sequence Those who wish to acquire knowledge of psychoanalysis face many difficulties, not least the lack of a suitable textbook with which to begin their research.These people used to have a choice among three classes of textbooks, each of which, to the beginner, had its own drawbacks.They can find their way through the multitude of papers published by Freud, Brill, Ferenczi, and myself, which are not arranged according to any coherent scheme and which are mostly addressed to those Read by those who already know the subject.Or they may try to delve into more systematic works, such as those of Hitchman and Barbara Lowe, which suffer from brevity because they pack so much into a short space.Or else, in the end, they may perhaps find one of many books, which, without needing to be named, give psycho-analysis a proper treatise, but whose authors do not provide the necessary conditions for the acquisition of a correct knowledge of the science. preliminary information.This gap in the psychoanalytic literature has now been filled by a most fitting author, Professor Freud himself, who took the time out of his busy schedule to produce this book, to whom the clinical psychology community owes a debt of gratitude .Henceforth, we can answer without hesitation to the frequently asked question: This is a good book to start the study of psychoanalysis.

But here, too, I must warn the reader to make a few corrections to the statement that this book is a well-established textbook on psychoanalysis.The circumstances in which it began to be written do not allow us to make such an estimate of it.This book consists of three parts of lectures given at the University of Vienna during the two winters of 1915-1917.The first two sections assume that the listener has absolutely no knowledge of the subject.The manner of the speech suggests an introduction to the science.But in the third lecture, Professor Freud undoubtedly believed that the audience had expanded the scope of reading through their research, decided not to treat them as mere beginners, and thus let go to discuss more specialized and difficult topics — Psychoanalysis of neurosis.As a result, the second half of the book is much more advanced than the first, which, frankly, has the advantage that the author can impart here and there his final conclusions on esoteric matters.Therefore, the psychoanalytic scholar, no matter how good he may be, can learn a lot from this book.

We must also note that the book does not adequately deal with psychoanalysis's wider relationship to other human sciences not covered here.Apart from a few hints scattered on this page or that, little is said about the extent of psychoanalysis' application to sociology, the study of racial development, and especially the psychology of normal people.The book is basically limited to three topics on psychopathology of everyday life and dreams and neuroses, which he selected as the most suitable subject for the author's purpose—to introduce students to psychoanalysis. An American translation of the book had already been published, but in addition to flaws in style, the translation also contained many serious errors, such as a section saying that phantoms are not affected, translated into sentences that seem to imply that Freud De believes that obsessions are an incurable disease - so we decided to publish another translation.Mrs. Riviere took things seriously, and with the help of Ms. Baines's drafts of the eleven lectures of the second part, she translated them into a complete book.I compared the translation with the original, and discussed the difficult points with Professor Freud and Madame Riviere.Madame Riviere's English translation will please the reader: I guarantee it will be faithful.

Ernest Jones December 1921 (German) Freud World Culture Translation sequence Before the Anti-Japanese War, I translated Freud's English translation into Chinese, which was published by Shanghai Commercial Press in 1930.Psychoanalysis is a method of treating neurosis and a technique for studying psychological functions. Later, it formed a psychological theory and became an important school of modern psychology. and philosophy have had varying degrees of influence. Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was a Jewish psychiatrist in Vienna.He was born in Moravia on May 6, 1856, which is now part of the Czech Republic. He moved to Vienna with his parents when he was four years old, and spent eighty years in Vienna.He was smart when he was young. In 1873, he was admitted to the University of Vienna to study medicine and engaged in scientific research he was interested in. In 1876, he worked as an assistant researcher under the guidance of Professor Brück, and in 1881 he received a doctorate in medicine.The following year, he collaborated with neurologist Breuer.Breuer was fourteen years older than Freud, and he was also a disciple of Bruck.Bruck and Ludwig, Dubois-Lemon and Helmholtz like-minded, formed an alliance against vitalism, and believed that "there are no other forces in the organism except the general physical and chemical forces at work. ".Freud and Breuer received physical training in physiology under Brück, and admitted that "psychology is the study of the central nervous system, and heart energy is the physical energy supplied by brain cells."

Breuer once used hypnosis to treat a hysterical female patient Anna.Among the many symptoms of this patient, there is another special symptom, that is, for as long as six weeks, he cannot drink water when his thirst is unbearable.In a hypnotic state, she related how, as a child, she had entered the room of a governess she disliked, and saw her dog drinking from a glass, which aroused her disgust, but, influenced by the tradition of revering teachers, I had no choice but to keep silent.Under hypnosis, she recovered her memories of the past event and vented her anger as much as possible. After that, the strange disease that she could not drink water disappeared.This kind of treatment is mainly carried out through talk or suggestion, so Freud called it talk therapy, which is the basis of the psychoanalysis he later developed.

His explanation of this curative effect is guided by Bruck's physicalism, which believes that human psychological activities depend on the physical energy supplied by the nervous system.When the level of physical energy is too high, there is a need for release or catharsis, which contributes to the disappearance of the neuroses.Therefore, Freud supported the physical or physiological etiology of neurosis in the early days of his medical practice. However, facing this curative effect, Freud also felt the subtlety of the relationship between body and mind.Since he was educated by Brück's physicalism, he did not immediately turn to the theory of mind-body sympathy, but only advocated the theory of mind-body parallelism.He said, "The chain of physiological processes in the nervous system does not cause a causal relationship with mental processes." It would be a logical error to think that one kind of process should be translated into another.However, according to the analysis of Jones, the author of Freud's biographer, Freud did not completely adhere to the parallel theory, and sometimes said that physical or sexual changes produced anxiety, or an emotion caused the paralysis of hands and feet.

From 1885 to 1886, Freud studied at the French neurologist Charcot.Charcoal hypnosis sometimes eliminated these symptoms and sometimes caused hysterical symptoms. Therefore, Freud thought that the treatment of physical symptoms could be effective through the transmission of ideas.He later went to Nancy to observe the hypnotherapy of Liebao and Bernheim.These French doctors, unlike their German counterparts, did not adhere to the anatomy of the brain and recognized psychopathology as a branch of psychology. Due to the influence of France and based on his own clinical experience, Freud gradually shifted from the theory of physiological etiology to the theory of psychological etiology or the psychodynamic theory, thinking that neurosis originated from the contradiction of internal psychological motivation.

Under the guidance of the theory of physiological etiology, Freud tried electric current therapy, water therapy, and massage to treat neuropathy in 1886, but the effect was not significant.Under the guidance of the theory of psychological etiology, he adopted the suggestion therapy learned from Charcot in 1887. He thought this method was very good and the time was relatively economical, but the curative effect was not long-lasting and often repeated.Therefore, he created the method of psychoanalysis, that is, the method of free association, which he began to use in 1892.Because he adheres to the maxim of the Helmholtz school and does not believe in the theory of free will, he insists on his so-called determinism, thinking that any association is not without reason and has a certain meaning; therefore, through the freedom of the patient Association can dig out the motives or desires buried deep in the bottom of the patient's psychology, that is, the so-called subconscious desires.It turns out that Freud divided the human psychological process into three layers, the upper layer is consciousness, the middle layer is preconsciousness, and the bottom layer is subconsciousness, which constitutes his depth psychology.He believed that the consciousness of a concept is fleeting, but the vanished concept can become conscious again when necessary, which is called pre-consciousness.As for the subconscious idea, which has been repressed and repelled from the field of consciousness, it is now rejected by the patient if it is to be repeated into consciousness.So Freud believed that resistance and repression are two sides of the same process.The purpose of psychoanalysis is to overcome this resistance, to turn the subconscious desire into consciousness, and then the treatment will be effective. However, this resistance is not easy to subdue and requires a high degree of skill of the psychoanalyst.

What kind of desire is the repressed desire?Freud believed that it was mainly sexual desire; sexual disturbance was the root cause of neurosis.He published "The Etiology of Hysteria" in 1896, and put forward the seduction theory, thinking that children were innocent when they were young and had no sexual impulses, but they were induced by adults only, which led to the generation of such impulses.By the end of 1896 and the first half of 1897, Freud began to doubt the seduction theory. In the summer of 1897, he conducted a painstaking self-analysis and discovered his own libidinal desire for his mother and hostility to his father when he was young, which is the so-called Oedipus complex.So he gave up the theory of seduction and admitted the sexual life in childhood, but Freud's "sex" does not refer specifically to the pleasure of reproduction or reproductive organs, but refers to the pleasure of all sensitive areas.

Since Breuer disagreed with Freud's views on sex, Freud changed to Fries as a like-minded friend.He wrote to Ferris the secret of giving up the theory of seduction and discovering the Oedipus complex.Fries has a strong interest in the study of sexuality.He published his debut work in 1897, and proposed a new complication called nasal reaction neurosis, including headache, neuralgia, and disturbance of internal organs such as circulation, breathing, and digestion.Two aspects of his research particularly interested Freud. "1. He believes that the nasal mucosa has a special relationship with the activities of the reproductive organs, because the nasal mucosa sometimes becomes congested during sexual excitement. 2. From the fact that women go through menstruation, he speculates that the life activities of both sexes imply periodicity." Fries came to Vienna in 1887, and through Breuer's introduction, he listened to Freud's neurology class.For the next six years, he regularly corresponded with Freud.Freud gave him a total of 284 letters, cards, and excerpts, 168 of which constituted the thesis entitled "The Origin of Psychoanalysis".

Although Freud was supported by Fries on the issue of sex, both Adler and Jung, after Breuer, abandoned Freud's teachings because they opposed the etiology of sex.Adler split from the International Psychoanalytic Association in 1911 and created Individual Psychology; Jung left the International Psychoanalytic Association after Adler in 1915 and established the banner of analytical psychology. But Freud was already famous abroad. In 1909, the twentieth anniversary of Clark University in the United States, President Stanley Hall invited him to attend and awarded him an honorary doctorate.He met with famous American psychologists such as James, Cattell, Tichener and others.His speech at the school was divided into five times, titled "The Origin and Development of Psychoanalysis", which was translated into English and published by Chase, and then translated into several languages. The Chinese translation was published in the Shanghai Commercial Press in the 1920s Journal of Education.Freud was a prolific scholar, and his writings aroused the interest of a wide readership.New psychoanalytic societies were established in the great cities of Europe.Both the Dutch Association of Psychiatrists and Neurologists and the British Psychological Society have invited him to be an honorary member.In short, between 1919 and 1939 his reputation reached its peak. But his later life was full of hardships.He was diagnosed with oral cancer in 1923.When Hitler was in power, he was anti-Semitic and occupied Austria in 1938. Freud was forced to leave Vienna and died in Britain on September 21, 1939. Freud's reputation and influence are rare among psychologists.His major contribution to psychology was the study of human motivation, or as Pauling pointed out, "the great source of dynamic psychology is of course Freud".As we all know, the experimental psychology of Wundt and his disciples inherited the tradition of associative psychology and physiological psychology, engaged in the study of perception, emphasized the introspective analysis of consciousness, and compared the analysis of human behavior and its motivation or motivation ignore.Freud's psychoanalysis played a role in making up for the disadvantages of traditional experimental psychology.Therefore, it has attracted people's attention and popularity. In the 1981 new edition of his "History of Modern Psychology", Schultz, an expert on the history of psychology in the United States, emphasized that some concepts of Freud were brought into the mainstream of modern psychology, and pointed out that "Freud The impact on general culture was enormous. Immediately after his visit to Clark University, the impact of his system was felt. Bacon said that after 1910, American newspapers were full of Freud's papers, 1920 Years later, more than two hundred books were published in the United States on Freud's psychoanalysis".So Freud is very famous in the United States. But after all, Freud was a doctor treating neurosis rather than a strictly trained psychological experimenter.The material on which he was based was not obtained by means of experimental control.When he used psychoanalysis to treat neurosis, no one could guarantee that the patient's report was not based on the doctor's request and in line with the doctor's wish.So Freud's method of collecting material has been criticized by psychologists. Freud was not without difficulties in theory.The first is the subconscious problem.By definition, the subconscious is the unconscious that is distinct from the preconscious.It is possible for the preconscious to re-enter the conscious, but the subconscious is not allowed to intrude into the conscious.Freud paid attention to the subconscious, and correspondingly underestimated the conscious.Some people think that what is psychological is conscious, and what is conscious is psychological.No, Freud said, this formula cannot hold.Because "consciousness is not the essence of the mind, but only a property of the mind, an unstable property, because it disappears immediately, and the time of disappearing is much longer than the time of existence." Of course, we also disagree with the formula that mind is equal to consciousness; we also believe that mental processes should include both consciousness and unconsciousness.But the essence of psychology is precisely consciousness rather than unconsciousness, let alone subconsciousness.Freud also knew that it would be unpopular to devalue consciousness.So he says, "But this by no means means that the property of consciousness has lost its importance for us. It remains the only light which illuminates our way to the mysteries of psychic life. The particularity of our discovery, our scientific research in psychology is to translate the subconscious process into a conscious process, thus filling the gap in conscious perception..." This confession of Freud shows that consciousness has only one function, that It is the only searchlight used to discover the mysteries of the subconscious, and the study of subconscious psychology in turn fills in the blanks for conscious perception.Doesn't this belittle the value of consciousness?He didn't know that "human consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but also creates the objective world." The reason why human beings have today's bright and splendid world is because of consciousness and social practice, while Freud regarded the subconscious as "one-sided, exaggerated, Excessively developed into a deified absolute that is divorced from matter and nature", and his determinism, especially the belief that all human actions are determined by subconscious desires, is obviously falling into the error of anti-rationalism. The second is the question of pansexuality.If it is said that Freud's subconscious theory belittled the role of consciousness, his pansexuality theory degraded human beings to ordinary animals and obliterated the essential characteristics of human beings.Regarding the essence of human beings, Marx once pointed out that it is "not an abstraction inherent in a single individual. In its reality, it is the sum of all social relations." Among these relations, the relations of production are especially important to human psychology. decisive meaning.Freud, on the other hand, opposed the materialist view of history, even obliterating the importance of social cultural or social historical conditions.He preferred to take a biological point of view, and based his theory only on the facts of biology, thinking that living beings have two purposes: self-preservation and species-preservation. Two human needs—namely, hunger and love,” and he places particular emphasis on love or sex.He said, "According to this point of view, we intervene in psychoanalysis with ego instinct and sexual instinct. The former includes the survival, continuation and development of the individual, and the latter includes childish and perverted sexual life." Hunger and love require the corresponding two instincts of self-preservation and reproduction, so what is the difference between human beings and other animals?So Freud's starting point is very wrong. No wonder Breuer, Adler and Jung all had differences with Freud on the issue of sex. We can also take anxiety neurosis as an example to further illustrate the difficulty of Freud's etiology of sex.Freud believed that repressed libido and pathological anxiety were intrinsically linked.As early as 1911, Jones had already claimed to "raise doubts on the biological validity of the theory that physiological sexual tension is transformed into anxiety". He thought that anxiety should be said to be a special instinctive emotion, and this instinct is The defensive instinct is triggered by the stimulation of internally generated stress.So Jones denied the etiology of anxiety neurosis. I also criticized Freud's explanation of the sexuality of the five-year-old boy Hans' palpitations in the preface of the old translation in 1930, thinking that Hans' sexual spying on his mother was due to the result suggested by its father. The editor of "Psychology in 73-74" also said, "With his mother, Hans was taken aback when the horse in the carriage stumbled and injured him. According to Freud's explanation, this accident was just Hans' palpitation disease. The sudden or recent cause. He thinks the real cause is the inner conflict evident in little Hans during his Oedipus period." However, "critics pointed out that the dialogue between Hans and his son, the hint of the father's questioning The problem of sexuality is obviously due to the preconceived expectations of the results of his research on psychoanalysis.” So Hans’ palpitations are not caused by the Oedipus complex, but the result of his father’s poor education. The third is about the death instinct issue.Freud's dynamic psychology begins with the tension between the unconscious and the conscious as its pillar.Subconscious desires try to invade the conscious or preconscious, and the censors of the conscious or preconscious are strict to prevent these fanciful desires from entering without authorization.This inspector is the ego or ego ideal. This ego ideal was later developed by Freud as the superego, while sexual desires were attributed to an entity called the id.Therefore, in addition to the trichotomy of consciousness, preconsciousness, and subconsciousness, Freud has the trichotomy of superego, ego, and id.This latter trichotomy is the continuation and development of the theory of opposition between sex and self.But this opposition was negated by Freud's death instinct. Freud's Thanatology had germinated in his thoughts since 1900. In 1920, he published "Beyond the Pleasure Principle", which put forward the concept of death instinct.He said, "Death, in the form of the death instinct, becomes a force that destroys life, and the goal of all life is expressed in death." Later, in "Introduction to Psychoanalysis New Edition", he used the biological point of view to describe the instinct Distinguish between sexual instinct and aggressive instinct.He said, "We think that there are two different types of instinct, that is, the most generalized sexual instinct can be called Eros' food color" instinct and the attack instinct for destruction." After Freud proposed the attack instinct, he Pre-emptively block the mouths of those who talk about good sex with reasons for talking about bad sex.He pointed out, "Historical facts and our experience...both prove that the belief that human nature is inherently good is just an illusion...because our claim that people have a special instinct to attack and destroy is not influenced by historical lessons and our own experience, It is due to the estimated importance of the phenomenon of sadism and masochism." And in the case of masochism, "it can be seen that it has a tendency to self-sabotage." We may think that this tendency although seen in the abused Crazy, but definitely not the psychology of normal people.But Freud believes that "the instinct's goal is to restore the earlier state of things." This goal is called "repetition com-pulsion"."Suppose," he says, "that life arose in an inconceivable way in the distant past from the inanimate, then, according to our hypothesis, there was then an instinct with the object of destroying life and returning to inorganic form. Suppose we The so-called self-destructive impulse originates from this instinct, and then this impulse can be regarded as the expression of a death instinct indispensable to any life process.” Therefore, he believes that instincts can be divided into two categories: the food-sex instinct will life The matter of life is synthesized into a larger unity, while the death instinct wants to return the matter of life to an inorganic state repeatedly. This question of the relationship between life and death also received Engels' attention.Engels said, "Today, physiology, which does not regard death as an important factor in life and does not understand that the negation of life is essentially contained in life itself, is no longer considered scientific. Therefore, life is always related to its necessity. As a result, that is considered in connection with death that is always present in life as a seed." "To live means to die." But Engels' view of life and death is incomparable with Freud's view of life and death.Engels analyzed life from the viewpoint of dialectical materialism, and believed that the disintegration process of organisms "necessarily produces more lifeless and closer to the inorganic world products step by step, and these products are less and less suitable for use in the organic world." , that is to say, according to the laws of nature, the whole body must eventually die, so "life means death". As for Freud, he not only discussed the facts, but also proposed the death instinct. It seems that people have an instinctive requirement to destroy their own lives.He thinks that Idi has no morals and values, and blindly pursues happiness.Its life principle is the pleasure principle.Self-respect for reality, acting in accordance with the principle of reality, restricts or suppresses the demands of the id.Although Freud advocated that the principle of pleasure-seeking should be subordinate to the principle of reality-realism, he still advocated that life should reach a state of non-contradiction until the pursuit of pleasure, or as Hecht said, "to be one with the mother in terms of sex, Or rest in her arms, or finally reach the castle of death, the state of Nirvana without tension in the womb." This completely negates the meaning and value of life, and advocates that life is better than death, which is the ideal of capitalism. Mass suicide provides a theoretical basis. At the same time it must also be pointed out that the psychoanalytic system was originally based on the contradiction between the ego or superego and the unconscious desires.Freud's interpretation of errors and dreams and neuroses is based on this foundation.How will the contradiction between the life instinct and the death instinct be harmonized with his original system?Moreover, sex and ego, which were originally opposites, are now synthesized with the instinct of eating and drinking, including sex and ego.Nacket published the article "Death Instinct or Life Instinct?" in French, saying that "the concept of death instinct can be canceled because it conflicts with the two important concepts of contradiction and aggression. In fact, if the death instinct exists, then the contradiction From the beginning, it belongs to the interior of the psyche, rather than the internalized expression of the contradiction between the subject and the environment.... Therefore, the theory of the death instinct is incompatible with the theory of the contradiction between the id and the ego supported by the superego. If the death instinct exists, then the contradiction between the pleasure principle and the reality principle will lose its meaning, and analysis will not work, because analysis cannot resolve the contradictions within life." It is precisely because of the inevitable difficulties brought about by the death instinct , so Freud had to revise his theory so that not only were the repressed desires unconscious, but the repressed ego and superego were also semi-unconscious.Early Freud diverged from late Freud. The fourth is the attitude towards culture.Freud's attitude towards culture is also debatable.An English translation of his Civilization and Its Dis-contents was published in 1930.In this work, he pays more attention to the principle of pleasure than to the principle of reality.What is the purpose of life, he asked?His answer was "Seeking happiness: they want to be happy, and to be blessed forever".He thought that the purpose of this pursuit was to eliminate pain and discomfort on the one hand, and to experience high levels of happiness on the other.Obviously, this is the inheritance of the tradition of hedonism of the British utilitarians. At the same time, Freud believed that the achievements of culture should be measured by the degree of human happiness.He once cited the brilliant achievements of modern culture.For example, he said that when we see a country develop land and conquer nature for the benefit of people, we recognize that this country is highly civilized. "In such a country, where rivers are in danger of capsizing their banks, the waters are directed by canals to where they are needed. The soil is diligently cultivated and suitable vegetation is cultivated; mineral resources are dug deep and made into useful implements. Means of transportation. Fast and reliable; poisonous insects and beasts have been eradicated; domestication of domestic animals is flourishing.” In addition, such as the arrangement of forest gardens, clean and sanitary equipment, achievements in academics, science, art, religion, philosophy, and the improvement of the relationship between people in society, etc. They are all signs of high civilization.But Freud thinks that we cannot therefore "ignoring the degree to which the establishment of culture depends on the satisfaction of instinct sacrifices and the degree to which culture depends on the non-satisfaction of restraint, repression, or other prerequisites for strong instinctual demands" . According to Freud's logic, it seems that the progress of civilization does not increase the happiness of the person, but increases his pain.In the late stage, he added the death instinct to the sexual instinct, and the expression of the death instinct is attack.Regardless of sexual or aggressive impulses, they must be restrained or suppressed in a normal civilized society, and they cannot demand satisfaction unscrupulously, especially like the Oedipus complex, which is especially rebellious.Engels said, "If the first progress in family organization lies in the exclusion of mutual sexual intercourse between parents and children, then the third progress lies in the exclusion of this relationship for sisters and brothers." The range expanded with the progress of civilization, resulting in the creation of monogamy today.But Freud believes that "love is opposed to the interests of culture, and the harsh restrictions of culture threaten love." He said, "In the case of sexually mature people, the choice of objects is limited to the opposite sex. perverted and prohibited.... These restrictive measures may place the sexual interests of persons of normal sexual capacity on a legitimate track without interference. But the only outlet for permissible heterosexual love is subject to law and monogamy further restrictions.” It is clear that Freud’s dissatisfaction with civilization was mainly due to his belief that such restrictions would have unhappy results for people, rather than a return to barbarism.He said that according to the point he put forward, "Our so-called civilization is responsible for our suffering, and if we turned our back on it and returned to the original situation, we would be far happier." Freud's dissatisfaction with civilization can easily lead people to misunderstand him as a sexual liberal, but in fact, he is not such a person at all.Schultz said, "It is worthy of our attention that although Freud so passionately emphasized the role of sex in our emotional life, he personally insisted on an extremely negative attitude towards sex. He has always talked about the dangers of sex , even to the non-psychotic, advised that one must strive to overcome the needs of animals in general. The act of sex, he said, is depraved; it defiles the mind and body. In 1897, he At the age of 20, he himself claimed to have no sexual activity at all." Freud also said in the twenty-seventh lecture of the third part that he hoped that the patient "can choose the middle solution between sexual indulgence and unconditional abstinence".He said, "You can't assume that the explanation of psychoanalysis' curative effect must be due to allowing patients to practice indulgent sex life." So we must have a correct understanding of Freud.He was "not a reformer, but only an observer," or a doctor of neurosis.When he observed and treated, he found that the patient's instinctive desire was unduly suppressed and became ill. Therefore, he believed that the moral law of the world often requires more sacrifices in relation to sex than necessary, so he Correspondingly, sex is emphasized to an inappropriate degree, resulting in theoretical perverseness. This translation was revised in cooperation with Comrade Sun Mingzhi.Comrades Luo Dasen, Song Yueli, Zhang Quanwu, and Xiang Zongping helped edit the border codes, and I would like to express my gratitude to them. Gao Juefu June 19, 1983