Chapter 8 Lecture 7 Explicit and Implicit

Our study of faults has not been ineffective.For following the direction of the study of faults, and reasoning from the hypotheses known to you, two results have been obtained: 1. An insight into the elements of dreams.Second, the technique of dream interpretation.The element of the dream itself is not the main thing or the original thought, but a substitute for something that the dreamer does not know, just like the latent intention behind the fault. Although the dreamer knows something or something for sure, but has already Can't remember.Dreams are composed of many elements of this type, so that if one element of the dream is true, so must the dream as a whole.Our method is to use the free association of these elements to allow other alternative concepts to enter the consciousness, and then use these concepts to infer the original idea hidden behind.

I am now going to revise the nouns to be more scientific.The so-called "hidden", "unreachable" or "original" should be changed to "not accessible to the dreamer's consciousness" or "subconscious" in order to be more precise in description.The so-called subconscious mind has the same meaning as the forgotten words and the intentions behind the mistakes; that is, the unconsciousatthemoment, which at that time belonged to the subconscious mind.Conversely, the dream elements themselves and the substitute ideas derived from associations can be called conscious. These terms do not contain any theoretical prejudices; who said that the word "subconscious" is not a suitable and easy to understand. What about nouns?

Now if we extend our insight from a single element to the dream as a whole, the dream is also replaced by something of the unconscious, and the purpose of dream interpretation is to discover these unconscious thoughts.Therefore, when interpreting dreams, there are three important rules that have to be followed one by one: Whether the apparent meaning of a dream is rational or absurd, clear or vague, we do not bother; it is by no means the unconscious thought we are looking for.There is one notable exception to this rule which I shall return to later. 2. Our work should be limited to the evocation of substitute ideas at any time, without having to consider whether these ideas are appropriate or not, nor if they are too far removed from the dream-element.

Three must wait patiently for the hidden subconscious thoughts we seek to emerge spontaneously, as in the forgotten Monaco word in the aforementioned experiment. It follows from this that it is of little importance how much we remember our dreams, or whether we remember them correctly.A remembered dream is not real, but a disguised substitute which, by evoking other substitute ideas, provides a clue to the original thought and brings back to us the subconscious thought hidden within the dream. into consciousness.Our memory, however erroneous, is but a redisguise of the substitute, and the remake itself is not without motive.

We can interpret our own dreams, and we can also interpret the dreams of others; but the more we gain from our own dreams, the more we can convince ourselves.But if you do this experiment, you will not be without resistance.Although associations come from a source, we don't fully recognize them; we criticize and select them.This association is ill-formed and irrelevant, that association is absurd, and the third association is out of context; and it turns out that these objections have caused the association to be suppressed and finally disappeared before it is fully understood.Since we tend to cling to the original idea, the dream element, on the one hand, we allow ourselves to use critical selection on the other hand, thereby undermining the results of free association.If you do not explain these associations yourself, but let others explain them for you, then the critical choice you make has another motive, and it is useless to try to stop it.We sometimes think an association is too unpleasant to tell others.

These objections clearly hindered the conduct of research.When we interpret our own dreams, we must resolve not to be influenced by them; if we interpret dreams for others, we must strictly establish rules so that even if he encounters the above-mentioned four kinds of dreams that are too trivial, too absurd, too irrelevant, or too unpleasant. reason, and no association is allowed to be suppressed.He allowed the rule to be obeyed, but it still annoyed us in the end.At first we thought that, despite our repeated explanations, he still did not believe in the efficacy of free association; secondly, we perhaps thought that giving him a few books to read, or sending him to lectures, would convince him of our point of view.But all these troubles are unnecessary, because even we who believe in this doctrine can't help but object to certain associations, which can only be overcome after thinking twice.

Although the dreamer is quite stubborn, we don't need to feel upset about it. Instead, we can use this experience to obtain some fresh facts.The more surprising these facts are, the more important they are.We know that the work of dream-interpretation is being held up by a resistance which takes the form of critical opposition.This resistance has nothing to do with the theoretical beliefs of the dreamer.And we also know from experience that such critical objections are never grounded.The associations that one tries to suppress are invariably the most important clues that can be used to discover subconscious thoughts.If an association of this kind accompanies it, therefore, special care must be taken.

This resistance is a newly discovered fact; a phenomenon deduced from our hypothesis.This new element we had to deal with was a great surprise and displeasure to us, since research might have been made more difficult by it, and it would have been better to forget it if we had known it.Why should the study of an insignificant problem cause so much trouble and hinder the smooth application of technology?On the other hand, however, these difficulties have something to be obsessed with, and we may therefore infer that this kind of research is also of troublesome value.If we try to explore the hidden unconscious thoughts from dream elements or substitutes, we are inevitably hindered by resistance.Therefore, it can be assumed that there must be a very important idea behind the substitute, otherwise why would there be such difficulties in seeking the source?If a child refuses to stretch out his hand to show someone what he is holding, we can decide that it must not be his rightful thing.

If we give a dynamic interpretation of resistance, we must remember that resistance varies quantitatively.Sometimes the resistance is greater, and sometimes the resistance is smaller. These differences can often be seen when we study.There is another experience in the interpretation of dreams which may be attached here.That is to say, sometimes only a few associations—perhaps only one—are sufficient to carry us from the dream element to the unconscious thought behind it, but sometimes lengthy associations must be made and many critical resistances must be overcome.We might imagine that the number of associations must vary with the magnitude of the resistance, and this conjecture is not wrong.If the resistance is very weak, its substitute must not be far from the subconscious mind; on the contrary, a strong resistance can cause a great change in the subconscious mind, so to get from the substitute to the subconscious mind itself has to go around a lot.

At this time, we may choose a dream and try out our technology to see if what we expect is reliable.But what dreams shall we choose?You do not know the difficulties of choosing dreams as examples, and it is not easy for me to make you understand what these difficulties are.Some dreams, taken as a whole, are so seldom disguised that one might think it best to use them as a point of departure.But what does the so-called dream of minimal make-up refer to?Does it refer to those who are clear in meaning and orderly, like the two examples we mentioned earlier?We would be terribly mistaken in assuming this, since, according to the results of research, these dreams have a lot of disguise.If I take a dream as an example without first laying down special conditions, I may disappoint you again.The associations which we have to observe and record with regard to the elements of a dream may be so cumbersome that no definite insights can be drawn from the whole investigation.If we write down the dream and compare it with all the associations it arouses, we can see that the number of associations recorded is several times that of the original dream.The most practical approach, therefore, seems to be to select for analysis a few brief dreams, each of which conveys at least a little opinion or confirms some of our assumptions.This is the method we decide to adopt, unless experience tells us that we must resort to dreams with few disguises.

However, there is another way to simplify the complexity, which is at your fingertips.We do not need to interpret the whole dream for the time being, but first confine ourselves to the individual elements of the dream, take a few dreams as examples, and see how our technique can be used to interpret them. A woman said that as a child she repeatedly dreamed of God wearing a pointed paper hat.How can you interpret this dream without the help of the dreamer?On the face of it, this would mean nothing in childhood; but the woman said that when she was a little girl she used to wear such a hat at meals because she wanted to see if her siblings had more food on their plates than hers , so there is a clue to the meaning of the dream.The hat apparently served a purpose of concealment; the past is not difficult to fathom.The interpretation of this element and of the dream as a whole is also facilitated by a further association of the dreamer.She said: "I heard that God knows everything and sees everything. The meaning of this dream can only be that although they tried to hide it from me, I also know everything and see everything like God." This example may be too simple. . A suspicious patient once had a long dream in which someone told her about my book on "Jokes", and praised it greatly.The second thing is about the water channel canal, the word water channel or words related to this word may be found in another book...she doesn't know...it's all too vague. You must think that the water channel mentioned in the dream is difficult to explain because it is itself vague.You are right to think that it is difficult, but the cause of the difficulty is not the vagueness; on the contrary, the difficulty in interpreting this dream is due to another reason, which is the same cause of the vagueness of this element.The dreamer had no association with the word "water channel"; naturally I didn't know what to say.A little later, or to be more precise, the next day, she told me that a connection might have something to do with it.She remembered someone's joke: On the ferry between Dover and Calais, an Englishman, discussing a certain issue, said: "There is only a gap between the noble and the ridiculous" Dusublimeouridicule, iln' yaqu'un pas.A well-known writer replied: "Yes, that is le Pas-de-Calais", which means that France is noble and England is ridiculous.This Pas-de-Calais is a waterway - that is, the English Channel.Do you want to ask if I think this association has something to do with the dream?I think it's certainly relevant: that's where the real meaning of this puzzling dream element lies.Or you don't believe that the joke existed before the dream as the subconscious thought behind the element "waterways"; you might think they were invented later.From the point of view of the association, it can be seen that her doubts are covered up by excessive praise, and the slowness of the association and the blurring of the dream elements are undoubtedly caused by resistance.Notice in this instance the relationship of all the dream elements to the subconscious mind behind them: it seems to be a fragment of thought, which is metaphorically represented by something else; Three patients had a long dream, and a part of the dream was as follows: Several members of his family were sitting around a special shaped table... .This table reminded the dreamer that he had seen the same table in a certain family, so his association continued as follows: In this family, the relationship between father and son is very special, and the dreamer immediately went on to say that the relationship between himself and his father was also in this way.So this table is used to indicate this similar point when dreaming. The dreamer had long been familiar with the demands of dream-interpretation; otherwise he would not have studied such a trivial matter—the shape of the table.It is true that everything in a dream does not arise without a cause, and such trivial, apparently motiveless details must be investigated if we are to draw conclusions.You may still wonder why the dream-work chose the table to signify the idea that our relations are the same as theirs.But it will be explained if you know that the family name is "Tischler". Tisch means table.The dreamer dreamed that relatives were sitting around this table, which means that they are also some Tischlers.One more thing to note: this account of dream-interpretation is not free from frivolous ridicule.There are many difficulties in choosing a dream, and this is one of them.I may perhaps give another example to illustrate, but though the evil of recklessness can be avoided, another defect will take its place. There are two new terms, which could have been quoted earlier, and it is best to add notes at this time.The spoken dream can be called the manifest dream-content of the dream, and the hidden meaning behind it, obtained by association, can be called the latent dream-thought of the dream.We must therefore discuss the relationship between the manifest and the implicit in the above examples.There are many types of these relationships.In cases 1 and 2 the manifest dream-thought is also a part of the latent dream-thought, but a fragment.A small part of the subconscious thought of the dream breaks into the dream as fragments, or metaphors, like abbreviations in telegraph codes.Dream interpretation must make this fragment or metaphor into a full meaning, as in Example 2, which is very complete.Therefore, one of the disguises of dreams consists in substituting a fragment or a metaphor for something else. In Example 3 there is another relationship between the manifest and the latent, which is more clearly seen in the following examples. : The four dreamers pulled a certain woman he knew out of the ditch.From the first association, the dreamer understood the meaning of the dream as follows: he "chosen her" and took a fancy to her. On the fifth day, another person dreamed that his brother was holding a bamboo knot. The first association was the arrival of the Mid-Autumn Festival, and the second association revealed the hidden meaning of the dream.His brother is saving money now. Liumeng climbed the mountain to look far away.This dream sounds very reasonable; perhaps there is no need to explain it, it is enough to study what the dreamer recalls about it and what caused the dream.This is wrong, however; this dream requires as much interpretation as less organized dreams.Because the dreamer can't remember the mountaineering; instead he remembers that a friend is publishing a Rundschau [review] to discuss the relationship between human beings and the farthest part of the earth: so the dreamer thinks that he is a reviewer "reviewWer", which is the dream. The implicit meaning of reviewWer is actually the "measurer". Here you can see a new relationship of the manifest and latent dream-contents.The explicit meaning is not so much the disguise of the latent meaning as its representative—a plastic concrete image caused by the sound of the word.However, as a result, it can also be called a kind of disguise, because we have long forgotten what specific image the word originated from; so now when the word is replaced by an image, we cannot recognize it.If you know that the manifest content of dreams consists mostly of images, and to a lesser extent thoughts and words, you will see that this relation between the manifest and latent is of special importance in the construction of dreams; Long trains of abstract thoughts can create substitute images in manifest dreams for hidden purposes.This is how to draw a puzzle picture.As to the relation of such images to the psychology of jokes, that is another question which we shall not discuss here. There is a fourth relationship between the manifest and the implicit, which I will not talk about now, but will discuss later when necessary.Even then I will not exhaust these possible relations, it will suffice that the requirements are fulfilled. Will you now have the courage to interpret the whole dream?So let's see if we are fully prepared.I naturally do not choose the most difficult dream to interpret, but the selected dream must also have the characteristics of a dream. A young woman was married many years ago.One night, the dream was as follows: She and her husband were in the theater, and one side of the front row of seats was completely empty.Her husband told her that Alice and her fiancé were also going to the play, but could only get three bad seats for a florin and a half; of course they didn't want them.She said that, in her opinion, they had nothing to lose by it. The first thing the dreamer stated was that the events from which the dream arose had been implicitly pointed out: her husband had indeed told her that her friend Alice, who was about her own age, was betrothed, and the dream was a response to this reaction to the message.We already know that this event, which occurred the day before, is easily pointed out in many dreams and is not difficult for the dreamer to trace.In the case of this dream, other similar elements in the manifest content were revealed by the dreamer. What does the detail "one side of the seat is completely empty" refer to?This refers to the week before, when she wanted to go to the theater, and the seat was reserved so early that she had to pay more for the ticket.When it was time to enter, her worries were obviously unnecessary, because one side of the seat was almost completely empty.If she came to buy tickets on the day of the play, she would not be out of tickets, so her husband ridiculed her for being too hasty.Second, what is one and a half florins?That has nothing to do with watching the theater, it refers to a news that I heard the day before.Her sister-in-law, having received her one hundred and fifty florins from her husband, hurried to the jeweler's shop, and, like a fool, bought all of them for a piece of jewellery.Why is the number three?She knew nothing of it, except that the idea that she had been married ten years, and this betrothed Alice was only three months younger than herself, was an association.So why do two people buy three tickets?She had nothing to say, and she wanted nothing to do with it. These few associations, however, furnish us with sufficient material for discovering the latent content of the dream.Strangest of all, she mentioned time several times, which is the common basis of this dream.She bought theater tickets too early and in such a hurry that she had to overpay; her sister-in-law hurried to the jewelry store to buy jewelry, as if she was too late to buy.If these points of special importance, such as "too early" and "too hasty", etc., and the events from which the dream originated, that is, the friend who is three months younger than her is now engaged and her severe criticism of her sister-in-law, it is considered that such haste If you look at it together, it’s too silly, etc., then the latent meaning of the dream can naturally be as follows, and the manifest dream is of course a cleverly disguised substitute! "It would be foolish of me to be eager to get married. Judging from Alice's example, it can be seen that I can still get engaged to someone later."Her own eagerness to buy tickets, and her sister-in-law's eagerness to buy jewelry, were used to express this intention.Going to the theater represents marriage.This is the latent meaning of the dream: we may go on to analyze it further, but it is less clear, because the conclusions obtained from the analysis must not conflict with the dreamer's words: for example, "I may get a hundred times more profit by using this money." !One hundred and fifty florins are exactly a hundred times one and a half florins, and if this replaces the dowry, it means that the husband can be bought by the dowry: jewels and bad seats are then the husband's substitute.It would be better explained if the "three tickets" were connected with a husband; but our knowledge is not yet able to do this.We only know that this dream is only used to express that the dreamer looks down on her husband and deeply regrets marrying too early. It seems to me that the results of our first dream-interpretation, far from satisfying us, surprised us.There are so many concepts that it is impossible to understand them all.The interpretation of this dream has not yet come to an end, as far as we know.The points that can now be understood are listed as follows: First, we need to know that the latent meaning of this dream focuses on "haste"; while the layer of "haste" has no expression in the manifest dream.If it has not been analyzed, it will not know the existence of this hidden meaning.So the center point of subconscious thought does not seem to be present in manifest dreams.This fact must radically alter the impression the dream makes on us as a whole.Secondly, the meaningless combination of ideas in the dream, such as the purchase of three florins for one and a half florins; thus we discover the following hidden meaning in the dream-thought: "It would be foolish to marry too early." Isn't the hidden meaning of " expressed by the meaningless elements in the manifest dream?Third, it can be seen from the results of the comparison that the relationship between explicit and implicit is not a simple relationship, and an obvious element does not always replace a latent element.The relationship between the two is the intersection of two different groups, so one obvious element can represent several latent thoughts; and one latent thought can also be replaced by several obvious elements. As regards the meaning of the dream and the dreamer's attitude towards it, we can discover more surprising facts.Although the lady accepted our explanation, she was still surprised; she didn't know that she despised her husband so much; she didn't know why she despised him.Therefore, there are still many details about this dream that are not fully understood. I think we are not fully prepared for dream interpretation, so we need further training first.