Chapter 27 To realize national self-reliance, we must attack from all sides

Fang Ning has repeatedly stated that what he conducts is rational reflection on globalization, rather than simply "anti-globalization."He believes that in the face of globalization, Chinese intellectuals should think independently and not copy what others say.Negative thinking is the essence of human thinking, and criticism of globalization is the ideological motivation to promote world peace and development. Since globalization has brought about a "development trap", as a developing country that has joined the WTO, China cannot stay out of the process of economic globalization.Facing the challenge of globalization, how China can overcome the "trap of development" and how to break through the pattern of "center-periphery" is an important topic for Fang Ning to think about.

In his years of research, Fang Ning has put forward six theories, including "implementing moderate opening up", "promoting the process of economic regionalization", "combining efficiency and fairness", "correcting the weak mentality of favoring foreign countries", "developing strategic industries", and "accelerating the modernization of national defense". View.Looking at it comprehensively now, Fang Ning’s interrelated and inherently logical views and propositions, which he generally called “the idea of ​​strengthening the country,” actually constitute the six basic demands of contemporary Chinese nationalism.

— Opposing comprehensive opening up and advocating moderate opening up.Fang Ning believes that as a developing country, China's position in the globalization pattern is different from that of other developing countries.China is a big country with a relatively independent economic cycle and economic sovereignty. The Chinese people have their own national consciousness and cultural memory. These are favorable conditions to avoid Western economic deprivation and political overthrow in globalization.But after all, China is on the periphery of the situation. Globalization poses more risks than opportunities to China, and more disadvantages than benefits. Chinese people should not wishful thinking about this, and need to have a clear understanding.For now, the most important thing for China is to consider how to protect its own economic sovereignty after joining the WTO.Many developing countries, such as those in Latin America and Asia, have actually lost their economic sovereignty, their macroeconomic power has actually been in the hands of the IMF and the World Bank, and their governments are actually only the IMF and the World Bank. The executor of the macroeconomic policy formulated by the bank.

He believes that due to the nature of China's society and the characteristics of a large country's economy, it is neither necessary nor possible for China to follow the path and experience of some so-called "newly industrialized countries".He advocated taking the path of internal circulation as the main and external circulation as the supplement.That is to expand domestic demand while strengthening investment, support and protection for agriculture and high-tech industries; restrict food imports and encourage domestic food production; The self-growth of the country's food production and high-tech industrial system.Looking at Fang Ning's articles and remarks, it can be considered that he is largely opposed to "comprehensive opening up". "Connecting with the rails" is deliberately labeled as "connecting with ghosts".

——Promote regionalization and establish an Asian economic circle.Fang Ning regards regionalization as a sharp weapon against the negative effects of globalization.He believes that promoting regionalization will help strengthen the ability of national and regional economies to resist the impact of the wave of globalization, so it is very important for third world countries.my country's opening to the outside world is mainly aimed at opening to the west, which has accelerated the industrialization process in the eastern coastal areas, and at the same time caused an imbalance in the economic development between the east and the west, causing new contradictions.If we continue to expand the export of primary products and low-value-added products to the West, not only will we not be able to solve the problem of shortage of natural resources and raw materials, but it will aggravate the shortage of resources to a certain extent.Therefore, Fang Ning suggested that the country should attach importance to economic cooperation with countries in Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia in order to check and balance the economic dependence on developed countries in the West (including Japan), and finally establish a China-centered linking Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and West Asia. A common market with Russia, to check and balance and eliminate dependence on Japan, the United States, and Western Europe, and to expand the space for my country to open to the outside world.

Fang Ning also paid great attention to the balance of regional economic development in the process of China's domestic industrialization.He once mentioned a phenomenon of "upgrading and exit" after the industrialization of Britain in the 17th and 18th centuries, that is, when labor costs rose, industrial capital withdrew and expanded outwards.Such processes exist in the UK, US, Japan and Europe.And because of China's unique national conditions, from the perspective of the whole country, China may be able to blaze a new path of upgrading without quitting.For example, he said that Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Fujian in the southeast coast have now entered the global production system and joined the international capital cycle.With the development, there will inevitably be a rise in cost, and gradually lose competitiveness in the field of low value-added processing industries, and withdraw from the global basic processing industry.For these areas, the future is to improve the technical level and promote industrial upgrading.However, China's overall competitiveness as a "world factory" will not be reduced.Because there are central provinces behind the southeastern coastal provinces, such as Jiangxi, Hubei behind Jiangxi, and Sichuan behind Hubei.China has a population of 1.3 billion, an unlimited supply of labor force, a vast territory, and a huge internal market. China may create a miracle and upgrade without exiting.

Fang Ning is very confident about this.But this kind of development path related to the destiny of the country and the nation has political prerequisites, that is, the unification of China, the centralization and control ability of the central government.Perhaps this is the real reason why contemporary China needs nationalism! ——Seek the balance between "efficiency" and "fairness".Globalization has caused great divisions in the societies of third world countries, and China is no exception.Fang Ning believes that after my country's economy enters a moderately prosperous state, if the principle of "efficiency first" proposed at the beginning of the reform is continued, it will not help expand domestic demand and start consumption.Due to the impact of globalization, the gap between China's coastal areas and the interior has been widening, making the distribution of foreign capital uneven.In the case of increasing inequality between rich and poor, it will also bring about problems of social cohesion and stability.Therefore, "efficiency priority" should be changed to "both efficiency and fairness" to prevent further differentiation of our country's internal economy and society.

——Resist the hegemony of Western discourse and correct the mentality of worshiping foreign things and fawning on foreign countries.Fang Ning said, "Globalization is an overall process in which Western economics, politics, and culture permeate and spread to the world."Globalization has different dimensions: economic globalization, political globalization and cultural globalization.He reminded his compatriots: "We must not only have a clear understanding of economic globalization and political globalization, and have correct countermeasures, but also be vigilant against Western cultural globalization, and comprehensively clean up and resist Western cultural hegemony and discourse hegemony. A peripheral nation facing the coming post-colonial era must carry out serious cultural reflection in order to preserve the space for national survival and the right to national survival in terms of national consciousness.”

Fang Ning pointed out that American and Western culture is only a "one-time" culture, not only not universal, but its continuity is even more doubtful.This culture cannot be imitated by China.Fang Ning opposes the attitude of using one culture to transform another culture, or even artificially replace another culture.He believes that the quality of culture mainly lies in whether the culture is in harmony with the historical conditions of growth and development, and the natural environment.Simply comparing the advantages and disadvantages of different cultures often fails to draw correct and reliable conclusions.Therefore, there is no need to be inferior to Western culture, which cannot be imitated; there is no need to belittle traditional culture.

Fang Ning has a famous saying. He pointed out that the backwardness of a nation is not only reflected in economics, but also in spiritual dwarfing, which is worse than economic backwardness.Some compatriots have a strong psychology of fawning on foreigners, which is a major cultural obstacle affecting the economic development of our country, especially the development of national industry and commerce.The weak mentality of fawning on foreigners absolutely needs to be corrected, and once the discourse hegemony of Western culture is surpassed, and the mind is liberated from the new superstition and rigidity of Western culture, Chinese culture will flourish.

——Develop China's strategic industries and high-tech industries.Like all nationalists, Fang Ning advocates the development of China's own heavy industry and strategic industries. At the same time, he holds a strong skeptical attitude towards China's development path of "comparative advantage" relying on the processing industry.Fang Ning's main contribution in this regard is that he provided theoretical support for the necessity for developing countries to develop their own strategic industries in the era of globalization.This is his "flying geese strategy" theory. Fang Ning has been paying attention to and researching the economic relationship between developed countries and developing countries.He believes that after the war, especially since the 1980s, Western countries have changed their previous blockade strategy and actively implemented a downward ladder transfer of industries and technologies to developing countries, which in turn caused industrial upgrading and industrial upgrading between developing countries and developed countries. Dependency on technological progress.Fang Ning called it the "flying geese strategy."On the one hand, the continuous downward step-by-step transfer has a strong inhibitory effect on the industrial upgrading and technological progress of developing countries, inhibits the independent growth of their industries, and inhibits or even destroys their independent scientific and technological research and development systems. Developing countries will never be able to catch up with and surpass developed countries in the flying geese model, and are bound to the bottom of the international vertical division of labor. Fang Ning has repeatedly emphasized the destructive effect of the "flying geese strategy" on the economic development potential of developing countries.He pointed out that the result of the continuous downward ladder transfer is that the scientific research system and technology development industry in developing countries are faced with the "three noes" situation of "no return on investment, no results in research, and no market in development".Over time, the scientific research and technological development systems of developing countries lose their existence value.He pointed out that the economic essence of the "flying geese strategy" is the monopoly in international exchange, that is, the high-end exchange between the "center" and "periphery" in the international circulation of capital - when developed countries sell high-tech and high value-added products to developing countries , forming a seller's monopoly, and causing developing countries to be unable to implement "import substitution" in technology, thereby resulting in technological dependence on developed countries. The "flying geese strategy" has transformed the economic dependency in the contemporary world economic system into a technology-based economic dependency. Due to his deep insight into the "flying geese strategy", Fang Ning has provided solid theoretical proof for developing countries to develop their own strategic industries and high-tech industries with their own intellectual property rights. - Accelerate the modernization of national defense.In recent years, Fang Ning often said that modernization refers to the four modernizations, including the modernization of national defense.What he meant obviously was that China's modernization development was uneven, and its national defense modernization lagged behind. In his view, modernization without military power protection is a fragile modernization that may eventually be terminated or die prematurely. When he was a guest on Sina.com and had a conversation with netizens, Fang Ning inspired the saying that "a well-off family should raise several big wolf dogs" from the words of Marshal Chen Yi, which spread for a while.What he meant was: as the economy develops, China must strengthen its national defense accordingly.Fang Ning believes that in order to cope with the profound changes in the current international situation, China should concentrate on accelerating the modernization of national defense for a period of time.Fang Ning's judgment is closely related to his views on the "structural contradiction" between China and the United States. Fang Ning is very bearish on the prospects of Sino-US relations.He believes that there are irreconcilable strategic interest conflicts and economic structural contradictions between China and the United States.He said: "The earth is so big, there are so many resources, and the environment is so fragile. The contradiction between countries, specifically China and the United States, in terms of survival and development is objective. Only by passing the hurdle of the United States, if this problem is not resolved, China will never graduate from modernization.” For this reason, Fang Ning has increasingly expressed his views on the international situation in recent years. In his new work "The Era of New Imperialism and China's Strategy", he wrote: "The US strategy of dividing China is established. Not only is the heart of subjugating China not dead, but more and more actions have been taken. China cannot change the strategic intentions of the United States. No matter how "obedient" China is, the United States will not remove China from the list of competitors. …China "Breakthrough" in the U.S. strategic encirclement and containment depends on whether China can achieve a certain strategic balance with the U.S. in the short term." Fang Ning proposed three "urgents": "China must adjust its strategic layout without delay It is imperative to carry out strategic industry reorganization and adjustment, and develop key military technologies without delay.” He said: “China’s breakthroughs in military technology in the next few years will largely determine the trend of Sino-US relations, which will also determine whether China can continue to achieve a peaceful future. The key to a favorable external environment for development.”