Chapter 14 Dismantling the Human Game: A Series of Concepts of Unspoken Rules

Interviewer: Wang Luxiang from "Phoenix Satellite TV·Century Lecture Hall" Time: March 29, 2004 "Ask where the canal is so clear, so that there is flowing water from the source." This is "Big Red Eagle·Century Lecture Hall". I am Wang Luxiang, hello everyone! The reason why we are human is that we live in a society with rules. Robbers have rules for robbers, gangsters have rules for gangsters, policemen have rules for policemen, and we have rules for playing football and chess. According to the rules, there is no way to play this game.Therefore, when we talk about playing games, we all think of rules. Therefore, game rules have become a very popular word in society for more than ten years, but recently a new word has emerged, called "hidden rules".Today let us meet Mr. Wu Si who invented the term "unspoken rules".

I knew the name Wu Si many years ago. When I thought of Wu Si, I remembered another person named Wu Yong.Some parents are very good at choosing names, and Wu Yong's father is especially good at choosing names.In fact, the most useful person among the 108 generals of Liang Shanshuibo, but his name is Wu Yong.The same is true for Mr. Wu Si, he is actually a very thoughtful person, the most thoughtful person, but his parents just named him Wu Si. I think, when you were young, I heard that for a period of time, you were always locked up by your parents at home, just controlling your younger brother and not letting you go out. Did he think that your "no thinking" is fake, but in fact you are "thoughtful", At that time thought will bring harm to the family?

I didn't have that much thought back then.At that time, I was reading at home, afraid that I would cause trouble. What kind of books did you mainly read at that time? There are a lot of memoirs and novels. The first one I read was "The Song of Ouyang Hai", then "A Spark Starts a Prairie", and I still read it now. "A Spark Starts a Prairie", is to explain the history of the People's Liberation Army, right? right. In this case, does it cultivate your interest in literature and history? It seems that the first book, the first set of books I read is literature and history.

I think when you were a reporter for the "Farmer's Daily", I looked at your resume. I think that when people measure their success in society, they always go up and down the ladder, and the position gets higher and higher. I think You seem to be, at least in the "Farmer's Daily", your position is getting lower and lower. Seems.I became the deputy director of the editor-in-chief office in 1984, and in the second year, I went to be the deputy director of the mass industry department. In the ranking of the newspaper... It is a middle-level cadre, and it has changed from a high-level cadre to a middle-level management.

right.Two years later, I became a mobile reporter again, and joined the mobile reporter group. That's the bottom line. Anyway, in terms of "crucial point", it is getting farther and farther away from "crucial point". Then you must have offended someone. No, it was all at my own request. They are all voluntary requests, because they want to get in touch with the real rural society. The Group Industry Department receives a large number of letters from readers every day, and what it directly sees is what is happening to people, and it has not been processed at all.The mobile reporter team has a bit of "privilege" in every newspaper office, that is, you can write what you like, and go wherever you like, so you have more freedom.

Then why did I go to "Yanhuang Chunqiu" again? I went to "Yanhuang Chunqiu" in 1996. At that time, I was unemployed at home and had nothing to do. The old leader of "Farmers Daily" said that we would run "Yanhuang Chunqiu". , have helped for seven years. So today, we invite Mr. Wu Si to tell us about "hidden rules-how to disassemble the real game in the world" in the form of storytelling. The story I told you can also be regarded as a test question of social life experience. You might as well put yourself in the place of the person involved and think about what you would do in that position.The source of the whole story is a real historical record. For this "Jinghu Self-written Chronicle", the author is Duan Guangqing. He is a Juren in Susong County, Anhui.One day in September of that year, some tenants of the Duan family came to him to complain, saying that the arresters were servants, which is equivalent to the current police summoning them, saying that there were thieves in their house, that they were concealing stolen goods. I was shocked and came here for help.Then Duan Guangqing discussed with his brother how to deal with it.

If we imagine the matter just mentioned as a game of chess, now you can see that one chess player is a policeman and the other chess player is a tenant.The police sent an army to the tenants, saying that you have concealed the money, and the game of chess has now begun.What does this general mean?Is it a soldier or a general?According to the "Laws of the Ming Dynasty", what punishment should each person who conceals stolen goods be punished?This range is very wide.The heaviest punishment, if you are the initiator and organizer of this robbery, and the amount involved is particularly huge.

chief culprit. The chief culprit, then this person can be executed.The lightest one, you just heard that there was stolen money here, you knew it was stolen money and then you took the stolen money, the lightest one, and the amount of silver is very small, it is also sixty boards and sixty sticks.What does this sixty board mean?Those 60 boards would be fatal if I was good at hitting them, but if I didn’t know how to play them, the 60 boards wouldn’t be comfortable to play together.In addition, no matter whether you are hit with sixty boards or executed, you will be detained at that time, and you cannot run away.There is still a difference between a prison and a prison.

This is a common practice in China. If you encounter a major event, you should seek advice from a well-educated person.Now your tenant has come to you, saying to help with an idea.It's not just a matter of ideas. If you don't come up with good ideas, you will be ashamed at best. This book is wasted, and people trust you in vain.Please note that this is the tenant who is looking for it. Your tenant is looking for it. If you can’t come up with an idea, he will be taken away by the general, and the car will be taken away, and the family will go bankrupt. At the end of the year, will you still have the nerve to accept rent from others?So everyone must help out with good ideas.Any good ideas?You think to yourself, I guess I may not be able to come up with such a good idea as Duan Guangqing.

If Duan Guangqing can't come up with a good idea, and everyone can't come up with any good ideas, I can say that this happened in Susong County, Anhui Province.At that time, in Sichuan, there was often such a practice, routine or bad rules, I call it unspoken rules, there is such a thing, what is it called?It's called "Thieves Blossom".That is, if there is a robbery case in this place, the owner or the thief, under the order of the yamen, the arrester, or the police, will say that you start biting the people around you, saying that this is the nest (owner) and that is the nest ( Lord), or whoever takes the stolen goods and bites them is in danger of being arrested and imprisoned at any time. Then how can this person not face it, how can he get out of this predicament?Usually, a sum of money is given to the yamen servant, and the yamen servant takes the money.This term of biting everywhere is called "thief blooming", and the one who spends money to wash himself clean is called "washing the thief's name".This is because once a robbery case occurs, everyone can expect that the thieves will bloom, and a group of people will be freed after a while, and everyone knows that the names of the thieves have been washed away and cleaned up.These things all form a kind of routine, and once they happen, people can know what happened later.

What did Guangqing do at that time?How could he get people not to withdraw the car, or how could he resolve this crisis without spending money and laundering the thief's name?He was with his brother, and the two of them first reviewed history: He said that in the early years of Jiaqing, that is, around 1795, and nearly 40 years before this incident, there was a bad habit and vulgar custom in Susong, Anhui Province in our area. If a beggar dies in a certain area, he dies of freezing and starvation, there will be some good people in the local area, some villains, villains, and scoundrels, and immediately report to the county. The autopsy is about to come, and more than a hundred people will come for the autopsy.As soon as the gong of the magistrate's autopsy sounds, how much will the local people, the suspect get?Generally, a middle-class family with more than a hundred acres of land will be wiped out. This loss is very serious. Faced with this bad habit, Duan Guangqing said at the time that his father contacted a group of local gentry to find the county magistrate collectively, and applied to the county magistrate, saying that there would be a rule in the future that if a beggar fell to his death, as long as there were no obvious signs of homicide, The local landguards, village chiefs, etc. can report the case, and then bury the body, without the need for an autopsy.Then the magistrate agreed, erected a monument, and put the rules just now at the entrance of the village, and there will be no such thing in the future.He said, the bad habit at that time was abolished in this way, what should we do now?Said that those yamen servants are just trying to get some money, so let’s hold a meeting, everyone pays some money, let’s talk to the yamen servants, and say that in the future, we will give you a fixed amount of hard work every year, and give you a few thousand You don’t want to let the thieves bloom again, and don’t hit us anymore. Everyone agrees, and they all actively pay.The person who handles the details, consults with the yamen servants, and the matter will be settled, and it will be dealt with in this way.So both parties found their best countermeasures, and then a routine was formed, a tacit understanding, no one said anything, but it will be fixed in the future.This is an unspoken rule, and it was born. I just finished describing this game of chess, one back and forth, one round, now we will analyze the game just now and see what we can find out from it.Let's put this game of chess here to see what concepts can be derived from it, so as to have a deeper understanding and deeper understanding of Chinese history. The most obvious one, as mentioned several times just now, is the unspoken rules.The characteristics of this unspoken rule, you have noticed just now, first of all, it is definitely not legal, it is not a formal rule, formal rules do not allow extortion, but it is extortion.That's number one, it's not legal. Second, it is a rule that everyone accepts and follows, and even the injured party took the initiative to say, don’t blackmail me in the future, just charge me a sum of money like this, charge me a sum of hard work, this is everyone It is recognized by all, and it is a rule followed by society. The third feature is that this rule is hidden and cannot be stated explicitly. It is called hard work fee, and cannot be called extortion fee.Because this thing violates the generally accepted concept of justice and the formal legal system, so this is tantamount to a three-party game relationship.Between us, such as me, give me a hard fee, I said okay, that's it, I won't beat you.But the deal between the two of us actually has an implicit premise, that is, there is someone staring at us, let's not let him know, everyone agrees, accepts this, you don't take the initiative, and I don't take the initiative .You took the initiative, although you can avoid the loss this time, but I will take the opportunity to deal with you severely, let's look down and see you.Therefore, in such a tripartite relationship, an unspoken rule has been formed.This is the third feature. The fourth feature, unspoken rules can obviously reduce transaction costs. Originally, I tried every means to find an opportunity to knock you off, find a thief to make him bloom, and I had to bother to scare you and cheat you. No.So the cost of me as a blackmailer is reduced, and at the same time, the blackmailed person will not be able to say that the police, come here, summon you, and scare you first, and then you have to ask someone to find a relationship and tell him, okay, help me Wash it, and pay again.These transaction costs are all waived, so everyone follows this practice and feels more at ease. This can reduce transaction costs, so all parties have increased a little bit of interest. Finally, let's look at another feature, the position of this unspoken rule is different.If it is based on doing nothing, it is based on the position of "thieves blooming" and "washing thieves' names". It can be said that the general draws the border and my army suppresses the border. I compress the border of your rights to the minimum and you lose the most.You still have to lose, but this loss is much greater. If you work harder, let the squire make a deal for you, organize everyone, share the cost, and then have a negotiation with the yamen servant, so that he also thinks it is a good deal , the boundary of this unspoken rule, your side can withstand him a little bit, push him back a little bit, he will not hit you so hard, there is such a difference in this boundary, it is all unspoken rules, but not Same, if you are stronger, you guys are squires, unite and go to the county magistrate.If you are so powerful that you can affect the wealth and life of the county magistrate, then he will erect a monument and say that we will follow the rules in the future, and no one will hit you in the future. This boundary is closely related to your own strength, so we will The specific position of discovering the unspoken rules varies with the balance of power between the two sides, but the actual position is different. Now let's talk about tricks, the most useful tricks.What can we discover from the story just now?The yamen servant said that he suspected that you were the landlords.I suspect that you are the owner of the nest, has he broken the law?It is the power and responsibility of the yamen servant to handle and solve the case.It is also his right to suspect whoever is a suspect. It is still his right to send the suspect to the jail and lock him up. He has not violated the law at all.But for the victimized party, for the ordinary people, you suspect that I am the landlord, and then you want to get me locked up in prison. As I said just now, it is possible to kill someone. Bitter, at the lightest, you will lose a lot of money.It is in such a situation that you find that the opponent is holding the thing, which I named "legal right to harm".He hurt you right?It's not illegal, is it?Don't you have anything to say?At most, he said that he misidentified it, and if he misidentified it, he knew it was wrong, and he just changed it.You can't say that you won't handle the case in the future, you won't be allowed to suspect people, how can you solve the case if you don't allow suspects.So his legal right to harm is very strong, and it is in the hands of the police. If you want to go to the county magistrate, there is a word in the law called "discretionary power".One said that we sentenced XX to five to seven years, or three to seven years.I sentenced you to three years, five years, and seven years. For me, it is my right to freedom. I sentenced you to three years, and I did not break the law. I sentenced you to seven years and I was right.But for you, the three-year period and the five-year period, and there are still seven years, this gap is too big. It is this kind of legal right to harm that is very valuable, and it can bring huge benefits to the infringing party involved, the party using tricks.The victim is also very willing to spend the money to solve the disaster.Of course, sometimes the legal right to harm is not so legal. Like what I just said, I asked a thief to say that you bite these people, and I asked them to frame others and good people. This is illegal.But I let him do it, and I risked very little.I have a low-cost damage ability, with which I can hurt anyone here.Do you think this thing is worth money?Legal damage rights are valuable, and so is this low-cost damage ability.We just saw, once you have this thing in your hands, how do you feel?An old saying in ancient China is called "with a sharp weapon in your body, you will kill yourself".With this thing in your hand, it is difficult for you to be honest. That's why there is a saying in the folks, "Don't practice the style easily". After practicing the style, you will want to try it at every turn after you have mastered martial arts twice. yes.With such a cheap thing, this yamen servant relied on such powerful tricks to destroy anyone's army, wherever he wanted, and to seize whose car he wanted.Therefore, this unspoken rule, this boundary, and the real right boundary will be greatly expanded on my side, and greatly compressed on your side. This is the second concept we just saw from this game of chess, a very powerful one. The trick is called the legal right to harm. Let's talk about the third trick.The legal right to harm exists in many forms. The extortion and extortion just mentioned are some methods. Low cost and harm ability are all abstract words. It is embodied in a fixed form with a very long history in China. Just now Classes are mentioned there.A classroom is very different from a prison.I originally thought that, in my sense of language, I always thought that the classroom was a prison, but then I found that there is a big problem with the interpretation of this word. I first saw the shift room, let’s not say too far away, it was used in the Ming Dynasty, referring to the government or private mansion, the place where the servants or government servants are on duty, the place where they are on duty and rest, this usage has been used until In the Qing Dynasty, you can still see it here.In the fifty-first chapter, the doctor went to see a doctor in the Grand View Garden, and then sat in the shift room after leaving the garden, and prescribed medicines for the servants. At that time, the shift room was still very clear, referring to the duty room. About fifty years later, there was a very famous master in Chinese history named Wang Huizu. He wrote a book, "Xuezhi Conjecture", which was the work of a famous master in the Qing Dynasty of China.When he talked about the class room, it didn't mean the class room.He said class, for example, the few words he mentioned here, he warned officials, what should an official pay attention to?Note that you have to create a "management book", the book that manages and charges people. In this "management book", you should check frequently to see how many people are in it, and whether it should be released, he said " In this classroom, I regularly patrol the classrooms. "The name of the prison is not known by the law firm." If you don’t use this method, there is no method allowed by the law. You should pay attention to it. If you have detained someone, you should quickly record him, and check after a while to see if it is time to release him. "Not applicable to law firms", pay attention to these four words, it is illegal.The law forbids you to detain people in this duty room and not let them go home for a few days. This is a bit like the Sun Zhigang case... illegal detention. I won't let you go. According to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, without the permission of the court, the Public Security Bureau cannot enforce it. Depriving citizens of their freedom in various forms is prohibited.But I got you into a shelter. If you don’t want to go, you can’t go if you don’t want to. I don’t have an arrest warrant. Without an arrest warrant, I can keep you.Just like this way, it has a long history in ancient times.It's not legal, that is, you can't call it "white", but do you call it "black"?It is not black, this is the behavior of the government. A gray space. A gray space, I named it "Grey Prison", a gray prison.It is an unofficial prison, but you cannot say that it is a place where gangsters randomly detain people, and it is semi-legal.Such a fixed form of "grey prison" is a place where the legal right to harm is very dense, and it particularly fully embodies the low-cost ability to harm and the legal right to harm.Its role in the actual society is greater than that of prisons, where there are more gray executions than formal executions, so in the end the common people use the word "squad" and people feel that what really affects their lives, In the actual society, it is not the official prison or the official execution that exerts the real control effect, but this place.So the word "squad room" gradually replaced the meaning of "prison" and spread in people's spoken language, but it took the place out of the ordinary.From the evolution of the word, we can see the rise and prosperity of a means of harm, which is an alternative to formal means of social control.With this method, we can see that when playing chess, the real rules will change, and the boundaries of your rights will be greatly compressed. After talking about this gray prison, let's go on. If I am a chess player, I can use the legal right to harm against you, I can use unspoken rules to compress the boundaries of your rights, and I can expand my boundaries.For example, I am a parent official, and everyone is a citizen. The border of the people is here, but I was suppressed here, and my border is here, and I was expanded here. Am I still a parent?Is the compressed one still a citizen?He was originally compressed from ten square kilometers to one square kilometer. It turned out that the son has now become a grandson, and then compressed again, and compressed into a slave. It turns out that I am a parent. I expand and expand in this way. I become a grandfather, and I expand again Expansion, I have become an ancestor, and then I will become the emperor.With the movement of this real right boundary, the identities of the parties have also begun to change. For example, as mentioned just now, in the first game of chess, who was this yamen servant in name?Yamen servants are nominally protecting civilians and catching thieves.But when he makes this move, the general draws the rook. Is he the one who catches the thief, or the thief himself?His behavior is worse than that of a thief.So his real identity has also changed with the silent changes just now. His real identity has become a hidden identity. The word I use is "hidden identity". Next, let's investigate this hidden identity. We all found that the side that can injure people has little risk and high income. According to people's nature of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, a large number of people will naturally crowd into this group. You can't stop it, so this group expands rapidly.For example, it was mentioned just now that when the magistrate was performing an autopsy, when the gong sounded, a hundred people went to the autopsy. Are those hundred people all official staff of the state?For example, the long-term follower, family members, and door seals mentioned there are all brought by the county magistrate himself. The long-term follower and family members are definitely not state employees, but more like various personal assistants of this person, including this Master, he is not an official staff member of the state, but a personal assistant.But the meal he ate must be an official meal, and this is a large number of people. In addition, there are three classes of yamen servants.The third class of yamen servants, generally speaking, this service, such as Gu Yanwu, a very famous thinker in the Ming Dynasty, said there, he said that in every county, "food is beneficial to officials" is to rely on officials. There are always hundreds of people eating at home.He said that relying on "severe lawsuits and harsh punishments", that is, more lawsuits and more severe punishments, these people "can scare people into money" and extort money. Six or seven people work together", there are often six or seven people in this establishment.Come up with a name, everyone. We can call this official staff member a yamen servant. What should the five or six extra people be called?In ancient times, it was called redundant personnel, and in modern times, it is called supernumerary personnel.This is a very large social group, and it seems to have an implicit premise that this huge group, without its own independent interests, without its own head, is just a pile of fat.In fact, this group has its own pursuit, its own fixed source of income, and its means of making a living. According to Gu Yanwu, "the lawsuits are heavy and the punishment is harsh", which is extortion.He uses the legal right to harm to survive, he has a fixed social position, everyone has some fixed names for him, and a specific role has a name, but there is no overall name for this group, so I will borrow it A specific role, such as a yamen servant, this person is a yamen servant outside the establishment, and there are six or seven people in one position, which is informal. What do the common people call the five or six?The common people call them "bai slaves". They are white and dry, but they are white and do official business at the same time, so they are called white slaves.At the same time, he does not earn any money from the government. He works for nothing and serves the government for nothing, but through other channels, extortion is enough for him to eat. For example, the hard-earned money mentioned just now. A fee, a little bit, and finally my income is much higher than that of ordinary people. They have their own fixed income. These people are called white servants. Borrowing the word Baiyue, Baiyue only talks about servitude, and the employees have noticed it, so what about the cadres?He ignored the cadres, so we added cadres, employees, blue-collar workers, and white-collar workers together. I named him "Bai Yuan". A clique is a very large social group.It has had a huge impact on Chinese society throughout the dynasties, and in fact, due to the position of the ruling group and the existence of the legal right to harm, the later the dynasty, the larger the white member group, and finally formed the "ten sheep and nine shepherds" Ten sheep and nine shepherds means ten sheep, nine herders and nine shepherds. This word was created by people in the Sui Dynasty.Ten sheep and nine shepherds, the sheep can no longer support the shepherd, and this game will definitely not last, and it will definitely collapse. This is another potential and gradual development in the game that we have seen in the analysis and disassembly of the game. A huge social group formed in China, the white member group. Okay, now that we have seen this game of chess more clearly, how will this situation go?What is the basic development trend?Because the white group, the legal right to harm, and those who hide their identities want to live, they want to change the rules and get more benefits from the resource allocation rules, and they continue to expand, and they want to expand their benefits, so the unspoken rules The boundaries are constantly being compressed towards producers and ordinary people.This leads to a very common situation that occurs over and over again. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, there was a famous literati named Hou Chaozong, Hou Fangyu, a celebrity in Fushe.After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he watched the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, and then wrote an article in the Qing Dynasty.He said, the law and phenomenon he described, I named it "the law of weeding out good people".He said that the people of the Ming Dynasty, this common people "taxes are added", taxes are added to him, "soldiers are added", all military expenses or temporary arrests are pressed on him, "taxes are added, soldiers are added , Penalties are added, hard labor is added, floods, droughts and plagues are added, officials’ invasion and fishing are added, tyrannical annexation is added, the people are one, and those who add are seven.”The seven heavy burdens and the seven mountains have fallen on the common people. How did the common people react?He said that ordinary people have two paths: the first path is, I will go to work as a white servant and mix into that team, then I will become a blackmailer, and I will not be blackmailed by others.The second way is to find a way to become a wealthy family, buy a status as a scholar, go to college, go to college, and have the status of a cadre, no one dares to beat it. So, there were originally ten people, but now two people have come out, one has become a white member, and the other has gone to college, leaving eight out of ten.But those people still had to eat, so the burden of the original ten people was added to the eight people, and then they had a stronger motivation to run out, and two more ran away, leaving six.The four new people have to eat them. It’s just such a vicious circle. He said that in the end, the people have two paths: one path, being a bandit, or rebelling.You can't hold me down this time.The second way is to die in the ditch, that is to flee famine, beg for food, and die in the ditch.He said, how can the world not be chaotic?Then the world is in chaos, and then there are people who fight the country, conquer the world, and sit in the country. A new dynasty begins, and a new reincarnation, and then this game of chess is played again.This is the story of seeing dynastic cycles all too familiarly in our history. The analysis of this chess game is over, and finally I will summarize that in this game, we have seen the unspoken rules followed by both sides, and tracked the whole process of the formation of a hidden rule. Second, we have seen that in the game, one party has a deadly weapon, that is, the legal right to injure, or a low-cost injure ability. Thirdly, this legal right to harm has a fixed and very common form, which is the gray prison, and the corresponding gray execution. Fourth, it is because the party with the legal right to harm brings high profits, so he continues to attract people to join in, and then a group of white members is formed, which becomes larger and larger, and the original people gradually The identity has also changed quietly, with a hidden identity instead of the original official identity at the beginning of the game.So when we look at this issue in this larger context, all these changes have led to the final collapse of this round. crash. crash.Just now I repeatedly said this game, said this game, this is a long-standing way of looking at history in Chinese history, Li Hongzhang said "a great change unseen in thousands of years"; a hundred years earlier than Li Hongzhang, Zhao Yi, a famous historian in the Qing Dynasty, also used this game method to analyze history. He said that "the Qin and Han Dynasties have changed a lot." New. Years fly by like a bird", every year flies by like a bird, and we also look at history in a game-like way; then, even earlier, in Du Fu's poems There is "I heard that Chang'an is like playing chess". It is also from the perspective of a game, and the game is analyzed as a unit. This can be said to be a long-standing "history of the game", which has long existed in our tradition. A point of view, using this method to analyze history and discuss history, just like we did just now, you can see many wonderful things. Well, that's all I'm going to say today.thank you all! You mentioned unspoken rules just now. I haven’t thought about the word “rule” carefully and seriously in the past. I created characters from Chinese characters and explained them through Shuowen Jiezi. After hearing what you said, I would rather I want to understand this word.Rules, what are rules?Gauge is a tool for setting radius and range.Bringing him into the field of our sociology actually talks about the radius and scope of our human behavior.You have actually touched on this point just now. How big a radius should I draw, and how large a range should I do this? These are the rules. If so, then this word means baby's shell, and the word knife actually refers to a kind of benefit distribution.I haven't researched this word carefully. It must be related to the division of currency. In fact, it is a popular and abstract principle of benefit distribution.But if this rule is preceded by a potential, as you said just now, in the middle of the points you mentioned, all the people participating in the game of hidden rules, the people in this game, are nothing more than jumping from this radius to That radius range, expanding one’s own radius and shrinking others’ radius, in the end, in this behavior, in the final process, is nothing more than a matter of benefit distribution. Well, sometimes we now, in this legal society, we often enter some circles, such as the entertainment circle, cultural circle, or art circle, anyway, we will enter one circle after another.We often find that once you enter the circle, you will find that there are unspoken rules in the circle. Of course, before you invented the word unspoken rules, people would not use this word. Everyone has a word called rules. , after you enter this industry, if you don't follow the rules in the industry and everyone's conventions, people from the older generation will tell you, boy, do you understand the rules?This rule is not written in words, we scholars can only read, and of course I don’t understand if you don’t write it in words.The so-called rules in this kind of business are actually learned from the words and deeds of the older generation, and you slowly learn from them in the midst of messing around. For example, as was discussed in the newspapers some time ago, the fact that a beautiful girl must "sex" with a director if she wants to enter the entertainment industry, do you think this is also a matter of the unspoken rules you mentioned? yes. How did the game between the director and the actors, this process? First of all, it is an unspoken rule, that is, everyone acts as a rule, and expects that there will be some results if I do this. If you want to violate this, and you don’t use me when you have sex, then I will sue you. This happened.I have a special article called "Punish Violators", punishing - smoothing out violators, even the officials of the Qing Dynasty also did this. I'm going to sue you, I'm going to expose you.Qian, because it does not conform to the mainstream norms, it is immoral or inappropriate, so it is called Qian.However, it is actually followed internally and has become a convention, so it is an unspoken rule. I think this unspoken rule is the core of the calculation of interests here. If I use anyone, I can use you, and I can use him. If the level is similar, I have a legal right to harm or a legal right to favor. .I hurt you without you, I benefited him with him, and I'm actually trading this.But my right is not mine, such as working for the boss, so I’d better hide it from the boss. I want to choose someone with a slightly lower level. If the level is higher, but she won’t sleep with me, then I won’t choose her. , I choose this.这事是害了老板，害了投资者，也害了观众，这事就变得代理人的利益在其中起了作用，他买卖其他人的东西，为自己谋取私利，就成了这么一个利害计算。 好，下面我想把问题给现场的同学。 观众：吴老师，您好！刚才我听了您的演讲之后，我就有一个问题，就是为什么会有潜规则？潜规则滋生的渊源到底是些什么？This is the first one. 第二个问题是，潜规则它到底意味着的是人们心理道德上的一种腐败，还是一种法制上的不健全或者是腐败呢？ 如果你不用潜规则的话，刚才说了，将军抽車。 代价更大。 你不想被我将死吧？那你就把一个車垫过来，最后你说我車我也不想给，那你总得给我一个卒子吃吧？人们心里做的是一种利害权衡、利害计算。这里有没有道德问题？被害一方是没有道德问题的，你害我我总得避害嘛。人家敲诈勒索，问我要钱要命，我说要命，那你把钱掏出来，这没有什么道德。你说抢劫的人他有没有道德问题，这就是另外一个问题了。 首先他肯定算的是利害计算，有的时候他是讲道德的，他想当一个清官，但是他发现这个清官当不下去，那有一种道德困境。比如说我想当一个好官，对老百姓很好，但是我要是不做这个乱收费，我周围的这些同事，他们奖金就发不出来。然后同事们都纷纷说，咱们编个茬，过年了，收点儿钱去，他们去了，收回来一千，一个人分一百，给我一百，我说不要，因为我要想对老百姓好，那我肯定不是一个好同事，我无形地在指责同事，说他们做得不道德，但是我又不能给他们提供正当来路的东西。于是我成为好同事、成为好朋友、成为一个好的合作者，就意味着我对老百姓不好，我对老百姓好，我就意味着我对同事不好，这种道德困境经常出现。遇到这种道德困境，我想它是没解，它就是困境，一个非常现实的，扎扎实实的困境。 只要我的乌纱帽是上级官员给的，同事要都到上面替我说好话，我就升上去了，一搞民意调查，周围人全都说我坏话，组织部来（调查），十个人有八个人说我不称职，那我大概就升不上去了。这时候，第一，对我重要的是领导，第二，对我重要的是同事，我就得按这个路走，你说我缺德吗？我肯定对老百姓不好，我非常难过，但是我也得养家糊口，我还得政治进步呢，那我就这么走了，很难受，但是无可奈何。 如果我的乌纱帽在各位手里，我一旦害了各位，我就掉帽子了，那时候我的利害计算就改变了，反过来同事在这种情况下他也不敢敲我，他敲了我就耽误我的前程，你这害我不是，大家彼此都知道，不能太过分地去害别人，你要害我，就成了你不够哥们儿了，就在这种情况下，这个道德困境才能从根本上得到解决，才能使这个困境消除。你说的可能是这个意思吧？ 观众：吴先生，您好！在我听您阐释潜规则的产生与它的发展，以及各种情况的那种论述过程中，我觉得一直是在讲多方博弈的一个问题，就是在怎样多方的不均势的情况下达到一种最后均衡，或者在这种均衡被打破以后，会得到一种什么样的惩罚？我想问的问题就是，您觉得您的那种“潜规则”的学说跟“博弈论”的学说是一种怎样的关系？有多大程度上的统一性？Thanks! 博弈论我略知一二，看过两本小册子，博弈论还有制度经济学提到的这个博弈论的方式对我有很多启发。但是我的数学不好，所以我对博弈论研究得不透彻，它经常给我带来的是启发，而很难非常详细地运用它，比如我怎么算均衡，我知道一个基本的理论。更多的启发，比如我围棋下得不错，我经常用围棋比方，刚才说棋手、定式、规则，还有那个策略等等，我用围棋的这个比喻、这个类比，而且我觉得也是中国历史上源远流长的一种认识方式，跟我略知一二的博弈论结合起来，作为一种方法论去看待这个社会。那博弈论对我的帮助就是，它能够更清楚的，比如在它纳什均衡的时候，更清楚地告诉我双方都找到了自己的最佳策略，然后达成了均衡，这个规则就可以生成了，就稳定了，像这些表述都非常清晰，而且非常有力量，它给我带来的启发很多，更多的东西可能就是中国古典的那种思维方式和下围棋那个实际经验带来的类比的那种影响。 吴思先生，你今天已经说了很长时间了，但是现在想考您一下，用一句话把您今天的精彩的演讲概括出来。 让受害者拥有得心称手的武器。 好，非常感谢吴思先生的精彩演讲，因为吴思先生今天在演讲中间把潜规则这个坏逻辑的来龙去脉给我们说得很清楚，而且也传达给了我们这样一种感受，就是人不能生活在这样的潜规则中间，生活在这样的潜规则中间，人实在没有自在、自由和幸福可言。 好，再一次感谢吴思先生。