Chapter 26 Lecture 25 Anxiety

You will surely think that my last lecture on general nervousness was the most incomplete.I know this; and most neurotics complain of suffering from "anxiety" as their worst burden.But I have not mentioned the anxiety layer alone, and I think that is the most surprising thing for you.Anxiety or terror can actually be exacerbated and become the cause of the most frivolous worries.I wished at least not to scribble on the subject; I resolved to make the question of neurotic anxiety as explicit as possible, and to discuss it at length. Anxiety or dread need no description; this feeling, or rather, the emotion, is experienced by anyone at times.But it seems to me that the question of why neurotics are more anxious than others is a question which has not been seriously discussed.We may concede that they should be; the terms "nervous" and "anxious" are interchangeably used as if they have the same meaning, but this is not true; some people who are often anxious are not neurotic, On the other hand, neurotic patients with many symptoms have no tendency to express anxiety.

In any case, one fact cannot be doubted: that the problem of anxiety is at the center of all the most important problems, and that if we solve this riddle we can understand our whole mental life.I do not presume to give you a complete solution; but you may expect psychoanalysis to approach the problem in a different way from academic medicine.Academic medicine is concerned with the anatomical history from which anxiety arises.Knowing that the medulla was stimulated, we told the patient that he had a neurosis on the vagus nerve.The medulla oblongata is indeed a good subject; I remember that I spent a lot of time and labor in studying the medulla oblongata.But now I have to say that if you want to understand the psychology of anxiety, probably the least important thing is the knowledge of the neural pathways through which stimuli travel.

A person may spend a long time discussing anxiety without thinking it is neurotic.I call this anxiety real anxiety, as distinguished from neurotic anxiety, and you will immediately understand what I mean.Real anxiety or fear seems to us a most natural and reasonable thing; we may call it a reaction to the perception of external danger or anticipated harm.Combined with the escape reflex, it can be seen as a manifestation of the self-preservation instinct.As to the objects and situations which arouse anxiety, they vary largely with one's sense of external knowledge and power.Barbarians are afraid of artillery fire or eclipses of the sun and the moon. Under the same circumstances, civilized people can fire artillery and predict celestial phenomena, so naturally they don't have to be afraid.Sometimes because of knowledge, one can foresee danger, and knowledge can cause terror. For example, when a savage sees footprints in the bush, he is afraid and retreats, but from the perspective of a white man, he is indifferent because he does not know this. It is a sign that the beast is close at hand.Another example is that when an experienced navigator sees a small black cloud in the sky, he knows that a storm is coming and is terrified, but from the perspective of the passengers, it seems no surprise.

However, real anxiety is a reasonable and beneficial statement, and it is necessary to revise it after careful study.When danger is approaching, the only profitable course is to use a cool head to measure the forces at your disposal in comparison with the danger before you, and then decide whether the most promising course is to escape, to defend, or to attack.As for terror, it is useless. Without terror, there can be better results.You also know that terror is most harmful when it is too much; when every action is benumbed, and even escape cannot be moved.The response to danger usually contains two components: the emotion of fear and the action of defense. The frightened animal is frightened and flees. In fact, the component that is conducive to survival here is "escape", not "fear".

We are therefore bound to think that anxiety is really unhelpful for survival; but we may gain a better understanding of the matter only after a more detailed analysis of horrific situations.The first thing to look out for is the "readiness" for danger, when perception is sharper and muscles are more tense.This preparation for expectation is obviously conducive to survival; if it is not prepared, it may have serious consequences.Following preparation, on the one hand, are muscular movements, most of which are evasion, and the higher level is defensive action; on the other hand, there is what we call anxiety or a sense of terror.If the duration of the feeling of terror is shorter, so short that it only acts as a signal for a moment, the transition from the state of anxious readiness to the state of action will be easier, and the progress of the whole event will be more conducive to the safety of the individual.It seems to me, therefore, that in what we call anxiety or terror, the preparation for anxiety seems to be the salutary element, and the development of anxiety the injurious element.

Whether the terms anxiety, fear, palpitation, etc., have the same meaning in common usage, I shall not discuss.I thought that anxiety is in terms of the situation, regardless of the object; fear focuses on the object; as for palpitations, it seems to have its own special meaning-it is also in terms of the situation, but the danger comes suddenly, and there is no preparation for anxiety.Therefore, we may say that where there is anxiety, there is no danger of panic. You cannot help feeling that there is something vague and vague about the use of the word "anxiety".Roughly speaking, the word is often used to refer to the subjective state evoked by the perception of danger; this state is called an emotion.So, what is emotion in the sense of movement?Its nature is of course complex.First, it contains the innervation or catharsis of a certain movement; second, it contains certain sensations, of two kinds—the perception of an action performed, and the immediate sensation of pleasure or pain, which Or pain gives emotion its main tone.However, I do not think that this kind of narrative has penetrated into the essence of emotion.We seem to have a better understanding of certain emotions, and know that at their core, with their entire complex structure, is the repetition of a particular past experience.The origin of this experience is very early and of a general character, and is the property of the history of species rather than of the individual.To make it easier for you to understand, I may say that the structure of an emotional state is very similar to that of hysteria, that they are deposits of memory.A hysterical attack may thus be compared to a newly formed individual emotion, and a normal emotion to a generalized hysteria which has become hereditary.

Do not think that what I have just told you about emotions is the public property of normal psychology.In fact, these concepts grew up in the fertile soil of psychoanalysis, and are only native products of psychoanalysis.Psychological theories of emotion - such as James Lange's - seem to us psychoanalysts absolutely meaningless and impossible to discuss.But we also do not think that our knowledge of emotions is beyond reproach; this is only the first attempt of psychoanalysis in this nebulous field.Let's go on: we believe we know what this past impression, rediscovered in the anxious emotion, is.We think it is about the experience of birth-this kind of experience contains painful emotions, excited venting, and bodily sensations, which are suitable to constitute the prototype of life-threatening experience, and can be reproduced in terror or anxiety.Anxiety experiences at birth arise because the supply of new blood to the internal respiration has ceased, and stimulation is abnormally increased—so the first evocation of anxiety venom is toxic. Angst (anxiety)—angustiae, Enge means a narrow place, or a narrow road—this noun focuses on the tension of breathing, and this kind of forced breathing is caused by a specific situation, such as the mouth of the uterus, etc. The result is almost always accompanied by an emotion afterwards.It is also very intriguing that the anxiety for the first time was caused by the separation from the mother.We naturally have to believe that organisms, through innumerable generations, have been deeply embedded with the tendency to repeat this first anxiety, so that no one is immune to anxiety; Not being able to experience the act of birth is not an exception.As to the nature of the archetypal anxieties experienced by animals other than mammals, we cannot speculate; nor do we know what complex sensations they have which correspond to the fear we feel.

You may be anxious to know how I have come to such an idea when I say that birth is the origin and prototype of anxious emotions.This is not due to fantasy; it is inspired by people's intuition.Many years ago, there were many family doctors sitting around the dinner table, including me.An assistant in a maternity hospital told us some interesting facts about the midwifery graduation exam.The examiner asked if there is meconium in the amniotic fluid at birth, what is the significance of that?One candidate immediately replied, "That's because the child was frightened."She was ridiculed and thus dropped out.But I secretly sympathized with her, and from this I suspected that this poor, purely intuitive woman, with her accurate perception, saw a very important relationship.

We may now return to the discussion of neurotic anxiety.What are the special manifestations and states of anxiety in neurotic patients?There's a lot to say here.First, there is a general apprehension in this anxiety, a so-called "free-floating" anxiety, which tends to cling to any appropriate thought, clouding judgment, arousing expectations, and waiting for something to justify itself. Chance.This state can be referred to as the expected horror expectantdread or anxious expectaticn.People suffering from this kind of anxiety often worry about various possible disasters, and interpret every accidental or uncertain event as an ominous omen.Many people in other respects, although they cannot be said to be ill, often have this tendency to fear impending disaster; they may be called melancholy or pessimistic; but anxiety neurosis, which belongs to the actual neurosis, is always Anxiety with this excessive expectation is a constant attribute.

Contrary to this kind of anxiety, there is a second kind of anxiety, which is more limited in the mind and often attached to certain objects and situations.This is the anxiety of various special phobias.The eminent American psychologist Stanley Hall has recently adopted some grandiose Greek for these phobias.They sound like the ten plagues of Egypt, except that there are far more of them than ten.You should pay attention to the objects or contents of phobias, which can include the following: darkness, sky, open space, cats, spiders, caterpillars, snakes, rats, lightning, swords, blood, paddocks, crowds, living alone, crossing bridges, walking or sailing, etc. .These messy phenomena may be divided into three groups.There are many objects and situations which, even to us ordinary people, seem menacing and frightening, and which do have some relation to danger; the intensity of these phobias, though excessive, is still perfectly understandable.For example, when we see snakes, we avoid them all.The phobia of snakes can be said to be common to all human beings.Darwin once professed to be horrified when he saw a snake rushing behind a thick glass plate.All objects of the second group are still not unrelated to danger, but this danger is something we often ignore; most situational phobias belong to this group.We know that it is easier to be in danger in a train than in a house-for example, trains collide occasionally; we also know that passengers are often killed when a ship sinks; Cars are nothing to worry about.Or if the bridge suddenly collapses while we are crossing it, we will also fall into the water on the bridge, but this kind of incident rarely happens, and its danger is not worth noting.Another example is that living alone is also dangerous; although we do not want to live alone under certain circumstances, it is not necessarily the case that we cannot bear living alone in any situation.He is like the crowd, the paddock, the thunderstorm, etc.What we do not understand about these phobias is not so much their content as their intensity.The anxiety that accompanies a phobia is absolutely indescribable.Neurotics, on the other hand, are not actually afraid at all of the things that we are anxious about in certain situations, although they likewise call them frightening.

There is also a third group, which is completely beyond our comprehension.How can a strong man be afraid to cross a street or a square in our city, or a healthy woman nearly lose consciousness when a cat brushes past her, or a mouse gallops past her house? See the danger with which these fear?As far as this kind of "animal phobia" is concerned, it is not a matter of the increased intensity of ordinary people's fear; for example, many people don't see a cat, but when they see it, they can't help petting it to attract its attention.Rat was originally an animal that most women fear, but it is also used to express a dear nickname; although many women like their lovers to call themselves "mouse", when they see this little animal, they can't help being horrified. called.A man who is afraid to cross bridges and squares behaves like a child.Children are taught the dangers of such situations by adults, and a person with space phobia may feel less anxious if a friend guides him through an open space. These two anxieties, the terror of "floating" expectations and the phobia of clinging to something, are independent and have no relation to each other.The one is not a further consequence of the other; they seldom come together, and when they do mix, it is by chance.The strongest general apprehensions do not necessarily cause phobias; conversely, people who suffer from space phobias for life do not necessarily have the horrors of pessimistic expectations.Many phobias, such as fear of open spaces and train rides, are acquired when growing up; and some phobias, such as fear of the dark, lightning, and animals, seem to be inborn.The former is a serious disease, the latter is a personal eccentricity; whoever has one of the latter may suspect that the other species also suffers from the same kind.I should also add that all these phobias belong to anxiety hysteria; in other words, we think that they are closely related to what is called conversion hysteria. The anxiety of the third neurosis is an enigma; there is no apparent relation between anxiety and danger.Anxiety of this kind is either found in hysteria and occurs simultaneously with the hysterical symptoms; or it arises under different stimulating conditions, from which we would have expected an emotional expression, but never expected it to be anxious. Emotion; or it has nothing to do with any condition, it is just a kind of anxiety disease without cause, not only we do not understand, but also the patient is inexplicable.Even if we study in many ways, we can't see any danger or clues of danger.From these spontaneous symptoms it appears that our complex called anxiety can be divided into many components.The whole malaise can also be represented by a specially developed symptom - tremors, weakness, palpitations of the heart, difficulty in breathing, etc. - and the general feeling we take for anxiety disappears.However, these symptoms, which may be called "anxiety equivalents," have the same clinical character and causes as anxiety itself. Two questions now arise: real anxiety is a reaction to danger, neurotic anxiety has little to do with danger; is it possible that the two anxieties are connected?How can neurotic anxiety be understood?Let us now hope that where there is anxiety, there must be something to be afraid of. Clinical observation has various clues for understanding neurotic anxiety, which can be briefly discussed below. - It is not difficult to see that the horror of anticipation, or anxiety in general, is closely related to certain processes of sexual life - or to certain modes of libido use.In this matter, the simplest and most intriguing examples may be taken of those hindered persons who exhibit what is called excitement.Their intense sexual arousal experiences at this time are insufficiently vented and lack a satisfactory conclusion.For example, after a man is engaged but before marriage, the woman has the above-mentioned experience because her husband is not sexually competent or hastily completed sexual intercourse for the sake of contraception.In this case the libidinal excitement disappears, and in its place a feeling of anxiety arises, either as a terror of anticipation or as a symptom of the equivalent of anxiety.Unsatisfactory coitus interruptus is the cause of anxiety neuroses in men, and even more so in women, so that the doctor must first investigate the possibility of this origin in the diagnosis of this disease.Numerous cases prove that if the sexual error can be corrected, the anxiety neurosis can disappear. As far as I know, the relationship between sexual abstinence and anxiety has been recognized, and even doctors who have always hated psychoanalysis no longer deny it.However, they still want to misinterpret this relationship, thinking that these people have a tendency to be timid, so they can't help being cautious in sexual matters.But this is absolutely contrary to the evidence in women. Their sexual function is essentially passive, so the sexual progress depends entirely on how the man treats it.The more a woman likes sexual intercourse and the more satisfied she is, the more likely she is to express anxiety about a man's weakness or unsatisfactory intercourse; as for a woman who is not interested in sex or has a less strong sexual demand, although she suffers from the same treatment without serious consequences. Sexual abstinence or abstinence has been enthusiastically advocated by ordinary doctors today, but if the libido has no outlet for satisfaction, and if the libido insists on venting on the one hand and cannot sublimate on the other, the so-called abstinence will only become a condition leading to anxiety. .As for whether it causes disease, it often becomes a question of quantity and composition.Leaving aside disease, we can easily see that abstinence and anxiety and fear often go hand in hand when it comes to the formation of character, while the spirit of bold adventure is associated with the arbitrary tolerance of sexual needs. Relationship.Although these relationships may be changed due to the multiple influences of culture, as far as ordinary people are concerned, anxiety is closely related to abstinence, which cannot be denied. There are many evidences for the relationship between libido and anxiety, which cannot be exhaustive.There are periods, for example, such as puberty and menopause, in which the libido increases abnormally, which cannot but influence anxiety.In many states of excitement we can also directly see a mixture of sexual excitement and anxiety, and the final replacement of libidinal excitement by anxiety.All the impressions received from this are twofold; first, of an increase in libido without normal opportunities for utilization, and, second, of a mere matter of bodily processes.Exactly how anxiety arises in sexual desire is not well understood; we can only say that in the absence of sexual desire a sense of anxiety arises in its place. Second, through the analysis of psychoneurosis, especially hysteria, the second clue can be obtained.We know that anxiety is often one of the symptoms of the disease, and that anxiety without an object can persist for a long time or manifest itself at the onset of the disease.The patient cannot say what he is afraid of; so he often uses embellishments to refer to Lecture 11 to associate it with the most terrible objects, such as death, madness, disaster, etc.If we analyze the situation in which his anxiety or the symptoms accompanied by anxiety arise, it is often not difficult to find out what kind of normal psychological process is blocked and replaced by the expression of anxiety.In other words, we can conjecture that the processes of the subconscious enter consciousness unimpeded, as if unrepressed.This process should have been accompanied by a special emotion, but now, strangely enough, this emotion, which should have accompanied the psychic process and entered consciousness, can be replaced by anxiety of any kind.Thus, if we have before us a hysterical anxiety, its unconscious equivalent may be an excitement of a similar nature, such as worry, shame, confusion, or an "active" libido. Excitement; it can also be a defiant, aggressive emotion such as anger.Anxiety, therefore, is almost a universal currency, which can be used as an exchange for all emotions, whenever a considerable amount of conceptual content is repressed. 3. Some patients whose symptoms take the form of compulsive actions seem to obviously avoid anxiety. These people can provide us with a third clue.If we forbid them from these compulsive actions, such as washing hands, or other rituals, etc., or if they want to automatically cancel a compulsive action, they will inevitably be forced to perform this action due to the oppression of extreme fear. .We know that his anxiety is concealed under a compulsive movement, and that the movement is performed only to escape the feeling of terror.In obsessive-compulsive neuroses, therefore, the anxiety which was intended to be produced is replaced by symptom formation; and if we look back at hysteria, we find approximately the same relationship—that is, as a result of repression, a simple Anxiety can also produce an anxiety mixed with other symptoms, or a symptom without anxiety.In the abstract, therefore, it seems plausible to assert that symptoms are formed solely for the purpose of evading the development of anxiety.Anxiety therefore occupies a very important place in the problem of neurosis. From our observations concerning anxiety neuroses we can draw the following conclusion: the loss of the normal use of the libido itself is sufficient to cause anxiety;From the analysis of hysteria and obsessive-compulsive neurosis, another conclusion can be drawn: psychological resistance can also make the libido lose its normal use and cause anxiety.So much is known about the origin of neurotic anxiety.Although still unclear, there is currently no other way to increase our knowledge in this area.Our second task, which consisted in finding the relation between neurotic anxiety, the libido used in the abnormal context, and real anxiety, the reaction to danger, seemed more difficult to accomplish.Some people may think that these two facts are incomparable, but it is really difficult to distinguish the feeling of nervous anxiety from the real feeling of anxiety. This desired relation is illustrated by the contrasting relation of the ego to the libido.We already know that the development of anxiety is the reaction of the ego to danger and the preparation for escape; let us now go a little further and imagine that the ego, in neurotic anxiety, is also working on the libidinal escape. The attempt to demand, and to treat internal dangers as it does external ones.In this way, the assumption that if there is something to worry about, there must be something to be afraid of can be confirmed.But the metaphor doesn't stop there.Just as the tension of the muscles in flight from external danger leads to a firm footing and a considerable defense, so now the development of neurotic anxiety enables the formation of symptoms and thus a firm basis for anxiety. There is still something that is not easy to understand.It turns out that anxiety means that the ego escapes from its own libido, and it is tantamount to assuming that the origin of anxiety is still in the libido.This is too difficult to understand, we have to remember that a person's libido is basically a part of that person and cannot be regarded as something outside the body.This is a question of "situational dynamics" to-pographicaldynamics in the development of anxiety, which is still not clearly understood-for example, what kind of mental ability is consumed?Or what kind of system do these mental abilities belong to?I do not claim to be able to answer these questions; but I would like to ask for two other clues, so we cannot help but refer to direct observation and analytical research to aid our inferences.Now we shall first seek the origin of anxiety in child psychology, and then describe the origin of neurotic anxiety attached to phobias. Worry is such a common phenomenon in child psychology that it is not easy for us to decide whether it is real or neurotic anxiety.The distinction between these two anxieties becomes indeed problematic when the attitudes of children are studied.For on the one hand, it is not surprising that children are afraid of strangers, of novel objects and situations, and it is easy to explain it when we recall their weakness and ignorance.We therefore suppose that children have a strong disposition to real anxiety; and if this disposition is inherited, it is only because of practical requirements.Children seem to be merely replaying the behavior of prehistoric and modern primitive peoples who, out of ignorance and helplessness, experience a sense of fear of novel and many familiar things, but these things no longer appear to us as frightening that's it.It would be just as we would expect if the phobias of children were to be regarded at least in part as relics of the earliest days of human development. On his part, there are two other things that should not be neglected: first, children's fears are not equal; and second, those children who are extremely afraid of various objects and situations often become neurotics when they grow up.So real anxiety, if it is excessive, is one of the signs of neurotic tendencies; apprehension seems more primitive than neuroticism; we therefore conclude that children, and later adults, are more likely to experience a distrust of their own libido. A lot of fear, just because he is afraid of everything.Therefore, the theory that anxiety arises from the libido will be cancelled; and from the study of the conditions of real anxiety, it follows logically that the following conclusion can be drawn naturally: the consciousness of one's own powerlessness—that is, what Adler called The "inferiority feeling" of the old man-if it still exists in old age, it is the root cause of neurosis. As simple as it sounds, this statement has to attract our attention, because it will indeed shake the point of view we use to study the problem of nervousness.This "inferiority feeling"—along with anxiety and a tendency toward symptom formation—does seem to persist into old age, but the so-called "healthy" outcome in exceptional cases would have to require more explanation. .But what knowledge can we gain from close observation of the anxiety of children?From the very beginning the child is afraid of meeting strangers, and the situation is important only because it involves the people in the situation, and later things are involved.But the child is not afraid of strangers because he thinks that these strangers are malicious, compare his weakness with their strength, and thus think that they will endanger his life, security, and happiness.This kind of theory about children, which thinks that children are suspicious of external forces, is really a very shallow theory.In fact, the child recoils at the sight of strangers because he is used to—hence the hope—of a dear and familiar face, chiefly the mother.His disappointment turned into horror—his libido, which had nothing to consume and could not be stored for long at that time, turned into horror and gave vent to it.This situation is the archetype of the child's anxiety, a repetition of the condition of the original anxiety of separation from the mother at birth. Darkness and solitude are the earliest situations of terror to the child; the former often persists throughout life; the desire not to leave either the nurse or the mother is present in both.I once heard a child who was afraid of the dark cry out, "Talk to me, Mother, I'm terrified." "But what's the use? You can't see me." The child replied, "If someone talks, the room will It will be brighter inside." Thus, the expectation felt in the darkness is transformed into the fear of the darkness.Far from discovering that neurotic anxiety is a special kind attached to real anxiety, on the contrary we feel that children behave more or less like real anxiety, and that its main characteristics are the same as neurotic anxiety—that is, It originates from the libido that cannot be vented.Children seem to lack authentic "real anxiety" at birth.Situations that later become scary, such as climbing heights, crossing narrow bridges over water, riding trains or ships, etc., show no fear in children-the less they know, the less they are afraid.We also wish that he would acquire these life-preserving instincts by heredity; so that our care would be much lessened in protecting him from all dangers.In fact, however, you must know that a child always overestimates his abilities, and because he does not know danger, he acts without fear.Sometimes he ran along the river, sometimes sat on the windowsill, sometimes played with knives and scissors, sometimes played with fire, in short, what he did was enough to hurt himself and frighten the caretaker.We can't make him learn from painful experience, so we have to rely entirely on training to make him finally induce real anxiety. If some children are easily trained to fear, and to foresee danger without warning, we may suppose that they must have a greater libidinal need in their constitution than others, or else they too must be bad. When I was young, I was used to the satisfaction of the libido.No wonder that those who later become neurotics also belonged to this category as children; we know that a person is most prone to neurosis if he cannot tolerate a large amount of long-repressed libido.It can be seen that there is a physical factor at work here, and we have never denied it.What we object to is that according to the unanimous results of observation and analysis, the physical factor has no status, or only occupies an insignificant position, while some scholars prefer to focus on this factor and exclude other factors. The conclusions drawn from observations of the fearfulness of children are summarized as follows: Children's terror has nothing to do with real anxiety, that is, the fear of real danger, but is closely related to all neurotic anxiety in adults.This terror, like neurotic anxiety, has its origin in the unventilated libido; once the child loses the object of love, he uses other external objects or situations as substitutes. You will now be pleased to know that the analysis of phobias can tell us no more than we already know.As is the case with children's anxieties, so also with phobias; in short, if the libido has no outlet, it is constantly transformed into a kind of anxiety that resembles real ones, and thus takes an insignificant danger from the outside world as the source of libidinal desires. represent.The coincidence of these two anxieties is not surprising; for the child's terror is not only the prototype of the terror which later manifests itself in anxiety hysteria, but also its immediate predecessor.Each of the hysterical terrors, though called differently for different contents, is still descended from and inherited from the terrors of children; the difference lies in their mechanisms.As far as adults are concerned, although the libido is temporarily blocked, it is not enough to transform into anxiety.Because adults already know how to preserve libido from use, or how to use it in other ways.But if his libido is attached to a repressed psychic excitement, then all the conditions resembling that of a child, in which the distinction between conscious and unconscious is not yet made; When he was a child, his libido could easily become anxiety.You will recall that we have discussed repression briefly, but then only with the fate of the repressed idea; that is, of course, because it is easier to recognize and state, and we do not know how the Fry's affection for this idea came to an end. Ignoring the past, we now know what the nature of the emotion will be in its normal state, but at this moment its immediate fate is to be transformed into anxiety.This transformation of affect is a more important consequence of the repressive process.The matter is more difficult to state; for we cannot yet assert the existence of unconscious emotions as we have previously asserted the existence of unconscious ideas.An idea, whether conscious or unconscious, remains the same; we can tell what is equivalent to an unconscious idea; as for an emotion, it is a process of catharsis; we Without a thorough examination and understanding of the assumptions about psychic processes, no equivalent of unconscious emotion can be said—and therefore cannot be discussed here.However, we may still retain the acquired impression that the development of anxiety is closely related to the unconscious system. It is the immediate fate of the libido, if it is repressed, to transform into anxiety, or to seek outlet in the form of anxiety; The only and final fate of the repressed libido.In neuroses there is also a process aimed at arresting the development of anxiety, and more than one method is employed for this purpose.In the case of phobias, for example, it is evident that the course of neurosis is divided into two stages.The first stage completes the repression, transforming the libido into anxiety, and anxiety is directed at external dangers.The second phase consists in the erection of barriers of defense against contact with the dangers of the outside world.Since the ego is deeply aware of the danger of the libido, it uses repression as a tool to escape from the oppression of the libido; the phobia is like a castle, and the terrible libido is like a foreign danger, and the castle is used to resist this danger. .The reason why this defense system in phobias still has weaknesses is that although the castle can be protected from the outside, there are still dangers from the inside; it is never effective to project the dangers from many sides of the libido to the outside. of.So he uses other defense systems to prevent the possibility of anxiety developing; this is one of the most interesting parts of neuropsychology.可惜要讨论这个问题，未免离题太远，而且要有特殊知识作基础。因此，我现在只能约略地说几句。我已说过自我安设一种反攻的壁垒于压抑作用之上。这个壁垒必须保全，然后压抑作用才可持续存在。至于反攻的工作则为用种种抵御的方法，以免在压抑之后又有焦虑的发展。 再回过头来讲恐怖症吧：我现在希望你们已认识到仅仅解释恐怖症的内容，仅仅研究它们的起源——例如造成一种恐怖的这一对象或那一情境——而不管其他，那是绝对不够的。恐怖症的内容的重要等于显梦——只是一种谜面。我们要承认，在各种恐怖症的内容之中，无论如何变动，仍有许多内容因物种遗传的关系，特别适宜于变成恐怖的对象，这是霍尔曾经讲过的。而且这些恐怖的对象，除了和危险有象征的关系之外，和危险本身并没有关系。 因此，我们乃深信焦虑的问题在神经病的心理学中占一中心的地位。我们还深深地觉得焦虑的发展和里比多的命运及潜意识的系统有密切的关系。只是还有一个事实：就是，“真实的焦虑”应视为自我本能用以保存自我的一种表示。这个事实虽无可否认，但它只是一个不连贯的线索，还是我们理论体系中的一个缺口。