Chapter 32 5. Ouyang Xiu's Adventures in Officialdom
Ouyang Xiu, courtesy name Yongshu, nicknamed Zuiweng, also known as "Liuyi Layman", was born in Yongfeng, Jizhou (now Yongfeng County, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province), Jiangnan West Road.His father died when he was young, and his mother raised him single-handedly.Since he was a child, his family was poor, "drawing the land with grass", and could not afford pens, ink, paper and inkstones. His mother used reeds to write on the ground and taught him cultural knowledge.The children of poor families were in charge of the family early, and Ouyang Xiu lived up to expectations. He was the number one scholar in the eighth year of Emperor Renzong of Song Dynasty (1030). Ouyang Xiu was 23 years old at the time.
Ouyang Xiu was the head of the "Six Schools of the Song Dynasty" among the "Eight Masters of the Tang and Song Dynasties". When he was ten years old, he read the six volumes of "Collected Works of Mr. Changli". Han Yu's writing style had a great influence on him.Later, Ouyang Xiu became famous all over the world for his articles and became the leader of the literary world of that era. He had a close relationship with Fan Zhongyan, Mei Yaochen, Yin Zhu, Zeng Gong and other literary giants.Because of Ouyang Xiu's work as an admonisher for many years, he is the only one in the court who scolds others, and no one dares to scold him.It's very simple, it's not that Ouyang Xiu is so terrible, he has to write to swear, and only Su Zhe is his opponent when it comes to writing cursing articles, but when Ouyang Xiu started the revolution, Su Zhe was still playing with mud in Meishan, Sichuan!In addition, as the leader of the literary world, Ouyang Xiu has a circle of civil officials and scholars behind him.The relationship between literati is sometimes fragile and sometimes very strong, especially the philosophical school of thought, which is almost indestructible, like a steel warrior, which is a noble and pure spirit of literati.Ouyang Xiu, like the leader of the martial arts alliance, has the ability to respond to everyone. Anyone who wants to move him must consider the interests of the literary circle.Under the general environment, Ouyang Xiu's official career was relatively smooth throughout his life. The two dismissals were the result of political group struggles, which were beyond Ouyang Xiu's control.The reason for the two dismissals turned out to be the same, a moral issue, simply put, it was a matter of life style.
In the third year of Qingli (1043), Ouyang Xiu participated in the Qingli New Deal.At that time, the imperial court organization relationship was that Prime Minister Lu Yijian became an official, Fan Zhongyan and Jia Changchao were in charge of political affairs, and Fu Bi and Han Qi were deputy privy envoys.The "Big Three" of the Qingli New Deal were determined, and Ouyang Xiu, Wang Su, Yu Jing, Shi Jie, and Cai Xiang followed suit and formed the reform leadership team during Renzong's reign.The Qingli New Deal was only implemented for one year and four months, and was strongly counterattacked by the conservatives. At the critical moment, Fan Zhongyan and Fu Bi resigned when they saw the situation was not good, and left the central government to work in the local area. Shangshu pleaded.This incident made Song Renzong very angry. He originally wanted to carry out reforms to help the Song Empire that had deviated from the track, but he never thought that the Qingli New Deal would become a arena for the political interests of all parties.
Ouyang Xiu was born as an admonisher. "History of the Song Dynasty" records that "discussing things is straightforward, and people regard them as enemies. The emperor rewards him for speaking out, and rewards him with a good reputation." The vortex of the struggle lacks accurate judgment.At that time, the conservatives attacked the reformers as "cliques". Ouyang Xiu, who had no head, wrote the famous article "On Cliques". ".This article was collected by later generations. Ouyang Xiu said that there is a distinction between "cliques" that are harmful to the country. There are gentlemen and villains.It takes enough courage to put forward such unconventional views. Before the Song Dynasty, there were bloody examples such as the Danggu Rebellion in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the struggle between the Niu and Li parties in the Tang Dynasty.Leaders are most afraid of the people below forming gangs to make themselves redundant, and they are most taboo about this.Ouyang Xiu has a big mouth, the admonishing officer is full of such virtues, he discusses things straightforwardly, and everyone he sees is like an enemy. Although "the emperor rewards his outspokenness", but when people attack the leader's most taboo thing, you don't avoid suspicion Stop for a while, but instead slammed into the muzzle of the gun with great fanfare, poked there with the attitude of a shrew cursing the street, and said righteously, we are gentlemen, I am not afraid of you saying that we are gangsters, you come to kill me?It's not enough to die, but they will maim you.
Song Renzong wanted to be tough, but he didn't know that Fan Zhongyan was paralyzed at a critical moment.In order to balance the interests, the leaders had to abolish the new law and kick them out of the group one after another.After leaving the two giants, the others should stop squinting at the sight of the situation, but the admonisher Ouyang Xiu, an old cynic, said that if he couldn't get used to it, his defense was citing scriptures with strict logic, and there was no reason to refute him. No one else has that ability.In desperation, Song Renzong appointed Ouyang Xiu, who took the initiative to hit the gun, as the inspector of Hebei Transit with the title of You Zhengyan.Before leaving, Song Renzong said, don't think that if you have lived in a local area for a long time, you should have any rationalization opinions.Ouyang Xiu was quite unconvinced, so he said that it was not within the scope of my job to raise opinions while working outside the office, and it would be a crime for me to step outside my post.Song Renzong comforted his emotions, don't be like that, you can't make excuses from China and foreign countries, you should mention it.The admonishers Cai Xiang and Sun Fuzuo asked Ouyang Xiu to stay in the central government, but Song Renzong refused. In this case, he had to go somewhere to avoid the limelight!Ouyang Xiu left the capital with resentment, and at the critical moment, his house caught fire.
"History of the Song Dynasty" commented on Ouyang Xiu's "self-sufficiency", a scholar-bureaucrat who abides by the moral rules very much. It is almost impossible to find moral stains from him, but this impossibility has become twice possible.When Ouyang Xiu went to work in the local area, the conservatives watched closely, as the so-called wall fell and everyone pushed back.Several key figures in the Qingli New Deal were celebrities in the literary world. They dug their own graves, and conservatives buried a few handfuls of soil.Ouyang Xiu was not in the capital, but his family was there. Not long after, a case of adultery was reported to Kaifeng Mansion.The punishment for adultery in the Song Dynasty was not as severe as that of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. "Song Xingtong" contains: "All adulterers (of all colors commit adultery) will be punished for one and a half years, and those with husbands will be punished for two years. Those who rape a good person will be given one class each. That is, those who rape officials and private servants will receive ninety sticks, and the same goes for slaves who rape maids. Those who rape other people's wives, miscellaneous households, and official women will receive one hundred sticks." Judicial punishment The standard is to either undergo labor reform for one and a half to two years, or beat a hundred people to death.At the same time, the Song Dynasty also stipulated that those who enter other people's homes at night can be punished according to the law of thieves, and "promise to kill at the time".Anyone who breaks into a private house will be killed directly, and the owner will not be held legally responsible.The punishment of two years in prison, from a judicial point of view, the crime of adultery is not a major crime, but the impact is extremely bad.Adultery is absolutely not allowed in our moral tradition, and it is generally recognized as a dirty thing, but later Cheng Yi put it on the line and mentioned it to the commanding heights of Neo-Confucianism, "starvation is a small matter, but injustice is a big one."
The criminal suspect is Ouyang Xiu's niece, Zhang Shi, who grew up in Ouyang Xiu's parents and married Ouyang Xiu's nephew Ouyang Sheng when she was young.Emotions are muddled, first one of Ouyang Sheng's concubines committed adultery with the sailor, and was caught by Mrs. Zhang.In order to enforce the family law, Mrs. Zhang wanted to flog her. I don't know what kind of tricks this concubine used to drag Mrs. Zhang into the water. Mrs. Zhang also committed adultery with the boat runner. Sheng's servant Chen Jian hooked up.Small things can usually reflect a lot of unspoken rules, such as this one.In order to avoid punishment from her main wife, it is useless for the concubine to beg her, and it is useless to give gifts. The only way is to discredit her. The two parties form a chain of common interests, and then share weal and woe.Many heroes in the film were not "forced to go to Liangshan", but were more framed. For example, "Thunderbolt" Qin Ming fell into Song Jiang's scheme, and he was accused of murder, arson and robbery, and he was as black as Liangshan bandits. If you don't fall into the grass in Liangshan, you will become bandits.As mentioned above, Wen Yanbo was engaged in entertainment activities in Sichuan, and he used the same trick to deal with Yushi He Congsheng.
Mrs. Zhang was bold and careless. During a tryst, she was unfortunately caught by the patrol of Kaifeng Mansion, and was imprisoned in the Youjun Xunyuan of Kaifeng Mansion.The folk proverb often says, "Don't cause trouble if you have nothing to do, and don't be afraid of trouble if you cause trouble." It tells us a truth in life. In reality, many people who can cause trouble are usually afraid of trouble.Trouble came suddenly, and he panicked and confused, and in order to protect himself, he could do anything.Mrs. Zhang was terrified of committing the above-mentioned problems, and confessed another "adultery case" out of nowhere.Mrs. Zhang confessed that she had an affair with her uncle Ouyang Xiu when she was not married. "Minji" records that Mrs. Zhang's confession was "how ugly".The news was extremely explosive, and the whole country was shocked.Ouyang Xiu, who works in the local area, was dumbfounded. He was a little emotional towards the leader's handling, but now he is in trouble.Mrs. Zhang was completely out of control and used all means to protect herself. She never thought about how much harm her confession would bring to her uncle.
The prime minister was very furious when he heard this. What kind of morals is there for a court official to commit adultery with his niece?The official style must be strictly rectified, and the prime minister sent Su Anshi, the Taichang doctor of Taichang Temple who is in charge of court etiquette, to check.Dr. Taichang adheres to etiquette, and the dead have to be "sacrificed", let alone the living.At that time, Chen Zhizhong and Jia Changchao were prime ministers.Ouyang Xiu was born as an admonisher, and he was good at swearing. He once scolded Jia Changchao. There is a classic evaluation of him, which is recorded in "Continued Zizhi Tongjian": "The nature is evil, the enthusiasm is dangerous, and the ability to embellish evil words is good for conspiracy. Frame up a good man." He scolded Jia Changchao for his bad character, so he could trick people behind his back.Ouyang Xiu's evaluation was pertinent. A few years later, in the "Prison on the Six Pagoda River", Jia Changchao cast a shadow on Wen Yanbo.It can be judged that Dr. Taichang Su Anshi was sent by Jia Changchao, but the prime minister was not alone, which added room for monitoring to the case.Another prime minister, Chen Zhizhong, was just and honest. It may be that he sent his servant Wang Zhaoming to check, so the two forces clashed.There is a consideration here. Ouyang Xiu is a member of the imperial court, not to mention an important minister, but he can be regarded as a pivotal figure, an outstanding leader of Chinese literary circles in the 11th century.Shang Shujian said that apart from Ouyang Xiu who might be Sima Guang, these two people had a very high appearance rate in front of the emperor.How to deal with this matter?There is no need to alert the big boss first, and send the servants next to the emperor as representatives. It is best for the imperial power and the prime minister to reach an agreement in private.If the two sides are tit-for-tat, the ball can only be kicked in front of Song Renzong in the end, and he will be asked to decide.What's the use of being a prime minister if such a small matter can't be handled well?
What Su Anshi meant was to maintain the original confession. Shangfeng said that he should grasp the model, but Ouyang Xiu was unlucky and had no choice.Shangfeng will give you a face-to-face instruction and ask you to do it in the direction of A, but you will get back the result of B's processing, so you don't have to stare at the list of nominations, and it's guaranteed to be nothing to you.Wang Zhaoming directly denied what he meant, saying that what you did was nothing more than catering to the prime minister and doing great evil. You must know that I am around the official family and often mention Ouyang Xiu.Su Anshi understands that the officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs serve the emperor, they are not easy to provoke, and they cannot afford to provoke them, and you can't bear to say a few bad words.Su An Shifu softly said, do you want to stop discussing?Wang Zhaoming asked him back, what does it mean to discuss?Su Anshi was terrified immediately, the reason is very simple, he is Dr. Taichang, who came on behalf of the prime minister, and Wang Zhaoming is the servant, who came on behalf of the emperor.Whether the prime minister or the emperor is more important can still be weighed and understood.Wang Zhaoming's trick of pretending to be a tiger directly extinguished his arrogance.Su Anshi said nothing, how to deal with it is up to you!You are the representative of the emperor, who can provoke you!After all, the prime minister is the "second in command", maybe one day he will be impeached and laid off, and there will only be one boss who pays the salary.In the end, Zhang and Ouyang Xiu's "adultery case" turned out to be pure fiction, and Ouyang Xiu used Zhang's money to buy land and real estate as the reason for impeachment.This is not a reason at all, it is equal to a settlement.
The "adultery case" is an official's personal life style issue, the most serious moral issue, and the best weapon for officials to attack.No one has emotions and desires in life, but there is no way. Officials are the image representatives of the court. Every word and deed is not just an act of personal will, it affects the officials themselves and even the circle of interests behind them.
Wang Zhaoming handled it extremely skillfully, killing three birds with one stone, balancing the interests of all parties.
Wang Zhaoming and Ouyang Xiu had an old relationship, but their relationship was still good.At that time, Ouyang Xiu applied to the emperor when he went down to the place, "I am ashamed to travel with no servants."There was an unwritten rule in the official circles of the Song Dynasty. Whenever important officials of the imperial court went to work in the local area, no matter what the reason was, they were accompanied by servants, which meant that the emperor valued them, and it was a symbol of status and glory.Ouyang Xiu left with resentment, Song Renzong agreed to his request in order to appease his emotions, and sent Wang Zhaoming to send him to the place.Ouyang Xiu and Wang Zhaoming were very compatible, and they established a short but close donkey-friend relationship along the way. From this aspect, Wang Zhaoming was bound to protect Ouyang Xiu's moral dignity.Secondly, the Song Dynasty strengthened the centralization of power and weakened the power of prime ministers.The emperor was most reluctant to see the prime ministers working together, and the emperor's spokesperson had to create a little conflict among the prime ministers, so that their "union" was not so close.Again, Wang Zhaoming had to think about his master. Song Renzong was thinking about how to appease Ouyang Xiu's special emotions in the local area. Suddenly, such an incident happened. Wang Zhaoming settled it in time and indirectly helped the emperor stabilize Ouyang Xiu, while making friends with Ouyang Xiu , while maintaining the dignity of the master.If the "adultery case" is established, it doesn't matter if you scold Ouyang Xiu, the officials below may decide how to scold the emperor.Back then you praised Ouyang Xiu for his courage to speak and gave him gifts, but the person you praised had the virtue of being a thief and a prostitute, you are blind!
It can be seen that Wang Zhaoming, a veteran in the officialdom, handled the incident quickly, in a timely and balanced manner, taking care of all interests, and only offended the prime minister and Dr. Su Anshi.But it doesn't matter, they have nothing to do with the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Sir, based on this alone, the prime minister has nothing to do with the servant.What's more, it's too late for the internal servants to curry favor with everyone, whoever has nothing to do to offend them.Even though eunuchs in the Song Dynasty were not as rampant as in the Ming Dynasty, they were still a terrifying force in the officialdom.A wave of ups and downs rose again, and during the reign of Shenzong Xining, Ouyang Xiu encountered an "adultery case" again, this time with his daughter-in-law Wu Chunyan.
The second time Ouyang Xiu suffered a moral attack was after the Puyi dispute, Song Yingzong had died, and Song Shenzong came to the throne. "Song History" spoke highly of Song Yingzong, who had the courage to reform in the face of the social abuses of the Northern Song Dynasty since Renzong, but unfortunately he only worked for four years and died young.The Puyi dispute is a major reshuffle in the officialdom. Every time a large-scale political movement benefits some people, some people must be disappointed. Some people are happy and some are worried.During the Puyi dispute, Ouyang Xiu stood with Han Qi, Jiang Zhiqi and a few others. In the end, their views were supported by Empress Dowager Cao and won a short-term victory.Ouyang Xiu fought hard in this incident, showed super fighting power, and fought a turnaround in which he won more with less.It didn't take long for Ouyang Xiu to be promoted to be a political adviser and become a minister, and he was promoted to the highest decision-making level of the central government.Although the Puyi dispute has passed, the aftermath is still there.According to the law of officialdom, every large-scale political struggle will not simply die down. Officials usually judge the situation and strike later.
The person who attacked Ouyang Xiu was precisely Jiang Zhiqi who he recommended for promotion, because Jiang Zhiqi and Ouyang Xiu and others stood on the same front before.Why did Jiang Zhiqi attack Ouyang Xiu?The reason is very simple. He judged that the losing side will launch a counterattack, which is a very powerful force. He is likely to "sacrifice" in the process of this open and secret struggle, so Jiang Zhiqi took the lead and launched a counterattack to show Draw a clear line with Ouyang Xiu.After much deliberation, the only one who can attack is Ouyang Xiu, Prime Minister Han Qi, a veteran of the two dynasties, with a strong root and a high prestige, no one can move.Ouyang Xiu didn't have any background, and the famous writers he made friends with walked around and died, they didn't pose a serious threat, at best they roared twice.In addition, Ouyang Xiu has been an admonisher for half his life, often swearing at people, and there are a lot of enemies in the government and the opposition, so he is more likely to succeed.
Under the suggestion of Lu Hui and others, Jiang Zhiqi, the imperial servant in the palace, impeached Ouyang Xiu for "secretly following his son-in-law" and committing adultery with his daughter-in-law Wu Chunyan ("Sushui Jiwen").There is also an interest dispute here. Ouyang Xiu's eldest son, Ouyang Fa, married the daughter of Wu Chong, deputy envoy of the Third Department of Salt and Iron, so the impeachment of Ouyang Xiu will inevitably implicate Wu Chong. Taking it down shows how powerful the counterattack is.From the fact that the two old prime ministers Chen Zhizhong and Song Xiang were implicated and dismissed because of the fire in the backyard, it can be seen that officials in the Song Dynasty knew how to use morality to accumulate capital for themselves, and also knew how to use morality as an offensive weapon.The prime minister is the head of all officials, he must set an example for all officials, set an example, maintain and establish a good moral image.The moral taint of the deputy prime minister of the empire is by no means a trivial matter, it is related to the face of the empire and the chain of interests.Doing so will undoubtedly make Ouyang Xiu feel ashamed.The most powerful thing about creating something out of nothing is that it is like a bomb falling into the enemy camp, and it can make a noise even if nothing happens.If Ouyang Xiu was killed, his in-law Wu Chong's fate would not be much better.So Ouyang Xiu and Wu Chong went to the son three times, strongly urging Song Shenzong to investigate to the end and return them innocent.
As soon as the matter came out, three interests were involved.First, the party that lost the Puyi dispute with Jiang Zhiqi as the pawn, that is, the faction of Lu Huo, Peng Siyong, and Sima Guang; secondly, Ouyang Xiu and Wu Chong were the victims;Song Shenzong was twenty years old at the time, and had just succeeded him, so his political status in the imperial court was not very stable.If this matter is not handled properly, it will affect his prestige in the court.From his point of view, this matter is not just a matter of Ouyang Xiu's morality, but a courtier's blow to the new emperor.Jiang Zhiqi's words were convincing, and Peng Siyong, the censor Zhongcheng, testified, which led to further troubles on this issue.Ouyang Xiu's side strongly opposed and protested strongly, and both sides insisted on their own opinions, which required the boss to decide.There are two paths before Song Shenzong, either compromise or investigate to the end.Compromising the faction of Lu Hui and Sima Guang only sacrificed Ouyang Xiu's interests, but this does not mean that the courtiers accepted Song Shenzong from their hearts.If Song Shenzong dealt with Ouyang Xiu in a muddle-headed way, and the truth of the matter surfaced in the future, and Ouyang Xiu had nothing to do with it, what would the civil and military officials of the Manchu Dynasty think of you?Where do you put your face?You can't understand such a simple matter. Who can rest assured that the Great Song Empire will be governed by you?If you keep Ouyang Xiu, you will definitely offend the officials on Lu Hui and Sima Guang's side. It will be a very powerful force, and it is a dilemma how to choose.
Song Shenzong solicited the opinions of the ministers in the court, and Sun Sigong, the governor of Tianzhang Pavilion, believed that Ouyang Xiu paid great attention to fame and integrity, and it was pure nonsense to have an affair with his daughter-in-law.Having been an official all his life, he is quite old, and when he is old, he pays special attention to fame and integrity, especially an influential figure in the literary circle like Ouyang Xiu, it is impossible to make such a low-level mistake.Song Shenzong synthesized the opinions of all parties, dealt with it impartially, questioned Jiang Zhiqi face to face, and asked him to explain the ins and outs of the matter clearly.Jiang Zhiqi didn't know, so he had to say that he had heard from Yushi Zhongcheng Peng Siyong.Ask Peng Siyong again, he can only admit that it is hearsay.The inspectors of the Song Empire heard the rumors of the vice-prime minister and used them to attack their political opponents. They could only express their regrets to them.
The real situation of this matter is this, the instigator behind Ouyang Xiu's affair with his daughter-in-law turned out to be his brother-in-law Xue Liangru.Xue Liangru accepted a bribe from an official and recommended the official for promotion in the court.This shameless act was impeached by the ministers of the court, and the evidence was overwhelming. Xue Liangru expressed his willingness to accept the punishment of the court.In fact, it's not a big deal, but Zhongshu Zaizhi wants to see Ouyang Xiu's attitude.As for a one-sentence matter, as long as Ouyang Xiu speaks, everyone will still give face to the leader of the literary world.Unexpectedly, Ouyang Xiu came to kill relatives righteously, saying that Xue Liangru could not escape punishment because of nepotism.The Zaizhi fulfilled his wish, and Xue Liangru was dismissed.Ouyang Xiu has such a temper, there is nothing he can do.The more Xue Liangru thought about it, the angrier she became. Whether it was her brother-in-law or not, she had never seen anyone do things like this.It's fine if you don't help, but it's actually worse.The angry Xue Liangru lost his mind and directly fabricated rumors that Ouyang Xiu had an affair with his daughter-in-law and spread them in the city.By spreading rumors and adding fuel and vinegar, the lace news of Deputy Prime Minister Ouyang Xiu caused a lot of trouble in the city.This provided a good excuse for those political opponents who failed in the Puyi dispute. There was a lot of friction between Liu Jin, the president of Jixian Academy, and Ouyang Xiu who had different political views. After Siyong heard about it, he told the rumor to Jiang Zhiqi, the imperial servant in the palace.Just as Jiang Zhiqi was about to draw a clear line with Ouyang Xiu, he resolutely bit back.
Song Shenzong knew the truth of the matter, and it was easy to deal with it next, and he used the same way to return to him.Jiang Zhiqi and Peng Siyong used morality as an offensive weapon, and Song Shenzong also used morality to fight back.As the censor Zhongcheng, Peng Siyong blatantly slandered the deputy prime minister, and Jiang Zhiqi, as the censor in the palace, was promoted by Ouyang Xiu, and he had a serious lack of morality in repaying hatred with virtue.As a result of the handling, Peng Siyong and Jiang Zhiqi were dismissed, expelled from the capital, and demoted to local officials.The imperial court returned Ouyang Xiu and Wu Chong's innocence.In the Song Dynasty, there was an ancestral system of "not killing scholar-bureaucrats and talkers". There were roughly three ways to deal with officials who made mistakes: the first was relegation, for example, Jiang Zhiqi was relegated and demoted. people, deprived of political rights.The second is editing and management, that is, cataloging and controlling, which is equivalent to introspection at a specified time and place.It is suitable for political prisoners who have committed major mistakes but are not guilty of death. The imperial court uniformly manages these officials in the place of editorial management, restricting personal freedom.When will you be able to return to the ruling and opposition parties and enter the official career?Look at the attitude of introspection, and the second is to pray for the emperor to die quickly, and the new king will ascend the throne and amnesty the world. It is estimated that the attitude is better.The third is the most serious exile. The exiled officials did not commit a heinous crime, but the inevitable result of the struggle of political groups. For example, the literary superstar Su Shi was exiled to Lingnan in his later years.
After such a toss, Ouyang Xiu is getting old, not energetic enough, and not in the mood to be an official, so he went to the shuffle several times to ask for another job.Emperor Shenzong of Song Dynasty approved the reply, but he should not agree to the request.Ouyang Xiu felt that although he won the victory again, his life in the court would be difficult in the future.Officials in the Song Dynasty had a way of planting false accusations, and without the technical support of videos and pictures, they could completely achieve the same purpose.Jiang Zhiqi and Peng Siyong failed. When they used morality, they never thought that losing their official positions was a counterattack of morality. A very strange logic appeared again.Everyone goes around morally, you use it to attack, I use it to defend, the ultimate goal is only one, to kill political opponents and make them lose their positions.
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