Chapter 6 Chapter 5 The Unstoppable Force

Many of the wonderful coordinates in the reform stem from the collision of time and space. If we say that in the previous 15 years, certain years were destined to have regional attributes, then 1984 deservedly belonged to Zhongguancun in Beijing and Wenzhou in Zhejiang.In these two small places, the lonely warrior and the fearless pioneer are soaring. Zhongguancun is full of flashy and sad history.A story of chance and necessity intertwined, staged a magnificent economic revolution.Liu Chuanzhi, Duan Yongji, Wan Runnan, Zhang Xuanlong... all appeared on the stage, either blatantly or blindly, shouting loudly and moving forward silently.

Wenzhou, on the other hand, has a sense of occasional events, permeated with the atmosphere of individual heroism, full of excessive excitement and rare majesty.Wealth creation is prevalent, infinite lonely people and heroes gather together, and a group of unstoppable forces take advantage of the momentum and get tempered by the market.The enterprises they founded catch up from behind and flourish. On January 12, 2008, 10 of today's top Chinese economists gave lectures in the Centennial Lecture Hall of Peking University. Thinking about the 30 years of China's reform became the most popular topic on the forum.At the scene, folk economist Mao Yushi said with emotion: "Compared with 30 years ago, China's wealth increase today is like a dream. If a person has slept for 30 years and wakes up today, he will not think that Still in China, it seems to be in a foreign country." Mao Yushi's words are both infinitely meaningful and impeccable.

The beginning of the dream should be traced back to 1984, and the transformation that occurred was to clear away the fog of the planned economy, "from planning to the market." In those few years, there was such a popular song "The Loess Plateau": "My family lives on the high slope of the loess, and strong winds blow across the slope. Whether it is the northwest wind or the southeast wind, it is my song, my song. "The heroic style of words and free-spirited melody just represent the strength and unstoppability of the wind of reform.The United Press selected the top ten international news in 1984, and China's announcement of economic reforms ranked fifth.

In this year, according to an article in Japan's "International Trade", "China has entered the era of real commodity economy".The Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Party passed the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Economic System Reform". Many of the words in "Decision" seem to be self-evident today, but at that time they were earth-shattering.Regarding "overturning the case" for the commodity economy, Wu Jinglian's daughter recalled in the book "My Father Wu Jinglian and Me": In July 1984, Wu Jinglian and his wife returned to Beijing from the United States.

... He returned to Beijing from the United States exhausted, intending to take a good rest and start academic research.Unexpectedly, as soon as he entered the door, Ma Hong, the president of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, came to visit and mobilized Wu Jinglian to go on a business trip with him.At first, Mrs. Wu came out to block the traffic, saying that she just came back from abroad and needed to rest, but Ma Hong said that this trip was going to several cities in the northeast for meetings, and she could rest while walking, and revise an article together. ... A group of people arrived in Shenyang, Northeast China, and the article to be revised was brought out.Wu Jinglian saw that the title was "Rethinking on the Socialist Commodity Economy", and he was familiar with the handwriting on the manuscript. One part was written by Zhou Shulian, the deputy director of the Institute of Industrial Economics; the other part was written by Zhang Zhuoyuan, the director of the Finance and Trade Institute.He felt that the matter was a bit strange, and only after inquiring did he know that the article was written at the suggestion of the leaders of the State Council at that time, with the purpose of reversing the verdict on the "commodity economy".Since entering the era of commodity economy, all aspects have changed.Whether it is media commentators or officials, what they say is from a high position.

The change in ideology is obvious. "Diligence and thrift is a virtue" has become "advocating consumption". The People's Daily reported approvingly that a certain county government established a "Consumer Guidance Association" to help young people "change their views on the issue of spending money"; Make up for another three years" traditional concept.Vice Premier Tian Jiyun also criticized from an economic point of view: "If everyone wears a piece of clothing for nine years, how can we develop our textile industry?" "It's a good policy," said a Boston Post reporter.

In Beijing, Sun Guiying, a chicken farmer, was rewarded—the government allowed her to become the first business owner with a car in Beijing. The front page of Beijing Daily published a picture of her posing with the car.From Tibet to Guangzhou, when discussing the No. 1 document of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1984, Sun Guiying was regarded as a typical example.The Chinese government wants to use Sun Guiying's deeds to express that "from now on, there are policies to encourage individuals to start businesses, and they will never suffer from the so-called 'capitalist road'".With a bright future, Nan Cunhui took advantage of the momentum to fly out.

In the summer, Nan Cunhui and his friends built a workshop-style Qiujing switch factory in a dilapidated house after discounting their house by 50,000 yuan, and started a difficult trek in the electrical industry. Drucker implemented the development model established by Schumpeter into the level of management practice, advocating that innovative people should "constantly search for changes, respond to changes, and regard changes as potential opportunities", and asserted: "The situation that has never been encountered is often It’s a great opportunity to start a revolution.”As for Nan Cunhui, we prefer to see him as a poor protester.He stepped on the poverty line, faced the call of the policy, and bravely started a business to get rid of the poverty hat.

According to legend, in Wenzhou, if you meet local people with the surname Nan, you only need to go back three generations and you will find that most of them come from one place: Huanghua Town, Yueqing is an ancient village called Nanzhai, and the surname Nan is a local prominent family.Walls built of rubble, houses with thatched roofs, half-starved days, and the feeling of being discriminated against are unforgettable. After going through hardships and tribulations, Nan Cunhui's childhood and youth had nothing to do with the famous family. When he was 6 years old, he was selling rice bran and eggs along the street. At the age of 13, just after graduating from junior high school, my father was injured by a water pump while working, resulting in a comminuted fracture, and he lay down for two years.As the eldest son, Nan Cunhui dropped out of school to support his family.

In the cold winter, the shoe mending awl stuck into his hand, he gritted his teeth and pulled out the awl, wrapped the wound with torn paper, and insisted on mending the shoes for the guests—this is an unbearable memory of Nan Cunhui.He dared not go to crowded places, for fear that his classmates would lose face if they saw him.Finally, he met his classmate's mother.She asked with concern: "Why are you? Why are you mending shoes here? Don't you go to school? No matter how difficult you are, you must read good books." A few words of concern broke through the limit of Nan Cunhui's psychological endurance.He immediately closed the stall and went home, shouting to his father who was lying on the bed: "This business has no future, and I will not do it with a knife on my neck." His father patiently persuaded: "It is an honor to support a family with your own hands. If your younger brothers and sisters become talents in the future, it will be your success." In this way, the helplessness of life forced Nan Cunhui to carry the toolbox again, leaving early and returning late, and it took three years in a flash.

In the past three years when Nan Cunhui mended shoes, a revolution was brewing in the production of low-voltage electrical appliances in Wenzhou. One day in 1984, Nan Cunhui lowered his head to mend his shoes, when he heard someone calling him, he raised his head and saw that it was Hu Chengzhong.Hu Chengzhong was his classmate in primary school.When they were in elementary school, one of them was the class monitor and the other was a sports committee member.Later, the two people's careers were evenly matched, but they were like fire and water.From the point of view of temperament, Nan Cunhui is high-spirited and ambitious, while Hu Chengzhong is steady and sophisticated, and his city is like the sea.The relationship between the two was quite close at the time. Hu Chengzhong told Nan Cunhui that he would no longer be a tailor and switch to selling electrical appliances, and he could earn 1,000 yuan in one business trip.Hu Chengzhong's words made the latter both envious and jealous: How many pairs of shoes can I make to earn 1000?Nan Cunhui was tempted.He has two choices, build a factory or be a salesman.Regardless of the choice, the difficulties are immeasurable: building a factory by myself, without technology; being a salesman, who has never left Wenzhou, and is not familiar with the outside world at all. Balancing left and right, Nan Cunhui felt that it was a little less difficult for him to build a factory.Thus, Qiujing Switch Factory was born, which was the predecessor of Chint and Delixi Electric.In the first month, the switch factory earned 35 yuan.Some people were frustrated, but Nan Cunhui was very excited: I am very happy, I have made money and there is no loss. In Liushi at that time, the low-voltage electrical appliance market was uneven, and many people shoddy and cut corners to produce fake and inferior products.Nan Cunhui was not tempted, and managed the "refinement factory" in a down-to-earth manner.The partner asked him tentatively: "If you want to make a fortune, you are no worse than others. If you want to create a brand, you must endure loneliness." Nan Cunhui chose "be patient." In the early 1980s, traffic in Wenzhou was blocked, and it took a 24-hour boat ride to go to Shanghai.Nan Cunhui went to Shanghai three times to hire Wang Zhongjiang, a retired engineer from the People's Electric Appliance Factory.Liushi Electric is notorious, the living environment in Wenzhou is far from that of Shanghai, and the national policy is far less clear than it is now. Wang Zhongjiang rejected the invitation twice.Until the third time, Nan Cunhui slept on the floor of Wang Zhongjiang's home for several days, and finally moved the engineer. If it was just activity, brute force, and courage, Wenzhou's economy would never have developed to the level of continuous flow and prosperity it is today.For many far-sighted Wenzhou businessmen, the purpose of starting a business is not just wealth.They are far-sighted, pay attention to brand building, and work hard on product quality. This is the main artery of Wenzhou's economy.Adhering to this belief, Wenzhou's economy was able to survive several reshuffles. Facts have proved Nan Cunhui's vision.A few years later, the reputation of low-voltage electrical appliances in Liushi fell into a trough due to quality problems, but the products of "Qiujing Factory" sold well all over the country, with an annual output value of more than 1 million yuan.In the three dragnet-style cleanups and rectifications carried out by the relevant departments, the "refinement factory" was saved from being cleaned each time because of its excellent quality.Especially after the six ministries and commissions of the State Council jointly cracked down on counterfeiting on a large scale, "Qiujing Factory" became a key enterprise supported by the government. A boss who was washed out of the low-voltage electrical appliance industry was not without emotion: "People want good or bad products. I only want the immediate benefit, but I didn't expect it to be a dead end. Nan Cunhui can see clearly that he wins and I lose. This is the key. " In Hua Yifang's eyes, "In 1984, the big climate was good, the medium climate was good, and the microclimate was good." The big climate was supported by national policies, the medium climate was the active cooperation of local governments, and the microclimate was a strong personal desire to win.The weather is getting warmer and the weather is sunny, and the "Eight Kings" will be rehabilitated soon. At that time, the Party Central Committee issued the No. 1 document, advocating the development of commodity economy in rural areas, and proposing to invigorate circulation.Anyone with a little bit of political sense thinks that Wenzhou's turning point has appeared. However, at the beginning of this year, Wenzhou still seems to be embracing unknown hopes in panic, and the mental panic caused by the sudden turmoil two years ago has not been completely eliminated.Therefore, Wenzhou, which relies on individual economic development, has experienced the development of the previous year, but the "eight kings" have not been rehabilitated, and Wenzhou's private economy under extreme depression remains cloudy. Not long after the No. 1 document was issued, a "shrimp case" emerged in Dongtou: Some farmers bought dried shrimp from fishing villages and shipped them to other places for sale, which was regarded as speculation.Things were stopped immediately.Also using this case, the Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee began to discuss the "Eight Kings" who are still in prison.Clear central documents and objective facts are in front of us, prompting everyone to reach a consensus on this issue: the case must be rehabilitated.Under Yuan Fanglie's instruction, the Municipal Legal Committee and the Public Security Bureau formed a joint investigation team to review the entire "Eight Kings" case.In addition to some minor tax evasion, the investigation results found that the actions of the "Eight Kings" were in line with the spirit of the central government.Afterwards, the Municipal Party Committee held a city-wide teleconference attended by township cadres and above, announcing that the "Eight Kings" were all acquitted and that the confiscated property would be returned in full from the state treasury. For a vast country, the rehabilitative incident is just an inconspicuous variation in history.However, as far as the "Eight Great Kings" are concerned, this is undoubtedly a catastrophe in life without any danger.The "big kings" who have been reborn have a little more worry and a little less courage in this life of ups and downs.A few years later, compared with those emerging entrepreneurs who grew up rapidly after 1984, the "big kings" no longer have the aura of the past, and they are reclusive: "Catalogue King" Ye Jianhua went abroad with his son and lived in France, Italy, and the United States successively. In 1992, he founded the Great Wall Auto Repair Factory; in 1995, the Auto Repair Factory closed down, and later opened an advertising company, which soon closed down again. "Coil King" Zheng Xiangqing ran a small factory after his release, but the operation was not satisfactory.Now I am at home. "Bakelite King" Chen Yinsong rested for many years after his release. Opened a mold factory in 1987, but closed down due to right leg injury.Now Liushi runs a grocery store. After being released from prison, Wang Maiqian, the "king of second-hand goods", returned to his old business, and later changed to directly operating electrical appliances. In 1995, died of liver cancer. "Contract King" Li Fangping resides in Canada.In recent years, he returned to China to start a real estate business. The "King of Sand Foundry" Wu Shilian resumed his old business and operated a small factory, making it develop into Zhejiang Hongguang Hardware Co., Ltd. with a registered capital of 20 million yuan. In 2001, he retreated to the second line and stayed at home. "King of Miner's Lamp" Cheng Buqing went to Shanghai to open a shop in 1986 to manage electrical appliances. In 1998, rented the largest low-voltage electrical appliance shopping mall on Beijing East Road, Huangpu District, Shanghai, and operated wholesale electrical appliances. In 2003, took over the general distribution business of Delixi in Shanghai. Not long after the "hardware king" Hu Jinlin was rehabilitated, the then deputy governor of Zhejiang Province Wu Minda visited him, hoping that he would continue to work hard.Hu Jinlin replied: "Now I just hope 'much worse than good, better than bad'." After 24 years, Hu Jinlin faced reporters and said: "1982 was a great turning point for my life. No This blow is no longer Chint’s world.” The life experience of the "Eight Kings" is an accurate description of their business status in different periods.While lamenting their situation, Zheng Yuanzhong, the "King of Electrical Appliances", presented a comforting story-the theme of the story is called comeback. On March 27, 1984, Zheng Yuanzhong, who had been detained for 186 days, was acquitted. Zheng Yuanzhong, with thick eyebrows and big eyes, often wears a pair of gold half-rimmed glasses.His voice was loud and full of breath. When he was a child, Zheng Yuanzhong was full of enthusiasm for the red regime. When he was 14 years old, he led 11 friends to Beijing for a big series.Looking at the figure of Mao Zedong from a distance in the sea-like crowd of Tiananmen Square, the young him was so excited that tears welled up in his eyes.After finishing junior high school, he became self-reliant. He once went to construction sites in Hubei and Jiangxi to build roads and houses, and he also went to dangerous mountains to build sluice gates and tunnels.The experience of life at the bottom made him full of ambition.Unwilling to rely on his strength for the rest of his life, he returned to the village and worked as a supply and salesman, selling Liushi's low-voltage electrical products to other places.After two years of hard work, no more, no less, I earned a full 10,000 yuan. The world and vision become broadened and active.Zheng Yuanzhong took out his savings and set up a switch factory.A state-owned factory sells a switch for 10 yuan. He uses silver smuggled from Taiwan to make a pull switch, and sells it for only 3 yuan, with a profit of 2 yuan.Zheng Yuanzhong accumulated capital based on this, and after a few years, his assets doubled several times, making him the "second richest man" in Liushi after Hu Jinlin. There is a habit of building new houses in the countryside. Zheng Yuanzhong, who has made money, built a small three-story western-style building covering an area of ​​one mu.He never expected that Xiaoyanglou was described by the "People's Daily" as a luxurious courtyard where 12 cars and motorcycles could be parked in the courtyard, and it became "criminal evidence" of "speculation". One night, Zheng Yuanzhong went away to another country. From the early summer of 1982 to the mid-autumn of 1983, he was in exile, and the arrest warrants for him were spread all over the country.A year later, Zheng Yuanzhong, who thought the news had passed, sneaked back quietly. At 1:30 a.m. on September 15, 1983, more than 30 people from the Liushi Police Station and the Industrial and Commercial Bureau rushed into Zheng Yuanzhong's home armed with pistols and handcuffs, pulled him out of bed, and locked him in the Yueqing Detention Center. The suspects were held together. Zheng Yuanzhong couldn't figure out what mistake he had made.Obviously, on second thought, this is an absurd exercise to anyone. After the "Eight Great Kings" incident was rehabilitated, even the "People's Daily" called it "a big joke in history" and a "big joke in law", which shows how incredible it is.At that time, the seriousness of "Left" thinking was not optimistic, and this was also a realistic background that no one could avoid and reject. Zheng Yuanzhong, who was struggling to live in prison, leaned against the wall and wrote a 30,000-word letter, "If I am a speculator, all 70,000 to 80,000 businessmen in Liushi should be locked up." He wrote dozens of letters in a row, Send it to the relevant departments, but nothing comes to mind... The future becomes obscure.During that period, he was hesitant, helpless, and depressed until he was acquitted. Walking out of the dark cell, unlike other "big kings", Zheng Yuanzhong was not rushing to reunite with his family.He first went to the barbershop to have his hair cut and shaved, and then went to Liushi Town Industrial and Commercial Office to study Document No. 1 carefully.From the documents, Zheng Yuanzhong read the clues, and completely lost the depression and resentment he felt when he was in prison.However, when he came home and found that the yard, which is called "can park 12 cars", had been dug into a watery paddy field, he was still sad for a while. After being released from prison, the "big kings" gathered together for the first time to discuss development issues.Almost everyone has reached a consensus: retreat bravely and live a well-off life easily.Only Zheng Yuanzhong, the "big king" who strongly felt the government's signal of loosening the individual private economy, decided to continue fighting.After filling up the paddy field in the yard, he set up the first joint-stock cooperative enterprise in Yueqing—Yueqing Jingyi Switch Factory. When a person consciously enters the mainstream of the torrent of history, every act of forging ahead naturally carries great responsibility and significance.From the perspective of the "big kings" other than Zheng Yuanzhong, 1984 was the most restless and peaceful year.Prepared for the worst, but how can they be calm when they escaped death?Therefore, after being released from prison, they have lingering fears about policy changes, which makes them pursue extreme peace, even if life is calm like a pool of stagnant water. But for those born in the 1960s like Chen Min and Wu Bangdong, they seem much more relaxed. After the "Eight Kings" incident was rehabilitated, the vitality of Wenzhou's urban and rural areas was greatly stimulated.Wu Bangdong boarded a gray long-distance bus, bumping all the way from Liushi to Jinhua, traveling the world alone.At this time, Chen Min had a very decent job as a researcher at the Wenzhou Arts and Crafts Research Institute.Although they and Zheng Yuanzhong are staggered in space, it does not affect the reunion of the three a few years later, and they become a legend. Arriving in Jinhua in a hazy way, Wu Bangdong was flustered by the chaotic scene of dense crowds, large and small luggage.After buying a station ticket, he squeezed onto the train bound for northeast.Under the passenger seat and next to the soles of his feet, he spread newspapers out of exhaustion, got in sideways, and fell asleep with the shaking train and the stale air in the carriage, all the way north. When I first arrived in Wu Bangdong in the northeast, I didn't know that the temperature was already minus 40 degrees Celsius.After getting off the train, he opened his mouth to take a few breaths of cold air, his throat suddenly choked up, and he kept coughing.Many years later, Wu Bangdong became the general manager of the Jingyi Group founded by Zheng Yuanzhong after several trials, with high spirits.However, due to the throat problem, he would catch a cold and attack in autumn. He coughed continuously for two months and was restless day and night.The price in the struggle of life is so heavy. Chen Min, who works in a research institute, gradually became uneasy with this relaxed but idle job.He always felt that there was an unfathomable gap between reality and ideals. On one side was the endless confusion, and on the other side was the endless unknown.Until one day he came up with a whim, bought fabrics, asked people to process 5 windbreakers and brought them to the market for sale. After 7 days, all 5 trench coats were sold, earning 20 yuan each, making a total of 100 yuan. Counting 100 yuan, Chen Min believes that the clothing industry has a future.He and his classmates each paid 500 yuan to buy a bundle of canvas from a rubber shoe factory, dyed it blue to make jeans by themselves, and sold them to the market, earning a lot of money. In 1986, the market changed suddenly, and a large number of jeans were backlogged.Chen Min found another channel, carrying a large bag of jeans, and ran to Qingdao and Dalian, selling them cheaply all the way.Having had such an experience, he claimed to have seen the turmoil in the market, so he simply quit his job and founded Hualian Garment Factory to produce men's suits.The next year, his net worth exceeded ten thousand. When almost all the important players in Wenzhou's business circles are unknown today, Ye Wengui became prominent for a while because of an appointment by the Wenzhou Municipal Party Committee and a report by the People's Daily. In May 1984, the front page of the "People's Daily" published news: Ye Wengui, a household industry professional in Cangnan Jinxiang, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, was promoted by the government as the deputy head of Jinxiang District.It is another earth-shattering move by Wenzhou people for private owners to become serious parents. Cangnan Jinxiang, a small town about 100 kilometers away from Liushi, has been a well-known begging village since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The Ye family is good at doing business, but it is well-known in the local area.His grandfather opened a silver house in Shanghai in his early years and was a famous country gentleman.The second uncle is the founder of the Shanghai No. 3 Bicycle Factory, and Phoenix Bicycle is produced in the No. 3 Factory.Ye Wengui learned to assemble semiconductor radios at the age of 14, and the radios had just been on the market at this time. In 1969, Ye Wengui, one of the 4,000 Wenzhou educated youths, came to Heilongjiang and settled in a remote mountain village with only 50 families.He earns 80 cents a day for his labor and can only eat pork three times a year.Soon, the mountain village was electrified.The workers of the power supply bureau installed the transformer, and the villagers specially slaughtered pigs and sheep to express their gratitude.The educated youth smelled the smell of meat and wine, and they were so greedy, but they didn't have a share.However, as soon as the electrician left, the lights went out.The villagers cursed and blocked the village head's family to ask for an explanation, making a mess. Ye Wengui had trained as an electrician, so he concluded that the connectors of the transformer were desoldered during transportation.He went to the village chief and said he could fix it, but there were conditions: first, he would kill a pig to entertain Wenzhou educated youths; second, it would take a few days, and the team could not reduce their work points.The distraught village chief fully agreed to the terms.Ye Wengui deliberately walked around the transformer for a few days, which can actually be repaired in a few minutes-repairing a transformer is easier than participating in labor. The news that Ye Wengui will be an electrician spread to the nearby Mining Bureau.Miners and miners often ask him to come to help.After a long time, he found that the shovels used by the Bureau of Mines for mining needed wooden handles, but the shovels bought back from the mine did not have handles.He knows that there are a lot of forest trees in the Northeast itself, and if shovel handles are produced, the price is definitely an advantage. Eight educated youths were found, and Ye Wengui persuaded them to contribute 2 yuan each.He himself invited the person in charge of the Mining Bureau to have a meal, negotiated a contract for the handle of the spade, and the company paid a deposit of 600 yuan in advance.Using the 600 yuan, Ye Wengui opened a spade handle factory.At the beginning, a woodworking lathe was used, which was too slow to produce more than 100 spade handles a day.Therefore, he carried out technological innovations, thinking that the principles of pencil sharpeners and wooden spade handles were similar, and designed a machine with a speed of more than 3,000 times per minute, which could produce 14 spade handles in one minute.In the local forest area, loggers harvest large round logs, and some small miscellaneous logs are usually thrown in the forest farm to rot.Ye Wengui contacted the forest farm and paid a small sum of money to obtain this kind of wood.The supply of raw materials was easily resolved, and the production scale continued to expand immediately. After a few years, the products of the spade handle factory were sold from outside the customs to inside the customs. In 1978, on the day when the new secretary of Jinxiang took office, the people of Jinxiang put up posters to show "welcome": Tonight there will be a meeting for begging for food and work, and the secretary is welcome to come and guide.In the same year, a large number of educated youths from Wenzhou returned to the city, 99% of whom returned home in despair, but Ye Wengui returned to Jinxiang with considerable wealth.In the second year, he called relatives to raise funds to produce aluminum plates. Jinxiang nameplate badge production has a long history.After the resumption of the college entrance examination, major colleges and universities were troubled by the difficulty of distinguishing their own students from the social idlers. Jinxiang people seized the opportunity and concentrated on promoting school badges.In the following years, more than 700 trademark factories emerged in the town with a population of 80,000, employing more than 10,000 people.Business is booming, but difficulties follow. A large number of aluminum plates necessary for production need to be purchased from other places, and the cost doubles.Now that Jinxiang has an aluminum rolling mill, many badge factories naturally welcome it.In just 4 months, Ye Wengui and his friends recovered all their investment, and by the end of the year, they had made a net profit of more than 200,000 yuan.The investment is only 400 yuan, an increase of 25 times a year, and the rate of return is really impressive.But Ye Wengui was worried: Aluminum plate machines have a simple structure and are easy to imitate. To lead the market, the only way to raise the industry threshold.Other shareholders have good reasons, "now there is money to be made", and flatly rejected the proposal. Ye Wengui chose to quit his shares when the factory was at its peak.He has successively invested in high-frequency heat-sealing machine factories, calendered film factories, etc., and each factory has made huge profits.He created the first enterprise group in Jinxiang, or the first enterprise group in Wenzhou.Ye Wengui has unique business ideas and a very personal style of acting.He is committed to cultivating reserve talents, and selects and sends employees to Tongji University and Zhejiang University for further training; the company sets up large-scale TV classes and reading rooms, and organizes employees to update and upgrade their knowledge.When Chinese people were still dumbfounded by millionaires, Ye Wengui's personal assets had quietly reached tens of millions, making him the richest man in Cangnan. Marven Ye is rich and rich.Fei Xiaotong walked around his factory three times and said: A great new type of entrepreneur.The local government also paid attention to him, and the leaders visited the door several times and told him that he should play a greater role.This is the Chinese tradition that anyone who succeeds in any industry will eventually enter an official career. The long-term marginalized status and the screening of ownership have made the private owners in Wenzhou panic and distressed.They crave recognition and integration.Ye Wengui's opportunistic appearance will undoubtedly boost morale and inspire people's hearts.However, for Ye Wengui, the position of District Chief is a tangible honor and an intangible pressure.He may be able to run a business with ease, but it is by no means the same as being a fish in water in officialdom. After the brief excitement subsided, Ye Wengui was overwhelmed and at a loss as to what to do.He is tired of meetings, and the tedious and lengthy meetings are endless all day long; he is tired of writing reports, and the exaggerated data in the reports look ridiculous in the eyes of Ye Wengui, who came from a business background.Without any political experience, he made a fatal mistake: revealing his troubles to Xinhua News Agency's Wenzhou-based reporter Zhang Heping.The latter wrote an internal reference titled "Ye Wengui's troubles as deputy district chief".Immediately afterwards, the leader ordered that he be quietly removed from the post of deputy district chief. Almost two years later, Zhejiang held the first Household Industry Conference in the province.Ye Wengui became the only candidate for the chairman of the Provincial Family Industry Association to be established.He categorically refused the position so many people could only dream of.He has even more ambitious ambitions: to build an electric sedan. In Wenzhou, many people have been trying to rewrite the history of vehicle manufacturing, and what they have gained is mostly the bitterness of failure.Building cars is the deepest pain for Wenzhou people, and it is also the most real dream in their hearts.Ye Wengui wants to build a hybrid electric car.From today's point of view, how far-sighted this is-gasoline is gradually in short supply, environmental protection and new energy development are imperative, and the development of electric cars is undoubtedly the best way to shorten the gap between China's car industry and the world.He abandoned all mundane affairs, faded out of people's sight, and concentrated on creating a "car dream".At the same time, the government's enthusiasm for Ye Wengui faded, and his aura gradually dimmed. Transformation is the proper meaning of the growth process of an enterprise. Unfortunately, many enterprises are like headless flies, turning around and turning themselves to a dead end.Ye Wengui invested all his wealth.A few years later, the tinkling hammer and the not-so-advanced machine tool actually opened up the corner of the dream-the electric car has a top speed of 80 kilometers per hour when fully charged, and can run more than 100 kilometers per night. It is worth mentioning that more than 95% of the car's accessories come from Wenzhou.At that time, all the auto parts manufacturers in Wenzhou were staring at Ye Wengui, waiting for his success.However, he failed. This is a story that was destined to end in tragedy almost from the beginning.Alone, the halo belongs to one person, the praise belongs to one person, but the gloom and sigh when falling down also belong to one person.In an invisible net, Ye Wengui experienced a personal war.From conception to commercialization of electric cars, sophisticated technology and huge amounts of capital are required.When he exhausted tens of millions of wealth and was burdened with heavy debts, he found his loneliness and realized that he could not walk this road alone.As an ordinary peasant merchant, his strength is negligible.The Chinese farmer's car dream he ignited eventually evolved into "a Chinese farmer and a Chinese farmer's car dream".Thousands of sails pass by the side of the sinking boat, the price of awakening is too great.A new generation of Wenzhou entrepreneurs emerged one after another, but Ye Wengui disappeared from the list of Wenzhou entrepreneurs. Thirteen years later, two Xinhua News Agency reporters contacted repeatedly through friends and found Ye Wengui who did not accept any interviews.The huge factory area was silent.In the corner of the factory area, there is a rusty steel body lying in the weeds.A red car with a fiberglass body is old, but it can still be driven. The "Y"-shaped logo on the front of the car comes from Ye Wengui's surname Ye. "Now may be the time..." During the interview, Ye Wengui sighed.In fact, in Taizhou, which is not far from Wenzhou, Li Shufu, the "car lunatic", produced the first car fully invested by private capital during his ten years of extinction.Another private entrepreneur, Wang Chuanfu, joined the Shaanxi provincial government and invested 2 billion yuan to build a production line to produce the electric car that Ye Wengui dreamed of.Of course, the most meaningful detail is that Ye's son later majored in automobile manufacturing in college. The rapid economic development still cannot conceal the pallor of China's commercial tradition.The invisible hand of the market economy and the visible hand of the government, the economic laws of market competition and the political laws of the ruling party together constitute the special rules of the game for Chinese enterprises.If private entrepreneurs want to win the game, they must properly handle their relationship with politics.At the end of the interview, the two reporters wrote this when analyzing the reasons for Ye Wengui's failure: The development goal was too romantic, and the specific operation was out of touch... Besides, there is one thing that must be mentioned. Entering the black alley like Don Quixote's windmill, it is similar to building a car behind closed doors, without fully mobilizing and integrating social resources.Government and politics are the most powerful forces mobilizing and integrating social resources.Relying on this powerful force, Ye Wengui is not impossible.Opportunities slip silently from between the fingers... The so-called heroes are those heroes who fell prematurely on the way forward; the so-called heroes are those heroes who have erased the traces behind them after achieving their goals.Ye Wengui wanted to single-handedly create a market, but he could hardly overcome the existing obstacles.Personal heroism is over-inflated, hoping for one person's war, and ultimately alone and helpless. The story of Ye Wengui, who fell prematurely because of his ideals, has become a footnote in the development of Wenzhou's private economy in 1984.And this fact may tell us that when private enterprises in Wenzhou encounter difficulties, they usually fight alone and have no relatives.This is a local problem and an extremely complex economic and political problem that has not yet been resolved. Wenzhou grassroots capital, which has grown up in the cracks for a long time, has long been used to capturing opportunities by "sense of smell".Thus, after the founding of New China, the first financial institution in the mainland to be listed and operated by a private person; that is, an above-ground bank that has only seen one day of sunshine. Before starting the bank, Fang Peilin, the owner of the bank and a young man who worked as a mail room worker in a public hospital, searched everywhere for central government documents to find policy basis.Careful, he actually found this sentence in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China [1984] No. 1 document: "Encourage farmers to raise funds to start various businesses, especially to set up development-oriented businesses..." He immediately boldly interpreted: If fund-raising is legal, then it has nothing to do with the nature of dividends. The same private interest should be legitimate. For long-term development, Fang Peilin adopted a very rare board of directors system in operation and management at that time.Qianzhuang invests and raises funds, with an amount of 1,000 yuan per share. There is no limit to individual shares, and the total number of shares is 100 shares, totaling 100,000 yuan.The board of directors and chairman are elected by the shareholders, and the chairman appoints a manager to preside over the daily work.Year-end settlement, the board of directors studies and makes a reasonable dividend.At the same time, he adopts a property legal person guarantee system. Whenever cash is deposited in a bank, both borrowers and lenders must have legal person status. On September 19, 1984, Fang Peilin applied with materials.The town government held an enlarged meeting of the town committee to discuss the plan.Two days later, Huang Deyu, secretary of the town committee, gave feedback: "Don't engage in a joint-stock system. If the shareholders' ideas are not unified, problems will easily arise. You can do it alone. Don't call it a financial service agency, just call it Fangxing Bank." To be sure, Huang Deyu felt that there should be "approval" from the superiors, but it is probably too early to consider asking the superiors to "use the approval documents to affirm such extraordinary things as running a private bank." To adapt to the rapid development of commodity production and to put an end to the unhealthy trend of social usury activities, after research by the town committee, Comrade Fang Peilin agreed to try out Fangxing Bank. On September 30th, the Cangnan Money Bank, the wooden signboard "Fangxing Bank" with red letters on a white background, was erected in the Fang family's old house at No. 29 Hengjie.According to Ying Jianxiong, the former vice president of the Wenzhou branch of the People's Bank of China, this is a full month earlier than the opening of the Wenzhou branch of the People's Bank of China.On the opening day, Fang Peilin posted several stacks of handwritten loan interest rate tables in the streets and alleys of the bank, and a small town with a population of less than 30,000 people knew about Fangxing Bank within a day. The listing of the bank is definitely full of impact, and the shock caused by it can be imagined.And because it is contrary to the relevant regulations of the country's financial management.As a result, the article "Fang Peilin Trial Running a Bank of Qianku" written by a reporter from "Wenzhou Daily" was not published and could only be kept as an internal reference.The article stated: The money bank economy is prosperous, the number of shops has grown to 134, and there are 659 households engaged in commercial activities in the town, accounting for 60% of the total number of households; the number of enterprises has also grown to 240.社会上对流动资金的需求量很大，自由借贷月利率达到2%～4%。镇上的方培林从《温州日报》刊登的“市区可办信用社融通资金”一文中受到启发，决定创办钱庄，解决社会资金融通问题。他深入调查，了解到镇周围5个大队流动资金需要1000万元，现约缺200万元，而农民手头有大量闲散资金。因此他确信，办钱庄能够弥补信用社不足之处，起补充作用。钱庄开张当日，方培林贴出比银行更优惠的存贷表。 长期存款：月息1.2%，3个月以上结算。 临时存款：月息1%，随时存取。 贷出款项：月息2%，视情况而定。当时银行、信用社的月息是： 活期存款0.24%；5年长期存款为0.78%；贷款利率为1.5%。而民间高利贷高达3%～5%。中间利率对存、贷客户都充满吸引力。 钱庄经营灵活自主，弥补了银行因各种制约造成的不便。比如，银行、信用社服务时间为法定8小时工作制，而方培林的钱庄24小时不间断提供服务。手头现金不足，方培林会以信誉临时向社会调剂，或不惜以高利向民间借贷。他不停地奔走于客户间，了解各家企业运行情况及现金余缺，判断贷款额度。他还专门在信用社存款5万元，根据信用社存一贷三的规定，一旦需要，能有15万现金解燃眉之急。钱庄因此生意兴隆，开张不到1年，存、贷2400多人次，资金周转总额达500多万元。 经营没有问题，也得到当地政府公开支持，但上级部门却横加干涉。挂牌第二天，市农业银行上门抗议，方培林不得不摘下招牌，转入地下。尽管转入地下，钱庄顽强地生存了近5年之久。而在钱庄存在的这5年不长的时间里，无时无刻不伴随着质疑和刁难。钱庄的定性，金融界争论不休，大多数权威人士干脆直接否定。本该持有由管理机构签发的《经营金融业务许可证》，在几年经营活动中，一直无证经营。 应健雄曾试探性地给国家总行写过要求批准签发方兴钱庄“金融许可证”的报告。中国人民银行回复姗姗来迟，一年后才发来由行长刘鸿儒签字的电传： 为挤掉钱庄，中国人民银行总行率先批准温州施行利率改革。温州由此成为中国利率改革的“晴雨表”。在变通后的银行包夹中，方兴钱庄未能成功突围，出于经营原因自行关闭。由于业务额不大，且都是短期存贷，加上方培林对客户认真负责，钱庄关闭后的扫尾工作相当顺利，没留下任何纠纷。 钱庄虽然停业，但这股外围力量势不可挡，促使金融业体制内改革的步伐再也无法抑制。而变革来临之前，身处其中的人们往往只能感触到冰山一角。方培林的“中国第一私人钱庄”躲躲闪闪地蹒跚前行，其实某种程度上就意味着温州民间资本力量涌向地面的不可遏制。他们躲在方培林醒目的身影背后，以极端和激烈的方式进行着贪婪的金钱游戏。方兴钱庄开张一年后，温州全境爆发了让人不寒而栗的“金融抬会灾难”。不过，这已是发生在1985年秋天到1987年冬天的故事。 有时一年犹如人生百年。 1984年，奥林匹克大逆转，洛杉矶奥运会一改奥运会长期亏损的历史，为加利福尼亚南部地区带来了32.9亿美元的收益。 1984年，中国企业史上的公司元年，万科、联想、海尔、科龙与健力宝……日后驰骋一时的公司舒展开梦想的翅膀。 中国的改革开放每每是以经济的破冰推动政治的前行，以政治的前行保护经济的破冰。而在两者滚动式行进的1984年温州，有人沉冤昭雪、意气风发；有人心灰意冷、自甘沉默；有人销声匿迹，有人声名鹊起。 但是更多舞台上的角色，则摆脱了意识形态的纠缠，充满着激情、狂热、亢奋、躁动和叛逆——过去100年中，只有1911年、1945年和1978年这三年里他们有过这样的感觉。他们自述胸襟怀抱，慷慨真切，做起事来自然畅快淋漓。 1984年，温州民营经济发展史上的黄金分割点。