Chapter 24 Lecture 23 The Process of Symptom Formation

From the perspective of ordinary people, symptoms are the essence of disease, and cure means the elimination of symptoms.In medicine, it is necessary to make a strict distinction between symptoms and diseases. The elimination of symptoms does not mean the cure of diseases.But after the symptoms have been eliminated, the remaining capacity to form new symptoms is the only palpable ingredient of the disease.For the time being, therefore, we may take the common man's view that, if we know the basis of the symptoms, we understand the nature of the disease. Symptoms—of course psychic or psychogenic symptoms and psychoses in question here—are harmful, or at least unhelpful, to the whole range of activities of life; they are often found to be repulsive and painful to the patient.Symptoms do harm to patients mainly because they consume the necessary mental abilities of patients, and patients have to consume a lot of abilities to resist symptoms.If the range of symptoms is very wide, the result of the patient's efforts in these two areas will be such that the mental powers are greatly weakened, so that he cannot handle the important tasks of his life.Roughly speaking, this result mainly depends on the amount of energy consumed, so you can see that "disease" is a practical concept in essence.But if you look at it from a theoretical point of view and don't ask questions of this degree, then it can be said that we are all insane, because the conditions required for the formation of symptoms are common to normal people.

As far as neurotic symptoms are concerned, we have already seen that they are the result of contradictions which arise when the patient seeks a new satisfaction of the libido.These two mutually resisting capacities meet again in the symptom, and at the same time, because they can compromise and give in to each other in the formation of the symptom, they have the effect of mutual mediation.It is because of this that the symptoms are so resistant; as for their persistence, it depends on the confrontation of two forces.We also know that one of these two contradictory elements is the unsatisfied libido, which has to find another way out of satisfaction since it is blocked by "reality".If "reality" is inexorable, then even if the libido tries to substitute another object for the one beyond its reach, it ends up having to fall back and seek contentment with a previously overcome organization or a former Objects that have been abandoned.The libido then regresses to those preoccupations that had stalled in previous developments.

The process of perversion is distinct from that of neurosis.Provided that these regressions do not bring about ego checks, no neurosis results; the libido can still obtain a real, though not normal, satisfaction.However, if the ego does not only control consciousness but also governs the innervation of movements and the realization of psychic impulses, if it does not approve of these regressions, the result will inevitably be contradictory.Blocked, the libido has to find another outlet for its powers, in order to comply with the demands of the pleasure principle; in a word, it has to avoid the ego.And now the points of attachment passed in the regressive development - points which the ego previously prevented by repression - are available for escape.The libido withdraws and reinvests in these repressed 'positions', thereby freeing itself from the domination of the ego and its laws; but at the same time abandons all previous training under the direction of the ego.If the libido is satisfied in the present, it is easy to control; if it is double oppressed by external and internal deprivation, it will be stubborn and irresistible, and it will be obsessed with the happy days of the past.This is its main, unchanging quality.At this time, the idea attached to the libido belongs to the subconscious system, so it also has the unique process of this system-that is, compression and displacement.The conditions of its formation therefore resemble those of the formation of dreams.The ideas to which the libido attaches in the unconscious, the so-called libido-representatives, have to contend with the forces of the preconscious ego, just as latent dreams do when they are first formed by thought itself. In the subconscious, when the subconscious phantasy desires are satisfied, a preconscious activity is checked and only allowed to create a mode of reconciliation within the manifest dream.Since the ego resists the libido so much, the latter is compelled to adopt a special mode of expression in which both resistances have a considerable outlet.Symptoms are thus formed, both as the fulfillment of the multiple disguises of the unconscious libidinal desires and as the amalgamation of clever choices of two diametrically opposite meanings.Only in the last point, the formation of dreams is different from the formation of symptoms; the purpose of all preconsciousness in dream formation is only to preserve sleep and prevent sleep-invading stimuli from rushing into consciousness; Do not take an attitude of strict prohibition.It is milder because the person is less dangerous during sleep, and the conditions of sleep alone are sufficient to prevent the desire from becoming a reality.

You must know that when the libido encounters a conflict, the reason why it can still escape is because of the existence of the point of attachment.Since the libido retreats to these points of attachment, it skillfully avoids the repression, and while maintaining a compromise, it can obtain a kind of catharsis—or satisfaction.In this roundabout way, through the subconscious mind and past attachments, it finally succeeds in obtaining a kind of real satisfaction, although this satisfaction is so limited that it is almost indistinguishable.There are two more things to note about this layer.First, you must pay attention to the close relationship between the libido and the unconscious on the one hand, and the ego, consciousness and reality on the other, although this relationship between them did not originally exist; second, everything I have said This question, which has been said before and which will be said in the future, refers only to hysteria.

Where on earth does the libido find the point of fixation it needs to break through repression?In the sexual activities and experiences of infancy, and in the partial tendencies and objects abandoned in childhood.It is in these places that the libido finds its outlet.The significance of childhood is twofold; first, when innate instinctive tendencies first appear; second, when other instincts are first brought into action by experiencing external influences and accidental events.It seems to me that there is good reason for this double distinction.We did not deny that inner dispositions can be expressed externally; but the results of analytical observations force us to assume that purely accidental experiences in childhood can also arouse libidinal attachments.I see no theoretical difficulty on this point.Natural tendencies are, of course, the inheritance of experience from previous generations; they are also acquired at a certain time; and without this acquisition, there would be no inheritance.Acquired traits, which could have been passed on to future generations, how could one imagine that they would suddenly disappear as soon as they reach future generations?But we often ignore the importance of childhood experience because we pay attention to the experience of our ancestors and the experience of adult life; in fact, it is necessary to pay more attention to the experience of childhood.Because they occur when they are not fully developed, they are more likely to produce great results; and for this reason, they are more likely to be diseased.According to the study of the development mechanism by Lushi et al., a needle piercing a dividing embryonic cell mass can greatly disturb the development; all right.

The obsessions of the adult libido, which have been previously pointed out to be the cause of the neurotic constitution, can now be subdivided into two components: innate tendencies and tendencies acquired in childhood.Because students like tabular records, these relationships can be listed as follows: Cause of neurosis = {traumatic experience incidental to libidinal attachment} tendency Sexual Organization Childhood Experiences ancestral experience The hereditary sexual structure, because of its special emphases, is sometimes this partial impulse, sometimes that partial impulse, sometimes only one, sometimes a mixture of several, and therefore manifests itself in many different tendencies.The sexual organization and the child's experience coalesce into another "complementary series" complementary series, very similar to that formed by adult dispositions and contingent experiences.In each series, there are similar extreme examples, and there are similar degrees and relationships between the various components.It is time to ask whether the more pronounced of the two libidinal degenerations, that is, the reversion to an earlier sexual organization, is controlled by hereditary constitutional elements; Let's talk about it after we have experienced various forms of neuropathy.

Special attention may now be given to the fact that analytical studies have shown that the libido of neurotics is attached to their childhood sexual experiences.From this point of view, these experiences occupy a very important place in the life and disease of adults; and this importance is not diminished even with regard to the therapeutic work of analysis.From another point of view, however, it is not difficult to see that this layer is in danger of being misunderstood, which would lead us to view life entirely from the point of view of the neurotic situation.The importance of infantile experience eventually diminishes as soon as we recall that the libido returns to infantile experience after leaving its new position.And from this it may be concluded that the experience of the libido was not important at the time of its occurrence, but that its importance was acquired only by subsequent regression.You will remember that when we talked about the Oedipus complex, we discussed similar either-or issues.

It is not difficult to solve this.It is certainly true that degeneration greatly increases the libido experienced by the child—and therefore also the virulence; but this alone can be misleading as a determining factor.Other points of view must also be discussed.First, from the results of observation, it is convinced that the experience of childhood has a special importance, which is already obvious in childhood.In fact, neuroses also occur in children; in children's neuroses, the temporal inversion element must be greatly reduced or even absent, because neuroses follow traumatic experiences immediately.The study of the neuroses of infants ensures that we do not run the risk of misinterpreting the neuroses of adults, just as the dreams of children enable us to understand the dreams of adults.Neuropathy in children is common, much more common than we usually suppose.We often overlook neurosis in children as a sign of bad behavior or naughtiness, often authoritarian in kindergarten; however, in retrospect it is often easy to recognize.The manner in which they are expressed is often anxiety hysterical; their significance will be known later.When the neurosis occurs at an older age, the results of the analysis always show that it is a direct continuation of the neurosis of childhood, which may manifest itself in specific and subtle ways; In other words, children's neurosensitivity can also persist throughout life.In a few cases, it is true that we can analyze a child under the condition of neurosis, but more often we have to infer the neurosis that children may have from the adults who suffer from the disease, but we must be very careful when making assumptions. to avoid mistakes.

Second, if there is nothing in childhood that can attract the libido, why does the libido so often revert to childhood?This layer is very confusing.The point of attachment at certain stages of development is of considerable significance only if we assume that it has a certain amount of libido attached to it.Finally, I can also say that there is a complementary relationship between the intensity of the infant's and later experience and the pathogenic importance, similar to the relationship between the other two series previously studied.In some cases the cause of the onset is exclusively in the sexual experiences of childhood; these impressions undoubtedly have a traumatic effect, and it only needs to be supplemented by the general sexual organization and immature development to cause the disease.In other cases, the cause of the onset is entirely a later contradiction, and the emphasis of the analysis on impressions of childhood seems to be the result of regression alone.Thus we can have examples of two extremes, "inhibited development" and "regression"—with varying degrees of admixture between the two.

Those who think that neuroses can be prevented by education intervening in time in the sexual development of children are quite interested in these matters.To be honest, one has done all he can to prevent neuroses if he only pays attention to the sexual experience of the infant, or thinks that the child will not be shaken by it so long as the sexual development is delayed.But we know that the conditions leading to neurosis are much more complicated than this, and that our attention to only one factor will not be fruitful.Strict supervision is ineffective in childhood, because innate factors are really beyond our control.Moreover, it is not so easy to control as the educational experts imagine; and the two new dangers it raises cannot be ignored.Perhaps the control is too tight; the child does more harm than good by repressing his sexuality too much, and is powerless to resist the sexual urges of adolescence.It is therefore highly doubtful whether the work of preventing neuroses in childhood will be beneficial, or whether a changed attitude to reality will be more fruitful.

Now come back to the symptoms.Symptoms can produce in the patient a satisfaction which is lacking in reality; the method of satisfaction is a regression of the libido to a past life, since it is inseparably connected with regression, that is, to an earlier stage of object-choice or sexual organization. stage.We have seen before that a neurotic is often obsessed with a certain period of his past life; we now know that this past period was one in which his libido was satisfied and happy.He looks back at the history of his past life, and constantly pursues this period, even with the help of memory or imagination, in order to return to the period of nursing.The symptom reproduces to a certain extent that early infantile mode of satisfaction, although this mode has to be disguised because of the censorship brought about by contradictions, or although it also often transforms into a painful feeling, and has a deadly feeling. components of patient experience.The satisfaction that comes with the symptoms, the patient not only does not know it is satisfaction, but feels pain deeply, and is afraid to avoid it.This transformation originates from the psychic contradiction, under the pressure of which the symptom is formed; so that what was previously regarded as satisfaction now has to arouse his resistance or terror.A simple but interesting example of this change of sentiment is familiar to all of us; a child who at first enjoys sucking the mother's breast, but after a few years often expresses a strong distaste for breast milk, which is not easily eliminated by training; If a film had formed on the surface of milk or any other fluid containing milk, this disgust could become terror.The film may have reminded him of the mother's breasts he once loved; traumatic experiences at weaning may have also played a role. There is another layer which strikes us as strange and incomprehensible to the symptom as a means of satisfying the libido.Nothing in our daily life is found in symptoms.Symptoms are mostly independent of objects and are therefore out of touch with external reality.We know that this is the result of the loss of the realist principle and the return to the pleasure-principle; but this is also a return to an enlarged autoerotic disease, that is, to an earliest means of gratifying the sexual instinct.They do not change the external situation, but seek a change within themselves; that is to say, substituting an internal action for an external action, for adaptation to replace activity—another important point from the point of view of the history of species. of degradation.This may become clearer if we combine it with a new factor discovered by the analytical study of symptom formation.Again, we recall that in the formation of symptoms the same unconscious processes are at work as in the formation of dreams, namely compression and displacement.The symptom, just like the dream, also represents a childish satisfaction; but either because of extreme compression, this satisfaction can be reduced to a single sensation or impulse, or because of multiple displacements, this satisfaction can be transformed from the whole libidinous complex for a short detail.It is not surprising, therefore, that we do not readily see libidinal satisfaction in symptoms, although we can often prove its existence. As has already been said, we have yet to investigate a new factor; and this factor is indeed surprising.You know that the results of the analysis of the symptoms have given us an idea of ​​what the libido is attached to and of the infantile experience from which the symptoms are formed.The strange thing is that these baby experiences are not necessarily credible.In fact, in most instances, they are unreliable; sometimes and absolutely contrary to historical facts.You must know that this, more than any other fact, makes us doubt the analysis from which this result is derived, or the patient himself on which the analysis and understanding of the whole neurosis is built.In addition, there is one more thing that is puzzling.If the infant's experiences discovered by the analysis are real, then we feel on solid ground; if they are the patient's fictions and fantasies, then we have to drop this unreliable foothold and find another way out.In fact, however, it is neither; for what we know is the child's experience recalled in analysis, sometimes falsified, sometimes faithful; in most cases a mixture of truth and falsehood. .Therefore, sometimes the experience represented by the symptom is absolutely true, and we believe that it has a great influence on the obsession of the libido;It is indeed not easy to ask for a proper solution here.Perhaps the first clue may be drawn in the following similar facts.The vague memories of childhood which we often keep in our consciousness before analysis can be falsified, or at least mixed; , the patient rather than the analyst is to some extent responsible for this unexpected disappointment. If we think about it a little, it is not difficult to see what is the strange point of this problem.In fact, this is a contempt for reality, a neglect of the distinction between reality and fantasy; the patient wastes our time with fabricated stories and really makes us angry.From our point of view, the distance between fantasy and reality is a world of difference; we attach different values ​​to each.The patient occasionally adopts the same attitude when his mind is normal.It is very doubtful whether we are dealing with reality or fantasy when he presents material which leads us to desired situations which are the basis of symptoms based on childhood experience.It is only possible to resolve this layer on the basis of some later indications, and then we have to try to make the patient aware of the real results, which are illusions and which are reality.This job is not easy to do.For if we tell him at the outset that what he thinks now is the phantasy with which he concealed his childhood experience, just as every people mixes its ancient and forgotten history with myths, his interest in this question Perhaps there has been a sudden drop since then—he also wants to seek facts and despise so-called imagination—the result will inevitably disappoint us.But if we let him believe that we are dealing with real events from his early years until the analysis is complete, we run the risk of being wrong later on, while he laughs at our gullibility.It would take him a long time to understand the formulation that fantasy and reality are to be treated alike, and that initially it does not matter whether the childhood experience under study falls into one category or the other.And yet this was obviously the only correct attitude to have towards his fantasies.In fact, fantasy is also a kind of reality.It is a fact that the patient creates these phantasies, and that fact is almost as important in the case of a neurosis as any other fact of his actual experience.These illusions represent a psychological reality as opposed to a physical reality.We come to know that psychic reality is the only major factor in the field of neuroses. Several incidents which frequently occur in childhood in neurotic patients have a special significance and I think they deserve special attention.Of these, I would like to cite the following as examples: one, the voyeurism of parental intercourse, two, being seduced by adults, and three, the horror of castration.You would be very wrong to think that these incidents were by no means the truth; in fact, the older relatives can attest to this without any doubt.For example, when a child begins to play with his genitals and does not know that he must conceal this action, his parents or nurses will threaten him by saying that he will cut off his genitals or cut off his criminal hand.Parents, when questioned, often admit it, because they think the intimidation is justified; and there are many who have vivid recollections of the intimidation, if it occurred in later childhood. This is especially true during midterms.If the intimidation was made by the mother or some other woman, she often referred to the person who executed the punishment as the father or the doctor.Once upon a time in Frankfurt, there was a pediatrician Hoffmann, who wrote the book "Struwelpeter", which was famous at the time. This book is famous because the author has a thorough understanding of children's sexual and other complexes. .In this book, you will see that the author proposes to cut off the thumb as a punishment for sucking the thumb. In fact, this is used to replace the concept of castration.Threats of castration appear to be common in the analysis of neurotics, but they are not necessarily so.We are compelled to think that the child, having been insinuated by adults that self-erotic gratification is socially unacceptable, and influenced by it by seeing the structure of the female genitals, uses this knowledge as a basis for inventing the above-mentioned threats.It is equally possible that a young child may have witnessed sexual intercourse by parents or other adults without having any knowledge or memory;But if he recounts the act of coitus without actually seeing it, or if he describes it often from the rear, his fantasies must undoubtedly arise from observing the copulation of an animal such as a dog, And it is motivated by the child's unsatisfied voyeurism during adolescence.As for fantasizing about him observing his parents' sexual intercourse in the womb, that is simply the best of fantasies. The fantasies of seduction are of more special interest, because they are often not fantasies, but recollections of facts; but fortunately they do not become facts as often as might be supposed from the results of the analysis.Children of the same age or older are more seduced than by adults; and if a woman, in relating the events of her childhood, often speaks of her father as the seducer, the nature of the hallucinations and the motives of their creation, Nothing suspicious anymore.If he had not been tempted in childhood, he would often cover up his masturbation with fantasies; he was deeply ashamed by masturbation, but in fantasies he thought that there was indeed a beloved object at that time.Do not, however, think that the story of children being seduced by their kinsmen is pure fiction.Most of the analysts, in the cases they deal with, do not doubt that this is true; it is just that the events belonged to a later childhood in fact; All this seems to give rise only to the impression that such childhood experiences are an indispensable condition of neurosis.Wouldn't it be nice if they had actually been seen?But if, in fact, these experiences do not exist, they must originate from suggestion and be the work of the artisan.The result is the same anyway; and we cannot now find any difference in the result, whether phantasy or reality, which occupies a greater place in these experiences.Here again is one of those complementarities discussed before; but the most singular one.Where did the necessity for these fantasies and the material for them come from?Instinct no doubt; but how is it that the same illusion is always formed from the same content?For this level, I have an answer, and this answer, in your opinion, may seem too absurd.I believe that these primitive phantasies, primal phantasies, which is the term I use for these and some other phantasies, are the property of the species.Whenever the individual reaches the point where his own experience is not enough to apply, he makes use of the illusions that the ancients had.It seems to me that the phantasies that are expressed in analysis today, such as the seduction of childhood, the sexual excitement of seeing parents having intercourse, and the threat of castration—or castration itself—were in the prehistoric period of mankind. They are all facts; and in phantasy, children only supplement their individual real experience with prehistoric real experience.We thus again and again arouse the suspicion that the psychology of neurosis can furnish us with knowledge of the first models of human development more than any other discipline. Now that we have come to these facts, we are obliged to discuss in more detail the origin and significance of the psychic activity called "fantasy formation."You know that the place of phantasies in psychic life is not yet fully understood, but roughly speaking, it is also important.About this layer, I can elaborate as follows.You must know that the human ego, trained by external needs, gradually appreciates the value of reality, and thus pursues the principle of reality, and that in doing so, it is necessary to temporarily or permanently abandon the objects and goals of various desires for pleasure—not only about sex.But giving up pleasure is often difficult; to do so one must seek compensation.He thus gradually develops a psychic activity in which all sources of pleasure and avenues of satisfaction which have been abandoned are allowed to continue, detached from the demands of reality or from what is called "testing reality".Every desire is at once transformed into an idea of ​​gratification; the gratification of desires in fantasy can of course give rise to pleasure, even though it is known to be unreal.Therefore, human beings can continue to enjoy the freedom from outside constraints in illusion, which has been abandoned long ago in fact.Then he is alternately a pleasure-seeking animal and a rational human being; for the meager satisfactions he gets from reality cannot satisfy the hunger and thirst.Fontan said, "If there is something done, there will be related products."The creation of the spiritual realm of fantasy is completely similar to the situation that a "reserved area" and a "natural garden" can be formed in an area where the rapid development of agriculture, transportation, and industry has caused the landform to quickly lose its original form.The purpose of these reservations is to preserve, wherever necessity has unfortunately sacrificed, old things, which, whether useless or harmful, may grow and multiply at will.The spiritual realm of illusion is also a reserved area recaptured from the principle of reality. The most familiar product of phantasy that we have ever seen is called daydreaming, which is the imagined fulfillment of ambition, grandiosity, and erotic desire.In fact, the more you need to be humble, the more arrogant and complacent you are in fantasy.It can be seen that the essence of imaginary happiness is to return to a kind of satisfaction that is not restricted by reality.We know that these day-dreams are the nucleus and model of nocturnal dreams; nocturnal-dreams are essentially day-dreams, made possible by nocturnal psychic activity bent and freed by nocturnal instinctual excitement.We have also seen that daydreams are not necessarily conscious, but subconscious daydreams are also common; therefore, such subconscious daydreams are at the root of both nightdreams and neurotic symptoms. The importance of hallucinations in the formation of symptoms can be understood by reading the following.We have said that the libido, being deprived, returns to the position from which it had left before, but to which it still attaches a little power.We have no intention of undoing or modifying this sentence, but only inserting a chain of hinges in the middle.How on earth can the libido return to these points of attachment?In fact, the objects and channels lost by the libido are not completely lost; these objects or their by-products still linger in the illusion, but retain more or less their original intensity.The libido only needs to retreat into fantasy to find its way back to the repressed point of attachment.These fantasies are tolerated by the ego; although they are contrary to the ego, there is no contradiction between the two, and the ego is developed accordingly, which depends on the maintenance of certain conditions-this is a quantitative one. The conditions are now disturbed by the return of the libido to the phantasy.The phantasy has the power to add, so it presses forward to become reality; then the contradiction between phantasy and ego becomes inevitable.These fantasies, though formerly preconscious or conscious, are now inevitably repressed by the ego on the one hand and attracted by the unconscious on the other.The libido goes deep into the root of the fantasy in the subconscious from the fantasy of the subconscious—that is, it returns to the original point of attachment of the libido. The return of the libido to the phantasy is an intermediate stage in the path of symptom formation, and we shall give it a special name.Jung once coined the very applicable term "introversion," but he misused it for other things.We insist, however, that when the libido diverges from real satisfactions and accumulates excessively in previously harmless fantasies, this process is called introversion.An introvert, though not yet neurotic, is in an unstable condition; a disturbance of his transferring faculties is sufficient to cause the development of symptoms; Ask him to plant a way out.The illusory nature of neurotic gratification and the neglect of the distinction between fantasy and reality are determined by the libido remaining above this introverted stage. You know that in the last few sentences I have introduced a new element into the thread of etiology—that is, an element of quantity; A qualitative analysis is not sufficient; or in other words, a purely dynamic conception of these processes is not enough, an economic point of view is also required.We need to know that even if two opposite forces already have substantive conditions, there is no need for conflict unless both have considerable strength.Also, the reason why innate elements can cause people's diseases is also because some of their instincts are more dominant than others; we can even say that people's tendencies are the same in quality, but vary in quantity.This quantitative component is also very important in terms of the ability to resist neurosis; the reason why a person does not suffer from neurosis depends on how much and how big all his unvented and freely preserved energy can be. Part of it is sublimated from the sexual aspect and transferred to non-sexual goals.The final purpose of mental activity, which may be regarded as an effort to increase pleasure and avoid pain in terms of quality, appears from the economic point of view to distribute the amount of excitation or stimulation existing in the psychic organs, so as not to use it. They accumulate and cause pain. I have already said so much about the formation of neurotic symptoms.But I also want to tell you that what has been said today is only in terms of hysterical symptoms.The symptoms of obsessive-compulsive neuropathy vary greatly, although they are roughly the same in essence.In hysteria, the ego already expresses rebellion against the demands of instinctive gratification, and this rebellion is even more pronounced in obsessive-compulsive neuroses, and occupies an important place in the symptoms.In the case of other neuroses, the range of variation is still greater, although the mechanisms by which the symptoms of those neuroses are formed have not been thoroughly investigated. Before I conclude this lecture, I would also like to draw your attention to a fantasy life that is of common interest to you all.Fantasy also has a way to return to reality, and that is-art.Artists also have a tendency to turn their backs on themselves, not far from neurotic patients.He, too, is compelled by instinctual needs that are too strong; he longs for honor, power, riches, fame, and the love of women; but he lacks the means to obtain these satisfactions.Thus, like anyone who desires and cannot satisfy, he detaches himself from reality, diverting all his interests and libido, constituting desires in phantasy life.This kind of illusion is easy to cause neurosis; the reason why it is not sick must be because many factors gather to resist the invasion of the disease; in fact, artists often suffer from neurosis and partially block their talents.Perhaps their endowment has a great power of sublimation and a kind of elasticity in the repression that produces contradictions.The process of returning to reality discovered by the artist is as follows: people who live in fantasy are not limited to artists; the world of fantasy is tolerated by all human beings, and no matter who has failed to achieve his wish, he seeks comfort in fantasy.But uncultivated people have very limited gratification from fantasies; their repression is so merciless that they are not allowed to enjoy any fanciful pleasures except those which may become conscious daydreams.Not so with real artists.First, he knows how to embellish his daydreams so that they are depersonalized so that they can be appreciated by others;第二，他又有一种神秘的才能，能处理特殊的材料，直到忠实地表示出幻想的观念；他又知道如何以强烈的快乐附丽在幻念之上，至少可暂时使压抑作用受到控制而无所施其技。他若能将这些事情一一完成，那么他就可使他人共同享受潜意识的快乐，从而引起他们的感戴和赞赏；那时他便——通过自己的幻念——而赢得从前只能从幻念才能得到的东西：如荣誉，权势和妇人的爱了。