Chapter 27 Chapter 25 How to Speak in a Speech
Former U.S. President Nixon said: "If I were allowed to re-enter university, I would take two courses again: speech and writing." This shows the importance of speech ability to successful people.
As an art of speech, although it also focuses on "speaking", this kind of "speaking" must also reflect "acting".It not only needs to explain things and reasons clearly so that people can understand them, but also makes things and reasons vivid, vivid and touching through intuitive speech and body expression on the spot, which has both emotional stimulation and sound. Emotional aesthetic appeal.In speech activities, the identities of the speakers are different, the purpose of the speech is varied, the content of the speech is all-encompassing, the way of the speech has its own characteristics, the venue of the speech is varied, and the audience of the speech is varied, resulting in a wide variety of speech activities. .
In order to fully and profoundly understand and master the essential characteristics and social functions of speech art, in order to better organize speech activities and deliver speeches smoothly.
First of all, speeches can be divided into: military speeches, economic speeches, academic speeches, legal speeches, moral speeches, etiquette speeches, and religious speeches.
Secondly, formally, there are three categories:
Proposition speech.That is, a speech made by others after the topic or scope of the speech is drawn up and prepared.It contains two forms: full proposition speech and half proposition speech.The topic of a full-proposition speech is generally determined by the speech organizing department.A semi-topic speech refers to a speech in which the speaker draws up a topic according to the scope limited by the organization of the speech event.
talk show.That is, the speech that the speaker gives on the scene, situation, things, and characters in front of him without any preparation in advance.Such as wedding speeches, welcome speeches, funeral mourning, party speeches, etc.Its characteristics are: expressing feelings, strong sense of context, and short length.It requires the speaker to stick to the theme, grasp the beginning, quickly combine, and be concise.
Debate speech.It refers to the face-to-face language confrontation between two or more people who have different opinions on a certain issue.Its purpose is to uphold the truth, refute fallacies, and distinguish right from wrong.For example, court debates, diplomatic debates, arena debates that are common in our lives, and life debates that everyone has experienced.Its characteristics are: tit for tat and close combat.Argumentative speeches are more difficult than propositional speeches and impromptu speeches, and require speakers to have correct thinking, noble qualities, strict logic, and strong adaptability.
Thirdly, in terms of style, there are passionate type, deep type, rigorous type, and lively type.From the perspective of development trend, impromptu speeches on social occasions and academic thematic speeches are two types that have attracted much attention.
Finally, from the functional division, it can be divided into the following categories:
"Make People Know" speeches.This is a speech whose main function is to convey information and clarify things.Its purpose is to make people know and understand.For example: Zhu Guangqian's speech "Talking about Composition" talked about the preparation before composition, as well as the style, conception, and material selection of the article, so that the audience can understand the basic knowledge of composition.It is characterized by strong knowledge and accurate language.
"Believable" speeches.The main purpose of this kind of speech is to make people trust and believe.It developed from the "make it known" speech.For example: Yun Daiying's speech "How to be a good person" not only tells people who is not a good person, but also puts forward three standards for measuring a good person. Through a series of moral statements, people's old ideas in the past have been changed.It is characterized by unique and correct views, detailed and convincing arguments, and reasonable and rigorous arguments.
"Inspiring" speeches.This kind of speech is intended to excite the audience, to resonate with you in thought and emotion, so as to cheer and jump for joy.For example: Martin Luther King's "Speech in front of the Lincoln Memorial" used several "dreams" to stimulate the sense of self-esteem and self-improvement of the majority of black audiences, and inspired them to fight for "born equal".
"Moving" speeches.This goes one step further than a "motivational" speech.It creates an idea in the audience that they want to act together with the speaker.Former French President Charles de Gaulle delivered a speech "A Letter to the French People" in London, England during the "World War II", calling on the French people to take action and join the ranks of anti-fascism.It is characterized by strong agitation, and mostly ends with appealing and appealing language.
"Enjoy" speeches.This is a speech whose main function is to activate the atmosphere, regulate emotions, and make people happy.It is mostly based on humor, jokes or ridicule, and usually appears on festive occasions.There are many examples of such speeches, and most people can hear them.It is characterized by humorous material and witty language.
The general pattern of speech structure is the "three unities" identified by Aristotle in ancient Greece.It consists of three parts with different meanings, namely the beginning, the body and the end. The "Three Uniforms" summarize the formal characteristics of any speech structure.From the point of view of form, these three parts are independent, each has its own meaning and function; Purpose.Here, the beginning is in an important position in the speech, and it should strive to attract the audience's attention quickly, avoiding procrastination, lengthiness and politeness; the ending is to make the whole speech leave a complete and clear concept for the audience, and strive to reveal the topic and deepen understanding , Provocative, thought-provoking, the text should not be too long.
Generally speaking, the structure, meaning and function of the beginning and end of any speech are the same.But the text is different, with at least two special patterns.Here are two special modes of text: argumentative structure mode and narrative structure mode.
That is, the structure arranged in the way of ordinary papers.It consists of three parts: asking questions, analyzing arguments and drawing conclusions.Generally, only one question is asked and one conclusion is drawn, while the discussion methods are varied.The order of its structure is generally that the question comes first, the analysis and argumentation is in the middle, and the conclusion is drawn in the end.This is actually the small "three unities" in the big "three unities".This small pattern is preceded by a beginning and followed by an end, which is a special pattern of speech structure: beginning, question, analysis and argument, conclusion, and end.
Since this special structural pattern is located in the text (main body) of the entire speech, it affects and determines the structure of the entire speech.The beginning and end of Lu Xun's "What Happened After Nora Gone" are very simple, each with one sentence: "What I want to talk about today is 'What happened after Nora Gone?'" and "This is the end of my speech".The text uses a special pattern of structure, that is, asking questions, analyzing arguments, and finally concluding.In essence, this particular pattern is the structural arrangement of the entire speech.
That is, the structure arranged according to the audience's psychological clues.It mainly impresses the audience with interest and emotion, like the beginning of a novel or a story.Questions, arguments, conclusions, etc. are not clearly separated, and the main idea is revealed in the narrative and discussion; the few things described are either in the order of time or space, and are arranged from the perspective of fascinating purposes.
Each narrative and discussion can constitute a paragraph, and a speech may consist of several paragraphs, which are arranged in order of time and space, regardless of their order.Putting it in the general pattern of speech structure is the beginning, the narrative and the discussion (the main body), and the end.
The main body of this type of speech is the main part that presents the gist of the speech.Its material selection and arrangement are similar to those of narrative articles.It can be connected through "discussion", can have a greater jump, and can have more discussion and lyric elements.To use the special mode of speech structure to arrange the structure, first of all, we must understand the essence and meaning of the material, and put it in the most suitable position, so as to explain or draw out arguments or lyricism and conclusions in the essential sense; secondly, we must recognize several kinds of materials The relationship between them, so that they are either the same, or opposite, or juxtaposed, or master-slave, or inclusive, or first or later.
After mastering the basic structure of the speech, and then starting to write the speech, it will naturally achieve twice the result with half the effort, but still need to pay attention to the following three main aspects:
As the saying goes: "Everything is difficult at the beginning." The beginning of a speech plays a prominent role in its structure and has a special role.Generally speaking, at the beginning, the speaker should introduce the topic he wants to explain, so that the audience has a good idea; on the other hand, a good beginning should also be able to catch the audience, and make the audience interested in continuing to listen through certain skills.However, if it is deliberately mysterious and extravagantly exaggerated, it will be self-defeating, or even backfire, and arouse the audience's resentment.
Depending on the content of the speech, the opening method can also be chosen flexibly, and there is no fixed method.
The body of a speech is the text between the beginning and the end, which is the main part of the speech.How well the subject is prepared determines the quality of the speech.Whether the argument is convincing depends on the elaboration of the subject.
The content of the speech is detailed and slightly, and the length of the speech is long and short, so that the whole speech can be focused, rather than just scratching the eyebrows and beards.Neither will it leave the audience unimpressed because each point of view is just a superficial generality, nor will it make people feel bored because of the long-winded speech.
The key points of the speech, or the important information to let the audience know, or the views and understandings that the audience wants to agree with, or the will and intention that the leader expects his subordinates to understand and implement and vigorously promote in their actions, are accompanied by the speech. Content varies.If the key points are put forward at the beginning of the speech, then they should be further elaborated in the main part, otherwise the audience will forget the key points as soon as the speech is over.
The most ideal effect is that the part of your speech that you focus on is also the part that impresses the audience the most and touches the most.The focus is rarely on one or two questions, and most of them are concentrated on a level or a part composed of several paragraphs, or on certain paragraphs of a level or a part.Concentrating the key points is one way, or you can disperse the key points in each part of the whole article, unfolding layer by layer, but it must be "the form is scattered and the spirit is not scattered".
The end is the natural conclusion of the speech content and an integral part of the speech, which must not be ignored.Some speakers end with a hasty retreat, superficiality, or clichés.Such as: "I would like to add a few more words about a certain question", "A certain point I mentioned earlier is very important, and I will emphasize it here again", "I have finished what I have said, and it is not good, please criticize and correct me", etc. , will make the audience feel dull.
When making a fuss, there are still the sayings of "crested head" and "leopard tail". The same is true for a speech.The so-called "leopard tail" means that the ending of the speech should be as vigorous and colorful as the tail of a tiger and leopard, which is inspiring and thought-provoking.
As the saying goes: "Everything is difficult at the beginning." The beginning of a speech plays a prominent role in its structure and has a special role.Generally speaking, at the beginning, the speaker should introduce the topic he wants to explain, so that the audience has a good idea; on the other hand, a good beginning should also be able to catch the audience, and make the audience interested in continuing to listen through certain skills.However, if it is deliberately mysterious and extravagantly exaggerated, it will be self-defeating, or even backfire, and arouse the audience's resentment.
There is such a leader, when he gave a speech to his subordinates, he said at the beginning: "Comrades, before I talk about the topic, let me tell you a story." The audience all focused their eyes and attention.But the leader didn't tell his story right away, but looked around and saw that the door was not closed tightly, so he deliberately closed the door tightly himself.That way, as if afraid of being overheard by others.After that, he took a sip of water and solemnly cleared his throat.All this makes the audience think that he will tell a story that has never been heard or is mysterious, and they all wait quietly.Unexpectedly, he went on to say: "Comrades, what I want to tell you is the story of Bethune. Bethune is a Canadian, over 50 years old..." The audience's appetite disappeared without a trace.It’s not that Bethune’s story is untouching, it’s just that there is nothing novel about starting with such a well-known story, but it must create an overly mysterious atmosphere, and the audience will inevitably feel deceived. Such a serious story is exaggerated by the speaker It's nondescript, and it's really ridiculous.It would be better to narrate directly and eloquently, which makes people feel real and simple.
In fact, the opening part of the speech also reflects the speaker's writing style from the side. It is difficult to connect the wordy and veiled opening style with the concise and refined writing style.
The content is different, and the way of opening can also be chosen flexibly, and there is no fixed way.In the following example, we will analyze several different styles of beginning.
Straight to the point, straight to the point This is the most common and common way to start.Generally, it can be divided into two parts: one is some words (which can be long or short) that serve to raise the topic; the other is the words that raise the topic.There is a transitional and cohesive relationship between the two.
Comrade Lenin's famous speech "On the State" begins thus:
"Comrades! According to the plan you made and informed me, today's topic is national issues. I don't know how familiar you are with this issue. If I'm not mistaken, your training class is just starting. , this is the first time that you have systematically studied this problem. After making these small explanations, I will now turn to the main topic and talk about what a state is and how it came into being..."
In this opening remark, "The topic I want to talk about today is the national issue," "Talk about what a country is and how it came into being..." are the words that put forward the topic, and the other words in this opening remark belong to serving the topic. if.
Of course, the speaker can also omit some words that serve to propose the topic according to the specific situation of the speech background, speech object, etc., and put forward the topic directly.The opening remarks of Comrade Mao Zedong's report "Reform Our Study" at the Yan'an Cadre Conference adopted this straight-to-the-point approach: "I advocate reforming the study methods and study systems of our entire party."
The easiest way can often be the best way.Don't underestimate the role of the first few sentences. It is a high-level summary of the entire speech content. It is concise and concise, and plays a key role in the overall speech.
It is very difficult and labor-intensive to make the general audience endure abstract statements for a long time from personal experience.Using examples makes it easy for the audience to listen and to convince others of your point of view.That being the case, why not give an example at the beginning?Many persuasive speakers do this.Some speakers feel that it is necessary to make some general statements first, which is not necessarily the case.A vivid example can arouse the interest of the audience and make people want to listen to you.
Lowell Tamas, world-renowned news analyst, speaker, and filmmaker, begins his narration of Lawrence of Arabia this way:
"One day, I was walking on Christ Street in Jerusalem, and suddenly I met a man in a gorgeous dress of an oriental monarch. He had a golden scimitar hanging by his side, which was only worn by the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad... ..." This way of starting the story with their own experience can effectively attract the attention of the audience. They can't wait to know the development behind the story, follow the speaker closely, see his actions, and step by step towards the future. Pushing forward, you melt into a certain situation without knowing it, become a part of it, and the speaker's unhurried voicing of his comments is a matter of course.
Management guru Carnegie has given many speeches, one of which started like this:
"Just after I graduated from college, I was walking down a street one night when I saw a man standing on top of a box and speaking to the crowd. I was curious, so I joined the crowd to listen. The man said: 'You Never saw a bald Indian, or a bald woman, did you? Now I'll tell you why...'"
His speech was very successful, because as long as he moved towards the outcome of the incident, he could deeply penetrate into the hearts of the audience.
Because the narration is his own personal experience, the speaker can often maintain a confident and leisurely demeanor and avoid getting nervous and getting stuck everywhere when he speaks.At the same time, with vivid examples as a foreshadowing, the viewpoints will not appear too abrupt.What's more, most listeners prefer listening to stories to empty lectures.
Personal experience can also be an account of the background of a certain thing, and an introduction of the origin of a certain thing.Here are the opening words of Mr. Powell Healy, the master orator, in a lecture in Philadelphia: "Eighty-two years ago, about this season, a little book was published in London, a story destined to live forever. Many called it 'The greatest little book in the world'. When it first came out, friends would ask each other when they met in the street: 'Have you read it?' The answer was always the same: 'Yes, God bless , I have read.'
"It sold 1,000 copies the day it was published, and demanded 15,000 copies within two weeks. Since then, it has been reprinted countless times and translated into every language in the world. A few years ago, Morgan The original was acquired at a high price. It now rests in a stately gallery with many priceless treasures. This little book, world famous, is by Charles Dickens and is entitled A Christmas Carol."
Powell's speech aims to recommend the book "A Christmas Carol" to the audience.At the beginning of his speech, he gave a more specific description of the scene of readers rushing to buy and read the book when it was published, and explained how people's interest in it has not diminished in subsequent reprints.After introducing these background materials, he solemnly pointed out the title of this famous book that countless people can't put it down.How do you feel?Do you want to know the specific content of the little book right away, this is exactly the purpose of the speaker.In order to arouse the interest of the audience, the explanation of this background is essential.
The quickest way to arouse people's curiosity with suspense is to set up suspense at the beginning. When people have various doubts, they can always calm down and listen to what the speaker is talking about.You can ask a question, and then reveal a little bit, but not too much, just enough to arouse the curiosity of the audience without making them feel that you are deliberately trying to sell it.
"Are the gangsters really organized? Judging from a certain rule, they are indeed organized. How to put it?..."
In this lecture entitled "On Gangsters," the speaker strikes out his subject in just a few sentences, reveals some of it to you, and arouses your curiosity and makes you eager Know exactly how gangsters are organized.
The method of creating suspense is not limited to asking questions to stimulate the audience's thinking.Let's look at another example about Carnegie.When he gave a speech on "The Advantages of Human Nature-How to Stop Worrying and Start Living", he created suspense in this way:
"In the spring of 1871, William Osborne, a young physician destined to become world famous, picked up a book and read 21 words, which had a profound effect on his future."
What are these 21 characters?How do these words affect his future?These questions were raised by the audience even though the speaker did not ask them directly.
Clever quotations add to the story.Finally, let's take a look at the method of quoting famous quotes and aphorisms to summarize the content of the speech as the beginning.
For example, in a speech entitled "Aspirations should be lofty", the speaker quoted Gorky's famous saying: "The higher a person's goal is, the faster his talents will develop, and the more beneficial it will be to society." .” Properly addressing the question makes people feel very convincing.
Carnegie begins his account of Lawrence's adventures in Arabia in the following way:
"Lloyd George said he considered Lawrence one of the most romantic and colorful figures of the modern era."
This opening statement has two characteristics: First, it quotes a famous person who is often in the public eye.Second, it arouses the audience's curiosity, and the question "why is it the most romantic" will naturally appear in the audience's mind.Also, "Why is he the most colorful?" "I've never heard of this guy before, what does he do?" the audience must be wondering.
The body of a speech is the text between the beginning and the end, which is the main part of the speech.The quality of the main speech determines the quality of the speech, and whether the arguments are convincing depends on the elaboration of the main body.
Since the main body is the backbone of the speech, it must be carefully written.The following are a few basic principles that should be followed when writing the main body:
When segmenting, pay attention to the unity and completeness of the content.There must be an internal connection between each paragraph, and the length should be moderate.Unification means that one paragraph expresses one meaning in a concentrated manner. If there are too many meanings, the audience often cannot grasp the center; completeness means that one meaning should be concentrated in one paragraph, and it should not be scattered over several paragraphs and repeated, which will give people confusion. Feel.The internal connection between the paragraphs is that the content between the paragraphs is coherent, and there is a logical connection between the paragraphs in content, reflecting that the next paragraph is the inevitable development of the meaning of the previous paragraph; the length is moderate, that is, the paragraphs should not be too long or too short , Oddly long and oddly short are not conducive to the progress of the speech and the expression of meaning.
There are many ways to transition, the common ones are as follows:
The questions described need to transition from total to points or from points to total;
A transition is required when changing from one level of meaning to another;
There is a transition from argument to narrative, or from narrative to argument.
Generally, there are the following types of care:
Correspondence between writing and speech title;
Paraphrase of arguments and speech titles;
Ask questions and answer questions.
The above has briefly explained the requirements of the main structure of the speech, and we will analyze it in detail through specific examples below.
Parallel juxtaposition.This is a common structural form, and its hierarchical arrangement is characterized by separately telling several main issues involved in the speech center.The various levels are juxtaposed, independent of each other and connected with each other, expressing the center of the speech from different angles.The advantage of this structure is that the hierarchy is clear and clear at a glance, making it easy for the audience to grasp the main points.
For example, in a speech titled "A man has aspirations", the main part lists four subheadings.
⑴Quoting Gorky's famous saying: "The higher a person's goal is, the faster his talent will develop, and the more beneficial it will be to society." An old Chinese saying: "Aspiration should be high."
(2) The goal is high, and it must conform to a firm and correct political direction.For example, Luan Fu put forward the "three men": become a communist fighter politically, become a doctor in business, and become a strong man physically.
(1) To quote Edison: "The most obvious sign of a great man is his strong will. No matter how much the environment changes, his original intention and hope will not change in the slightest, and he will finally overcome obstacles to achieve the desired goal."
(2) Various examples of determination and perseverance under adversity.
(1) Life attitude and life style have always been the barometer of people's ideological status.Liu Bang entered the customs: "There is nothing to take from property, and nothing to women. This is not a small ambition."
(2) List examples: such as Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Fan Zhen during the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Fan Zhongan, Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Lian in the early Ming Dynasty and other examples of frugal life.
List the examples of celebrities: Lenin, Lu Xun, British poet Edward Young, British female writer Emily Bronte, and scientist Einstein cherish every second.
The main part of this speech adopts a horizontal parallel structure, and the four subheadings are divided into sub-levels, and the classic quotes and moving examples are quoted for discussion.The overall structure is rigorous and well organized, making it clear at a glance.
Contrast of positive and negative This kind of narration level is to form a positive and negative contrast between sub-arguments and sub-arguments, between paragraphs, so that the audience can distinguish who is right from the difference or opposition between two things, and recognize the central argument. This kind of narration method can be used not only between the same part, but also to form a comparison between the parts of the whole story. The audience can understand the right and wrong from the comparison.
On April 8, 1927, Mr. Lu Xun was invited to give a speech entitled "Literature in the Revolutionary Era" at the Whampoa Military Academy.Since the speech was aimed at cadets about to enter the Revolutionary War, the subject of revolution was inevitable.In Guangzhou at that time, a group of progressive young people gathered. They established literary associations, established literary journals, and the independent literary concept of "revolutionary literature" spread accordingly.Against such a background, Lu Xun discussed revolution and literature, times and literature, and what is civilian literature in his speech.
At the beginning of the speech, Lu Xun talked about his artistic experience in his youth in a humorous tone, in order to elicit his own literary views: "Literature and literature are taught by the most useless and powerless people."
Next, he specifically analyzed the similarities and differences between literature and revolutionary literature. In a bloody struggle, the enemy is strong and we are weak. It is useless to just write articles and shout a few words.Literature cannot save ourselves, let alone the country, we must use "blood and fire" and "fire and sword" to defeat the devil.Writers can only get a false name. For example, after a martyr's memorial service is held, no one mentions the matter of the martyr.
The writers in Guangzhou like to associate revolution with literature, saying that literature can be used to propagandize, advocate, promote and complete the revolution.However, if the article written for a certain interest is not a natural expression of the depths of the soul, trying to move others is of no value and cannot be regarded as a real literary work; the most important thing is that "revolutionaries" can be written. "Revolutionary literature" means that revolution determines literature, not literature completes revolution.Literature is affected by the times, but only the Great Revolution can really shake and even change our society, and only in this way can we "change the color of literature."
Then, "What influence did the Great Revolution have on literature?" Lu Xun's answer to this question was divided into three stages: before the Great Revolution, during the Great Revolution, and after the Great Revolution, and compared them before and after.
Before the Great Revolution, all the literature was dissatisfied with the social status quo and complained, but these literatures did not have much influence on the revolution.If it stops at complaining and complaining about grievances, a nation will still have little power. ... Once the roaring literature appears, the rebellion is at hand.
In the era of the Great Revolution, everyone turned from shouting to action, busy with the revolution, and had no time to talk about literature.Literature can only be discussed on the basis of survival. The so-called "literature comes from poverty" is not true.
The influence of the Great Revolution on literature was mainly due to the fact that after the success of the Great Revolution, a kind of "acura literature" that praised the revolution and praised the revolution——progress.Writers feel that the destruction of the old society and the construction of the new society are meaningful, so they sing praises. There is also a kind of literature that sings "elegy literature" in memory of the demise of the old society.
In this part of the speech, the comparison of the structure before and after is very obvious, and it is not difficult for people to find Mr. Lu Xun's thinking in analyzing this issue.This has laid the foundation for the following in-depth analysis of Chinese social reality and literary reality.
This kind of hierarchical structure can also be called in-depth or progressive.The speaker grasps a certain problem, goes deeper step by step, advances layer by layer, and analyzes it penetratingly.Make the structure of the speech take on a progressive form.The main feature of this structure is that when discussing the theme, the meanings of each layer are layered one after another, one after another, and finally a logical sequence is formed.
Lenin's speech has the characteristics of prominent center, strict logic, accurate conclusion and full of appeal. On August 23, 1918, Lenin made a speech "Why We Communists Struggle", which was also one of the most representative speeches during the war against armed intervention and the suppression of domestic rebellions in Soviet Russia.The speech went straight to the point and proposed "why are we communists fighting for?" and then clearly answered "to stop imperialist wars, for socialism." Then around this center, layered discussions.Regarding "how to stop an imperialist war", Lenin reiterated his viewpoint of "turning an imperialist war into a civil war".He first clarified the nature of imperialist wars and their relationship with socialism, and then drew the conclusion from the lessons of the wars: To fundamentally eliminate imperialist wars, "the only way out is to turn imperialist wars into civil wars." , that is, to overthrow the capitalist system of the country and carry out a socialist revolution.The success of the October Revolution showed that this was the right thing to do.But "establishing a socialist system is difficult", here Lenin shifted from "stopping imperialist war" to "for socialism".He first affirmed the direction of socialism, and then acknowledged the current reality and difficulties.But Lenin regarded the Russian socialist revolution as a fact of the whole world, and firmly believed that "it can support the outbreak of the world socialist revolution".The subsequent victory and the surge of the world communist movement proved the correctness of Lenin's analysis.
This speech, each paragraph is not long, concise and powerful, like the drumbeats that urge people to go out, full of enthusiasm and inspiration.Coupled with the "iron-like logic", the audience was convinced and full of confidence to win under the extraordinary inspiration.
The comprehensive use of the three structural forms mentioned above is a more typical form in speeches, and it is also a form often used by ordinary speakers.In order to avoid a single and rigid structure, different structural forms can be used alternately according to the content of the speech, with the passage of time as the main clue, or combined with the spatial position to transform the hierarchical arrangement, so that the whole speech presents a rich and varied ups and downs.
The ending is the natural end of the speech content, and it is an integral part of the speech. It must not be ignored. Some speakers either havetily withdraw their troops at the end, or superfluous, or use clichéd formulas. "I would like to add a few more words about a certain issue", "A certain point I mentioned earlier is very important, and I will emphasize it here again", "I have finished my speech, and I did not speak well, please criticize and correct me", etc., If it is dull, it will make the audience feel impatient.
As the saying goes, "It's hard to close your mouth when you make up a sparrow and a basket." The quality of the ending is crucial to the success of a speech.If the beginning of the speech is good, it can only be said that there is hope of success, but it cannot be regarded as a foregone conclusion of victory; on the contrary, if the speech is not satisfactory before, making some remedies at the end and concluding it effectively may also revitalize the whole speech.Huang Zhengshu, a scholar of the Ming Dynasty, said it well in "Chunjuezhai Papers": "A good ending is like chewing dried fruit and tasting fragrant tea, which makes people think again and again." A good ending is the end of a speech and the starting point of arousing the audience's thinking. You can receive the effect that the words have been exhausted and the meaning is endless.
There are no regular rules for a good ending, no fixed pattern, and various ways of expression.Either reveal the theme and give people strength; or show the future and inspire fighting spirit; or express emotions and inspire people; or be rich in philosophy and make people think... Here are some common ending methods:
This method is most commonly used in political speeches and work reports.The speaker uses concise language to briefly summarize what has been said before, or summarize the main points discussed one by one, remind the audience to pay attention, and make the audience more impressed.
Comrade Deng Xiaoping ended his report "The Army Must Be Reorganized" in this way:
"Today I just met with you. How the army should behave will be discussed in the future. But I think that the army must be reorganized, stabilized and united, and policies must be implemented. These principles are not wrong. For To achieve this, we must strengthen party spirit, eliminate factionalism, strengthen discipline, and improve work efficiency. I hope that all cadres of our General Staff will unite in this spirit and do their jobs well.”
This ending follows Comrade Xiaoping's consistent speech style, with clear thinking, concise and to the point, without any sloppiness.Obviously, this method of summarizing the end has a very significant effect on deepening the audience's understanding and feeling of the content of the speech.
In October 1937, Comrade Mao Zedong gave a "Speech at the Meeting Commemorating the Anniversary of Lu Xun's Death" at Yan'an Shanbei Public School. The end also used this method of summarizing the full text:
"Combining the above characteristics, a great 'Lu Xun spirit' has been formed. Lu Xun has run through this spirit throughout his life. Therefore, he has become a great writer in the literary and art circles, and a very good revolutionary in the revolutionary ranks. A very experienced pioneer. When we commemorate Lu Xun, we must learn from Lu Xun's spirit and bring it to the anti-Japanese teams all over the country to fight for the liberation of the Chinese nation."
The ending effectively concludes the full text, points out the keynote of the speech, and makes demands and appeals to the audience, which shocks people.
首尾呼应这种结尾方式与前述有所不同，在总结全文的同时，还注意了与演讲开头的呼应，使整个演讲结构严密完整，使听众获得一种强烈的感受。
首尾连贯，浑然一体，对突出主题大有帮助。例如《军装是一面旗帜》的演讲就具有这一特色，它的开头是：
“绿色，也许是七彩中最为简单的一种；军服，也许是时装中最普通的服饰。但我却深深地热爱那和大地同绿的军服，因为军服在我心灵深处烙刻着一段永远难忘的记忆……”
演讲的结尾是：
“我深知，从女学生到女军人有着又短又长的距离，仅仅有军衣的装扮还不够，还需要有军人意识的积蓄，用军装赋予生命更深的涵义。
“我深知，从戎的道路是崎岖坎坷的，有风雪，也有泥泞，但我既然选择了远方，我便会面对军旗的召唤，身着绿色的军服，义无反顾地去风雨兼程。我将用我的青春和热血为那永不褪色的军旗，为我那深深挚爱的绿色军服增添明艳的色彩。”
绿色，是生命的象征；“军绿”是人民军队的标志。演讲者怀着献身国防、无私奉献的赤诚情怀，抓住“绿色”这一具有象征意义的标志，以优美流畅的语言谱写了一曲当代女军人的心灵之歌。一位女性的细腻情感，一个军人的博大胸怀，都在演讲者激越的深情中娓娓道来。结尾诚挚的表达，使演讲的主题愈显鲜明。
还有的演讲者在首尾以自问自答的方式相互照应。加深了听众对主旨的理解，并且引起深思。请看下面的例子，开场白是：
“当今中国，要改革，要开拓，关键在于发现和使用人才。没有人才，就好像庙里没有和尚，什么经也念不成。因此，开拓事业，首先要开拓人才。人才在哪里？有人抱怨，自己单位'千里马'太少！某某厂矿人才缺乏……人才真的这样缺乏吗？——不，古人曰：天涯何处无芳草。在中国960万平方公里的大地上，人才何其多也！只是你尚未觉察到这一事实而已！”
演讲的结尾是：
“最后，我想再一次问——人才在哪里？在哪里？我的回答是：人才就在960万平方公里的土地上，在10亿人民中间，在当今改革的激流里，在你们——我亲爱的广大听众之中！
“'我劝天公重抖擞，不拘一格降人才。'让我们努力去挖掘、去理解、去关心、去培养、去使用人才吧！人才，就在我们身边。”
演讲者在结尾处再次回归到开头阐述的“人才就在中国960万平方公里的土地上”的中心论点上，不是玩什么文字游戏，也不是简单的语言重复或偶合，而是十分出色的相互照应，保证了全篇演讲的完整结构与严密逻辑。
文采飞扬以上两种结尾方式，使演讲在结构方面各具特色。还有的结尾，引用名言、警句、诗词等，言简意赅，贴近主题，同时又令演讲颇具文采，博得听众欢迎。
美国前总统尼克松1972年应邀首次访华，结束了中美双方多年的僵持状态，受到毛主席和周总理的热烈欢迎。《在答谢宴会上的祝酒词》是尼克松演讲生涯中不可多得的名篇。他的结束语是：
“总理先生，你已注意到送我们到这里来的飞机名为'76年精神号'。就在这个星期，我们美国庆祝了我们的国父乔治·华盛顿的生日，是他领导美国在我们的革命中取得了独立，并担任了我们的第一届总统。
“在他任期届满时，他用下面的话向他的同胞告别：'这一个国家恪守信用和正义，同所有的人和平与和睦相处。'
“就是本着这种精神——76年精神，我请大家站起来和我一起举杯，为毛主席，为周总理，为我们两国人民，为我们的孩子们的希望，即，我们这一代人能给他们留下和平与和睦的遗产，干杯！”
此处尼克松从“76年精神”引出华盛顿的名言，热情而又含蓄地表达了对待中美关系恪守信任的原则和期盼友好和平的强烈愿望，在他热烈而又得体的祝酒词中，宴会气氛达到了高潮，人们有理由相信在中美两国政府和人民的共同努力下，中美关系将会有一个美好的明天。尼克松的这个演讲饱满而完善，体现出一个大国领袖的风范。
同样以雄辩、激情的演说著称于世的法国前总统戴高乐将军，则惯于在演讲的结尾处，以极富鼓动性和感染力的语言号召法国人民为自由、独立与和平而战。他的演讲振奋人心，总能在听众中引起强烈的共鸣。在一次关于国家内政外交的目标和政策的演讲中，他是这样结束的：
“在歌德有名的悲剧中，梅菲斯特是这样自我介绍的：'我否定一切的精神！'不幸的浮士德博士在听了梅菲斯特的忠告后，越来越倒霉了，直到最后下地狱为止。法国的男女同胞们！我们不要这样做，要排除怀疑——这个代表一切堕落、颓废的魔鬼。让我们继续前进吧！我们的法国是一个有自信心的法国，因而它的前途是无限的！
“共和国万岁！法兰西万岁！”
这样激动人心的文字，加之演讲者饱满充沛的热情，叩击着每个听众的心扉。在他面前，懦弱的人将无招架之力。
要使结尾处文采飞扬，撼动人心，恰当引用是一个方法，精雕细琢的语言，还要以演讲者的内心感受为依托，再有感染力的文字在演讲者平淡无力的演说中也会成为一杯白开水，只有演讲者内心涌动着激情，并诉诸语音、语调、语气、语素等载体，才会真正打动人心。
演讲稿既具有较强的逻辑性，也具有一定的艺术性，对语言艺术有较高的要求。有了好材料，有了好结构，还必须通过优美动人的语言来表达。要使演讲稿富有优美动人的语言，就必须讲究修辞。
比拟是拟人和拟物的合称，或寄情于物，或托物言志，引起听众的共鸣和深思。具有深刻、形象和幽默诙谐的特点，可以增强语言的表现力和感染力，也能增强语言的抒情色彩和喜剧效果，把精彩的论述与模形拟象的描绘融为一体，既给人理性上的启迪，又给人以艺术上的美感。例如，有一篇名为“我的理想之路”的演讲，热情地歌颂了人民教师，结尾处用了一连串的比拟：
“作为未来教师的我，没有太高的奢望——只求用知识的雨露去浇灌幼苗。像红烛，将全部心血化为光焰，去照亮青少年一代那美好的心灵；像春蚕，为谋求人类的幸福，吐尽最后一口丝。”
用三个或三个以上的意思密切相关、结构相似、语气连贯的句子排列起来就叫排比。
如以上规定，不得随意改动，不得随意违反，不得随意解释。如：这种作风，拿了律己，则害了自己；拿了教人，则害了别人；拿了指导革命，则害了革命。排比和对偶是有区别的，使用时应注意区分。对偶句限定为两个句子，排比可由三个或三个以上的词组或句子构成。对偶句要求上下句字数、结构均相同，而排比句只要求大体相同。对偶句可以表达相关或相反的意思。排比句不能表示相反的意思。
运用排比应注意两点。第一，不要生拉硬凑，表达的内容中有并列的部分才能运用。只从形式考虑，有意铺排，则显得累赘，反而影响表达。第二，排比句的分句或词组之间都有一定的逻辑顺序，不能颠倒和错乱。
演讲时常常要引用某些原始资料、典型的原话或成语、典故、格言等来增强说服力和演讲的动人色彩。Such as:
“中国人有一句老话'不入虎穴，焉得虎子'。这句话对于人们的实践是真理，对于认识论也是真理。离开实践的认识是不可能的。”
工作中，总是离不了用数据来有力地说明问题、论述问题。数据常常成为根据。演说中运用数据增强表达效果，常能令人信服。有时不仅用大概数据，还有具体数据。Such as:
“全北京市共有46条河流沟渠总长900公里；受污河道总长400多公里，占城区和近郊河道总长的50％；被喻为'龙须沟'的河道至少有34条。”
把两种不同事物或一事物的两个不同方面放在一起进行比较，就是对比。对立统一的两种事物或概念的对比叫两体对比。存在于同一事物中的两个对立面之间的对比，叫做一体两面对比。演讲中恰当地运用对比手法，能使形象突出，能较全面地表现演讲者的观点，深刻揭示事物的本质特征。正义与邪恶，英勇与懦怯，伟大与渺小，一经对照，泾渭分明，给人印象极深。
例如，英国政治家赖白斯在伦敦参事会上所作的关于劳动情况的演讲，据说他在演讲中突然停顿取出金表，一声不响站在那里看着听众长达1分12秒之久，在大家都要坐不住的时候，他突然大声说道：“诸位刚才所感觉局促不安的72秒时间就是普通工人垒一块砖所用的时间。”赖白斯巧妙地利用这种停顿进行了一次生动的时间对比，形成弦外之音，言外之意，收到了独特的修辞效果。
早在20世纪30年代，杨炳乾先生在其《演讲论大纲》中就演讲语言与文学语言的差异作了精辟的论述：“演说学修辞与文学之修辞不同……文学重在抒发自我情感，演说重在诱动他人情感，文学之修辞多纯为求美，而小说之修辞则欲藉美以助其成功……且文学之文章接于人目，故其修辞，除诗歌外，仅注意文学之内容，而演讲之语言，结于人耳，故其修辞更含有声音语气及适应环境之性质。文学之文章，能反复阅者，故词可艰深；而演说之语言，只陈述一次，故词贵简。”
可见，由于演讲主要是针对听众，演讲语言实际上是以语音、语调、语气等的组合内载体诉诸于对方的耳朵，那么，在演讲语言上下功夫，就不仅要使语言能准确、完整地表情达意，更重要的是使对方（听众）能够接受和理解。也就是说要以听众的感受为主要的衡量标准，而不应“自说自话”，以自我为中心，置听众于不顾。这样，演讲也就失去了它的实际意义。
古往今来，中外演讲者留下了为数众多的佳作名篇，他们的语言准确、清晰、简洁、凝练、生动、形象，很好地表达了演讲内容和思想情感，值得我们借鉴。
清晰的语言，是保证信息传输的根本条件，也是演讲语言的首要特征。概念要准确，表意要清晰，才能真实反映出现实面貌和思想实际，才能为听众所接受，达到宣传、教育、规劝、影响听众的目的。
演讲稿的语言要力求做到通俗易懂，首先要用通俗的说法，尊重多数人的语言习惯。其次，要规范化。
演讲稿中的语言讲出来要让别人听得懂，这是对演讲语言的基本要求，否则演讲就失去了听众，失去了意义和存在的价值。语言不准确，意思表达得不清楚，话说得不明白，往往造成听众理解上的困难。因此准确的语言，所谓规范化的语言就是“统一的、普及的；无论在它的书面形式或口头形式上，都具有明确的规范的汉民族共同语”，对一些外来词语要少用、慎用。特别是考虑到领导者的特殊身份，在语言上更要严把关，通俗易懂。
我国著名作家老舍先生作为一代语言大师，其语言通俗晓畅，独步于现代文坛。他曾多次向青年作者这样介绍：“我写作中有一个窍门，一个东西写完了，一定要再念再念再念，念给别人听（听不听在他），看念得顺不顺？准确不？别扭不？逻辑性强不？……看句子是否有不够妥当之处。……语言的创造，是用普通的文字巧妙地安排起来的，不要硬造字句，如'他们在思谋……'、'思谋'不常用；不如用'思索'倒好些，既现成也易懂，宁可写得老实些，也别生造。”这个窍门应当在所有演讲者中间推而广之，付诸实践。
做到演讲语言的通俗和规范，可以从以下四方面入手：首先把生僻的词换成常用的词；其次不用生造的古里古怪的词语；再次恰当使用文言和方言词语；最后用明白的语言解释难理解的术语，以浅显的形象事物解释抽象的概念，也可以用举例来说明听众陌生的事物。
就第一点，上文老舍先生改“思谋”为“思索”即为一例。
至于生造词语，物理学大师爱因斯坦对于艰深难懂的相对论的形象阐述，即便是物理学的门外汉也能铭记于心。
而无产阶级革命运动的伟大导师列宁，在面对劳动群众发表演讲时，最善于运用听众日常生活中能够感知的形象来表达复杂深奥的政治问题。在《什么是苏维埃政权》这篇广受欢迎的演讲中，他说：“日益吸引每个国家工人的新政权的实质就在于：从前管理国家的总是富人或资本家，而现在第一次是由遭受资本主义压迫而且人数最多的阶级来管理国家。在世界上，我们俄国第一次这样建立了国家政权，没有剥削者参加，只有工人和劳动农民组成群众组织——苏维埃。而国家的全部权力都交给苏维埃。”这些再朴实不过的语言，直观明了，准确实在地回答了“什么是苏维埃？这一新政权的性质是什么？”这两个关键问题，解除了人们心头的疑惑。
我国民主革命的伟大先驱孙中山先生，在一生坎坷而漫长的革命生涯中，演讲始终是他宣传民主的有力武器。他以演讲阐明观点，宣传真理，以演讲发号施令，激励斗志。1905年，他在《民报》发刊词中首次公开提出了“民族、民权、民生”三大主义的革命号召，建立起了中国资产阶级民主革命的理论基础。
三民主义学说提出一周年后，在《民报》创刊一周年庆祝大会上，孙中山又发表《三民主义》演讲。他在演讲中，满怀爱国主义情感，以富有哲理的论述，质朴通俗的语言，进一步系统阐明了三民主义。
对于民族主义，他以一个人与父母的关系作比：“譬如一个人，见着父母总是认得，绝不会把他当作路人，也绝不会把路人当作父母；民族主义也是这样，这是从种性发出来，人人都是一样的。满洲人入关到如今已有260多年，我们汉人就是小孩子，见着满人也是认得，总不会把满人当作汉人。这就是民族主义的根本。”
说到民生主义，他又以大灾大祸防止要比扑灭容易的道理作类比，说明它虽非燃眉之急，但却必须高度重视。“凡是大灾大祸没有发生的时候，要防止它是容易的；到了发生之后，要扑灭它却是极难。社会问题在欧美是积重难返，在中国却还是幼稚时代，但是将来总会发生的，到时候收拾不了，又要弄成大革命了。革命的事情是万不得已才用，不可频频伤国民的元气。我们实行民族革命、政治革命的时候，须同时想法子改良社会经济组织，防止后来的社会革命，这真是最大的责任。”
孙中山博学多识，才高八斗，青少年时代就积累了广博的学识。在香港西医书院学习的五年时间里，除刻苦钻研医学本科知识外，还广泛研读了西方国家的政治学、军事学、历史学、物理学、农学等，尤其爱读《法国革命史》和达尔文的，同时，在课余时间，他还十分重视进修中文。尽管如此，中山先生在这篇演讲中都没有用“之乎者也”来卖弄自己，而是以最朴实，最通俗易懂的语言和比喻类比这样的修辞方法，来形象化的说明，革命要成功，首先就要唤起民众的觉悟，获得民众的支持，让民众做革命的主力军。革命理论的传播就成为必要的前提，革命理论要为人民理解和掌握，才能发挥它的无穷威力。孙中山的演讲以听众为中心，要以听众接受为目的，他深入浅出的演说正符合了大多数人的知识水平和理解能力，他的理论才能深入人心。
以简洁准确而又通俗易懂的语言痛陈时弊深刻揭示社会现实，在这方面，我国现代文学的旗手鲁迅先生堪称楷模。
鲁迅的演讲，其友人许寿裳评价说：“深入浅出，要言不烦，恰到好处。”许广平在《鲁迅回忆录》中描述说：“以朴素的、质直的、不加文饰的讲话，款款而又低沉的声音，投向群众。”“雄辩地驳斥了异端邪说，摈弃了弥漫世间的乌烟瘴气，给听众如饭醇醪，如服清凉散。”在鲁迅的一生中，曾多年执教，多次演讲，直接谆谆教导青年，鲁迅的每一篇演讲，都是一篇精彩的战斗檄文。
鲁迅的演讲矛头直指吃人的封建礼教和黑暗的社会现实，思想深刻，讽刺辛辣，深受广大青年学生的欢迎和喜爱。他虽然身体矮小脸色冷白却目光有神、思维如电，话语中透出不可辩驳的力量，似乎他就是“真的声音”的化身。1927年2月鲁迅应香港青年会的邀请，赴港作了《无声的中国》和《老调子已经唱完》两篇演讲。
在《老调子已经唱完》中，鲁迅郑重地指出，许多国家都出现了新的声音，只因中国的老调子还没有唱完。这是因为“以自己为中心的人们，都绝不肯以民众为主体，而专图自己的便利，总是三反四复地唱不完，于是，自己的老调子固然唱不完，而国家却已被唱完了。”封建统治者掌握了文化，就是要巩固他们自己贪婪的权力，至于国家和民族的命运，却不在他们考虑的范围之内。
鲁迅又指出，外国帝国主义者的尊重文化，不过是一种利用的手段，好来造成更多驯服的奴才。中国的文化确实是用来侍奉主子的，外国人愈是赞美这种文化，中国将来的苦痛会愈深，所以应该弃这唱了多年的“老调子”。中国的文化，都是侍奉主子的文化，是用很多人的痛苦换来的。无论中国人、外国人，凡是称赞中国文化的，都只是以主子自居的一部分。所以“贪安稳就没有自由，要自由总要历险，只有这两条路。”这样的结论是对彻底的消除封建主义残余的最好回答。
写好演讲稿，光有语言的通俗、明白还不够，讲出的话为听众所理解，这是最基本的要求，但与成功的演讲还相距甚远。好的演讲还要能吸引人，让听众爱听，这就要求语言的生动形象，要求语言表达“言之有物”，使人获得真切实在的感受。如果演讲中使用过多空泛的概念，过多虚幻的描绘，听众往往不得要领，难于理解和消化。要用形象化的语言把抽象化为具体，把深奥讲得浅显，使枯燥变成有趣。
运用形象化的语言可以从多方入手，或选用形象化的词语，或用形象化的修辞方法。形象化的词语就是形象色彩比较浓厚的词语。我们谨以恩格斯《在马克思墓前的讲话》中的开头部分为例：
“3月14日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。让他一个人留在房里总共不过才两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了——但已经是永远地睡着了。”
这段质朴无华的语言给人的印象是极为深刻的，全世界爱戴马克思、尊敬马克思、信仰他创立的科学共产主义的人们，都在恩格斯形象的描述中重温了伟大导师去世时的情形，人们屏住呼吸，默默地送别他的灵魂，在绵绵哀思中整理着对这位伟人的片段回忆。形象生动的语言能够有效地渲染出事件发生时的气氛，使人有身临其境之感。
联系到前文，有的读者可能会产生这样的疑问：你不是说语言要朴素就得少用形容词吗，怎么这里又主张选用形象化的词语呢？其实，这二者并不矛盾而是辩证的统一。朴素未必失去形象，形象也未必就一定不朴素，语言的选用要依据演讲者所要讲述对象的特点，要具体描述的就不该吝笔墨，只须简要说明的就不必冗言赘语，最根本的是要服务于演讲的主题，既能准确地表情达意，又让听众觉得生动感人。形象化的语言绝不是堆砌形容词，这样只会适得其反，影响表达的效果。
要使语言形象化，各种修辞手法的合理运用也十分有效。比拟、比喻、夸张等都可以增强语言的形象色彩。
当演讲者向听众讲大家不熟悉或不很熟悉的话题时，就可以引用一个生动而容易理解的比拟，以收到事半功倍的效果。例如毛泽东在《改造我们的学习中》，把那种只知背诵马恩列斯著作中若干词句、徒有虚名的人比拟为：“墙头芦苇，头重脚轻根底浅；山间竹笋，嘴尖皮厚腹中空。”一副对联两个比拟，把教条主义者模拟得活灵活现。
我们再来看一个有关邓小平同志的例子：1957年4月8日，邓小平在西安干部会上作了题为《今后的主要任务是建设》的报告演讲，他将西安的城建问题比拟为“骨头”和“肉”的关系。他认为西安市的城市规划摆得满满的，实际上里边空的地方很多，注意了“骨头”，对“肉”重视不够，应该办的商店、理发店等服务性行业，没有注意办。他表示，我们国家那么大，搞点富丽堂皇的东西，以表示新气象，是应该的，但同时，应多搞些商店、戏院、电影院、学校等，“肉”的问题就解决了。邓小平在这里的生动而又有说服力的比拟，道出了经济工作中的辩证关系。“骨头”指工业、交通、高楼等大的建设项目，“肉”是指配合生产和生活需要的多种设施建设，如科研、文教、卫生、商业服务网点、职工住宅和城市