些。重庆时期，范旭东的收入经常不够养家，就靠妻子的一些陪嫁首饰帮补家计。范旭东逝后，重庆二十多个团体组织追悼会，国共两党领袖都送了挽联，毛泽东写的是“工业先导，功在中华”，蒋介石写的是“力行致用。” 范旭东是不是被宋子文“逼死”的，后世说法不一。不过，在1945年的经济复兴中，民营企业家被彻底边缘化乃至遭到利益剥夺，却是不争的事实。 再看卢作孚和荣德生的遭遇。 卢作孚的战后扩张计划也很庞大。当时，加拿大政府为了防止战后生产萎缩，通过了一个《输出信用保险法案》，由政府为外商担保，向加拿大银行贷款，用以订购该国的工业产品。卢作孚向加拿大订购6艘大型客货轮和12艘中小型客货轮，并因此申请到加拿大三家银行的贷款1500万加元。这一贷款同样需要得到民国政府的担保。因为卢的声望实在很高，蒋介石在他的申请报告上亲笔签字批准，可是行政院和交通部却提出了条件，要求民生将所订购的轮船抵押给政府，在偿清贷款之前这些轮船归政府所有，由政府租给民生使用。这一额外的条件显然埋有伏笔，在日后，政府很可能利用经济危机或信贷紧缩的办法，逼迫民生还钱，进而控制其股份。这一手法，并不鲜见。卢作孚当然不从。他转而向美国买了十多艘退役军用船只，这些船虽然售价便宜，但是改装费是船价的几倍，卢作孚迫于无奈，也只好退求其次。他还跟民营的金城银行合资成立了一家轮船公司，用银行的钱购进三艘新船。民生的加拿大贷款案一拖再拖，后来还是达成了，但是，等这些船交付的时候，已经是兵荒马乱的1948年底了。 民生公司无法从政府那里得到支持，国营的轮船公司却是格外的滋润，政府控股的轮船招商局成为接受大战中的惟一赢家，它把日伪的所有轮船及码头设施全数吃下。抗战时，民生船只近3万吨，官营轮船招商局只有2.3万吨，其中实际航运的不过0.18万吨，到1947年，轮船招商局的吨位已跃居到了34万余吨，完全垄断长江下游和沿海运输业务，而为抗战付出巨大牺牲的民生公司此时只有5万余吨。此时担任招商局经理的正是几年前与陈仪一起祸闽被陈嘉庚驱走的“先烈侄子”徐学禹，他竟扬言要“吃”掉民生。这一次，从不发火的卢作孚也无法控制愤怒，他在一个公开的场合当面痛斥徐学禹。他还通过23位参政员在参政会上提案，“招商局应加入民间资本，改组为民营轮船公司，使能与其他民营轮船公司平等分配航线范围，以发展我国航业。”此议理所当然地被宋子文否决。为了表达对民生的“尊重”和补偿，政府拨了几艘登陆艇给卢作孚，卢不无怨气地说：“其实，这东西男不男，女不女的，改装都不好改，现在还放着没动。” 荣家碰到的情况更荒唐。战争一结束，被压抑了八年的荣家顿时觉得翻身之日到了，在1945年10月，荣德生的二儿子荣尔仁向行政院递交了《接收日本纱厂及人造纤维厂的建议书》，提出在中国的日本纺织厂应予接收，“分配给在战时受到损失并在后方作出贡献的厂，按损失的程度，给以赔偿。”他还拟出了准备接办的日商纱厂名单，纱锭总数约30万锭。谁知在那时，宋院长正一门心思地筹建他的中国纺织建设公司，荣尔仁的建议书当然不被采纳。仅仅1个月后，行政院就决定所有敌伪纱厂全部由国营接收。荣德生以老资格实业家的身份向政府上书，他忧心忡忡地写道，“日本纱厂接收后，全部改为国营，亦是与民争利，以后民营纱厂恐更将不易为也。若论国家经济，统治者富有四海，只须掌握政权，人民安居乐业，民生优裕，赋税自足……若措施一差，误入歧途，虽千方百计，终难平稳。因知富强非难事，只在用之当与不当耳。能用民力，不必国营，国用自足。不能使用民力，虽一切皆归官办，亦是无用。因官从民出，事不切己，徒然增加浪费而已。余近见政府措施孽谬，有失民心。”荣德生的这段表述可圈可点，至今是普世道理，可惜不为当政者闻。 可笑的是，荣家想从接收大战中分一杯羹的梦想落了空，而他们的原有家产的收回也费尽了心力。申新一厂、八厂在战时被日本人占领，它的很多设备被拆装到了日商丰田纱厂，国民政府在接收时全当敌产没收，并入中纺建，再不返还荣家。福新三厂、六厂也同样被日本人占据，接收乱景期间，其粉麦粮仓被粮食部特派员全部接收散卖，到发还时只剩下两个空荡荡的厂房。申新四厂在战时迁移到汉口，日军陷城后未及搬走，在那里留有2万纱锭和400台织布机，当荣家派人前去收回时，发现联勤总部的第二修理厂已经在那里开工了，厂房里的所有纺机早被当作敌产没收。荣德生很感慨地说，“接收手续之烦，过于创建……层层推诿，官说官话，不顾民瘼，比之日人，不相伯仲。数年之间，变质至此，大可慨叹。”其失望之情跃然纸上。 这段时间还发生了一桩对荣家来说更惊心的事情，那就是70高龄的荣德生遭到了绑架。事发1946年4月25日，荣德生在去江西路总公司的路上，被三个冒充为淞沪警备司令部的绑匪掳走，绑匪开价100万美元。荣德生被绑票，新闻轰动全国，蒋介石震怒，下令限期破案，淞沪警备司令李及兰因此引咎辞职。34天后，荣德生以50万美元被赎回。又过了37天，警备司令部宣告破案，15人被捕，其中8人被判处死刑。荣家为救老爷子四处打点，先后又化去60万美元。荣德生还亲自登门向指挥破案的军统局老牌特务毛森致谢，送上金表一只、金笔一对。毛森因本案声名大噪，后来当上了上海市警察局局长。数十年后，根据淞沪警备司令部稽查处有关人士的回忆，荣案幕后的主导者不是别人，正是毛森自己。 企业家在战后的遭遇宛若一部辛酸史。八年前，从东南沿海随国民政府千山万水迁至大后方的企业大多成为了无人照顾的“弃儿”。1945年8月，因为实在不堪压迫，130名内迁工厂代表集体到行政院请愿，要求给予贷款、协助复员。宋子文在接见他们时轻描淡写地说，“中国以后的工业，希望寄托在美国的自动化机器上，你们这批废铜烂铁，济得什么事呢？”闻者顿时手脚冰凉。 到1946年的5月，368家迁到陪都重庆的企业只有3家迁回到了东部，却有349家已经歇业。那些被国营化的企业也是复苏乏力。经济部承认，到1947年，从日伪接收过来的2411个工业企业，只有852个实际上恢复了生产。 工业萧条导致了两个严重的后果，一是失业人口大量增加，二是通货膨胀持续高烧。国民党政权自执政以来，就对农村改革缺乏热情和经验，其支持者主要来自城市，而现在，城市工人也站到了这个政权的对面，工人罢工此起彼伏，据苏珊娜·佩珀教授在《剑桥中国史》中披露，在抗战开始前的1936年，全国有记载的罢工及劳资争议为278起，可是十年后的1946年，光上海一地所记载的罢工及劳资争议总数即达1716起，到1947年，这个数字更上升到2538起，佩珀教授进而写道：“国民党政府经常指责工人闹事是共产党职业鼓动家促使的，然而，这些争论问题是现成的，任何人都可有效地加以利用。” 1946年5月5日，国民政府从重庆还都南京，蒋介石的声望在此刻达到巅峰，可是，随着治理无度以及种种政策的失误，很快让人大失所望。 在种种景象中，最让人病垢和愤怒的，是官僚资本集团的暴富，人们发现，赶走了一个贪婪的孔祥熙，等来的却是一个更霸道的宋子文。民怨郁积，终成沸腾之势。1947年一开春，全国就爆发了一场“驱宋运动”，冲在最前列的仍是那个脾气暴烈的“五四老青年”傅斯年。 1947年2月15日到3月1日，傅斯年连续在《世纪评论》和《观察》杂志上发表三篇讨宋文章，国内舆论为之激荡。这三篇文章的标题分别是《这个样子的宋子文非走开不可》、《宋子文的失败》、《论豪门资本之必须铲除》。傅痛骂说，“古今中外有一个公例，凡是一个朝代，一个政权，要垮台，并不由于革命的势力，而由于他自己的崩溃。有时是自身的矛盾、分裂，有时是有些人专心致力，加速自蚀运动，唯恐其不乱，如秦朝'指鹿为马'的赵高，明朝的魏忠贤，真好比一个人身体中的寄生虫，加紧繁殖，使这个人的身体迅速死掉。”在历数了宋子文的种种恶行后，傅斯年表示自己“真愤慨极了，一如当年我在参政会要与孔祥熙在法院见面一样，国家吃不消他了，人民吃不消他了，他真该走了，不走一切垮了。当然有人欢迎他或孔祥熙在位，以便政府快垮。'我们是救火的人，不是趁火打劫的人'，我们要求他快走。不然，一切完了！国人不忍见此罢？便要不再见宋氏盘踞着！” 傅斯年对宋子文式的官商进行了深刻的挞伐，他称宋子文有着“无限制的极狂蛮的支配欲”，通过中国建设银公司，经营或收买下戚墅堰电厂、首都电厂、既济水电公司、淮南煤矿、鄱乐煤矿等厂矿，变“国营”为“宋营”。他尖锐地指出，不能说宋子文身上一点儿没有“都市性、现代性、民主性和世界性”，但他明显多了些虚伪、自私和霸道。傅写道：“他的中国文化，请化学家把他分解到一公忽，也不见踪影的，至于他的外国文化，尽管英国话流畅，交些个美国人（有美国人说，看他交接的是些什么美国人，便知道他是什么人）是决不登大雅之堂的……说他不聪明罢，他洋话说得不错，还写一笔不坏的中国字（我只看到报载他的签名），说他聪明罢，他做这些事，难道说神经有毛病吗？”他因而认定，在宋子文的身上更集中地反映了旧中国“官僚阶级与资产阶级的共生现象”。 读傅斯年这三篇充满了火药味的战斗性文章，让后人十分震撼，其用词之尖刻趋于极致，他甚至直接把孔宋二人比作蒋介石的“胯下之物”——虽皆为介公之“老二”是胯下的“双扇活宝贝”然而却又是对头。这几乎是连“最高领袖”也一锅骂了进去。他还生动地比较了这两个当世最大官商，说“两家的作风不尽同。孔氏有些土货样色，号称他家是票号'世家'，他也有些票号味道，尤其是胡作非为之处。但'世家'二字，我曾打听他的故人，如严庄监察使，那就真可发一笑了。这一派是雌儿雏儿一齐下手，以政治势力，垄断商务，利则归己，害则归国，有时简直是扒手”。而宋氏作风又不一样，“他的作风是极其蛮横，把天下人分为二类，非奴才即敌人。这还不必多说，问题最重要的，在他的无限制的极狂蛮的支配欲，用他这支配欲，弄得天下一切事将来都不能知道公的私的了……这还不能算完，今天我们要觉得晋惠帝不愚，因为他听到公园里蛤蟆声，他问是公的私的。今天一切事都引不出公的私的。” 傅写道：“孔宋失败的一个原因，由于他们的'清廉'程度，孔则细大不捐，直接间接；宋则我生你死，公私一齐揽络来把持。前者贪欲过于支配欲，后者支配欲过于贪欲。虽然形状这样不同，而有好多相同之点，从所以得地位算起，一，二，三……我今天只说一件，就是两个人绝对是以买卖为灵魂的，绝对相信他所相信那一种形态的自由买卖，尤其显著的色彩是自由在己，买卖在公……孔宋二氏这样一贯的做法，简直是彻底毁坏中国经济，彻底扫荡中国工业，彻底使人失业，彻底使全国财富集于私门，流于国外……唐朝的秕政，是和黄巢相辅而行的，明朝的秕政，是和张（张献忠）李（李自成）相辅而行的。今天孔宋二氏之流毒，是共产党莫大的本钱。还是先检讨一下自己罢！” 傅氏坚决主张由政府公开没收或征用孔宋两家吞公营私的非法财产，“总而言之，借用二家财产，远比黄金拢回法币多，可以平衡今年预算。所以要征用，最客气的办法是征用十五年，到民国五十一年