Chapter 22 Fan Li: The Life of a Venture Capitalist

According to textual research, the ancient Yue people belonged to the Malay race, and the Malay Fan Li and the Yue king Goujian did have some differences from the Chinese people.Fan Li, in particular, is a generalist who can win at anything. According to Sima Qian, "Thus, Fan Li migrated three times and became famous in the world. He has to go, and he will become famous if he stops." He mainly changed three places in his life. With one identity and three professions, he has been involved in politics, industry, and finally business. One was taken by him. As a man with such a rich experience, in fact, there is an unknown literary dream hidden deep in his heart.When he retired after his career and had no worries about food and clothing, this literary dream was finally fulfilled by himself.In his spare time, he has engaged in publishing. He wrote "Ji Ran Pian", which is a very practical inspirational and economic management book. It taught people in his era in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States to do business. He is regarded as the originator of the mountain, and a portrait of Fan Li is hung in his home, and he often burns incense to pray; he also wrote a book on war: "Throwing stones and drawing distances are far from equals." The fishery popular science book "The Classic of Fish Farming" is probably a by-product when he went to Shandong to start an industry.

In terms of character, because he abducted the beautiful woman Xi Shi and went boating on Taihu Lake, he left people with a rather sentimental and romantic impression, which is actually absurd.Whether Xi Shi is an inadvertent by-product of his political management for many years like "The Book of Fish Raising", we are not sure yet, but the calmness, intelligence and profoundness he has shown in his many years of career are as inhuman as a movie. The super computer is far more shocking than his love story.There is only one such talent for thousands of years, so although he lived in Wuyue and did not leave an important mark in the grand narrative of the history of the Central Plains, he is worshiped by countless people as a god today, and officials learn his strategy Those who engage in business and business regard him as a "sage of business", or an expert in capital operation, while we literati envy him for being blessed with a beautiful woman.If Fan Li were born today, he would definitely be a more successful public idol than Professor Lang Xianping, who likes to host programs on TV and talk about his and his wife's anecdotes in financial columns. As for other scholars, officials or interdisciplinary experts When I saw him, I felt ashamed of myself.

Fan Li is a native of Nanyang County, Henan Province. When he was young, he learned to be rich and full of economics.According to history books, he has the qualities of a sage, but he is not known by the world, so he chose to be an angry youth——since ancient times, smart children from humble backgrounds seem to be like this.Later, another more famous and outstanding cynical youth appeared in history, named Liu Bang.Like Xiao Wu in the semi-historical novel "The Pavilion Chief Xiaowu" that is quite popular now, Liu Bang is doing nothing in his life as a small official pavilion chief the size of sesame seeds and mung beans. Eating and drinking, as for whether he has oppressed the people, I am afraid that he does not have enough power and qualifications.He just sent a fake gift list, filled it with a non-existent gift, swaggered to the top seat, and tricked Lu Gong into thinking that he was a talent, and gave him a powerful and invincible daughter Lu Zhi as his wife.

Liu Bang must have been very dissatisfied with the life at that time and the social life of the Qin Dynasty, but this type of cynical youth is actually a fake cynical youth, not a real cynical youth.The real cynic is caught in the pleasure of pointing fingers at the society and passively resisting, and then it is out of control. Since then, he has been fooled by this kind of life, thinking that everyone in the world is drunk and I am sober, but in fact he is the only one who is drunk and never Fight against life and change your own destiny.Liu Bang's fake cynics are looking for the most suitable opportunity under the appearance of cynics. Once the time is right, they will either surrender to reality and be recruited by reality, or take the opportunity to rise up and call a group of fake cynics like him, Fan Kuai, to join them Do revolution to conquer the world and create your own social rules.Liu Bang himself is the latter, while Fan Li is the former.For quite a long period of time when he was young, Fan Li, like all angry youths, was cynical, pretending to be crazy and fooling around.It's just that Fan Li is very sober. For a young man with great ambitions like him, cynicism is just a temporary occupation.Later, when Wen Zhong, a high-ranking official from the Yue Kingdom, came to Wan County to visit celebrities and recruit talents, Fan Li hurriedly borrowed clothes and hats from his brother and sister-in-law, prepared a thick resume, and queued up to apply for the job, without any airs of anger up.The result of the interview was: Wenzhong believed that Fan Li was a genius, and recommended him to Goujian, king of Yue, after returning home.Gou Jian believed in the language very much, and after listening to his recommendation, he also regarded Fan Li very much, and named him a doctor.

It can be seen that it is irrelevant for a person to be a cynical youth when he is young.Bill Gates, the richest man in the world, has been fired very hotly. His dropout from Harvard University, the world's highest academic hall, is widely circulated and is considered the first classic case of deviant.In fact, Gates has nothing to do with angry youth at all.Gates' parents are both Mormons and pay great attention to education. Both the couple have received good higher education and belong to the upper middle class in the United States.Especially Gates' mother, she is a talented student of Harvard Law School, a well-known industrial lawyer in the American industry, and is quite familiar with many senior officials in Washington.

Gates spent his middle school career in the most orthodox and serious private men's college in the United States. This kind of private college has a high entry threshold, not to mention high tuition fees, and has high requirements for students' comprehensive quality. In the harsh competitive environment, they are all top students and have always been far ahead of others. It is said that Gates and his entrepreneurial partner Paul liked computers when they were in middle school. At that time, the computer mainframe was as big as a building, and it was by no means affordable for ordinary people.As soon as Gates' parents discussed it, they teamed up with the parents of several other students to form a joint venture, bought a medium-sized computer, and donated it to the school for the students of Gates and Paul to learn about computers.If there is no such past story, then Bill and Paul picked up an old magazine in the square of Harvard University, were inspired and then partnered to start a business.What's more, when Gates founded Microsoft, he also abducted his grandfather for a million dollars, and he had to rely on his mother to come forward and open up the joints.Therefore, if Gates did not have such a birth environment, and replaced him with a Harvard dropout who was as smart as him, it might not be able to cause such a big commotion later.

Gates is a person who is sheltered by his parents. His road to success cannot be regarded as a universal road, and because he lacks the process of his own struggle and choice in it, it is not so moving.Another famous old cynic was different. On May 24, 1955, a baby who refused to be accepted by his parents was born in San Francisco, USA. The adopted baby was named Steve Paul Jobs. In 1972, Jobs took the initiative to enter the expensive tuition at Reid College in Portland, Oregon, but dropped out after one semester and went home.But later, relying on his own strength, Jobs embarked on a career path with the same direction as Gates but a different path, and he was also known as the person who "changed the civilization process of human society".It is of course an exaggeration to say so. Jobs is more widely known as the "bad boy". He is deviant, and he looks completely different from ordinary successful entrepreneurs.However, in today's commercial society, these behaviors of his belong to "style", not angry youth.The absurd behavior of his youth, later incarnated into one of the most popular tools of all fashionable and pioneering people on the planet-the Apple Computer, became the temperament of the product and the source of all profits for a company.This change will be a great psychological blow to pure cynic youths, but it also illustrates a truth. If children from poor families like Jobs want to prosper, anger alone is not enough. Looking for opportunities in anger, and even pouring anger into products to make more money from angry people, that is the right way of business today, which is similar to Fan Li's way of good looks and Liu Bang's way of emperor wonderful.

When Fan Li started his career in politics, there were constant wars between Wu and Yue.The state of Wu is in today's Suzhou, and the state of Yue is in today's Shaoxing.Fan Li has been in politics for more than ten years, and the main line of his story is this tale of two cities between Jiangsu people and Zhejiang people.In the third year of Goujian (494 BC), King Goujian of Yue heard that the state of Wu was sharpening its sword and might invade the state of Yue at any time, because there were no Patriot missiles at that time, so Goujian wanted to preemptively strike.However, Fan Li felt that this was not sure, and immediately jumped out to oppose sending troops to attack Wu.Gou Jian refused to listen, and mobilized elite soldiers from all over the country to attack the state of Wu, but was defeated and surrounded by the Wu army.Gou Jian was so sad that he wanted to kill his wife and son first, and then fight the king of Wu to the end.

Fan Li's proposal at this time revealed that he was not a cynical youth at all in nature, and that cynical youths often adopted the same solution as Goujian in this situation, but what Fan Li considered was not sentiment, but profit, and the Choose a solution that is most beneficial to you in an unfavorable environment, instead of a vindictive behavior like "a tree lives with a skin, and a person lives with a breath".Fan Li said at the time that fighting to the death was not the answer, and under the circumstances at the time, the only way was to save his life and keep the green hills, so he would not be afraid of running out of firewood.So Wenzhong was sent to beg for peace.The first attempt to make peace was unsuccessful, so he came back and pretended to bribe a beautiful woman, and went again. Finally, he moved Fuchai, the king of Wu, by begging for mercy, and temporarily saved the lives of the Yue royal family.

However, as an important condition for saving his life, King Goujian of Yue promised himself to go to the state of Wu as a hostage.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were many vassal states, and it was common to send hostages to each other, but there had never been a king of a country who voluntarily took hostages.The terms of the peace talks were largely due to Fan Li's design.The state of Wu beat the state of Yue into a mess, and Fan Li's boss, the king of Yue, Goujian, was forced to almost destroy his family.Under such circumstances, the state of Yue has actually gone bankrupt. As the king of a state, Gou Jian has to bear a great deal of responsibility for the disastrous defeat and the danger of destroying the state because he did not listen to Fan Li's advice. The minister also lost face in front of him.Although Goujian is also a bloody person, it is said that he would not voluntarily become a domestic slave for others, but his authority as a king no longer exists, so he has no choice but to obey the minister's words obediently.And Fan Li used to be a humble cynic, fortunate enough to be tapped to become an official in the small imperial court of the Yue Kingdom, if there hadn’t been a war between Wu and Yue, maybe he was just a high-ranking official in Goujian’s cabinet, precisely because the Yue Kingdom was about to be destroyed The danger, but gave him a chance to succeed.For more than ten years after this, until Yue State re-emerged and destroyed Wu State, Fan Li had the final say in Goujian's court.From this, we can see that Wu State's defeat of Yue State brought about a drastic change in the internal power structure of Yue State. As the original big boss, Goujian was marginalized and even used as a pawn in the political chess game. However, Fan Li originally belonged to the management team, but suddenly emerged as a real behind-the-scenes decision-maker.Only by realizing this point can we understand why Gou Jian obeyed Fan Li's advice, why he was willing to be a slave to Fu Chai, and why Fan Li retreated bravely and absconded under a pseudonym.

From a political point of view, the war between Wu and Yue has temporarily achieved a staged result. Wu State greatly gained the upper hand, while Yue State suffered a disastrous defeat.But for Fan Li, who was promoted by chance from a middle-level manager to the chairman of the strategy committee, the game has just begun. The word game has existed in China since ancient times, but it has never been used so widely as it is now, because it is now used to correspond to a more widely used English word "game".In English, a game is an activity that people follow certain rules, and the purpose of the person who plays the game is to make himself "win".The Olympic Games are called Olympic Games.In English, game has the meaning of competition, and the people who play the game are very serious, which is different from the concept of game in Chinese.In Chinese, games have the flavor of children's play.So now everyone chooses "game" to express their serious attitude towards this game. What is the game?One night, you're at a party, there's a lot of people in the house, and you're having a great time.At this time, a fire suddenly broke out in the house. The fire was so large that it could not be extinguished.At this point you want to escape.There are two doors in front of you, the left door and the right door, and you must choose between them.But the problem is that other people have to fight for these two doors to escape.If the door you choose is chosen by many people, then you will be burned to death because of the crowd and you cannot rush out; on the contrary, if you choose the door chosen by fewer people, then you will escape.Here we do not consider moral factors, how would you choose?This is a classic game case. The reason why this example is used instead of the most familiar prisoner theory is because this case is a game theory model proposed by a Chinese named Zhang Yicheng in 1997, which is called the minority game or minority game (Minority Game) Game).And this model can better explain the game in the eyes of the Chinese, which is usually a game between one person and a group of people, or even between one person and the whole society. The game played by Fan Li that day is also the same.Although on the surface it appears to be a game between one country and another, during those years when Wu was held hostage, it was Fan Li alone, or rather, Fan Li alone, using the limited tools in his hands, The subjugated king who was treated as a slave, a weak and small country that was trampled by the iron hoof of Wu State, played a game with the mighty Wu State. Game theory is now studied in a wide range of fields, sociology, political science, and especially economics. The 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics was awarded to three game theory experts: Nash, R. Selten, and J. Harsanyi, and the leader of the public choice school who won the Nobel Prize in 1985 Buchanan, Lukas, the leader of the school of rationalism who won the award in 1995, has a deep connection with game theory.Society is made up of a collection of different groups of people.Different crowd aggregates form different structures, and the interactions between groups in a structure constitute a game.This game is broad.Today economics has become imperialism, its domain knows no boundaries.Not only economic behavior is its research field, but its research scope is "economic" behavior. According to economists, almost all social behaviors of human beings are "economic". Therefore, as a master of game theory, Fan Li led the cynical Wang Goujian of the Yue Kingdom to try to find the door that was less crowded and could lead to heaven in the burning room. Not brilliant.For us now, it is also of considerable reference significance. Let's take a look at Goujian's slave life in Wu for more than three years. At that time, Goujian took his wife and children, plus three hundred officials headed by Fan Li, to the state of Wu as hostages, which was equivalent to the entire central government becoming the slaves of King Fuchai of Wu.In the country, only the minister Wen Zhong is on duty.Fan Li followed Gou Jian to the state of Wu, just in time to continue to advise him in private.Gou Jian's family was assigned to the stables to take care of the horses and lived in a stone house, while Fan Li did some chores as servants.Every time Fucha went to the street, Goujian would lead his horse in front of him, and let the crowd point and poke him as a joke. Gou Jian has been in Wu Gong for more than three years, his hard work can definitely be judged as a model worker, and his submissive attitude towards the leader even makes today's SM lovers feel ashamed.In some matters, Gou Jian's behavior was so nasty and disgusting that even Fu Chai himself was embarrassed.For example, in the third year, Fu Chai fell ill.Gou Jian took him to the toilet one day to defecate.After returning, Gou Jian told Fu Chai, "Your Majesty is out of danger, and you will be cured soon." Fu Chai asked, "How do you know?" Gou Jian's answer made people almost vomit: "I just observed your stool carefully , I smelled the smell again, according to my observation, your sickness has been excreted, so you will recover in a few days." There are other historical records that are even more perverted, saying that Gou Jian tasted it himself Fucha's stool.It must be the romance of some historian with dark psychology or special hobbies.In any case, this incident probably left Goujian with an irreparable scar psychologically and physically, and even caused fatal damage to his taste system.So after he returned to China, he had to taste a sip of gall every day before meals. Later, people interpreted it as "tasting gall at a low cost", which is called "beautifying history". It is difficult for ordinary people to spoil themselves so much, and spoil themselves in various ways, not to mention that Gou Jian is also a bloody king of a country after all.There should be someone behind him to give him advice, and that is Fan Li.Fu Chai just provided a threat, and using this threat to force Gou Jian to be manipulated and manipulated like a doll was not his enemy Fu Chai, but his minister Fan Li.It can be seen from this that Fan Li has become the most unique power minister in history. There is no power minister who can manipulate his master when the country is almost destroyed and the entire government, including himself, is sold into slavery. Can force his master to observe the poop.Therefore, when the Yue State regained its strength and Gou Jian was ashamed, Fan Li hurriedly escaped, which should be expected.It is said that Fan Li left a letter to Gou Jian when he fled, which said, "Now there are two people who can't stay, one is Xi Shi, and the other is me." Two people went to taste. Coincidentally, a few days after the "shit incident", Fu Chai really recovered from his illness.As soon as he was happy, he let Goujian and others go back to Yue. After Goujian returned to China, the flame of revenge that had been suppressed for a long time burned blazingly.But anger alone is not enough. Under the guidance of Fan Li and Wen Zhong, the State of Yue formulated practical and effective policies in both domestic and foreign affairs.For example, the strategy proposed by Wenzhong to destroy Wu: bribe Wu officials to make them corrupt; borrow and buy Wu’s grain, and empty their granaries; beauties; send a large amount of building materials to Wu to make them build large-scale construction projects and consume national power; send spies to infiltrate Inside the Wu government... Fucha, the king of Wu, made a lot of construction projects, built towers and pavilions, and indulged in wine and sex.Fu Chai was going to build a Gusu Terrace, and the Yue Kingdom immediately sent several large timbers. Fucha was very happy, and in order to make the best use of these timbers, he doubled the height and width of the Gusu Terrace compared to the original plan. more than enough. With regard to foreign relations, Fan Li advocated that we should treat weak and small countries with courtesy, and that we should adopt a submissive attitude towards powerful countries on the surface, but we should not yield in our hearts.As for the state of Wu, we have to wait or promote its decline, and only when the time is right can we destroy it in one fell swoop.Fan Li said to Goujian: "I hope that the king will never forget the suffering of the stone chamber, then the country will prosper, and Wu Qiu will be avenged!" It can be imagined that Goujian's face must be red and white when he heard these words, and his chest rolled Either boiling sulfuric acid or crazy fire.He was determined to revenge and strive for strength. He slept without a mattress, lying on the pile of firewood.And always keep gallbladder at home, eat and drink daily, and taste it at any time.He also took the lead in farming by himself, and his wife weaved at home, so the first family of Yue State was self-sufficient and did not need the worship of the people.It is said that Goujian often cried secretly at night, and said to himself bitterly: "Have you forgotten the shame of Kuaiji?" Kuaiji was the place where he was defeated and besieged, and begged for peace. Among the many strategies of the Yue State to disintegrate the Wu State, the most praised by later generations is of course the beauty trap.Xi Shi, a beautiful woman from the Yue Kingdom, was given to the King of Wu and became a blockbuster that disintegrated his combat effectiveness.Xi Shi was originally a village girl with the same family background as Fan Li, and she was also very "humble". Perhaps it was because of this that she maintained a high degree of loyalty to Yue State during the years when Wu State went deep behind enemy lines.Of course, this is not the main problem. The key part of the beauty trap is "sex" in the final analysis. Through the use of sex, the purpose of corrupting the key personnel of the enemy is achieved.Neither the intelligence nor the political orientation of the beauty is the most important.Even on the contrary, a woman with big breasts and no brains may be more lethal.Xi Shi was personally selected by Fan Li. In order to increase the yield of the bomb, a helper Zheng Dan was added to her, and the two were sent to Wu Wang Fucha together.It is said that "the small head is hard and the big head is dung".As expected, Fu Chai was recruited, and was seduced by Xi Shi so that he was fascinated and fascinated. It is natural for a man to fall in love, but it is scary to think that there are several other men plotting against him behind his back. In the fifth year of Goujian's return to Yue, after five years of accumulation, Yue's treasury has been enriched, land has been cultivated, the population has increased, and the people's hearts and morale have recovered from the atmosphere of subjugation.So Gou Jian was eager to take revenge on the state of Wu, and he was ashamed of Kuaiji—everyone likes revenge, which is also human nature.As the real helmsman of the Yue Kingdom, Fan Li tightened the reins in time—he thought the time was not yet ripe, so he stopped him and said: "At present, we have done a good job in terms of personnel, but the time has not yet come. Trying to succeed is not good for ourselves. .” Gou Jian accepted the opinion, but still held back. A year later, at the instigation of Xi Shi, King Fuchai of Wu prepared to send troops to attack Qi.This is in the arms of the Vietnamese country.Gou Jian personally led the officials to go to court and presented a large number of gifts.Fu Chai was very proud of being praised, and after sending out troops, he was victorious and triumphant, making him even more smug.Wu Zixu, a veteran of Wu State, has always had an insight into Yue State's conspiracy. Before sending troops to attack Qi, he was the only opponent.When Fu Chai came back, he saw that he was still rapping and admonishing him repeatedly. He was so angry that he even spit on Wu Zixu's face and scolded him severely. Wu Zixu was also angry, and said: "Your Majesty will not listen to dissuasion, and within three years, the State of Wu will be conquered by the State of Yue." After Zixu died.The King of Wu favored Uncle Dazai—in fact, this man had already been bribed and bought by the State of Yue—and the government of the State of Wu became more corrupt and dark.Gou Jian couldn't help but summoned Fan Li and asked, "The king of Wu has killed Wu Zixu, and there are more and more flatterers in the court of Wu. Can you attack Wu?" Fan Li said: "Although signs of abnormality have sprouted, on the whole, the signs of Wu's demise are not very obvious, and it is not yet possible to attack Wu." Gou Jian resisted the urge of revenge again, and continued to lick his gall every day. Wen Zhong, another important figure in the Goujian cabinet, is more like a production line of conspiracies and tricks. His poisonous plan is recorded in detail in the history books: in a certain year when the harvest of Yue State was not good, Wen Zhong went to Wu State to borrow grain, and promised the second Pay it off every year.Fu Chai, king of Wu, couldn't help Xi Shi's pillow wind, so he agreed to lend grain to the country of Yue.In the second year, the State of Yue returned all the grain as expected, and the grains of rice sent were full and large.Wu Guo saw that the grains were fat and thought it was a good variety, so he kept it as seeds, but the grains were not harvested, causing a catastrophe.But Wu State did not suspect that they had come to Yue State. Instead, they complained to each other that they should not sow the unacceptable grain of Yue State. In fact, the grain sent by Yue State was steamed and then dried. In the 14th year of Goujian, king of Yue (483 BC), the state of Wu encountered a natural disaster. The grain grains that year were not harvested, and the people were in dire straits.Gou Jian brought up the matter of defeating Wu again.And Fan Li continued to repeat his calm old tune, he said: "The time has come, and the human affairs are not yet finished, the king will wait for now." Gou Jian was annoyed this time: "I talked with you about personnel affairs, but you dealt with me according to the right time; now that the time has come to talk about the time, you use the excuse of personnel affairs to shirk. What does this mean?" Fan Li explained to him the principles of time, location and personnel, and comforted him, "When the people of Wu are exhausted and discouraged, they will succeed in one fell swoop." Goujian suppressed his vengeance and continued to wait for the opportunity. The above are just a few times of military and political line differences between the monarchs and ministers recorded in historical data. It is estimated that the real disputes between Gou Jian and Fan Li were far more than these few times.During the long ten years, the dream of revenge was like a carrot hanging on the donkey's nose to Goujian. Although he worked hard, he couldn't bite it.And Fan Li was the one driving the wheel, firmly controlling the direction of Yue Kingdom, and always reining in the reins without losing the opportunity. In 482 BC, the time finally came.Goujian, King of Yue, took advantage of Fuchai's opportunity to go north to Huangchi (southwest of Fengqiu, Henan Province) to form an alliance with Jin and Lu, and led his army to capture Gusu (now Suzhou), the capital of Wu, and captured Prince You alive, forcing the King of Wu to sue for peace.In 475 B.C., the Yue army attacked the state of Wu and severely damaged the Wu army. After besieging the Wu capital Gusu for two years, the city was destroyed and Fucha committed suicide.The monarchs and ministers of the Yue Kingdom finally realized the great cause of destroying Wu Xingyue. Later, Goujian went north to meet the princes in Xuzhou, and claimed the overlord after Wu.The state of Yue reached its peak.Fan Li was named a general by Goujian, and he was honored with great grace and fame. But after Fan Li single-handedly expanded the Yuejia Dynasty into a super enterprise, he was ready to retreat bravely.He has assisted Goujian for many years, and he knows that he can share adversity but cannot share happiness, so he will be arrogant and jealous over time, and alienate loyal ministers.He quietly left Yueying and sailed away in a small boat.Before he left, he wrote to Wen Zhong, saying: "When the birds are gone, the good bow is hidden; the cunning rabbit is dead, and the lackeys are cooked. The King of Yue is a man with a long neck and a bird's beak. He can share troubles, but can't share joy. Why don't you go?" ("Historical Records · King Yue") "The Family of Goujian"), but Wenzhong was dubious about Fan Li's words.Not long after Fan Li left, Wen Zhongguo committed suicide by committing suicide with his sword. Fan Li "traveled on a boat" and came to Qi State. He changed his name to Chiyi Zipi and opened up wasteland to farm.When the people of Qi heard about him, they hurriedly appointed him as the prime minister of Qi.However, Fan Li abandoned his official position, dissipated all his family wealth, and lived in seclusion in Taodi (northwest of Dingtao, Shandong), calling himself Tao Zhugong. Using his talent for financial management to engage in business and trade, "If you live in nothing, you will make huge sums of money." He also wrote "The Classic of Fish Farming", which is the earliest fish farming literature in the world.After Fan Li arrived in Qi State, he worked as a farmer. He quickly changed his name in Qi State and became rich. After retiring, he used his economic thinking to engage in business and became the most famous business tycoon in Chinese history. He was called Tao Zhugong in history, and "Tao Zhu" became synonymous with tycoon.Fan Li became an idol enshrined by merchants in later generations, and he was called "Sage of Shang".