Chapter 12 Chapter 4 Mania and Sublimation-2

the metaphor of the metaphor Some theorists regard sex life as one of nature's great deceptions, and that the love between man and woman is not for the individual, not for a particular person, but for the species as a whole.In order to survive and become stronger, the species must get rid of genetic defects, so that the generations can only advance along the path of natural selection.We can't help asking, is the love we have always been proud of just the function of these natures?Is reason incapable of uncovering shallow truths that are concealed by the torrent of astonished emotion?The naked hormone secretion is used to illustrate the noble and mysterious qualities of people. When people credulously accept the favor of love, they actually become victims of nature.

Lovers have different appreciation tastes.Enjoying the joy and contentment of being immersed in it, even the pain and uneasiness, is wonderful for the powerful effects of the spirit. When talking about the various views on the relationship between the unconscious and instinctive components of love, it is impossible to avoid Freud's psychoanalysis.It can be said that anyone who takes seriously the moral and rational tradition of the West dares to cast a firm and resolute glance at what Freud said, and that is indeed a shocking experience.It is indeed an insult to be forced to accept the dark side of these great ideas, and to experience Freud's theory is like a second taste of the forbidden fruit.However, as a huge creation and wealth of human spirit and psychology, Freud's theory is indeed worth discussing.It can be said that Freud was a metaphor, and his theory is a metaphor for the human spirit.

The basis of Freud's point of view is the unconscious theory of the psychological structure of people's spiritual life, which is not easy for people to grasp.The basic assumption of this theory is as follows: Consciousness actually touches only a negligible part of a person's "spiritual life" at each moment.It is just a tiny island of thoughts, emotions, fantasies in a turbulent sea of ​​vague irrational complexes--"unconscious mental states."According to Freud, this uncharted territory is precisely the consciousness that we are not aware of, as novel as it sounds.

The so-called "psychology" in traditional psychology is only the surface layer of this structure, that is, the conscious layer, and in the psychological structure there is also a subconscious layer that is more extensive, complex, hidden and full of vitality than the conscious layer. If the mind is like an iceberg floating on the sea, then the consciousness is only the visible small part of the iceberg floating on the sea, while the subconscious is the larger part hidden under the water.This subconscious layer can be divided into two parts, one is the unconscious layer, which is composed of various emotions, desires, motivations that have been repressed or forgotten, and has lost its connection with the normal communication system and language rules, making it almost inaccessible Human consciousness and rational level.The second is preconsciousness, which is the intermediary level between consciousness and unconsciousness, and its psychological content can be transformed from unconsciousness to consciousness under certain conditions.According to Freud, the human mind is composed of three interconnected systems: the subconscious, the preconscious, and the conscious.The first system includes "latent", "temporarily unaware", that is, "repressed" desires, emotions, and instincts.The second system is moderate in nature and acts as a kind of "censor" in the transition to the third system - consciousness.The movement of consciousness thus manifests itself in two basic stages.In the first stage, psychic actions are not yet loomed by consciousness and thus belong to the unconscious system.If the psychic action is rejected by the "censor", it does not enter the second stage, is not conscious, is "repelled", and thus remains unconscious.If the mental action survives the "test" of the censor, it becomes a conscious action with a pass.

Mental action does not necessarily become "conscious" even if it passes the severe "censor" test, but it acquires the capacity to become conscious action...that is, it can become conscious by the coincidence of various circumstances objects. Because of this capacity of consciousness, we call this system of consciousness the 'preconscious'".Examine the nature of the ethical oversight established in the educational process.It checks those concepts and images that are contrary to morality and society, so as not to enter the field of human consciousness. The "censor" cannot completely prevent and eliminate the huge impact of internal instincts.These instincts, censored, have lost that undesirable quality that discredits consciousness, and they are still ready to act, disguised and disguised as new ideas through which the "censor" can pass.

Psychoanalysis pays special attention to the libido, the libido.It acts in accordance with the "happiness principle" unconditionally, without moral rights and wrongs and time and space restrictions, and seeks the maximum satisfaction of instinct needs and the complete elimination of psychological stimulation without any scruples.Freud said that this instinct is already manifested in infants.A baby's sexual desire has an object, and it generally tends to be the closest person.Boys usually choose their mothers and girls choose their fathers.Of course, the first "love object" in a boy's development is his mother.But the direction of sexual desire may also shift.A boy may choose his sister as an object of love, a little girl may choose her brother.

This is the spontaneous, unconscious, childish fixation of the libido.As children grow and are educated, moral checks play an increasingly important role in their consciousness.Such a check suppresses the fixation of sexuality which was shameful in the early days. Slowly the libido turns to new objects, to new ideas that come into view and are sanctioned by the "censor".According to Freud, this is substitution.That is, sexual desires can be fulfilled through various channels.Freud did not limit psychoanalysis to a psychological field, but tried to expand it into a general humanistic thought, a "generalized philosophical view" about people, history, and society. It can become an art The motivator and accumulator of creation and spiritual works in general, this is the sublimation of the libido.

In this case, human sexuality is no longer governed by the principle of direct pleasure, but by the principle of reality. Fundamentally speaking, this principle also aims to obtain pleasure, but it takes care of the moral requirements of reality. a product of compromise.According to Freud, the libido is able to find new goals that are socially and morally permissible: the formation of a male-female love based on the libido's unconscious, irrational potentialities.The arguments of Freudian psychoanalysis have sparked many debates.In discussing the interrelationship between sexuality and consciousness, Freud's view is the most representative.What Freud discovered was that what we think is not necessarily exactly what we are; what a person thinks of himself can be, and often is, very different from what he really thinks, or the exact opposite.Most of us live in a world of self-deception, thinking that our thoughts represent reality.

Freud spoke of "repelling" and "suppressing" desire as absolutes.What he believed to be the subconscious, the realm of the unconscious, formed for specific reasons.But a large part of desires and feelings is naturally hidden in the depths of the mind, not because this part is contrary to the moral "check" of consciousness, but because the capacity of memory is reduced by the concentration of attention. limited by other aspects of reality, and so on.In the realm of the unconscious there are both "rejected" and "repressed" feelings, emotions and desires, as well as forgotten and screened out feelings, emotions and desires.Not all of the above components conflict with moral "checking."

Freud tried to describe the Oedipus complex as a concept generally applicable to exploring the mysteries of art history, mythology, and civilization history. This approach is actually an arbitrary inference and a manifestation of dogmatism.There are also elements of rationality in psychoanalysis.Sexual desire can achieve a certain degree of "sublimation" in human creative activities-sublimation in opposition to society.And creative activities are social in nature.This does not need to be pointed out by Mr. Freud. Freud also put forward a theoretical principle in which he emphasized the meaning of the unconscious libido, the meaning of the repressed complex, while belittling the role played by consciousness in people's life and behavior.This idea is completely opposite to the understanding of human nature in the rationalist tradition since the Western Renaissance. It implies that the motives that drive people to survive, work and create are not reason, consciousness, and will, but the silent instinct from the bottom of life. Restlessness comes from the unconscious accumulation deep in the soul that does not depend on human will.Freud founded the philosophy of pansexualism, a perverted philosophy in favor of the irrational.

Freud also spoke of the eternal tragedy of the human spirit, the irreconcilable struggle between the conscious and the unconscious.People long for light, but they are doomed to live in darkness all their lives, because it is irrationality and unconsciousness that win in the end.His thought was heavily influenced by the irrational trend of thought that emerged at the end of the 19th century and was a product of history.Although it caused a great sensation at the time, it was refreshing, and indeed gave people a new and greater inspiration for self-knowledge, and it had the flavor of a new enlightenment movement.But this kind of concept is completely different from the history of human society, the progress of culture, the prosperity of science, and the victory of reason. As for the death desire mentioned by Freud in theory to the same height as the desire for life, it has aroused wider controversy in science, and various criticisms and accusations have made him notorious. Subsequently, Freud's theory was developed and revised by Carl Jung, Erich Fromm, Herbert Marcuse and others, and it was embodied in individual aspects of psychoanalysis.It is mainly to exaggerate the role of various unconscious factors in social life at will, especially in the relationship between men and women. Herbert Marcuse tried to explain Marxism in terms of Freudianism, linking economics to psychology in terms of the realm of the instincts.In his book "Life Instinct and Civilization", he fully accepted Freud's basic thesis: the history of civilization begins with the suppression of various desires, first of all sexual desire; the free and full satisfaction of various desires It is contradictory to the fundamental interests of the society; the individual strives to adapt to these secondary conditions; the individual is used to replacing the principle of immediate and full satisfaction of pleasure with the "principle of reality", in other words, obtaining the desired pleasure in disguise, limiting and Delaying the attainment of this pleasure; out of which arise fantasies, fantasies, art, ideals, etc. Marcuse theoretically "adapted" Freud to the modern age.He believes that there is a theoretical gap from economic life to theory.He tried to combine Freud and Marx.In industrialized societies, he says, the "principle of reality" is supplemented by the "principle of economic efficiency."In this case, human desires are largely suppressed in the labor process.But, gradually, the opposition between the "pleasure principle" and the "reality principle" must disappear.Marcuse pointed out that the utopias and fantasies produced in the field of suppressed desires slowly form the source of protest in human society.Such utopian thinking and fantasies lead to the victory of the life instinct as an irrepressible inner force, leading to the individual's struggle for freedom. Marcuse believed that in future societies the interrelationship between the conscious and subconscious will be fundamentally different from that of today.And this is tantamount to a revolution.The time will come when the primordial nature of man will be liberated.Marcuse wrote: "Instinct, liberated from the tyrannical yoke that oppressed it, aspires to a free and firm development, which begets a new principle of reality." Due to the high development of technology and the rebellion of the human spirit, the civilization that has suppressed instinct for thousands of years will come to an end.This was Marcuse's arbitrary conclusion. "The libido will be liberalized" and will suppress all kinds of "conventional constraints" on people's inner nature, and it is because of this "customary constraints" that human's inner nature can remain consistent with the principle of reality. Marcuse believed that the opposite of the rational civilization of "repressive sublimation" for thousands of years is a future culture in which instincts are not suppressed and life instincts develop freely and independently.He wants to use art and beauty to carry out the revolution, and the human body will become the most perfect tool for enjoying pleasure physically.The libido will be free, with unlimited possibilities for moral and spiritual unrepressed self-sublimation.Driven by inner motives, man will get rid of reason as a necessity and oppressive force to give orders, and transition to spontaneous enjoyment, which is the most highly civilized and most highly aesthetic realization of man's inner nature.He led the young people to parade in the streets, used miniskirts to oppose government officials, and used rock music to oppose Soviet realism.Emphasize that a socialism can and should be light, pleasant, and fun. Marcuse attributed everything to the pursuit of breaking all "taboos" to achieve free self-sublimation, and almost all contemporary political and revolutionary issues were attributed to the "repressed" sexual instinct.In fact, he proclaims, in an ahistorical, ambiguous way, that instinct is dominant, and that "logos," reason, social oversight, are degenerating. The revolution launched by Marcuse relied on those "new leftists" who had not yet been fully assimilated and integrated by society - young students, hippies, lumpen proletarians, etc. His ultra-revolutionary views actually turned into some youth extremists Utopia Based on the slogans of communism and adventurism, these young extremists want to stay on the margins of society, eliminate repression in one fell swoop, and thereby transform the world spontaneously. The libido instinct is subject to a certain conscious regulation.Apes also have sexual instincts, but only as a biological mechanism to provide for the preservation of the species.In human society, if this instinct is allowed to function freely, the social system will be in danger of disintegration, bringing turmoil and unrest to the society.This instinct, as such, is not adapted to social relations, but to the social relations of animals.Because of this, human consciousness gradually incorporates the sexual instinct into its own social regulation system. In this way, human consciousness has a special high-level role: on the one hand, human consciousness must suppress those manifestations of sexual instinct that violate the common life norms and moral norms of the society, and on the other hand, consciousness stimulates sexual instinct from time to time. The trend of the system, reasonable enjoyment is necessary.Human consciousness is like holding a whip in one hand and "bait" in the other, the promise of noble enjoyment.Instincts are gradually "domesticated" and socialized.Hibtani emphasizes: "There is a common belief in all societies that certain impulses 'must' be controlled, at least to keep them under rational scrutiny." This fully applies to relationships between the sexes.Social supervision gradually becomes self-supervision.Every normal person suppresses certain desires according to a certain value system.This sometimes causes a deep inner tragedy, or at least a dull spiritual pain.Hibtani pointed out: "A woman who has love for her good friend's husband usually restrains her impulse and is content with her fate." In this case, human consciousness blocks the instinctive desire that has already arisen.Completed self-monitoring. 