Chapter 25 Title VIII Commercial History

On November 27, 1978, Liu Chuanzhi, a 34-year-old engineering technician from the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, went to work on time. He took out that day's "People's Daily" from his letter box. Generally speaking, he would spend the whole morning reading newspapers.Twenty years later, he recalled: "I remember around 1978, when I saw an article about how to raise cattle in People's Daily for the first time. It’s an editorial. At that time, raising chickens and growing vegetables were all regarded as the tail of capitalism and would be cut off, but the People’s Daily actually published an article about raising cattle, the climate is really about to change!”

Judging from the information I have consulted now, Liu Chuanzhi, who later founded the well-known Lenovo Group, may have a little memory loss.Because in the already yellowed 1978 "People's Daily", there was no article on how to raise cattle, but there was a news about scientifically raising pigs.On the third page of the newspaper that day, there was a long report "The masses have created the experience of speeding up the pig raising business", which introduced in detail how to improve the efficiency of pig raising in Guangxi and Tongxian County, Beijing. You can kill one yourself", "A new method of implementing public-owned separate breeding" and so on.What Liu Chuanzhi saw should be this press release.

However, it doesn't seem to be important whether to raise cattle or pigs. What is important is that in the whole country, there are indeed a group of people like Liu Chuanzhi, the "Prophet of Spring River Plumbing Ducks". changes. In the first half of this corporate history, if there is a "male protagonist", then he should be Deng Xiaoping. When Deng Xiaoping died in 1997, he was officially and privately recognized as the "Chief Architect" of China's reform and opening up. This title seems to imply that China's reform is a project with blueprints and operating procedures, but history does not seem to be the same. So, at least not in corporate history.We will find out in the future that the growth, evolution and transformation logic of Chinese enterprises are the result of the interest game in the process of continuous opening up of economic factors.Objectively speaking, Deng Xiaoping laid the ideological foundation for China's transformation and dominated the rhythm of the entire transformation during the time he controlled.This small Sichuan native has amazing tenacity and insightful political determination. According to the memories of close people, when faced with major decisions, he likes to sit alone in the room and smoke Panda cigarettes silently, (he only smokes This brand of cigarettes produced by the Shanghai Cigarette Factory has a very low tar content. Until today, Panda cigarettes are still the most expensive cigarettes in China), when he makes a certain decision, few people can change it.

1978 was the first year when Deng Xiaoping truly dominated China's destiny.At the first meeting of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held in March, he was elected president of the country. On October 22, Deng Xiaoping paid a visit to Japan after the ideological heat wave of "discussion on the standard of truth" was set off in China.During this visit, visiting Japanese companies is one of the important items of his trip. He first visited Nippon Steel Corporation and Nissan Motor Corporation in Tokyo.In a Nissan car factory, he walked through a long production line without saying a word, and at the end he said, "I found out that their labor productivity is dozens of times that of our Changchun First Automobile Company. I know This is called modernization." During his inspection in Osaka, he made a special trip to the Ibaraki Factory of Matsushita Electric Company, where, waiting for him was another Asian legend, the founder of Matsushita, honored as "Japanese management Konosuke Matsushita, the eighty-three-year-old God of God.

According to the "Yomiuri Shimbun" report, when Deng Xiaoping visited the exhibition room of Panasonic Electric Appliances, the guide heated a plate of siu mai in a microwave oven and asked Deng Xiaoping to watch it. , astonished people.He said while eating: It tastes good, and the microwave is good.No one had thought of this scene beforehand.Deng Xiaoping's inspection of Panasonic left a deep impression on the 83-year-old Konosuke Matsushita, which prompted the old man to start thinking about Panasonic's strategy for China. Yosuke Nakae, the former Japanese ambassador to China, recorded another detail of Deng Xiaoping’s visit to Japan in his memoir “Deng Xiaoping Made China Rich”: Nakae asked Deng Xiaoping what he was interested in in Japan while accompanying him. Deng Xiaoping said that Chinese people used briquettes in winter, Carbon monoxide poisoning often occurs, and he wondered if there were any briquettes in Japan that did not produce carbon monoxide.

After his visit to Japan, Deng Xiaoping made a reciprocal visit to Singapore.Lee Kuan Yew recalled this experience in the book "Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew 1965-2000".Lee Kuan Yew was so impressed by Deng Xiaoping that he wrote in the book: "Deng Xiaoping is the most impressive leader I have ever met. Although he is only 5 feet tall, he is a man of excellence. Although already At 74, he is always ready to change his mind when confronted with unpleasant realities." These details were submerged in news reports in 1978. People only paid attention to and praised the various political significance of Deng Xiaoping's visit, but did not find that he was actually learning experience for China's future economic system reform.Deng Xiaoping was a person who thought deeply and acted cautiously. When he put forward a certain idea, it showed that he had thought it over carefully.At a central working conference at the end of the year, Deng Xiaoping suddenly proposed a new theory: "Let some cities get rich first."At that time, he listed a dozen cities in one breath, and the first one was Shenzhen.

Yu Guangyuan, an economist who was present at the time, recalled that Deng Xiaoping mentioned "Shenzhen" instead of "Bao'an" as people often say. and thought deeply about it. In March 1979, the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone was established. At the end of 1978, Time magazine of the United States named Deng Xiaoping as "Man Of The Year" (Man Of The Year).This internationally influential weekly magazine introduced the man of the year, Deng Xiaoping, and a China that opened its doors in a 48-page series, beginning with the title: "Visionary of a New China"

After Deng Xiaoping became the chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, the first conference he presided over was the "National Science Conference".At the conference, he unexpectedly put forward the thesis that "science and technology are productive forces" and "intellectuals are part of the working class".At that time, a total of 6,000 people participated in this scientific conference, of which only more than 150 people were under the age of 35. In the back row of the conference, there was a 33-year-old young man named Ren Zhengfei, who was a representative sent by the People’s Liberation Army. , because he just won the first prize of the army's technical achievements, he unexpectedly won this honor. At this moment, he is worrying about his father's redress and whether he can join the party. What he didn't expect is that in another ten years, he will Drifting to Shenzhen in the south, he founded an electronics company called Huawei with a meager 20,000 yuan. Then, this company will rise rapidly with its strict militarized management and sharp bottom price strategy, and let colleagues all over the world deeply appreciate it. Headache.

After the Science Conference, the country's reforms in scientific research and education accelerated significantly. In April, the Ministry of Education decided to restore and add 55 institutions of higher learning, including the famous Jinan University. Soon, news of the resumption of the unified national college entrance examination spread across the country. According to data released by the Ministry of Education, in 1978, 6.1 million people applied for the national college entrance examination, and 402,000 people were admitted. Looking through this year's "National College Enrollment Chinese Test Paper", the first part is to add punctuation marks to a paragraph of text, and the first question is related to the economy:

(1) The realization of mechanization depends on the revolutionization of people's thinking. Only with revolutionization can mechanization be achieved. Mechanization is not just blown out in one breath. It takes a lot of hard work to succeed. We must carry out the struggle to expose and criticize the Gang of Four to the end. We must eliminate their poison and promote people. A soft and lazy leadership team cannot afford to shoulder the heavy burden of ideological revolutionization. This was the most mainstream value at that time: the emancipation of the mind and the elimination of left-leaning and rigid dogmatism were the most important prerequisites for economic progress.From here, later people can find out how daunting the pursuit of economic growth was in 1978.

The dragon gate opens steeply, and the crucian carp leaps.Once the talent frenzy that has been accumulated for more than ten years spews out, how can there be no talented people among the more than 400,000 people. In Liaoning, Ma Weihua, a worker at the Shenyang Railway Bureau, was admitted to the Department of Economics of Jilin University, majoring in national economic management. 11 years later, he became the president of the head office of China Merchants Bank; Zhang Zhengyu, who was born in Hangzhou, was admitted to Beijing Institute of Technology (later renamed Beijing Institute of Technology) , he studied until he graduated with a Ph.D. He founded his own company in 1987, and later made the first generation of PDA handheld computer "Business Communication"; Duan Yongji, a young teacher from Beijing 176 Middle School, was admitted to the graduate student of Beijing Aeronautical Academy, and six years later he founded Stone The company later became a man of the hour in Zhongguancun, Beijing.In Sichuan, the three brothers Liu Yongxing participated in the college entrance examination in 1977. They all passed the mark line but were not admitted because of their "bad background". They later became the "richest man in China" at that time. Like all universities in the country, South China Institute of Technology in Guangzhou (renamed South China University of Technology in 1988) also welcomed the first batch of students after the resumption of the college entrance examination. , the oldest among them is 40 years old, named Chen Weirong, from Luoding County, Guangdong, and the youngest are two 18-year-olds, one is Huang Hongsheng, who took the college entrance examination just after he went to the countryside in Wuzhishan, Hainan, and the other is from Huizhou Li Dongsheng, who was admitted, and their classmates later recalled, "Chen Weirong is the most mature, he is the big brother of the whole class, and he does not take care of his juniors in school. Huang Hongsheng walked into the classroom wearing liberation shoes showing his big toes. Yes, he is the class monitor. During the four years, he spent almost all of his time in the library. Li Dongsheng is the study committee member of the class. He is very introverted and doesn't like to play with other students, especially when he sees girls, he will blush. Therefore, some female students did not know his name when they graduated.” These three people later respectively founded three color TV companies, Konka, Skyworth and TCL. 40% of. Of course, not all intellectual youths are as lucky as Duan Yongji and Li Dongsheng. In Inner Mongolia, a young man named Niu Gensheng suffered the death of his father.He was a poor child who was sold from the countryside to the city within a month of his birth. It is said that he was only worth 50 yuan.He didn't know his surname, because the person who adopted him was a cattle breeder, so he was given the surname Niu. His adoptive father had raised cattle for 38 years since the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, and he grew up among cattle.That year, his adoptive father passed away. Niu Gensheng wiped away his tears and took over the bullwhip to continue raising cattle.Five years later, Niu Gensheng worked as a bottle cleaner in a "Hui Min Dairy Factory", where he worked for 16 years, and then founded Mengniu Group, which later became China's largest dairy company. In Wenzhou, thirteen-year-old Nan Cunhui had to drop out of school due to poverty. He became a cobbler who walked the streets and alleys. The ground stuck into my finger, and blood gushed out immediately. I had to wrap the wound with a piece of torn paper, and continued to repair the shoe for the customer with tears in my eyes. At that time, I made more money every day than my peers, and I relied on my own speed. Work harder and be more reliable in quality." Six years later, the shoe repairman built a workshop-style switch factory in a dilapidated house.Twenty years later, Chint Group, which he founded, has become one of the largest private companies in China. In the southern town of Shenzhen, a 27-year-old literary youth named Wang Shi is sleeping in a bamboo shed on a construction site with a torn book under his pillow.He later wrote in his autobiography: "In Shenzhen in April 1978, the blooming kapoks had withered. Dead pigs were thrown beside the road tracks, and blowflies were buzzing; the air was filled with the mixed stench of livestock manure and carrion. I was in Sungang, Shenzhen. The quarantine and disinfection warehouse of North Station guides the construction of water supply and drainage projects on site. The fresh and live products exported to Hong Kong by railway from various provinces and cities in the mainland are commercially transported to Shenzhen, where they are assembled and quarantined at Sungang North Station, and then transported across the Luohu Bridge. Those who become ill or die during transportation Livestock, spoiled fruits and vegetables are inspected and cleared here. The disinfection depot is a quarantine and cleaning project for returning empty vehicles. "The reason why I came to Shenzhen was that when I graduated from Lanzhou Railway College in 1977, I was assigned to the fifth section of the Guangzhou Railway Bureau project as a water supply and drainage technician with a monthly salary of 42 yuan. The fifth section of the project was mainly responsible for the north to Guangdong and Hunan. Pingshi at the junction, a civil engineering project along the ××km road section south to Shenzhen Luohu Qiaotou. In this jurisdictional section, several engineering projects are often carried out at the same time. In 1978, we took over the disinfection warehouse project of Sungang North Station. At that time, Shenzhen is still a restricted area for border defense, so not just anyone can come here... The project is continuing. I hope to finish the project as soon as possible and stay away from Shenzhen, which is across the river from Hong Kong." What was the scene of Chinese enterprises in 1978?Maybe we can see it more clearly from the eyes of foreigners. Since the summer of this year, various parts of China seem to have relaxed the approval process for overseas journalists to interview Chinese companies.Therefore, in various international media, people have read many strange eyewitness accounts. In a dramatic enterprise inspection, a Japanese reporter discovered a machine more than 140 years ago in the Chongqing Steel Works.This factory with an annual output of 300,000 tons of raw steel uses machinery and equipment all before the 1950s. Among them, the steam rolling mill made in Britain more than 140 years ago is still in use.The reporter pointed to the factory label on the machine and asked the factory manager, "Is this a mistake in the year?" The factory manager replied, "It's not wrong, because the quality is good, so I have been using it all the time." On the 2nd, Matsunaga, a Hong Kong-based reporter for the Yomiuri Shimbun, was also deeply surprised by the backwardness of Chinese companies.In June of this year, he visited an integrated circuit factory in Shanghai. He wrote, "The integrated circuit factory in Japan is so clean that there is no dust at all. In comparison, this factory in Shanghai looks like a road factory. The factory said , more than half of the products are unqualified and cannot be sold.” He also observed that the long-term political struggle and the closure of schools have resulted in an extreme shortage of basic talents in Chinese factories. 56 years old. After experiencing these observations, Matsunaga predicted that China was about to start a new economic revolution.In a commentary on October 3, he declared bluntly, “China’s future task after 30 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China is to implement a high-speed economic growth policy and make China a powerful economic power.” The method is, “Under the leadership of the reinstated Vice Chairman of the Communist Party Deng Xiaoping, we will try to strengthen economic relations with foreign countries—centered on the developed industrial countries in the West—while at home we will pursue a line that emphasizes capability and efficiency.” Matsunaga tried to prove his observation with facts, "China's leaders have realized that it is impossible to achieve rapid modernization relying on the old factory in Shanghai, so they must make up their minds to introduce advanced foreign technology. Recently, China has strengthened its economic relations with foreign countries. The relationship between China and the United States is astounding. As of September this year, China has sent party and government leaders to visit 31 countries and received government leaders from 15 countries. Most of them are former enemies—developed countries in Western Europe. country. It goes without saying that the purpose of this open door policy is to introduce advanced technology.” It should be said that Matsunaga's observation is very precise. In 1978, in addition to the frequent visits of major leaders, the Chinese government also took some actions, which did not seem to arouse associations at the time, but in the eyes of later researchers, it was by no means a coincidence.On July 3 of this year, the Chinese government stopped aid to Vietnam. On the 13th, it announced the suspension of all technical and economic aid to Albania. On October 23, the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship came into effect. The United States issued a joint communiqué on the establishment of diplomatic relations. At the Tiananmen National Day ceremony this year, a Hong Kong businessman named Li Ka-shing appeared.Wearing a tight blue Chinese tunic, he stood awkwardly next to a large group of central cadres who also wore Chinese tunics. Tiananmen Square was so big that this Chaoshan native from a small island was not used to it.Since he left the mainland at the age of 11, this is the first time he has returned to China in 40 years. A few years ago, he was criticized by the mainland media as a vicious capitalist. Now he has become a respected guest.He himself may not have imagined that in another twenty years, he would build a huge, ultra-modern Oriental Plaza one kilometer away from Tiananmen Square.He was personally invited by Deng Xiaoping to attend the National Day ceremony.Before coming here, he set himself the "horoscope precepts", "less publicity, no politics". Four months before Li Ka-shing came to Beijing from Hong Kong to attend the National Day ceremony, 36-year-old Rong Zhijian carried simple luggage and a one-way pass, far away from his family, said goodbye to his wife and children, and came to Hong Kong from Beijing.Those who came to meet him at the pier were his two cousins, Rong Zhiqian and Rong Zhixin.The fourth generation of the distinguished century-old Rong family finally got together again in a humid summer. The Rong family in Wuxi, which flourished in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, started out by running a printing and dyeing factory. It was a prominent merchant family in the coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. At its peak, the Rong family almost controlled most of China's textile industry. After 1949, the Rong family has always been a staunch supporter of the Communist Party. In 1953, the Party Central Committee experimented with the public-private partnership plan in a planned way. Under the active advocacy of Rong Yiren, the third generation head of the Rong family, the Guangzhou No. It became the first private factory in the country to submit an application for a public-private partnership, which played a national demonstration and publicity role. In 1957, 41-year-old Rong Yiren became the deputy mayor of Shanghai, and later served as the deputy minister of the Ministry of Textiles. During the Cultural Revolution, Rong Yiren stood aside and suffered a lot. His index finger was broken by the Red Guards. For several years, he had been transporting coal in the boiler room of the canteen of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and cleaning all the toilets of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce.His son Rong Zhijian was exiled to a hydropower station in Liangshan, Sichuan as a soil lifter. After the "Gang of Four" stepped down, Deng Xiaoping returned, and Rong Yiren, who had a good relationship with him, turned around immediately. At the Fifth CPPCC meeting held in February 1978, Deng Xiaoping was elected chairman of the CPPCC National Committee, and Rong Yiren was elected vice chairman. Although politically it has regained its brilliance, the Rong family's assets have been wiped out in the mainland.Rong Zhijian, who had returned to Beijing at this time, had nothing to do. He was not interested in scientific research or politics, so going south to Hong Kong became the best choice. , but still stick to the family business.Before the trip, Rong Yiren thought for a long time. He remembered that his father opened several textile factories in Hong Kong, and the dividends and dividends had not been moved for more than 30 years. The funds, which became the capital for his adventures in Xiangjiang.After all, the children of the aristocratic family are unusual, and their starting point should be superior to others. In December, the Aika Electronics Factory, which he and his two cousins ​​jointly owned, opened, with a total share capital of 1 million Hong Kong dollars, and each of them holds one-third of the shares. The initial business was to sell cheap electronic watches, radios, electronic Clocks and others are sold domestically.Three years later, this small electronics factory with a strong background was acquired by Fitelec of the United States at a high price of 12 million US dollars.The Rong family's financial skills are very effective after a test, and it is really extraordinary.Rong Zhijian's assets once climbed to the throne of "China's richest man" in the future, and its origin should have started this summer. In 1978, China's most important economic event did not take place in a city, but in a remote, poor village.This is not surprising at all in the coming 30 years, because more events that will change the fate of China's reform in the future are unpremeditated, and they are all accidentally detonated by some ordinary people in very remote places. On the night of November 24 of this year, in a shabby thatched hut of the Xiaogang production team in Fengyang County, Anhui Province, eighteen peasants in tattered clothes and yellow complexions, with the help of a dim kerosene lamp, faced the A contract, one by one nervously pressed the blood-red fingerprints, and everyone swore that they would rather go to jail and beheaded than divide the land into a household contract.This large-scale contract, which was later preserved in the Chinese Revolutionary Museum, is considered to be the "first shot" of China's rural reform. If the contract system in Xiaogang Village was a revolution, then in 1978, another rural revolution took place in Huaxi Village, Jiangsu Province, hundreds of kilometers away from here. It is a kind of collective economy mutated from the body of the people's commune. It represents another type of private company model that has been recognized by the government for a long time and has indeed developed productivity. Huaxi Village was a national model of “learning from Dazhai in agriculture” as early as the 1960s. Wu Renbao served as the village party secretary in this village for a record 48 years. He is not only a leader of the rural grassroots political power, but also a rural company As a family, this dual role allows him to do a job with ease in many cases, and at other times, he encounters the ultimate problem.This mixed fate will run through his entire career of change. As early as the 1960s, Huaxi Village was a nationally-renowned model brigade of "Learning from Dazhai in Agriculture". Wu Renbao also served as the secretary of the county party committee of Jiangyin County where he lived. He is a good cadre of "Chen Yonggui style". In fact, while Wu Renbao was studying Dazhai with a high profile, he was doing other "shady" jobs. In 1969, he dispatched 20 people to secretly set up a small hardware factory in the village. "At that time, we must not let the outside world know that it was the time to cut the tail of capitalism." Wu Xie'en, his fourth son who later replaced Wu Renbao as the secretary of the Huaxi Village Party Committee, recalled, "The red flags in the fields fluttered and the horns sounded. The inspection comrades left, and we turned around and entered the factory. Why take the risk to engage in industry? Because farming can’t make any money. At that time, the whole village was working hard, and the total agricultural output value was 240,000 yuan, but the small hardware factory run by only 20 people After 3 years, the output value reached 240,000 yuan." In 1978, Wu Renbao took stock of Huaxi Village's family property, and found a total of 1 million yuan in fixed assets, 1 million yuan in bank deposits, and 3 years of rations. At that time, the price of a pack of cigarettes was 0.2 yuan, and the total industrial and agricultural output value of the entire Jiangyin County was only a few hundred million yuan. In this way, Wu Renbao transformed his hometown in a very special way. In March 1978, People's Daily once again reported Huaxi Village on the headlines of the front page. The "Newspaper Commentator" article "What Huaxi's Experience Explains" was distributed, which was the highest-standard report on the country's rural areas by this "China's No. 1 Media" that year.Wu Renbao's unprotected and sneaky hardware workshops became the embryos of the township collective enterprises that would start a prairie fire in China. It is not difficult to find that Wu Renbao was not alone in China at that time if we broaden our horizons.In the area of ​​Jiangsu and Zhejiang, where there has always been an industrial tradition, a group of small industrial workshops—no one has made conclusive statistics, and if we use the concept of "thousands" should not be too far from the truth—have sprung up in small numbers.In Xiaoshan County, on the banks of the Qiantang River in Zhejiang Province, the agricultural machinery factory founded by Lu Guanqiu has quietly passed its tenth anniversary. Here, we must remind readers of a fact: the growth of Chinese private companies has two sources from the very beginning, one is the West China-style rural collective regime and its corporate organization, and the other is Lu Guanqiu’s factory-style self-employed enterprises.For a long time in the future, Wu Renbao and Lu Guanqiu will be the most dazzling "Geminis" of China's township enterprises, but their starting points are far from each other. The former always relies on the body of the village government, while the rise of the latter Most of them are personal creations.This difference was inconspicuous at the beginning, and even they themselves did not notice it for quite a long time. "Township enterprise" has always been a concept shared by them, until the ownership of "enterprise property rights" became a problem At that time, their fate began to fly in different directions. This is naturally a topic after 1990. Although Xiaoshan is located in the land of fish and rice, Jiangnan is a small plain created by river sand, with a large population and poor land. Lu Guanqiu was born with no interest in farming. He wandered in the countryside since he was a child. He first learned to forge iron, and then repaired bicycles. In 2010, he borrowed 4,000 yuan from east to west, led 6 people to set up the "Ningwei Commune Agricultural Machinery Factory", and served as the factory director himself.Ningwei is the place where he was born. In his nearly 50 years of professional career, this future famous "Chinese enterprise evergreen" has managed the company to the other side of the ocean, but he has never left this land. When Lu Guanqiu set up a factory, it can be said that he really started out of poverty.The factory has no place to buy raw materials. He crosses the river to Hangzhou city every day on a broken bicycle, walks the streets to collect scrap steel, and sometimes curls up outside some large state-owned factories for a whole day. Throw out the scrap steel pipes and old iron wires, and pick them up like treasures.Whatever he produces, there are ups and downs. At the beginning, he made a thousand coulters and went to sell them to agricultural machinery companies. He was kicked out as soon as he entered the door because he had no "distribution quota".It was an era of planned economy like an iron barrel. What to produce, what to buy, and what to sell had to be set by the state, and the circulation of goods beyond the quota was "illegal".The shrewd Lu Guanqiu traveled east and west, and finally found a seam that survived, that is, to provide supporting production for the farm tools of the surrounding communes, such as hammers and boards on the feed machine, tail wheel forks on the tractor, and diesel engines. Greaser, do what you want. By 1978, the snowball was slowly growing. Lu Guanqiu's factory had 400 employees and an annual output value of more than 3 million yuan. There were "Ningwei Agricultural Machinery Factory", "Ningwei Bearing Factory" and "Ningwei Chain Factory" hanging on the gate of the factory. Factory", "Ningwei Lost Wax Casting Steel Factory" and other four signs, and in the autumn of this year, he put up "Ningwei Universal Joint Factory".Few of the surrounding farmers have figured out what lost-wax cast steel and universal joints are.In the eyes of later generations, Lu Guanqiu seems to have been working hard to build the cornerstone of his enterprise from farming arable land to primary industrialization. What is still surprising is that Lu Guanqiu, who has only a junior high school education and has never been exposed to any business management knowledge, tried the method of managing factories very early.When the factory was built in 1969, he implemented the basic wage system, with a fixed amount of wages for workers, and paid according to monthly attendance settlement. In 1971, he proposed a piece-rate (hourly) wage system, which distributed workers’ income according to their labor volume. .It was not until seven or eight years later that this distribution system was carefully tested in a few awakened state-run factories. "A factory can't just do what it has. When it reaches a certain point, it must be small and specialized, small and refined." Lu Guanqiu later said that he began to consider some issues in 1978.If this is true, he may have been one of only a few of the 800 million Chinese farmers at the time to start thinking about these issues. In the winter of 1978, every morning in Beijing felt cold.Wang Xu, a reporter from Xinhua News Agency, wrote in a press release: The gray sun finally managed to break through the mist, casting its heatless light on every corner of this huge city: crowded buildings, narrow chessboard In the dense streets and creeping crowds. If it is said that Deng Xiaoping's visit to Japan at the end of the year was a bit of a "investment invitation", then business owners in Europe and the United States clearly smelled the atmosphere of China's reform.Especially the United States, a superpower that resumed normal diplomatic relations with China as early as 1972, its most famous company, Coca-Cola, set up its temporary office in the Beijing Hotel at the entrance of Wangfujing Street very early on.At that time, the person in charge of affairs in China was a middle-aged American named Handa from Coca-Cola's Asia Pacific division. Anyone who had contact with him remembered that he had iron-gray hair. On December 17, China and the United States jointly issued the "Communication on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations", announcing, "China and the United States have agreed to establish diplomatic relations at the ambassadorial level starting from January 1, 1979." signed a contract to sell the first Coca-Cola bottles to China.According to the agreement at that time, the Coca-Cola Company was allowed to provide Coca-Cola canning and canning equipment to major cities and tourist areas in China by means of compensation trade and other payment methods, set up special factories in China for canning and bottling, and sold them in the Chinese market.Before the canning plant was established, Coca-Cola beverages were first sold by COFCO in the form of consignment from 1979.The contract was signed in the compound of the Ministry of Foreign Trade—across from the Beijing Hotel, only across Chang'an Avenue.Foreign Trade Minister Li Qiang added an item in the reply: "It is limited to selling in foreign-related restaurants and tourist stores." Although the gesture of cooperation is prudent and cautious, Coca-Cola headquarters is obviously very satisfied, because almost everyone knows that once the faucet Open it, and it can never be closed again. The speed of the United States and Coca-Cola is enviable. It seems that there is no capitalist country that is not interested in China that has opened its doors.The international environment at that time was that the United States had just withdrawn from the Vietnam War and was unable to intervene in other regional affairs; the Soviet Union also had no time to care about it because it wanted to intervene in Afghanistan, and the Cold War situation was at a low ebb.In terms of economy, the western countries have just emerged from the economic depression and have more spare funds, so they urgently need to expand overseas markets. In April, the Vice Premier of the State Council in charge of economy led a Chinese delegation to visit European countries. Wherever they went, officials and businessmen expressed their strong willingness to develop economic cooperation with China.During the meeting with French President Destin, the French ambassador to China said to Gu Mu, "I heard that you are going to engage in 120 major projects. We in France are very willing to contribute. Can you give us 10?" The governor of the state said that he could loan 5 billion U.S. dollars to China, and he could sign it immediately; NRW said that 10 billion U.S. dollars is not a big problem.All this information has stimulated Chinese leaders to take a positive attitude towards imports, thus forming the idea of ​​accelerating the expansion of foreign imports. Not long after Gu Mu's visit to Germany, a group of German auto experts visited Shanghai. They began to discuss the Volkswagen joint venture project with the leaders of Shanghai. This negotiation has been going on for a full ten years.The only insistence of the Chinese side in the negotiations is: Volkswagen must be localized.Among the people who came to China with Volkswagen at that time, there was a reporter from the German "Der Spiegel". After inspecting the backward Chinese factory buildings like handicraft workshops, he said slightly mockingly: "Volkswagen will be produced on an isolated island. And there are almost no parts suppliers here. The gourd cranes, long benches, and rubber hammers in the Chinese workshop are all the production methods of my grandparents.” At that time, almost every German who visited the site did not believe that Shanghai’s automobile manufacturing industry Can change such a backward status quo in a short period of time.They found that there is no spare parts manufacturer in China that can match Santana, and there is not even a production line that does not need to be remodeled.The only things that can be used are tires, radios, speakers, external antennas and small signs, and even if all these bits and pieces are added up, they only account for 2.7% of the total number of parts. Despite the complaints and worries, China's enthusiasm for accepting the world and the world into China is getting hotter and hotter. 1978 is such a distant and vague past.That year, the U.S. enacted the Bankruptcy Reform Act, before which even the world's largest economy had no systematic legal elaboration on corporate bankruptcy (China will have its first bankrupt company in five years) ).That year, the great Microsoft company was just two years old. Bill Gates decided to pay himself a salary. He summoned up the courage to say to his partner, "My annual salary this year must not be too low. It should be $16,000." .That year, Iacocca, the legendary president of Ford Motor Company, was fired by Henry Ford out of jealousy. At the age of 54, he was hired by Chrysler, which was on the verge of bankruptcy. Six years later, he miraculously used He turned a profit and raised the company's annual profit to a staggering $2.4 billion. He became an American hero and one of the earliest idols of Chinese entrepreneurs.That year in Chicago, USA, the world's first mobile phone communication system was quietly launched. Many people were not optimistic about this new technology, and no one thought that this would be the beginning of the global information age. China and the world in 1978 were so strange to each other, and the lives and topics they each faced were so far away.When the penetration rate of television in American households has exceeded 70%, it was the first time that cartoons related to television appeared in the People's Daily, which has always been unsmiling. 7月份，在这家报纸上出现了第一只广告，从10月开始，还偶尔会刊登中央电视台的节目预报。 “如果在1978年，我们就清楚地知道中国与世界的距离居然差那么远，我不知道我们是否还有追赶的勇气。”日后有人曾经这样小心翼翼地求证。 的确，你会发现，在一开始，中国与世界似乎生存在两个完全不相干的时空中，它们有完全不同的经济结构，思维方式，话语体系和发展脉络，要找出两者之间的相通点竟是那么的困难。但是渐渐的，你会发现它们开始出现奇妙的逼近，再逼近，许多年后，它们终于真正的融为一体，难分彼此。 1978年12月25日晚上，西方的圣诞夜——中国大概要过15年才开始有人把这一天当作节日。第一批50人的赴美留学的访问学者在夜幕中乘飞机离开了北京，他们年龄最小的32岁，最大的49岁，学期为两年。国务院副总理方毅特别在临行前接见了他们，全国科协主席周培源及教育部副部长李琦亲自到机场把他们送上了飞机。 这是一个开始。据英国《观察家报》披露，中国已请求在下一年度向加拿大、英国、法国、德国和日本分别派出500名留学生，而美国则被希望接纳5000人。《观察家报》说，“这些年轻人不仅将充分地接触英语，而且要接触一切民主政体下的东西，从炸鱼条到带脏字眼的政治评论。他们不久就会认识到，雨果和狄更斯早就死了，他们一直被灌输的那个悲惨景象的英国可能需要重新画了。而这一切，对他们，以及对刚刚打开国门的中国又意味着什么？” 很显然，这是一个真正的开始。 、《非常营销》等。