Chapter 9 Chapter 6 Tour Teaching

When I joined the Behavioral Sciences Division in June 1977, a total of nine agents were selected to serve in the Division, with the primary focus on teaching.The joint major for Bureau of Investigation agents and National Academy cadets is Applied Criminal Psychology.Howard Turton, who first taught the course back in 1972, focuses his lectures on the issue that matters most to detectives and other criminals: motives.The purpose of the lectures is to provide students with an understanding of what causes violent offenders to think and act.While popular and practical, the course is primarily based on researching and teaching theoretical principles of psychology.Some of the material came from Turton's own experience in handling cases, and later added the experience of other instructors in handling cases.However, it was the academics who were able to express their opinions with authority, based on organized and methodical extensive research.Many of us have gradually realized that the research results and professional views of this group of people have limitations when applied to the field of law enforcement and crime solving.

Other courses offered at the college include: Contemporary Police Issues, which explores labor affairs management, police unions, community relations and related matters; Sociology and Psychology, which is a bit like a typical introductory university course; Sexuality over practicality and knowledge.How seriously a course on sexual crimes is taken depends on who teaches it.One instructor sets the tone with a doll of a dirty old man in a raincoat.All you have to do is press on the doll's head, and the raincoat will come off and the penis will become erect.They will also produce hundreds of photographs of all manner of behaviors that are now called sexual derangements and were then simply called perversions: transvestism, fetishes of all kinds, exhibitionism, and so on.The photos usually elicit an inappropriate burst of laughter.When you're talking about voyeurism, or showing pictures of men in drag, you might be able to force a couple of laughs at one of those pictures.If you're laughing when you're talking about sadistic, masochistic, or pedophile extremes, then there's something wrong with you or your trainer, or both.It took years and a lot of sensitization before Roy Hazlewood and Ken Lanning took the stage to take the study of subjects like rape and child molestation on a serious professional level .Hazlewood is now retired but remains an active consulting professional.Lanning is also retiring soon.The two will remain world-class law enforcement experts in their respective fields of study.

But going back to the Hoover days of "just tell the facts, ma'am," no authority figured what came to be known as criminal profiling as an effective crime-solving tool.In fact the term behavioral science itself could be considered something of a weird moniker, and its proponents would presumably also advocate witchcraft and telepathy.So anyone who "dabbles" in it has to do it informally and keep no written records.When Turton and Malani began providing profiles, they were all oral, never written.Your first rule of thumb is: "Don't embarrass the Bureau." So you never want to transcribe something, lest you or your agent in charge get reprimanded for it.

Following Turton's pioneering work, and based on what we learned from Dr. Brussels in New York, we began to offer some informal counseling to individual police officers who requested it, but no organized teaching program had been developed nor considered It is a responsibility that the behavioral science department should perform.Typically, someone from the National Academy with a difficult case would call Turton or Malani for advice. One of the first callers was a police officer in California, desperate to solve the case of a woman who had been stabbed and killed multiple times.Apart from the brutality of the killing, there was nothing unusual about the case, and the autopsy turned up few clues.After the officer described the few facts he had, Turton suggested that he start by investigating the victim's neighbors, looking for a small, inconspicuous solitary man, about eighteen or nineteen years old. , It was an impulsive act, and now, out of unprecedented guilt and fear of being discovered, I am in a state of panic all day long.Turton suggested that when you find his place and he comes out to answer the door, you stand there, stare him in the eye, and say, "You know why I'm here." That's how you get him to confess. Should not be difficult.

Two days later, the officer called back to report that they had begun systematically knocking on doors in the neighborhood.When a young man who matched the "profile" made by Turton answered the door, he blurted out, "Well, you caught me right." Although it appeared at the time that Turton was trying to conjure rabbits out of hats, there was logic to the types of suspects and circumstances he described.Over the years, we've made that logic more and more rigorous, turning the research he and Pat Malany dabbled in their spare time into a vital weapon in the fight against violent crime.

As often happens when progress is made in a field, this progress was largely by accident.The reason why I say this is because as an instructor of behavioral science, I don't think I knew what I was doing at the time, but I just felt that I needed a way to get more first-hand information. When I arrived at Quantico, Malani was leaving and Turton was at the head of the general practice.So the responsibility for helping me navigate the business fell to the two people closest in age and qualifications to me: Dick Alter and Bob Ressler.Dick was about six years older than me, and Bob was eight years older.Both had served as military police officers in the Army before being transferred to the Bureau of Investigation.Applied criminal psychology accounts for about 40 hours of classroom instruction in an 11-week course at the National Academy, so the most effective way to help a novice familiarize himself with the business is to involve him in "tour schools," in which Quantico sends instructors all over the United States. Police departments and schools everywhere teach the same type of curriculum in a highly condensed format.The format of the course is very popular and there is usually a long line of clients waiting for us to deliver the course, mainly Sergeants and Senior Constables who have attended the full National Academy programme.Going out with a senior instructor and observing his lectures for two weeks is indeed a quick way to familiarize yourself with what you should teach.And so I started on the road with Bob.

Circuit schools have a standard set of rules.You're going to leave home on Sunday, teach a class at a police station or school somewhere from Monday morning to Friday, and then go to the next school to repeat it.It doesn't take long before you start to feel like a "Wildlander" or a "Lone Ranger", riding into the city, helping the local residents as best you can, and then riding away quietly after completing the mission.Sometimes I just want to leave a "silver bullet" so they don't forget us. From the very beginning, I was very comfortable teaching by "hearsay".Most of the instructors, including me most, lack first-hand experience with most of the cases explained in class.It's a lot like teaching criminology at a university, with professors who, in most cases, have never taken to the streets to deal with the cases they discuss.Much of the class has degenerated into "battle stories," initially told by the officers on the case themselves, and then escalated until they have little to do with what actually happened.By the time I started teaching, it had gotten to the point where when an instructor commented on a case in class, only the students who had been involved in the case would refute it!The worst thing is that the instructor has always refused to give up his wrong statement. Instead, he often insists on his own opinion, even in front of the actual investigators, he insists on not admitting his mistakes.This kind of teaching style and attitude is so harmful that it makes your students lose trust in other knowledge you tell, whether they have experienced it or not.

Another problem I faced was that I just turned 32 and looked younger.My subjects were tried and tested police officers, many of whom were 10 or 15 years older than I was.How can I be authoritative, or how can I impart knowledge to them?Most of my firsthand experience with murder investigations has been with the help of experienced homicide cops in Detroit and Milwaukee, and I'm here to tell someone as experienced as them How to do your own job.Therefore, before facing these guys, I think it's best to understand what I'm going to say, and if you don't understand, it's best to hurry up and figure it out.

I'm not stupid at this.Before I start my lecture, I ask if anyone in the class has had direct experience with the crime I plan to discuss in class that day.For example, if I were discussing the Charles Manson case, I would start by asking, "Is anyone in this room from the LAPD? Has anyone worked on this case?" If there happened to be, I would He will be asked to tell us all the details of the case.In this way, I can guarantee that the content of the lecture will not be different from the real case J Sui that any person who personally handles the case has mastered. Yet even if you're a 32-year-old freshly transferred from the field station, once you're at Quantico's podium or out teaching a class from Quantico, you're seen as representing the FBI academy and its commanding forces. A department that is awe-inspiring, lectures in an authoritative capacity.During class breaks, the police will always come up to you.During school tours, there would always be a policeman who would call my hotel room at night to ask what I thought of a case he was working on. "Hey, John, I've got a case that's a bit similar to the one you're discussing today. What advice do you have on this one?" he'd ask endlessly.I needed some kind of authority over what I was teaching; not from the bureau, but from myself.

At a certain stage of the teaching tour—at least for me—you feel like there are so many songs to listen to, so many margaritas to drink, and so much time to spend in hotel rooms staring at TV set. I went through this phase in early 1978 in a California hotel cocktail lounge.Bob Ressler and I are hosting a teaching tour in Sacramento County.As I was driving away the next day, I made a big comment saying that since the perpetrators in most of the cases we teach are still alive and most of them are going to spend the rest of their lives in cells, let's see if we can do something about them. Interviews, ask them the motives for committing crimes, and find out what happened from their perspective.All we can do is try it out.If it doesn't work, so be it.

I've always had a reputation for being pushy, and the offer only added to his opinion of me, but he did agree to try my crazy idea.Bob's mantra has always been, "It's better to ask for forgiveness after the fact than to ask for permission first." It certainly seemed to be working right now.We know that there is no way to get the approval of the headquarters.Not only that, but everything we do will be scrutinized from now on.In any bureaucracy, they have to be on the lookout for pushy people. California, which has more bizarre and appalling cases than any other state, is clearly a good place to conduct interviews.John Conway was a special agent in the permanent FBI office in San Rafael, just north of San Francisco.He had attended Bob's lectures at Quantico, had a good relationship with the California criminal system, and agreed to act as our liaison to make arrangements for us.We knew we needed someone we could trust, someone we could trust, because if this little investigative project went wrong, there would be a lot of blame. The first felon we decided to pursue was Ed Kemper, who had been serving a repeated life sentence while serving his sentence at a state nursing home in Vacaville, California, about halfway between San Francisco and Sacramento.We used his case all the time while teaching at the National Academy, but never had contact with him personally.Whether he agrees to see us and talk to us is still unknown. The facts of the case are fully documented.Edmund Emile Kemper III was born on December 18, 1948 in Burbank, California.He and his two younger sisters grew up in a broken home, with parents who were always bickering and eventually broke up.After Ed exhibited a series of "weird" behaviors (including mutilating two family cats and playing funeral games with his older sister Susan), his mother Cranel sent him to her divorced husband.After he fled back to his mother's house, he was sent to live with his grandparents on a remote farm in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California.He felt strangely bored and lonely there, not only away from his family, but also deprived of the little comfort that his familiar school environment provided him.It was there that the hulking 14-year-old boy shot dead his grandmother Maude with a .22 caliber rifle one afternoon in August 1963, then repeatedly stabbed the body with a kitchen knife.His grandmother insisted that he stay at home to help with the housework that day, and he was not allowed to work in the fields with his grandfather, and Ed was closer to his grandfather.He knew that his grandfather would not forgive him for the catastrophe he caused, so when the old man returned home, Ed also murdered him and left the body in the yard.When questioned by police later, he shrugged and said: "I just wanted to know what it was like to kill my grandmother." At first glance, there appears to be a lack of motive for the murders in both cases.As a result, Ed was diagnosed as a "deformed personality trait, passive-aggressive type" and was detained at the State Hospital of Atascade County, which specializes in mentally ill criminals. In 1969, at the age of 21, he was released into the custody of his mother over the objections of doctors at the state hospital.She had just split from her third husband and was working as a secretary at the newly opened University of California, Santa Cruz.By this time Ed was 6-foot-9 and weighed about 300 pounds. For two years, he was full of odd jobs, liked to drive slowly on the streets and highways, and was used to picking up young girls.Santa Cruz and its surrounding areas were a magnet for California's many beautiful college girls, and Kemper missed out on the good times as a teenager.Although his application to join the Highway Patrol was rejected, he got a job with the State Highway Administration. On May 7, 1972, he picked up a pair of roommates from Fresno State College, Mary Pace and Anita Lucchese.He drove them to a secluded location, stabbed them to death, dragged the bodies back to his mother's house, took pictures with a Polaroid, disassembled the bodies and played with the different parts .Afterwards, he put the remaining remains in plastic bags, buried them in the mountains of Santa Cruz, and dumped the head in a deep ravine beside the road. On September 14, Kemper picked up 15-year-old high school girl Ike Ku, suffocated her, raped her body, and took her home to decompose.Ku's head was in the trunk of his car when he arrived the next morning at the state hospital's psychiatric unit for a regular check-up to assess his mental health.The examination went well and the psychiatrist declared that he was no longer a threat to himself or others and recommended that his juvenile crime file be sealed.Kemper reveled in the sublime symbolism of the action.It shows his contempt for the established system, and his ability to rise above it.He drove back into the mountains and buried Ku's body not far from the Boulder River. (At the time when Kemper was committing crimes frequently, Santa Cruz had well-deservedly become the center of an unenviable series of murders around the world. The bright and handsome Herbert Marin was diagnosed with a paranoid type Schizophrenic, on a killing spree. According to him, his actions were driven by voices asking him to help save the environment. On a similar theme, a 24-year-old auto mechanic, John Linley Fraser set fire to a house and killed a family of six as a warning to those who destroy nature, leaving a picture on the windscreen wipers of the family's Rolls-Royce Note: "Either materialism dies, or humanity ceases." Every week, it seems, there is a new atrocity.) On January 9, 1973, Kemper picked up UC Santa Cruz student Cindy Schall, forced her into the trunk of the car at gunpoint, and then shot her dead.As is customary, he dragged the body back to his mother's apartment, raped her on the bed, dismembered her in the bathtub, and dumped the rest of the body in plastic bags off the Carmel cliffs into the sea.In his innovative work this time, he buried Shar's head in the backyard, face up, and aimed his eyes at his mother's bedroom window, because she always wanted people to "look up at her." So far, people in Santa Cruz have turned pale when talking about the "killer of female college students".Young women are warned not to ride in cars with strangers, especially those who don't work on university campuses, which are considered safe.But Kemper's mother works at the university, so his car has a school pass sticker on it. Within a month, Kemper picked up Rosalind Thorpe and Alice Liu, shot them dead, and stacked them in the trunk.He dragged the body home and brutally abused the victim as before.He later dumped his mutilated body in Eden Canyon near San Francisco, where he was found a week later. His killing spree escalated with alarming speed, even from his perspective.He thought about killing the whole street, but finally dismissed the idea.He's got better ideas, and he realizes he's always wanted to.On Easter weekend, as his mother lay asleep in her bed, Kemper walked into her bedroom and beat her with a claw hammer until it knocked her out.He then cut off her head and raped the headless body.Finally, on a whim, he slit her throat again and stuffed it into the kitchen dirt grinder.He later told police: "It seemed appropriate that she had been complaining about me and yelling at me for so many years." But when he turned on the grinder switch, the grinder jammed, throwing the bloody throat at him. "She didn't stop complaining about me after she died. I couldn't get her to shut up!" He later called a friend of his mother, Sally Hallett, and invited her over for a "surprise" dinner.When she arrived, he struck her hard with a club, strangled her, decapitated her, and laid her body on his bed while he went to sleep in his mother's bed.On Easter Sunday morning he was out in the car, heading east aimlessly.He had been listening to the radio expecting to become a national celebrity, but there were no reports of it. As he drove outside Pueblo County, Colorado, feeling dizzy and tired from lack of sleep and disappointed that his feat hadn't made a big difference, he pulled over at a public phone booth on the side of the road , called the Santa Cruz Police Department.It took him a lot of effort to convince them that he was telling the truth, and he confessed to the murders that he was the murderer of the female college student.He then patiently waited for the local police to come and arrest him. Kemper was convicted of eight counts of first-degree murder.When asked what kind of punishment he thought was right for him, he replied: "Torture to death." Although John Conway had made prior arrangements with prison officials, I decided it would be best to wait until we arrived before requesting a "cool" interview with the prisoner.Even though that means we'll be taking the trip without knowing if there will be a collaboration, it seems like the best idea.There is no secrecy in prison, and if word got out that a certain prisoner had dealings with the FBI, had spoken to them, he would be considered an informer, and worse than that.If we showed up unannounced, it would be clear to the prisoners that we were just investigating a case, without any prior arrangements or transactions.So I was a little surprised when Ed Kemper agreed to talk to us.Obviously, he hadn't been questioned by anyone about the crime in a long time, and he was curious about what we were going to do. Walking into a high-security state prison is a chilling experience, even for federal law enforcement officers.First you have to surrender the firearms you carry with you.It's clear they don't want any weapons being brought into the cells.The second provision is that you sign a waiver stating that you waive any right to hold the prison system accountable if you are taken hostage, and that you understand that in the event of this happening, you will have no any quid pro quo.Holding an FBI agent hostage can be a powerful bargaining chip.After completing these routines, Bob Ressler, John Conway, and I were ushered into a room furnished with tables and chairs to await the arrival of Ed Kemper. When he was brought in, my first impression was how big the guy was.All I knew was that he was tall, and for that reason he was regarded as a social outcast by his classmates and neighbors, and he seemed a colossal figure in close quarters.He could tear any of us in half without breaking a sweat.He has long black hair, a full mustache, and is wearing a white T-shirt and loose-fitting work clothes, with his big belly protruding. We also found out before long that Kemper was a smart guy.He had an IQ of 145, according to prison records.During the few hours we spent with him, Bob and I worried that he was a lot smarter than we were.He had plenty of time to sit and contemplate his life and his crimes.Once he understood that we had pored over his file to see if he was lying to us, he would talk freely about himself for hours. His demeanor was neither arrogant nor apologetic.Instead, he was calm, soft-spoken, analytical, and aloof.In fact, it's often difficult to get in and ask questions as the interview goes on.He only shed tears when recalling his mother's abuse. When I teach applied criminal psychology, I don't necessarily know whether the knowledge I teach is correct.I'm deeply interested in that age-old question, namely, are criminals born or made.While the question remains unresolved, and perhaps never will be, listening to Kemper raises a number of thought-provoking questions. It is indisputable that Ed's parents' marriage was a failure.He told us that when he was very young, his mother looked at him because he looked like his father.Later, his thick build caused trouble. At 10, he was a giant among his peers, and Cranell worried that he would molest his sister Susan.So she let him live in a windowless basement near the stove.Every night when he went to bed, Cranel would close the basement door in front of Ed, and he and Susan went upstairs to sleep in the bedroom.This arrangement terrified him and made him hate the two women from the bottom of his heart.This time also coincided with Ed's mother finally breaking up with his father.Due to his size issues, shy personality, and lack of a role model he could identify with in the family, Ed was withdrawn and "different".Once he's locked up in the basement like a prisoner, doing nothing wrong but feeling mean and dangerous, the hostility to kill begins to grow in him.It was at this stage that he killed and dismembered two house cats, one with a pocket knife and the other with a machete.We later learned that his childhood animal abuse traits were the basis of what has become known as the "killing triad," which also included bedwetting beyond normal age and arson. Sadly and ironically, Ed's mother was greeted by both administrators and students at UC Santa Cruz.She was seen as a sensitive, caring woman who you could go to when you had a problem or just needed someone to talk to.But once home, she treats her shy son like a monster. There's no way you'd date or even marry any college girl, and that was her unmistakable message to him.They are all much stronger than you.Constantly being treated this way, Ed finally decided to live up to her expectations. It must be noted that she did take care of him in her own way.When he expressed interest in becoming a Cal Highway Patrol officer, she managed to expunge the juvenile delinquency from his file so that the "stain" of murdering his grandparents would not interfere with his adult life. Another point that intrigued us was the expectation that working for the police would come up again and again in our studies of serial killers.Three common motivations for serial robbers and murderers are: domination, manipulation, and control.When you consider that most of these people are disgruntled, incompetent losers who feel they have been treated unfairly, and when you consider that most of them have experienced some kind of physical and emotional abuse, as Ed Ken It is not surprising that one of the major occupations in their fantasy is that of a police officer. Police have power and public respect.While on duty, he is empowered to harm bad guys for the public good.In our research, we found that very few police officers go astray and commit violent crimes, and serial killers have repeatedly tried and failed to infiltrate the police force, leading them to work in related industries such as security guards and night watchmen .One of the things we started repeating in some of the profiling reports was that the perpetrator would drive something that looked like a police car, like a Ford Crown Victoria or a Chevrolet Caprice.Sometimes, perpetrators buy a used police car with reduced equipment, as in the case of the Atlanta child murders. Much more common is the "cop junkie" kind.Ed Kemper told us that he frequented bars and restaurants that were known to be haunted by the police and tried to strike up a conversation with them.It gave him an insider vibe, a thrill of experiencing police power.However, once the murderer of the female college student goes on a killing spree, he will try to gain direct access to the progress of the investigation, allowing him to anticipate the next steps the police will take.In fact, by the time Kemper called from Colorado after his long and bloody mission, he had a hard time convincing the Santa Cruz police that it wasn't some drunkard's trick to kill. The murderer of the female college student is actually their friend Ed.Today, as we know about it, it is customary to take into account the possibility that the perpetrators will try to get involved in the investigative effort in a roundabout way.Years later, my colleague Greg McClary, investigating the murder of a prostitute by Arthur Shawcross in Rochester, N.Y., correctly predicted that the murderer would be someone well known to many police officers who frequented the police Wherever you visit, ask them about the situation enthusiastically. I'm very interested in Kemper's modus operandi.The fact that he committed crimes in the same area and escaped again and again means that he did things "in the right way", which means that he has been analyzing his behavior and has learned how to perfect his criminal skills.It's important to keep in mind that hunting and killing is the most important thing in life for most of these guys, it's their main "job", so they're thinking about it all the time.Ed Kemper is terrific in his crime scene.On one occasion, when he was pulled over by the police for a broken taillight, there were two dead bodies in the trunk of the car.The policeman reported that he behaved so politely that the policeman warned him to his face and then let him go.Instead of panicking about being arrested if things were revealed, Kemper felt a sort of exhilaration.He told us quietly that if the police checked the suitcase, he was ready to finish him off.On another occasion, he accosted university security personnel while driving out of a vehicle containing two women he had shot to death.Both bodies were wrapped in blankets up to their necks, one on the front seat next to him and the other on the back seat.Kemper calmly and sheepishly explained that the girls were drunk and he was sending them home.This last sentence is not a lie.On another occasion, he picked up a woman and her teenage son, intending to kill them both.But as he drove away, he saw in the rearview mirror that the woman's companion had written down his license plate number.So he sensibly sent them to their destination and let them get out of the car. Kemper was actually psychologically tested in prison, and a smart guy like him has learned all the arcane terms and can analyze what you're doing to you in psychiatric terms.Everything about crime is part of the challenge, part of the game, even down to figuring out how to get the victim into the car unsuspecting.He told us that when he stopped for a pretty girl, he would ask her where she was going, and then check his watch again, pretending to make sure he had enough time.The girl will think that she is dealing with a busy man who has more important things to do than pick up people along the way for free, and she will immediately let down her vigilance and let her guard down.In addition to allowing us to observe the modus operandi of perpetrators, this information implies something important: the commonsense assumptions, verbal cues, body language we use to evaluate others and make judgments without thinking. Etc doesn't usually apply to psychopathic sociopaths.In the case of Ed Kemper, stopping his car and giving a beautiful woman a free ride was a top priority for him, and he went through long periods of hard thinking and analysis to determine how best to achieve his goals.He thinks harder, longer, and more analytically than the young woman he chances upon on the road thinks from her point of view. dominate.manipulate.control.These are the three maxims of serial violent offenders.Their behavior and thoughts are oriented to help enrich their seemingly impoverished lives. Probably the most crucial factor in the development of a law-abiding man into a serial robber or murderer is the role played by fantasy.I mean fantasy in the broadest sense.Ed Kemper formed fantasies early on, and they all involved the relationship between sex and death.One game he had his sister play with him was to tie him to a chair as if in a gas chamber.His sexual fantasies involving other people ended with the death and dismemberment of his partner.Feeling flawed, Kemper wasn't comfortable with normal boy-girl relationships.He didn't think any girl would accept him.So he made up for it with fantasy.He had to possess his imaginary partner completely, and that meant possessing her life in the end. "They were estranged from me while they were alive, and they didn't want to share with me," he explained in his affidavit in court. "I was trying to establish some kind of connection. I was killing them with a blank mind and thinking about them." will be mine." For most sexually motivated criminals, the progression from fantasy to reality is an escalation that spans several stages, often fueled by pornography, morbid experiments on animals, and violence against peers role.This last characteristic may be seen by offenders as "tit for tat" after abuse.In Kemper's case, he suffered psychologically from feeling that other children were avoiding him because of his size and personality.He told us that before dismembering the two house cats, he had stolen one of his sister's dolls, ripped off its head and upper limbs, and rehearsed what he intended to do with living animals. On another level, Kemper's fantasy is to escape from his dominating, abusive mother, and as a murderer, all his crimes can be analyzed against this backdrop.Please don't get me wrong, I have no intention of absolving him of his guilt.My background and all my experience tells me that people are responsible for what they do.不过依我之见，埃德·肯珀的例子说明系列杀人犯并非是天生的，而是后天造就的。倘若他的家庭环境较为稳定而且他受到关爱，他还会产生同样的谋杀幻想吗？谁晓得呢？倘若他对支配欲强的女人个性不是怀有那种难以置信的愤恨，他还会以同样方式对待她们吗？我可不这么认为，因为肯珀堕落为杀人犯的整个进程可以被视为对其亲爱的老妈实施报复的一种努力。当他终于一步步进展到最后一幕时，整出戏也就演完了。 这是我们将反复碰到的另一个特征。案犯极少会把愤怒发泄到内心怨恨的焦点人物身上。虽然肯珀告诉我们，他常常在深更半夜手拿锤子踮着脚潜入母亲的卧室，幻想着用锤子猛击她的颅骨，但是在真正有胆量正视他实际想做的事情以前，他至少制造了六起杀人案。我们已经见识过这一主题移位的多种其他变异行为。例如，谋杀得手后从被害人身上取走某件“战利品”，诸如戒指或项链，就是一种常见的特征。杀人犯后来会把这件物品赠送给他的太太或女友，即使那位女性是他内心深处的愤怒或敌意的“源头”。他通常会说那件珠宝是他买的，或是捡到的。然后，当他看见她佩戴上那件珠宝时，就会重新萌发杀人时的亢奋感和刺激感，同时想再次支配和控制。他内心很清楚，对待不幸受害者的那一套完全可以施加在自己的伴侣身上。 最终，我们会在分析中开始将某项罪行的构成成分划分为类似案发前行为及案发后行为等因素。肯珀对每一受害者都做了分尸，这起初向我揭示的是一个性施虐狂。可是，分尸均发生在受害者死后而非生前，这样一来就不是对她施行惩罚，也不会对她造成痛苦。听罢肯珀数小时的陈述，我们终于明白，分尸更多是出自恋物癖而非施虐狂，并且与占有的幻想有着更多的关系。 我认为他处置和摈弃尸体的做法具有同等的重要意义。早期受害者都被小心翼翼地掩埋在远离母亲住房的地方。后期受害者，包括他母亲及其好友，差不多都是随意摆放在露天。这一点再加上他载着尸体及尸块在城里到处行驶，在我看来似乎是要存心嘲弄社会，因为他一直认为自己受到社会的嘲弄和抛弃。 我们在随后几年时间里又对肯珀进行了几次长时间的访谈，每次访谈都使我们得到不少信息，都让我们了解到更多令人痛心的犯罪细节。眼前的这个人冷酷地屠杀了正处于豆蔻年华的聪明女性。然而，我要是不承认我喜欢埃德，那么我就不够诚实。他待人友好坦诚，生性敏感，不乏幽默感。在这样的氛围中，你尽可以这样去评说，我喜欢待在他身边。我并不希望他在外面的马路上随意游荡，他自己在最清醒的时刻也不想这样。可是我个人当时对他有好感——至今依然如此。与暴力累犯打交道的人都应当对这种感觉保持警惕。我觉得这些人中不少都颇具魅力，能言善辩。 这个人怎么能干出这种可怕的事情？一定是出了什么差错，或者有什么情有可原的具体情况。如果是在访谈他们中的某个人，你会这样对自己说的。你无法充分理解他们的滔天罪行。这也是为什么精神病医生、法官以及办理假释的官员时常会上当受骗的原因所在。我们在后面还会更详细地探讨这个话题。 不过眼前必须关注的是：如果你想理解艺术家，不妨去观赏他的作品。我总是这样告诉我手下的人。没有仔细研究过毕加索的油画，你就不可自诩能够理解或欣赏毕加索。成功的系列杀人犯构思其行动的精心程度足以与画家构思其油画的精心程度相媲美。他们将其所作所为视为“艺术品”，在行事的过程中不断对其加以完善。所以说，我对于埃德·肯珀一类人的评价部分来自于会见他以及在个人基础上与他的交流，其余则来自于研究和理解他的“作品”。 无论何时，只要鲍勃·雷斯勒或者我外出巡回讲课，倘若能够抽出时间并得到监狱方面的合作，去监狱做访谈就成为我们的一项常规活动。无论走到何地，我都会查明附近有什么监狱，有什么令我感兴趣的人物在此“常驻”。 我们照此行动一个阶段后，便改进了办案技巧。一般而言，我们一星期里有四天半日程是排满了的，因此我试着利用晚上和周末时间进行一些访谈。利用晚上时间可能比较困难，因为大多数监狱在晚饭后要点名，此后便不准任何人进入。但过了一段时间，你便开始掌握监狱的那一套起居制度并找到对策了。我发现，只要佩戴一枚联邦调查局的徽章，你就可以出入大部分监狱，就能会见典狱长，于是我开始事先不通知就出现在那里，这种方式通常效果最佳。进行访谈的次数越多，我对传授给那些老资格警察的知识就越有自信心。最后，我终于觉得我的讲课有了某种一手材料做基础，不再仅仅是从那些亲身参与者嘴里听来的老生常谈的战斗故事。 那些受访者未必能够对其罪行和思想提供什么深邃的见解。极少有人做到这一点，即便连肯珀这样的聪明人也不例外。他们告诉我们的许多内容是在重复其接受审讯时的证词，或者在重复其以前多次做过的利己的陈述。他们所说的一切都得经过我们的反复推敲和广泛复审来做出诠释。不过，访谈所起到的作用在于，我们看到了凶犯是如何思维的，获得了对他们的某种直感，开始设身处地从他们的角度去思考问题。 在我们非正式研究计划启动的头几个星期和头几个月里，我们设法访谈了不止六名杀人犯和未遂杀人犯。其中包括刺杀乔治·华莱士州长未遂的阿瑟·布雷默(关押于巴尔的摩监狱)，曾经试图杀害福特总统的萨拉·简·穆尔和莱内特·“尖叫”·弗雷默(关押于西弗吉尼亚州奥尔德森监狱)，以及弗雷默的精神导师查尔斯·曼森(关押于圣昆廷监狱，位于旧金山湾及阿尔卡特拉斯岛那艘老掉牙的监狱船北面不远)。 执法界的所有人都对曼森一案抱有兴趣。发生在洛杉矶的令人毛骨悚然的塔特以及拉比安卡被杀案已经过去了10年，曼森一直堪称世界上名声最响、最令人胆寒的凶犯。此案在匡蒂科属于固定教学内容，虽说案情的基本事实已经水落石出，我却觉得我们并没有真正洞察出促使他作案的动机是什么。我不知道从他那里我们能指望有何收获，但是我认为，像他这样成功地操纵他人服从自己意志的人是非常重要的案犯。我和鲍勃·雷斯勒在圣昆廷监狱主分区旁边的一个小会议室里见到了他。那地方三面围有用铁丝网加固的玻璃窗，这种房间是专为犯人与律师会面准备的。 我对曼森的第一印象截然不同于对肯珀的第一印象。他怒目而视，眼神警觉，两个眼球滴溜溜转个不停。他比我想象的还要身材瘦小，身高不足5英尺2或是5英尺3。这个貌似文弱的小矮子怎么会对他那臭名昭著的“家族”施以如此巨大的影响呢？ 当他爬靠在放在会议桌上首的一张椅子背，以便在他讲话时能俯视我们时，我们立即找到了一个答案。在我为这次访谈了解他的背景情况时曾经读到：当他对信徒宣讲教义时，习惯就坐于沙漠之中的一块大石头上，从而为他的山上布道增强身材效果。他从一开始就向我们表明，尽管审判引起了广泛关注，媒体做了空前报道，他并不理解为什么要关押他。毕竟他没有杀害任何人。他反倒认为自己是社会的替罪羊、美国阴暗面的无辜牺牲者的象征。他在审判期间刻于额头上的万字饰已经褪色，但还依稀可见。通过第三者的合作，他依然与囚禁在其他监狱的女性追随者保持有联系。 至少从某种意义上讲，他很像埃德·肯珀以及我们访谈过的许多其他囚犯，因为他曾有过一个可怕的童年和成长经历，假如这两个词可以用来描述曼森的背景的话。 查尔斯·米莱斯·曼森1934年出生于辛辛那提，是一个名Ⅱ叶凯思琳·马多克斯的16岁妓女的私生子。曼森只不过是凯思琳在众多情人中猜测的孩子父亲的姓。她不断进出于监狱，遂将查理托付给信奉宗教的姨妈和生性喜欢施虐的姨父。姨父称呼曼森为小女孩，第一天上学时让他穿上女孩子的衣服，要求他“表现得像个男人”。他长到10岁时，除了待在收养所和少年教养院以外，其余时间都是在沿街乞讨中度过的。他在弗拉纳根神父主办的儿童村里只待了四天。 他的青少年生涯的标志是一连串的抢劫、伪造证件、拉皮条、斗殴，以及被关进管制越发严厉的监狱。联邦调查局根据戴尔法案曾经调查过他涉嫌跨州运送偷盗车辆的罪行。他最近一次获假释出狱是在1967年，刚好赶上了“爱之夏”。他前往旧金山的黑什伯里地区，它是西海岸地区“权力归花儿”和性爱、吸毒、摇滚乐的中心。曼森主要通过免费搭车的方式，在十几岁和二十几岁因吸毒而亢奋的一代退学青年人中间名声大振，成为具有性格魅力的精神领袖之一。他弹奏吉他，对幻灭的年轻人宣讲一些高度精练的真理。很快，他就受到他们的供养，得以尽情享受性和非法兴奋剂。由男女追随者组成的流浪者“家族”聚居在他的周围，有时人数多达50人。作为这个群体的一项宗教仪式，查理会宣讲他对即将降临的大灾变和种族战争的幻觉，宣称“家族”将取得胜利，他将统领一切。他的经文取自披头士的《白色唱片集》专辑中那曲《杂乱无章》的歌词。 1969年8月9日晚，曼森家族的四名成员在查尔斯·“得州佬”·沃森的率领下，闯入了导演罗曼·波兰斯基及其影星妻子沙伦·塔特在比弗利山西罗路10050号的僻静府宅。波兰斯基外出有事，塔特以及四位宾客，艾比盖尔·福尔杰，杰伊·西布林，沃特克·弗里科夫斯基以及史蒂文·帕伦特，却在一场邪恶的狂欢中惨遭毒害。凶手用受害者的鲜血在墙上和尸体上涂写了标语。沙伦·塔特已有近九个月的身孕。 两天后，显然在曼森的授意下，六名家族成员在洛杉矶银湖区的富商利诺·拉比安卡和妻子罗斯玛丽的家中将他们杀害并且分尸。曼森本人并未参与杀人，但进入这所房子参与了后来发生的蓄意破坏行为。事后，苏珊·阿特金斯因卖淫被捕，而她参与了这两起谋杀案以及一起涉及公路设施的纵火案，这些案子都牵连到曼森家族，并且引发了或许堪称加州有史以来最著名的审判，至少在辛普森的世纪审判发生之前是这样。在两次分别举行的法庭诉讼中，曼森及其几名追随者被判处死刑，罪名是谋杀塔特、拉比安卡以及可追查到他们头上的其他几位受害者，其中包括对唐纳德·“矮子”·谢伊，一位电影替身演员和家族追随者，进行杀害和分尸，因为他被怀疑向警方告了密。在加州的死刑法律被废止以后，他被改判为终身监禁。 查理·曼森不是人们常说的系列杀人犯。事实上，对他究竟有没有亲手杀过人都是有争议的。不过，他的恶劣背景是毋庸置疑的，同样，他的追随者在其唆使下以他的名义犯下了骇人听闻的罪行，这也是毋庸置疑的。我想知道的是，一个人何以能够成为恶魔一般的救世主。我们不得不一坐就是几个小时，听他那一套廉价的哲学和杂乱的漫谈，但是当我们打断他的胡言乱语，要求他谈得具体一些时，一个人物形象便开始凸现出来。 查理起初并不想成为邪门的精神领袖。他追逐的目标是名利双收。他原想当一名击鼓手，为一个像“海滩小伙子”一样著名的摇滚乐队演奏。他不得不靠耍弄诡计谋生，因此能十分娴熟老练地评价他所遇到的人，并且迅速确定他们能为他做些什么。要是他编在我的科室里，他在评估个人心理优缺点以及策划如何缉拿在逃杀人犯方面是会有一番不俗表现的。 他获假释来到旧金山时，满目皆是成群结队的年轻人，他们天真、困惑、带有理想主义色彩。由于曼森生活经历丰富，加上喜欢滔滔不绝地谈论那些肤浅的大道理，因而备受他们的推崇。其中许多人，尤其是年轻姑娘，与父亲相处时曾经有过麻烦，所以对查理的身世能产生共鸣。而他则独具慧眼，能将她们遴选出来。他俨然成为父辈般的人物，一个能够利用性爱和吸毒后的启迪来填补他们空虚生活的人物。你与查理·曼森同处一室时，是不可能不被他的眼神——深邃且有穿透力，狂野且有催眠的魔力——所影响的。他告诉我们，他的早年是在别人的拳打脚踢下度过的，加上他个头矮小，在身体对抗方面是根本不可能取胜的。所以他用性格力量予以弥补。 他宣讲的教义很有道理：污染正在破坏环境，种族歧视不仅丑恶而且具有破坏性，爱情是正确的而仇恨是错误的。可是，一旦可以任意摆布那些迷途的心灵时，他便建立起一个结构严密、很有欺骗性的体系，从而使他得以完全控制那些人的心灵和肉体。为取得彻底的支配权，他采取了剥夺睡眠、性滥交、控制食物、吸毒等手段对待这些青年，就像对待战俘一般。任何事理都是非黑即白，非对即错，惟有查理知道真理。他会弹起吉他，再三重复那套简单的咒语：只有查理才能拯救这个病态的、正在腐朽的社会。 曼森向我们描述的领袖才能和群体权威的基本动力，我们在多年以后发生的具有相同规模的悲剧中还会看到它的再现。曼森将那些心智不全的人玩弄于股掌之间而制造的悲剧将会在吉姆·琼斯牧师及其信徒在圭亚那的大规模集体自杀中得以重演，后来又在得克萨斯州韦科县由大卫教派的戴维·克雷谢重演，这里只是略举两例而已。尽管这三个人之间差异不小，他们的相通之处也是很显著的。我们从与曼森及其追随者的谈话中所得出的深刻见解，有助于我们理解克雷谢和他的行动以及别的教派。 曼森的问题就其核心而言，并不在于什么救世主的幻想，而在于简单化的控制。那套“杂乱无章”的教义宣讲是一种维系心灵控制的手段。不过，诚如曼森渐渐认识到的那样，除非你能在一天24小时里对信徒实施这种控制，否则就要蒙受前功尽弃的危险。戴维·克雷谢意识到了这一点，遂将他的信徒圈在一处乡间城堡中，使他们不能摆脱或者远离他的影响。 听罢曼森的讲述，我相信他并不是预谋或者蓄意杀害沙伦·塔特及其朋友的。事实上，他对当时的局面以及追随者失去了控制。地点和受害者的选择显而易见是具有随意性的。曼森家族中的一位姑娘曾经去过那里，认为上那里能搞到钱。“得州佬”·沃森这位来自得克萨斯州、拿过全美奖学金的英俊学生处心积虑地想在这个等级森严的组织内往上爬，与曼森争夺统治权。沃森像其他人一样服用致幻药，他才是杀人的元凶，是他领导了进入波兰斯基家的活动，并且怂恿别人犯下了终极罪行。 后来，当这些心智不全的小人物回来，告诉查理他们的所作所为时，那种杂乱无章的局面已经形成，他不可能打退堂鼓，责怪他们拿他的话太当真了。那样做会葬送他的权力和权威。他还得表现出略胜一筹，好像是他导演了这次行动，于是他率领追随者闯人拉比安卡的家中重新操作了一番。不过重要的是，当我问及曼森为什么没有亲自进屋参与屠杀时，他解释说——似乎以为我们很愚笨——他当时处于假释期，不能冒险犯法丧失他的自由。 所以从背景信息以及对曼森所做的访谈中，我相信当他唆使追随者去做他需要做的事情时，他们反过来也唆使他成为他们需要的偶像，并且强迫他去扮演这个角色。 每隔一两年，曼森就会申请假释，而每一次都会被驳回。他的罪行实在太残忍，太广为人知，假释裁决委员会是不会对他抱有侥幸心理的。我也不希望他被放出去。不过，假使他在某个时候被释放，根据我经过访谈所了解的情况，我估计他不会像许多家伙一样构成某种严重的暴力威胁。我认为他会进入沙漠，过上遁世隐居的生活，不然的话，他会试图靠他的名气赚钱。但是我不认为他会杀人。要说最大的危险，倒是来自那些迷途的失意者，他们会被他吸引，把他奉为神和领袖。 当我和雷斯勒完成了10次或12次囚犯访谈后，任何理性聪明的旁观者都看得很清楚，我们已经有了收获。我们第一次能够将凶犯的心理活动与他在犯罪现场留下的证据联系在一起进行分析。 在1979年，我们前后大约收到了50个要求提供侧写的请求，而教官们都是利用教学工作的空隙时间来处理这些事情的。到了下一年，提交给我们侧写的案件已经翻了一番；再到下一年还要加倍。此时，我已被免除了大半教学任务，成为科里惟一一位全日制投入破案实际工作的人。只要日程表许可，我依然会为全国学院和特工训练班讲课，不过与其他人不同的是，教学对我来说已经成为副业。我要处理送交科里协办的几乎所有杀人案，以及罗伊·黑兹尔伍德过于忙碌时无暇处理的强奸案。 原先个性侧写一直是未经官方认可的非正式服务项目，如今一个小小的机构建立了起来。我被冠以了“罪犯个性侧写项目主管”这个新设的头衔，着手与外勤站的官员展开合作，协助侦破那些各地警察局提交的案件。 有一阵子，我住了一个星期左右的医院。从前因打橄榄球和拳击打坏过的鼻子旧伤复发，使得我呼吸愈来愈困难，住院的另一个原因是扭曲的中隔需要校正一下。我还记得当时卧床休息时，几乎什么也看不清，有个特工走进病房，在我床头放下了20份卷宗。 随着监狱访谈的不断深入，我们掌握的情况愈来愈多，可是还得想个办法将非正规的研究系统化、条理化。罗伊·黑兹尔伍德向前迈出了这一步，我当时与他合作，正在为《联邦调查局执法公告》撰写一篇有关奸淫凶杀案的文章。罗伊曾经与安·伯吉斯博士共同进行过一些研究，伯吉斯是宾州大学护士学校心理健康护理专业的教授，同时担任波士顿保健及医疗局护理研究所的副所长。伯吉斯是一位多产的作者，早已在研究强奸案及其心理后果方面成为享誉全国的权威人士。 罗伊把她请到了行为科学科，介绍我和鲍勃与她认识，说明了我们正在从事的研究。她听后觉得不错，告诉我们说，她认为我们在这一领域进行的研究堪称是前所未有的。她认为我们的研究将有助于加深对罪犯行为的认识，如同《精神病诊断与统计手册》一书有助于认识心理疾病和分类组织一样。 我们同意联手合作。安锲而不舍地申请资助，最终从政府资助的全国司法研究院获得了一笔40万美元的研究经费。我们计划深入访谈36至40名囚禁的重罪犯，以期从中有所收获。根据我们的资料输入，安编写了一份厚达57页的调查表格，每次访谈后都要填写。鲍勃负责拨款的具体执行，担任与全国司法研究院的联络工作。我和他在外勤站特工的通力协助下，重返监狱去面对面访谈那些案犯。我们要描述每一次罪行的作案手法以及犯罪现场，研究并记录案发前后的行为。安则负责用计算机处理所有数据，然后我们再写出研究结果。我们预计该项目将持续三到四年。 就在这一期间，刑事调查分析步入到现代阶段。

---

Notes: