Chapter 3 three

The third concentric circle is the eternal, eternal theme - man, man's philosophy. When Dostoyevsky was eighteen years old, he determined to "study 'man and the meaning of life'".He said: "Man is a mystery. This mystery must be solved, and even if you spend your whole life solving this mystery, don't say that you have wasted your time; I am working on this mystery because I want to be a human being".He believes that people are complicated, and the human heart is a secret.He once wrote in his notes: "Everyone is complicated, and it is as deep as the sea, especially neurotic modern people." Some people seem simple, but they are actually very complicated.The secrets of his heart, the secrets of the unconscious (subconscious, subconscious), sometimes he is not even aware of them, but only feels vaguely flashing or lingering.What he was thinking, even he himself couldn't figure it out.As it is said in the book: "The strange thing is that he suddenly felt an uncontrollable trouble in his heart, and every step he took, the closer he got to the house, the more it became worse. The strange thing is not the trouble, but that Ivan Fedorovich always I can’t figure out what is bothering me.” This is the secret of the human heart, the secret of the subconscious mind.

However, people are different, the same complex, but different from each other. Everyone in the book is a mystery, in a state of self-contradiction. Prince Myshkin in the book is the author's ideal, a Christ-like "perfect" person, and the author describes him as an "absolutely beautiful person".Even he is in the midst of constant contradictions and ideological struggles.For example, he despises Ganya, and sees through his ugly soul that is greedy for profit and bullying others, but he also pities him and his depravity, and hopes to use himself as an example to influence him and make him change from evil to good.For another example, he saw that Rogozhin was ignorant, rough-natured, intertwined with love and hate, and tried to kill Duke Myshkin. His murderer would be his brother-in-law Rogozhin.In the end, Rogozhin stabbed Nastasya Filippovna to death because he could not get her love.For this, Myshkin was greatly shocked, but he still treated Rogozhin with restraint, forgiveness and love.Consider one of the most exciting scenes at the end of the book—Prince Myshkin and Rogozhin lying side by side next to the body of Nastasya Filippovna, two rivals, two sworn brothers, in their Beside the woman they love, they pity each other and sympathize with each other.For another example, Myshkin saw through the corruption, licentiousness, backwardness and ignorance of the Russian nobles, but he said at the party in the Yefu: "I have heard many arguments, and I used to believe in it Some people say that the high society is nothing but empty air, everything is superficial, gold and jade are outside, and the essence is gone. But I have seen with my own eyes that this is impossible in our country... Are you all hypocrites and hypocrites now? Liar hand? I just heard the story of the Duke of N. Isn't this humor that is both honest and warm? Isn't this true compassion? Can such words come from a... half-dead, mentally retarded Could it be that a group of walking dead can treat me like you treat me? Isn’t this... a group of pillars who build the future and fulfill hope? Can such people not understand, can fall into the Are you behind the times?" Myshkin saw that the Russian aristocrats were rich and jade, but among them were some hypocrites and liars, some walking corpses who were behind the times, and at the same time "hate iron for being weak", and hoped that they would regain their glory , build the future, and become the pillar of the motherland.

And Myshkin's complexity is most prominently manifested in his simultaneous love for two women.When Yevgeny Pavlovich asked him: "So you want to love both women?" he replied: "Oh, yes, yes!" In fact, he really loved Aglaya , was only pity for Nastasya Filippovna.But at the critical moment when the two female rivals were vying for his love, he sided with Nastasia Filippovna who was ravaged, humiliated, and suffered great misfortune and pain.However, after he agreed to marry her, he was in constant anxiety, always feeling that he had lost something, and wanted to explain to Aglaya and ask her to forgive her.

However, as a person, the biggest contradiction is probably Prince Myshkin himself.He is both an "idiot", a "fool", and a very smart person at the same time.He is good at perceiving everything with his heart instead of relying on reason alone.The author wrote in a letter to his brother: "Know nature, soul, God, love - this can only be done through the heart, not wisdom." You can never be sure of good and evil, or even distinguish between good and evil..." The author means that everything can be keenly perceived only through the heart.And Prince Myshkin looks like an idiot, but actually has a very sensitive heart.

Calling him an "idiot" was of course due to the deliberate belittling of him by those young people in Russian society at that time, but there were also objective reasons.One is that he has been ill since he was a child, suffering from epilepsy, and is almost an "idiot"; the other is that he has lived in the countryside under the Swiss Alps for a long time. But know how to be patient and resigned.This is a quixotic figure, or, as Aglaya puts it, a "poor knight."Don Quixote is pitiful because he is ridiculous, and Prince Myshkin is pitiful because he is naive.The author himself said: "Among the beautiful characters in Christian literature, Don Quixote is the most complete one. But the only reason why he is beautiful is that he is funny at the same time." And Myshkin in the nineteenth century If Russia still wants to be Don Quixote and use Christ-like love to "pursue all living beings", then it is not "cute" and "beautiful", but "poor".

However, what is lacking in Russia, where the world is cold and human relations are poor, is this kind of "fools" and "idiots" who take "saving the world" as their mission.He sympathizes with all the "insulted and damaged people", and he hopes that all people will be happy, love each other, and turn hostility into friendship.He is the friend of children, the protector of the sick and "fallen".And smart people disdain to do such "stupid" things.In fact, rather than saying that Myshkin is innocent and pitiful, it is better to say that he is a tragic figure.

Nastasya Filippovna is clever and proud, with extraordinary beauty and a complex inner world, yearning for a better life and love; she has a strong hatred for the landlord and aristocratic society that played with and ravaged her; she longs for People can approach her and understand her; but at the same time, she feels that she is a "fallen woman" who does not deserve a better fate.When she met the prince, she developed a pure love for him, but she also felt that loving him would destroy him, and that she was only worthy of fooling around with people like Rogozhin.She said to Darya Alexeyevna: "Do you really think that I am going to ruin such a childlike man? Afanasy Ivanitch was right in his favor: He just likes young boys and girls who don't know much about the world!" However, she was deeply in love with Prince Myshkin.Before she made up her mind to run away with Rogozhin, she said to the prince with infinite affection: "Goodbye, prince, for the first time I saw a real person!" The yearning and pursuit of pure love: "Haven't I ever fantasized about marrying someone like you? You are right, I have fantasized about it a long time ago... thinking about it alone... always imagining that I can Find a man like you, kind, honest, nice, and a little silly like you, and he'll suddenly come to me and say, 'You're innocent, Nastasia Fay Lipovna, I love you very, very much!' I often think about it like this, and I will go crazy if I think about it..." Although she thought that she was only worthy of marrying Rogozhin, she ran away suddenly when she was about to marry —she really didn't want to marry someone she didn't love.She decided to marry Rogozhin because she wanted him to kill her.In the depths of her selfishness, she still loved the prince strongly, she loved him, but tried to avoid him in every way; she loved him, but tried her best to promote his marriage with Aglaya.As she said, she only wanted the Duke to be happy.It is a selfless love, a self-sacrificing love.Regarding this, there is a soul-stirring description in the book: "She knelt in front of him, kneeling in the middle of the road like crazy; he backed away in fear, but she grabbed his hand and kissed it repeatedly... There were still two crystal teardrops on her eyelashes. "Get up, get up!" He stretched out his hand to help her up, and said in a low voice and fear, "Get up quickly!" "Are you happy? Are you happy?" She asked repeatedly Said, 'I just want you to say a word to me, are you happy now?... I will follow your instructions and leave tomorrow. I will never come back...This is the last time I see you, the last time!... . . .'" But Nastasya Filippovna was, after all, a human being with flesh and blood.She is not only rational, but also emotional.She was filled with the pangs of a lost love.When two female rivals fought each other for the duke, Nastasya Filippovna won.She laughed hysterically: "Hahaha! I actually gave him up to this young lady! Why bother? Why bother? I'm crazy! When the wedding was held, she ran away like crazy again.She would rather die under Rogozhin's sword than sacrifice the Duke's happiness.

Aglaya is also a clever, beautiful, and proud girl.She has a strong character and is not bound by the secular prejudices of aristocratic society.She defies all opinions and boldly falls in love with Duke Myshkin, who is regarded as an "idiot".The book describes her love psychology very delicately, vividly and realistically.She loves him in her heart, but she uses irony and sarcasm to him, saying that she doesn't love him, and she gets angry when anyone mentions her marriage.The crux of her heart was that the prince could not forget Nastasya Filippovna.Aglaya was unwilling to share the Duke's love with other women, hence the "duel" in love.At the last moment, "she couldn't bear even a moment's wavering from him".At that time, Aglaya's "eyes showed so much pain and at the same time showed infinite hatred".

Rogozhin became a millionaire by inheriting his father's estate.Uneducated, he was a rough and ignorant man who "didn't even know the name of Pushkin."What he pursues is the beauty of a woman's appearance, not the beauty of her heart. He "loves" Nastasya Filippovna because she is extremely beautiful.In order to get her, he would spend all his money.One hundred thousand rubles were thrown into the fire by Nastasia Filippovna. He didn't even blink his eyes, and even admired it very much, intoxicated: "This is the style of a queen! This is the style we should have !” He yelled with forgetfulness, “Hey, you swindlers, who has the guts to play this trick, huh?” In order to get her, he can draw his sword at each other and assassinate his brother who has just exchanged the cross with him.Because he couldn't get his beloved woman, he could kill her with one blow.So this is a very bad man, a worthless man, a rich rascal?In fact, not at all, his humanity has not been completely wiped out.In the author's opinion, as long as he is properly guided, he can be saved.The man is just as he is dressed: "A large beetle-shaped diamond brooch pinned to his scarf, and a large diamond ring on the dirty finger of his right hand."—"Dirty" and "Diamonds" coexist, though mostly "dirty".For example, he put aside his previous feud and became a brother with Prince Myshkin, just to restrain himself, because according to Christian teachings: you must not kill, let alone your own brother; Days, under her guidance, he started reading and taught himself "Russian History".The most commendable thing is that such a savage and vulgar person who has no intellectual love, did not rape Nastasya Filippovna in the days and nights, but behaved well. Sitting on the sofa without eating, drinking, or sleeping, he insisted that she forgive him.After Nastasia Filippovna was stabbed to death by him, he did not run away in fear of crime, but quietly found the Duke, and they guarded his beloved woman together, because he knew that she was in the Duke's house. With the position in his heart, he couldn't bear to not let the Duke see her after she died.After his arrest, he was outspoken about his crimes and did not blame the duke.He silently and thoughtfully listened to his sentence—fifteen years of hard labor, and then calmly embarked on the road of atonement to purify his soul in suffering.

Look at Ganya's father, General Ivolkin, who was muddled, poor, lying and bragging, and finally even stole four hundred rubles from his friend Lebedev.However, he found out later with his conscience, and quietly sent back the stolen money.He once bragged to the duke, saying that when Napoleon invaded Moscow in 1812, he had been Napoleon's young bodyguard and had been in and out of the palace. He not only knew many of Napoleon's military secrets, but also knew a lot of Napoleon's private affairs.The duke was a very polite man, and he listened respectfully and pretended to believe it.But the General knew in his heart that the Duke listened only out of politeness, and the General was very grateful to him.At the same time, he was irritated and insulted that the Duke had only pitied him and condescended to pretend to believe it.In this complicated state of mind, he stretched out his hands, covered his face, and ran out quickly.

The two most complicated characters in the book are Lebedev and Hippolyte.Lebedev has been mentioned above. The main feature of Hippolyte is a double personality, a split heart, a combination of good and bad.God and the devil occupy his mind at the same time.Just like Dmitri in the author's description - a combination of the Virgin Mary and the city of Sodom. Hippolyte was born in poverty, his father died young, and his mother was widowed in middle age, but he had many younger siblings, and he was suffering from an incurable disease - tuberculosis, and had passed away not long ago.He lives at the bottom of the society and is in a humiliating situation, but he has a better education-graduated from high school.He once wanted to do something vigorously, but the disease prevented him from making a difference.When he was in school, he kept himself clean and looked down on those sons and daughters of noble origin.Even though he was seriously ill, he tried his best to do some good deeds, helping a doctor who lost his job because he offended Shangfeng.He wanted to do as much good as he could before he died, in his words, "You cast your seed, you drop your 'handout', and a good thing you do in whatever form , you give a part of yourself to another, and make a part of him yours; you draw closer to each other." This is the "heaven" in his heart, but there is also a "hell" in his heart.Because he will soon die, he sees all healthy and happy people with envy and hatred.He especially hated the duke, because the duke was the same as him, or even inferior to him, but unexpectedly got an inheritance, became a "millionaire", and became the "quick son-in-law" in the eyes of General Yepanchin; In addition, the Duke has a good heart, and many people like him, but Hippolyte thinks highly of himself, thinking that he is the "best person" in the world and "the most good and beautiful person recognized in the world". If you say it for a quarter of an hour, the people will support him and follow him, but God does not pretend to be eternal, and good fortune intentionally plays tricks on him. After creating him as a "perfect and beautiful person", he will destroy him with his own hands.The duke is an orphan, an "idiot" and yet so lucky to have everything and he has nothing.So he shouted hoarsely in front of the crowd, "I hate you all, everyone! But you are the one I hate the most in the world, you hypocrite, idiot, hypocrisy Millionaire! I saw you right the first time I heard about you, hated you, hated you to the bone... I don't want your gift, I don't accept anyone's gift... I curse you all, forever Curse you!" He secretly loved Aglaya, but Aglaya fell in love with the Duke.This is also what he can't stand.Therefore, he told stories, sowed discord, and tried his best to sabotage their marriage.In the end, he planned, instigated and arranged the love "duel" between Aglaya and Nastasia Filippovna for the duke.He also tried to irritate Aglaya, saying that she and the prince were eating other people's "leftovers".When he had achieved his goal, and saw that the prince was really happy to leave Aglaya and marry Nastasya Filippovna, he couldn't stand it anymore, so he turned his back on him. The impending wedding of the two men was the object of ridicule, and he said to the prince with ulterior motives: "Return love for love, and hatred for hatred; you took away his (referring to Rogozhin) Nastasia Filippovna, he You can also kill Aglaya Ivanovna; although she is not your betrothed now, you will be sorry after all, won't you?" His purpose in saying this is: 1. To destroy the prince's happiness Second, to persuade the Duke to marry abroad and leave Aglaya to him so as not to cause trouble, although he knows that Aglaya does not love him, and she will never love him. It is worth noting that some characteristics of the character of Hippolyte allude to Chernyshevsky, a Russian revolutionary democrat.For example, Hippolyte said that he only needs to speak to the people for a quarter of an hour, and everyone will support him and follow him, and so on.Just look at what Dostoevsky wrote to Katkov on April 25, 1866: "Our Chernyshevsky often said that he only needed to talk to the people for a moment. Chung, he would immediately persuade them to switch to socialism." It can be seen that the image of Hippolyte is extremely controversial. Dostoevsky believed that the human mind is divided into two.In some people, good and evil often coexist, and human nature and animal nature coexist.He does not admit that "at the beginning of human beings, nature is good", he believes that human beings are born with good and evil.But there is evil in good, and good in evil.Good over evil, or evil over good, should be the responsibility of each person, not society or the environment. Dostoevsky said in "Notes on the House of the Dead": "Some people's personalities are so beautiful by nature, as if they were gifted by God, you can't even imagine that they will turn bad one day." The characteristics of human beings exist in the embryo of every modern man, but the degree of development of human animal nature is different. If a person's animal nature surpasses his other characteristics in the process of development, this person will naturally become a Horrible monster." Stavrogin in the novel is "a very clever poisonous snake". When he does bad things, he is also calm.Knows the line between good and evil, yet he can simultaneously preach two mutually exclusive ideas without believing in either.As he said of himself: "I can still wish to do good, and enjoy it, as I have always been, and at the same time, wish to do evil, and also enjoy it." "An act of brutish obscenity is indistinguishable from any act of great achievement, even an act of devotion to humanity." Lebedev is a clown, flatterer, conspirator and slanderer, but at the same time a sober philosopher and religious propagandist. Is the good and evil of human beings innate, or is it dictated by the environment, and existence determines consciousness?This was the point of contention between Russian revolutionary democrats and Dostoevsky in the second half of the nineteenth century.Dostoevsky believed that the environment has an influence on people, but it is not a decisive influence.Good and evil are human nature.In the same environment, what choice a person makes is the main thing.People belong to society, but not all belong to society. As Razumihin said in: "The argument starts from the socialist point of view... Crime is a protest against the abnormality of the social system." He goes on to say: "They attribute everything to the 'environmental 'Influence'--and nothing else! That's their favorite phrase! It follows directly from this that if society were properly organized, all crime would disappear at once, because there would be nothing left to protest , Everyone has become a gentleman in a blink of an eye. Nature is not taken into account. Nature is excluded, and nature should not exist!" There are several murders involving murder.Through the characters in the book, the author ridiculed the absurd argument that "killing is because of poverty" more than once: "I think the end of the world is really here. I have never heard of such a strange theory." In the author's view, putting the blame in people's hearts above the environment and society is to excuse the criminal and relieve him of his conscience and moral responsibility. Dostoevsky discovered that there is another strange phenomenon in people's hearts: Some people who have been insulted and damaged are at the bottom of the society. A tendency to be humble and to be a clown, as if being humble and low enough is not enough, and this must be done to stimulate the wound in my heart.Some are self-deprecating and ironic, like Yerevikin in "Stepanchikovo Village and Its Residents".There is also a kind of person who wants to curry favor with his master and gain some benefits, such as Lebedev in the movie.Consider the following conversation: Rogozhin said: "Anyway, I won't give you a kopek, even if you walk back and forth in front of me with your feet up." "Sure, definitely do it." "Fuck you! Even if you dance in front of me for a week (Russian proverb, pointing at the horse), I won't give it, just won't give it!" "If you don't give it, I won't give it! What I want is that you don't give it. But I've decided to dance this dance. Leaving aside my wife and children, I want to dance in front of you. I'm sure I'm sure about this flattery!" Another kind of person is at the bottom, penniless, but fantasizing about money and power, fantasizing about being Rothschild and Napoleon.Raskolnikov in the movie is the one who wanted to be Napoleon.Gania in the novel wants to be Rothschild, and Hippolyte wants to be both Napoleon and Rothschild. It is only because of an incurable disease that he fails to put his fantasy into action.He fantasizes that "climbing to the top, the respondent gathers", "for the benefit of the public, and to live for the discovery and declaration of truth". ——This is wanting to be Napoleon, or as the euphemistically called "leader of the people."Furthermore, he thought that if he hadn't been bedridden, he would have been able to become Rothschild.He thinks that poor people deserve to be poor, and he can only blame himself for his incompetence.In his Necessary Notes he wrote: "Oh, I have no pity, now or ever, for such fools - I can say that with pride. Why can't he be a Rothwood himself? He doesn't have Rothschild's million-dollar furniture, he doesn't have mountains of Russian and Napoleonic gold coins, he doesn't have mountains of gold and silver piled up under the Maslenitsa sheds, who can blame him What? Since he lives in the world, he can do everything because of human efforts! If he doesn’t understand this, who can blame him?” The human heart is complicated, and the human heart is as unfathomable as the ocean. The reason why it is so complicated and so unfathomable is that in addition to consciousness, human beings also have unconsciousness, and besides rationality, there is also irrationality.Like Freud, Dostoevsky believed that there are a lot of unconscious activities in people, and unconsciousness is the basic driving force of psychological activities. The unconscious cannot be expressed in words, but it can be expressed through certain emotional outpourings.for example: 1. Anxiety and depression.Sometimes he himself doesn't know what to worry about.For example, before the two female rivals confronted each other face to face, Prince Myshkin had a heavy premonition. He couldn't tell what it was, but he felt that something must happen today, and it would be a big one.His performance at the time was sullen, which was a subconscious activity. "The duke began the morning with a heavy premonition; his illness might also explain his premonition. But he was unaccountably melancholy, and that was what pained him the most. True, the The facts in front of him were impressive, heavy and painful, but his depression was far more than everything he could remember and think about; Liaogen: Today, something special and unchangeable must happen to him.” This is a subconscious activity. Two, inexplicable fear.This is also an unconscious mental activity.This emotion was stronger and clearer than worry and gloom, but he still couldn't tell what he was afraid of.After Nastasya Filippovna had fled with Rogozhin, the prince went all over Petersburg to look for them, but they were nowhere to be found.First he felt distressed, annoyed, then frightened. "Only God knows how much time has passed, and only God knows what he was thinking. He was afraid of many things, and felt terribly afraid of himself, painfully and wrenchingly." The third is to laugh.How a person laughs often reveals the person's soul and what is deep in the soul.For example, Lebedev laughed dryly, Rogozhin grinned grimly, Myshkin grinned bitterly, Ganya grinned wickedly.Furthermore, Myshkin could actually laugh like a child when he heard Ganya, which showed that the man's humanity had not been completely lost.The Duke said to Ganya: "I am surprised that you can laugh so sincerely. Really, you can laugh like a child... From this, you still have a childlike heart." The author in "Death In House Notes, the protagonist used his mouth to talk about his views on laughter: "Maybe my view is wrong, but I always feel that I can recognize a person from laughter. If you meet a complete stranger for the first time, His laughter pleases your ears, and you can boldly say that he is a good man." The fourth is intuition.Prince Myshkin intuitively felt from the photographs of Nastasya Filippovna that "her fate must be extraordinary", that "she must have suffered a lot", and that she must be "proud".It was also intuition that drove him to attend Nastasia Filippovna's evening party that day.Also by intuition, he felt that Rogozhin would never let it go, and would draw his sword against him and harm him.When he went to find Rogozhin, he also recognized Rogozhin's home intuitively. "There was a house which, perhaps because of its peculiar appearance, had begun to attract his attention from afar; the duke remembered afterwards that he had said to himself: 'It must be that house.' . . . It gives people a feeling of inhospitable and cold, everything seems to be sneaky and hidden, as for why this is so, it is really hard to explain from the outside." And nine times out of ten this intuition is correct.A person's intuition is not a gift from God, but a natural ability of a person to perceive the nature of phenomena through the unconscious.It should be noted that Prince Myshkin does not have the supernatural ability to see everything, but he can intuitively perceive the essence of Rogozhin and the connection between Rogozhin's inner world and the outer world. "This house has the face of your whole family and the life of your whole Rogozhin family. If you ask me why I came to such a conclusion-I can't tell." After Nastasya Filippovna's flight, Prince Myshkin was nowhere to be found.He felt intuitively that there was no need to look for them, Rogozhin would come to them. "If his condition is good, he will not come, if his condition is not good, he will come soon; and his condition will definitely not be good..." As for why this happened, he could not say, He did not foresee the supernatural ability to kill Nastasya Filippovna. Five is illusion or hallucination.Aglaya gave the prince three letters from Nastasya Filippovna to her, asking him to read them at his leisure.He read it.In her letters Nastasya Filippovna endeavored to facilitate his marriage with Aglaya.In it he read Nastasya Filippovna's unspeakable anguish.He knew that she loved him, but he had to reluctantly part with her against his will.In particular, she mentioned in her letter, "My elder sister Adelaida once commented on my photos like this: A person with such beauty can turn the world upside down. But I have already seen through the red dust." "I I will die soon." "I will kill him (referring to Rogozhin) because I am afraid of him... But he will definitely strike first and kill me first..." After seeing this, Myshkin The duke shuddered. He had a premonition of her tragic end. "He walked along the road around the park to his villa. His heart was racing, his thoughts were racing, and everything around him was like a dream. Suddenly, just like the previous two times, he woke up and saw the same vision every time. Same, this time, the same vision appeared in front of him again. The woman came out of the park again and stood in front of him, as if waiting for him here on purpose. He shuddered and stopped; I took his hand and shook it firmly. No, it's not a hallucination!" The first two times Nastasya Filippovna appeared as a hallucination.This time, the illusion became reality.In Dostoyevsky's works, hallucinations, illusions and reality are so intricately intertwined. At the end of the book, there is a description of auditory hallucinations or hallucinations.Rogozhin and Myshkin lay together next to the body of Nastasya Filippovna, and Rogozhin told Myshkin how he had stabbed her in the heart and killed her.Just then Rogozhin heard a movement in the next room, and both of them heard it.This is undoubtedly an auditory hallucination or hallucination.If explained by mysticism, there are two possibilities: one is the appearance of the ghost of Nastasya Filippovna (this is how Dostoevsky explained it in the preparatory materials for this book); The second is that the "Dead Christ" hanging in the living room has been resurrected. Perhaps, he is watching this tragic crime with compassionate eyes. Six is ​​a dream.Hippolyte had a dream in which a scorpion-like monster, venomous, ran about the room and then climbed up the wall almost to the level of his head.This scorpion-like monster is a true portrayal of part of Hippolyte's nature.He does not realize this when he is sober.He thought highly of himself and always felt good about himself.But in the dream, his subconscious told him that he was just a poisonous monster that stings everywhere, and even when his life died, it was still wriggling and releasing poison. The most prominent thing about describing dreams is.Before committing the murder, Raskolnikov dreamed of his childhood, and saw a tragic scene of a nanny pulling an overloaded car, being whipped and tortured to death.This dream is symbolic.There were two roads ahead of him: to be driven like that scrawny horse, to be tortured to death, or to take the risk?He chose the latter.When he made this decision, not only his "theory" and rationality were at work, but his subconscious also secretly pushed him on the road of murder.Dreams are manifestations of subconscious activities. Another symbolic dream was dreamed by Raskolnikov while he was ill in exile in Siberia.He dreamed of the end of the world, where people lost their minds, hated each other, killed each other, fires broke out, famines happened, and everyone and everything was destroyed.According to Christian doctrine, the end of the world, the world will accept God's final judgment.Those who are redeemed go to heaven and enjoy eternal happiness, while those who are not redeemed go to hell and suffer eternal punishment.Inspired by the Christian spirit, Raskolnikov embarked on the road of repentance, purifying his sinful soul and redeeming his sinful body in suffering and fraternity. There is an overview of dreaming and dreams in : "Sometimes, people often have strange dreams, neither impossible nor natural; when you wake up, the dream is vivid, and you will be surprised by this strange fact : First of all, you remember that reason has never left you during the entire time of your dream.... Why do you wake up from the dream and have fully returned to reality, almost every time, and sometimes the impression is still very strong, you I always feel that with the disappearance of the dream, you also left some elusive and unpredictable things?" Seven is a premonition.At Rogozhin's house, Prince Myshkin saw a new knife with which Rogozhin cut paper. It was originally used for pruning fruit trees in the orchard.他的潜意识告诉他，这里一定有蹊跷。他从罗戈任家出来后，精神恍惚，可是这潜意识却一直支配着他，使他欲罢不能，念念不忘。他无意识地几次驻足在一家刀铺前，观看这里出售的一把同样的刀子，甚至毫无必要地给它估了价：“当然，只值六十戈比，再多就不值了。”这把刀子，加上同一天他三次看到杂在人群中的罗戈任的眼睛，给了他一个不祥的预感：罗戈任是会行凶杀人的。果然，不多一会儿，在旅馆的楼梯上，罗戈任向他拔出了那把明晃晃的尖刀。又过了一个月或一个多月，这把刀子又插进了纳斯塔西娅·菲利波芙娜的心脏。这是预感，但不是神秘主义的未卜先知，也不是魔鬼悄悄地告诉他的。我们如果把看到的各种现象仔细分析一下，也会得出相同的结论。然而当时公爵思绪万千、百感交集，并没有用理智来分析，而是潜意识引导他作出这一恍惚而又模糊的猜测。 八是病态心理或是癫痫病发作前一刹那的心理。中有一段这样的描写：“他在发癫痫病的时候，几乎就在发作之前，还有一个预备阶段……就在他心中感到忧郁、沉闷、压抑的时候，他的脑子会霎时间豁然开朗，洞若观火，他的全部生命力一下子调动起来，化成一股非凡的冲动。在闪电般连连闪烁的那些瞬间，他的生命感和自我意识感会增加几乎十倍。他的智慧和心灵会倏忽被一种非凡的光照亮；一切激动、一切疑虑和一切不安，仿佛会霎时间归于太和，化成一种高度的宁静，充满明朗而又谐和的欢欣和希望，充满理性与太极之光。”这也是作者本人的切身体验。也许有人会说这是神秘主义，是病态，是子虚乌有。Maybe.但是你怎么知道这是子虚乌有呢？这种神秘的心态不是人人都有的。也难以用言语表达，但确凿存在。What exactly is going on?是科学应当回答的问题。不能因为科学暂时不能回答，就说它神秘。 九是宗教感情。在谈这个问题以前，首先要谈谈陀思妥耶夫斯基的宗教观。 作者在一八五四年离开鄂木斯克囚堡之后，曾给一位十二月党人的妻子冯维辛娜写过一封信，信中提到他的宗教信仰：“我是时代的孩童，直到现在，甚至（我知道这一点）直到进入坟墓都是一个没有信仰和充满怀疑的孩童。这种对信仰的渴望使我过去和现在经受了多少可怕的折磨啊！我的反对的论据越多，我心中的这种渴望就越强烈。可是上帝毕竟也偶尔赐予我完全宁静的时刻，在这种时刻我爱人，也认为自己被人所爱，正是在这种时刻，我心中形成了宗教的信仰，其中的一切于我说来都是明朗和神圣的。这一信条很简单，它就是，要相信：没有什么能比基督更美好、更深刻、更可爱、更智慧、更坚毅和更完善的了，不仅没有，而且我怀着忠贞不渝的感情对自己说，这决不可能有。”从这封信中，我们可以看到，陀思妥耶夫斯基不相信存在于我们之外的“独立自在”的上帝。从他的作品中，我们也屡次看到这一观点。在中，我们也读到，梅什金公爵看了小霍尔拜因的名画《死基督》后说道：“……有人看了这幅画会丧失信仰的！”因为这画上画的完全是个死人，他的弟子和信徒怎么会相信这样的人会复活呢？ !但是作者又渴望获得信仰，甚至罗戈任也“想努力恢复自己失去的信仰。他现在非常需要信仰，需要到了痛苦的程度……是的！一定要信仰一种教义，信仰一个神！”这信仰就是爱——爱人和被爱。陀思妥耶夫斯基认为上帝存在于我们心中，而不存在于我们之外。我们的任务就是要寻找我们心中的上帝，寻找爱。他认为基督就是一个十全十美的人，是一种道德理想，一种象征。但是，这种理想，这种象征，不仅应从理智上接受，而应是一种全身心的向往。这种信仰，应当融化在人的血液中，融化在人的意识和无意识之中。甚至可以说，宗教信仰并不是一种有意识的选择，而是一种无意识的皈依和向往。陀思妥耶夫斯基通过梅什金公爵之口说道：“宗教感情的实质既不能归结为任何论述，也不能归结为任何过失和犯罪感，更不能归结为无神论对宗教的种种抵牾，这里别有一种不能言传的意蕴，永远别有一种意蕴；无神论的说三道四，永远是隔靴搔痒，似是而非，。”这也就是我国老子开宗明义所云“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名”之理。 在说这话之前，关于宗教信仰，梅什金曾举了几个例子，以志说明。他说，他在两天内遇到了四件不同的事。一是他在火车上遇到一个很有学问的无神论者，他不相信上帝，但是谈来谈去，始终谈不到点子上。二是他在客栈里听说，就在头天晚上，这里发生了一件命案：一个农民发现另一个农民有一块怀表，顿生歹念，于是他乘表的主人转过身去不注意的时候，手起刀落，劈死了他的伙伴。可是这人在行凶前还画了个十字，默默祷告：“主啊，看在基督分上，饶恕我吧！”三是他在街上遇到一个喝醉酒的士兵，掏出一枚锡十字架，冒充银的卖给了他。四是他在回客栈的路上遇见一位母亲，抱着一个刚出生六七星期的婴儿。这孩子忽然咧开小嘴，向她莞尔一笑。母亲看到孩子笑容后高兴极了，虔诚地画了个十字。公爵问她这是干什么？她说：“一个母亲发现自己的孩子头一次笑，做母亲的那份高兴呀，都这样。就像上帝在天上，每次看到一个罪人在他面前真心诚意地跪下祷告时所感到的喜悦一样。”梅什金认为这女人说出了“那异常深刻，异常透彻，而且真正符合宗教教义的思想，在这思想里，基督教的本质一下子全都表现出来了，也就是应当把上帝看作我们的亲生父亲，把上帝对人的喜悦看作父亲对亲生孩子的喜悦——这就是基督的最主要的思想！” 这四件事最清楚不过地说明了陀思妥耶夫斯基的宗教观：一个真正基督徒的宗教感情，既不像无神论者推测的那样，也不在于一个人是否受过洗礼，是否经常去教堂，有些人名义上是基督徒，也祷告，也画十字，也挂十字架，但实际上是敌基督或者出卖基督的人。基督教的本质就是一个字——爱。Love God and love others.真正的宗教感情就应当像那个怀抱婴儿的母亲一样爱人——爱上帝，爱孩子，爱一切有罪无罪的人；爱万物——爱上帝创造的这个世界。 梅什金公爵在叶府为他举行的晚会上十分激动地陈述了他的宗教感情：“你们知道吗，我不明白，当一个人走过一棵大树，看到树影婆娑，怎能不感到幸福呢？当你能跟一个你所爱的人说话，怎能不感到幸福呢！……世界上又有多少这么美好的东西啊，简直随处可见……你们不妨看看孩子，看看朝霞，看看正在生长的青草，看看那些注视着你们并且爱你们的眼睛……”爱，就是一种宗教感情。 陀思妥耶夫斯基有句名言：“美能拯救世界”。这话就是在里说的。这美不仅指人的容貌美，更重要的是人的心灵美。美就是真与善。达到真与善，才有美。而美的集中体现，就是爱与宽恕。东正教的真谛就是爱。 尾声中有一个充满宗教色彩的场面——梅什金公爵和罗戈任并肩躺在纳斯塔西娅·菲利波芙娜的尸体旁，梅什金对罗戈任充满了无限怜悯和同情——怜悯和同情一个背离基督教导的有罪的人。“一种全新的感觉，以无边的苦恼折磨着他的心。”“他把自己的脸紧贴着罗戈任的苍白的、一动不动的脸；眼泪从他的眼眶里流到罗戈任的腮帮上。”罗戈任杀害了他的未婚妻，捅死了一个他深切同情的美丽而又不幸的女人，但是他宽恕了他，因他走上歧途而怜悯他，爱他。诚如耶稣基督在“登山宝训”中所说：“要爱你们的仇敌，为那逼迫你们的祷告。这样，就可以作你们天父的儿子。因为他叫日头照好人，也照歹人，降雨给义人，也给不义的人。你们若单爱那爱你们的人，有什么赏赐呢。”过去，梅什金就曾针对罗戈任说过这样的话：“同情心是全人类得以生存的最主要的法则，也许还是唯一的法则。”同情自己的仇敌，怜救一个有罪的人——这就是耶稣基督匡世救人之道。 陀思妥耶夫斯基在给迈科夫的信中写道：“有神论给了我们一个基督，即如此崇高的人的概念，使人对之不能不肃然起敬，不能不相信这是人类永垂不朽的思想。” 梅什金公爵就是作者心目中基督这一理想的体现。试看作者在给伊万诺娃的信中写道：“长篇小说（指）的主要思想是描绘一个绝对美好的人物。……美是理想……在世界上只有一个绝对美好的人物——基督，因此这位无可比拟、无限美好的人物的出现当然也是永恒的奇迹（《约翰福音》也是这个意思，他把奇迹仅仅看作是美的体现，美的表现）。”由此可见，梅什金就是基督式的绝对美好的人。而要理解这个绝对美好的人，就必须深刻懂得作者的宗教观——基督就是“”，而“美能拯救世界”。 属于第三个同心圆的，并不局限于上述这几个方面。作者在展示现实生活广阔画面的同时，还提出和探讨了人和人生哲学的其他问题（如人生的意义，能独立自主的人和不能独立自主、但知人云亦云的人，物质文明和精神文明，面包与自由，理智与感情等），以及伦理道德问题（善与恶，同情、怜悯与爱人等），政治问题，文艺美学问题，等等。 要分析所有这些问题，需要写一部专著。而且，即使写一部专著，也不见得说得清楚。 真是说不尽的陀思妥耶夫斯基！ 高尔基在第一次苏联作家代表大会上所作的报告中指出：“陀思妥耶夫斯基的天才是无可辩驳的，就描绘的能力而言，他的才华也许只有莎士比亚可以与之并列，但是作为一个人，作为'世界和人们的裁判者'，他就很容易被认为是中世纪的宗教审判官。” 这是高尔基对陀思妥耶夫斯基的评价，几乎成了定评。但是把陀思妥耶夫斯基看作“中世纪的宗教审判官”，未免囿于成见，有“莫须有”之嫌。陀思妥耶夫斯基的理想是基督。而中世纪的“宗教大法官”正是他痛下针砭、大加挞伐的。 陀思妥耶夫斯基是一位面向未来的作家。他提出了许多永恒的、至今犹激动人心的问题。现在，一门新的学问——陀思妥耶夫斯基学，正在俄罗斯和世界各地悄然兴起。 陀思妥耶夫斯基的是非功过，他对人类的评价和预言，自有历史评说。武断地过早下结论，无疑是不适宜的。 有一位名叫艾亨瓦尔德的俄罗斯评论家写道： “这位伟大的苦役犯，步履沉重，脸色苍白，目光如火，拖着锁链，走过我国的文坛。他那疯狂的步伐，使我国文坛至今犹迷离恍惚，如坠云里雾中。他在俄罗斯的自我意识的巅峰，打了一些至今犹无法辨认的信号，他那舌敝唇焦之口还说了一些预言和不祥的话。现在，斯人已去，我们只能独自来猜测这些哑谜了。”