Chapter 17 Chapter 16 Simple and Natural: Touching the Truth, Telling the Truth, and Expressing the Truth

Tolstoy said: "True art is always very simple, as clear as words, and almost as if you can touch it with your hands." This kind of literary and sour language is not kind, but also difficult to understand. It often backfires, and if it is not done well, it will become a joke. Spoken language travels through the ears to the brain.Because the language has homonyms and different meanings, and one sound has multiple meanings, if you use obscure words, it will inevitably affect the listening effect.Moreover, the cultural literacy of the audience is very different, and it should be "lower or higher".Therefore, speaking to the broad masses should be clear and easy to understand.

In July 1940, Comrade He Long gave a party lecture in the party member training class of the Jinsui Military Region.Before the lecture, the instructor led someone to bring an old wooden table, a wooden bench, two large porcelain bowls and a pair of cloth shoes on the table.These three things immediately attracted the students, and they didn't know what to do.He Long smiled and said: "Let me give the first lesson. The party's mass line is the relationship between the party and the masses!" Then he brought a big bowl and asked the students what the millet in it was used for. cooking.Asked where it came from, everyone replied that it belonged to the common people.Boss He made a point out of this, saying that it is easy to eat millet but difficult to grow it; he also said that the common people eat inkstone and let the troops eat millet; he talked about military-civilian relations and the mass line; he also criticized some comrades for violating mass discipline Everyone was convinced.Everyone understands the truth that if the relationship with the masses is not done well, you will starve and lose the battle.As he spoke, Comrade He Long picked up another large bowl, which was filled with water and a fish.He Long took the fish out of the bowl, and after a while, the fish stopped moving.He Long took the opportunity to ask why the fish didn't move, and replied that it had left the water.He Long concluded that the army and the masses are in the same relationship as fish and water. Fish cannot live without water, and the army cannot survive without the masses.The existence of base areas and the growth of the people's army are all due to the implementation of the party's line and the support of the masses.He Long's lectures are full of real feelings.It is not only focused and clear, but also explains a serious topic in a simple and easy-to-understand manner.If He Long had no love for the people, no love for the people's soldiers, and did not consider the education level, theoretical level, and acceptance ability of the students, it would be impossible to explain these truths, and it would be impossible to make a contribution to the party's mass line. Such an in-depth explanation.

There is a big difference between spoken language and written language.Some people use written language too much in their speech instead of colloquial, which also makes people feel very uncomfortable.For example, a young man described his feelings when he heard his mother was killed in his speech: "My heart is filled with sorrowful waves, and my eyes are like twin springs, filled with crystal clear tears. My two lines of tears fell like broken pearls." The speaker on the stage burst into tears, but there was a burst of laughter from the audience.Naturally, such a speech was unsuccessful.The reason for its failure is that he does not pay attention to the actual effect of language, but blindly pursues the beauty of form.It is not colloquial or popular, but too literary, and the words and sentences are too gorgeous and difficult, which will inevitably make people laugh.

Social language needs to be expressed in the "vernacular" that both the speaker and the listener are used to and of common interest, so that it is easy to communicate feelings and ideas.If you pursue magnificence and novelty and are overly polished, the listener will think that this is showing off your literary talent, so they will enter your speech with one ear and exit with the other.Therefore, the use of language is just like what Lu Xun said: "Have true meaning, don't whitewash, less affectation, and don't show off." Otherwise, no matter how beautiful the words are, they will have little power.

Daily speech strives to be clear and clear, easy to understand.That kind of "excuse me for taking the liberty" is pretending to be "elegant", and the audience may not like it.Rodin said: "Draw some patterns with pencils, paint some ostentatious fireworks with colors, or write some glorious sentences with strange characters. These empty writers are the most ingenious people in the world, but the greatest difficulty and the highest state of art , but to describe and write naturally and mutually." This sentence is also applicable to the use of language in speeches. Language is the most basic element of speaking, so it is necessary for us to study language extensively to make conversation easier to understand.How to learn a language?Language learning should not be mechanically memorized, but integrated; you should be diligent in observing and experiencing, and be truly familiar with the objects you describe and tell, and understand the tone and color of things.When Tolstoy revised "Peter the Great", in order to describe the 7-ton bell on the Rostov bell tower and the oak ship that Peter the Great rode on, he climbed up the bell tower and played the bell himself; One dark night, I went to Lake Leslav and touched the old boat myself.Although here is an example of how to use written language, the expression of oral language is the same.

If speaking is likened to a large machine, then language and vocabulary are the parts that make up this machine.Just like there is no good big machine without good parts, it is obviously difficult to make a successful speech or speech with pale and poor language.The rich language treasure house of Chinese history, the wealth of excellent languages ​​from all over the world, vivid and vivid folk language, and carefully crafted written vocabulary are all inexhaustible resources that we can vigorously develop.Cao Yu said: "On the day when we become obsessed with language, we will be regarded as entering the gate, and then we will be able to enter the room and become a rich man in language." Skillful use of various language materials can make the words easy to understand.

1. Idioms Skillful use of idioms when speaking can make the language more vivid. After the "Southern Anhui Incident" occurred in January 1941, Chairman Mao issued a stern warning to the Kuomintang in his speech, so he used a lot of idioms.One of the paragraphs reads: "I am afraid that Ji Sun's worries are not in Zhuanyu, but in Xiaoqiang. The reactionaries must shoot themselves in the foot, and then we will be helpless. We value cooperation, but they must also value cooperation. Honestly It is said that our concessions are limited... It is not too late to make up for it after the dead. This is a big problem with their own lives. We have to give our last advice. If they persist in their evil and continue to mess around, then the people of the whole country can't bear it. , Throw them into the latrine, then there will be no regrets..."

In this passage, Chairman Mao used idioms such as "a calamity rises from the wall", "lifting a stone to shoot oneself in the foot", "helpless", "remedy after a sheep is lost", "the evil will not be forgiven", and "bear it intolerable", which has a strong artistic charm.At the same time, it increases the tone and enhances persuasiveness. Idioms are conventional terms, and if they are understood in a different way when speaking, they can also produce new ideas.There is an example of clever use of idioms in Qian Zhongshu's book: "It is not the betrayal of the relatives, but the betrayal of the relatives and the public." This internal word order change is very dialectical; the dislocation of active and passive, and the difference between praise and criticism are clear at a glance.

Idioms are the product of the times. As the times change, idioms will also change in connotation. The so-called "time changes with time, changes are appropriate", and the same is true for other idioms. Tong Xintian said in the opening remarks of an impromptu "farewell": "I will take the lead in 'farewell', 'throwing jade to attract bricks' (misunderstood smile)—to attract jade bricks!" (applause) This is something new.Generally self-effacing is "throwing bricks to attract jade", but he seems not to be self-effacing at first, so he invites "misunderstanding".This foreshadowing shows the wonder of new solutions.

2. Proverbs Proverbs, like idioms, can also add color to language.Proverbs have been handed down for thousands of years for a long time, and they have been tempered and tempered, embodying the rich thoughts, feelings and wisdom of the working people.Proverbs are often used by lecturers and negotiators because of their deep meaning, concise language, catchy and easy to remember. In May 1988, leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union held talks.After intense negotiations, Gorbachev and Reagan narrowed their differences on some issues and both expressed their desire to continue the dialogue.Gorbachev was worried that the United States would keep its promises, so he used a proverb to remind him in his speech: "If you don't believe your words, you will lose your deeds." Reagan also gave Gorbachev a proverb: "Three saints work hard, and the forest will be dense. .” These proverbs are vivid and expressive.

In a business negotiation between our side and a foreign party, the negotiation has come to an end, and the two sides just negotiated repeatedly on some details.At this time, someone from the foreign side sent a letter saying that the foreign side had completed the preparations.The foreign host opened the envelope and saw that it was empty.It turned out that the sender was negligent and the letter was not put into the envelope.The foreign messenger was very embarrassed.At this time, in order to ease the atmosphere and continue the negotiation as soon as possible, our representative said with a smile: "No news is the best news." This sentence made the foreign messenger quickly get rid of the embarrassment and dilute the tense atmosphere.This sentence turned out to be a proverb commonly used by Americans. Our representative borrowed this sentence to restore the atmosphere to normal. 3. Metaphor When talking about a topic that the audience is unfamiliar or not very familiar with, successful people will quote appropriate metaphors, so that everyone can understand and accept his point of view.The use of metaphors can integrate thoughtfulness, knowledge and interest into one pot, making the truth simple and popular.The writer Qin Mu once gave an example: "A good metaphor can often attract people effectively. For example, in a capitalist society, some people don't have to abide by the law, while others must obey the law. Some people use the metaphor: the law Like a spider web, the big insects struggled away, but the small insects got stuck." If you directly say that the laws of capitalism have no binding force on some people, the meaning is more abstract, but if you use the spider web as an example, the concrete image Meaning emerges from the haze of abstraction. Metaphors are important to grasp the characteristics of things.It is recorded in: On a cold and snowy day, Xie An gathered his nephews and nephews together to discuss the rules of making fuss with them.After a while, the snow fell heavily.Xie An said enthusiastically, "What do the snowflakes look like (what do the snowflakes look like)?" His nephew Xie Lang replied, "Sprinkling salt in the sky is not comparable (scattering salt in the sky is probably comparable)." The niece Xie Daoyun replied: "It's not like the catkins are blown by the wind (it's better to use the catkins to dance with the wind as a metaphor)." Xie An laughed and felt very happy. In this story, Xie Lang compares the flying snow to salt in the air, and Xie Daoyun to wind-blown catkins.Both metaphors meet the requirement of "like", but the latter is obviously better than the former.The former only captures the similarity in color between snow and salt, while the latter not only considers the color, but also captures the similarity in the shape of catkins and snowflakes flying softly, which is much better than using salt to describe snow .So Xie Daoyun's metaphor was praised by Xie An. When using metaphors in speaking, it is necessary to pay attention to the skills of metaphors.A metaphor has two components: one is the thing being described and compared, which is called "noumenon"; the other is the thing or phenomenon used as a metaphor, which is called "metaphor".Noumenon and metaphor are different things, there are essential differences, but there are certain similarities between the two.Ontologies are mostly abstract, esoteric, or unfamiliar and difficult to understand; metaphors are concrete, simple, and familiar to people.Figurative forms usually include: Simile.Similes, usually use words such as "like", "as if", "as", "the same" to connect the noumenon and metaphor.For example, "Her eyes are like two clear mountain springs", this metaphor is a simile. metaphor.Metaphor, also called metaphor, usually uses words such as "is", "become", and "as" to connect the noumenon and metaphor.For example, "This person always acts according to the face of the 'boss', and even a chicken feather is taken as an arrow." This is a metaphor. metaphor.Metony, usually the noumenon does not appear, and the noumenon is directly replaced by the metaphor.For example, "It's really disgusting, like eating a fly", here is a metaphor used to describe the mood is very unpleasant. Reverse metaphor.Inverted metaphor, that is, to reverse the relationship between the noumenon and the metaphorical body, such as: "This animal is delicious and lazy, and it really looks like some people in life." There is also an antiphory formed with a negative tone: "I am not a tiger, why do I always hide?" with me?" 4. Quotes Many successful people in the world have not only created huge material wealth for the development of human civilization, prosperity and progress, but also left extensive spiritual wealth for future generations.Many famous quotes and sentences created by them are popular, philosophical, thought-provoking, thought-provoking, shining with the light of wisdom, and inspiring future generations to work hard.Appropriately quoting these famous quotes in the speech can greatly enhance the appeal of the speech. Chairman Mao was very fond of classical literary works, he was good at absorbing nutrition from them, and paid attention to integrating their essence, such as some famous quotes and sentences, into his speech art, thus forming a unique and charming speaking style.He quoted from the lyrics of "Lin Chong's Night Run" that "men don't shed tears lightly, just because they haven't reached the point of sadness" to criticize some leading cadres for getting emotional about ratings, saying that they are "men don't shed tears lightly, only because they don't feel sad". Because it has not yet been rated."He quoted Sima Qian's famous saying in "Bao Ren An Shu" that "people are inherently mortal, and they are either more important than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather" to explain the truth that "death for the benefit of the people is more important than Mount Tai".He quoted the words of Mencius, "The mind is the official to think" to explain that the function of the brain is a special machine. To educate our cadres to learn to think, to learn how to analyze things, to develop the habit of analysis, and to use the brain to do everything well. think about it. Everyone likes philosophical quotes because they are concise, profound, catchy, aesthetically pleasing, evocative and thought-provoking.Whether a person speaks philosophically can reflect whether his thoughts are profound and mature.Celebrity quotes have profound philosophical and specific meanings, and their correctness has been proven by countless facts and recognized by later generations. Appropriate quotations in speeches can enhance the philosophical nature of speeches. 5. Dialect Language is a communication tool.A fluent standard of Mandarin is of course great for communication, but speaking a little of the "local specialty" in the language treasure house - dialects on appropriate occasions also has its unique charm.On the eve of the founding of New China, Chen Yi said in a report: "We have full confidence that we can foresee that it will not take too long to liberate the whole of China! Liberation of Shanghai is just around the corner! (Thunderous applause from the audience) Over In a few days (in blunt Shanghai dialect) Allah (we) these Tubalus will be able to go to Shanghai to make white faces (play) white faces!" (The audience is full of laughter) Such words are very appropriate in that social environment and specific occasions, popular and easy Understandable, and the language is humorous and inspiring. Speaking of the role of dialect, Zhan Xiaoming, an expert in eloquence, said: "It is human nature to like others to speak their dialect. If you speak Cantonese to Cantonese, Hokkien to Fujianese, and Ningbo to Ningbo people, Speaking Shanghai dialect to Shanghainese, if you are their fellow countryman, of course you will have a good impression of your fellow countryman, and you will be easy to get close to each other; When we meet for the first time, the impression may be very good, and you may not agree to your request, so maybe you can be more accommodating, and your communication is not noticed by others, maybe because of this, people are willing to get close to you." The two poems of "Plucking chrysanthemums under the eastern fence, and leisurely seeing Nanshan" have neither a word carved nor an axe, and they vividly paint a picture of a bright, tranquil, elegant and simple rural life.No wonder Yuan Haowen of the Jin Dynasty praised Tao Yuanming highly: "One word is natural and new, and the luxury is full of truth." Yan Yu's "Canglang Poetry Talk" also praised: "Ming's poems are of quality and nature." 1. "Clear water produces hibiscus, and natural carvings" Whether in the field of art or in social life, simplicity and nature can be regarded as one of the most beautiful realms.Masters of art often regard simplicity as an indispensable condition of beauty.Lev?Tolstoy declared in 1851: Simplicity is the "dream quality" of his life; Li Bai, a poet, advocated: the best poetry should be "clear water comes out of hibiscus, and natural carvings are carved."When Lao She talked about the art of speech, he also vividly said: "A truly beautiful person does not apply vermilion powder or dress indiscriminately." As an important part of human social life, speech communication activities, in a sense, , is also an artistic activity.Therefore, the truly charming discourse should also be "true, without whitewashing, and less pretentious", showing the beauty of simplicity and nature. 2. Simple language embodies beautiful emotions Simple and unpretentious language is the expression of a sincere heart and the reflection of beautiful emotions, so it often has a huge appeal.One year, the highest awards of Chinese films, the "Golden Rooster Award" and the "Hundred Flowers Award" were announced in Beijing at the same time.Famous actor Li Xuejian won the "Best Actor" of these two awards for his role as Jiao Yulu in "Jiao Yulu".In his speech of thanks after winning the award, Li Xuejian said: "Jiao Yulu, a good man, suffers from suffering and tiredness; Li Xuejian, a foolish boy, suffers from fame and fortune." As soon as he finished speaking, the audience burst into applause.Although Li Xuejian only spoke less than 30 words of his acceptance speech here, it was very contagious. His words not only praised Jiao Yulu's noble qualities, but also reflected his own modest heart. deep impression. 3. Simplicity does not mean simple and poor Some people say: "Simplicity is simple and practical." This is only half true.Simple words must of course be real, but simplicity does not mean simple and poor.The true simplicity and beauty of words should be as Su Dongpo said: "The hair is thicker than simplicity, and the taste is insipid." "Simple and ancient" and "indifferent" are concise, unadorned, plain, and pure. They are not only the manifestations of simple beauty, but also delicate and rich, with profound connotations, so that simplicity can "straighten the backbone of beauty".People often say: "Ink has five colors", which is just talking about the harmony and unity of pure ink color and rich expressive force under the profound skill of Danqing.In the hands of a mediocre painter, even though the monochrome ink is painted in different shades, it is still just monotonous and flat, and it is not "colorful" at all, let alone any real "simple beauty".The charm of simplicity lies first in its rich connotations. Comrade Li Ruihuan's speeches have always been known for their simplicity and humor.The audience felt relaxed and natural, but he himself stayed up many nights and sweated so much to ponder every speech.He said with deep emotion to the reporters who went to interview: "Looking at the ducks in the water, the top is calm, but the paws below are so busy!" The simple beauty of words is actually presented after many tangible and intangible refinements. It is a kind of "big and clumsy" beauty, which is a kind of beauty that makes people sound comfortable and natural with profound charm. The simplicity and beauty of speech is to maintain individuality.Say what you want, say it seriously, or humorously, or bluntly, or euphemistically, as long as you say it, it comes from the heart and keeps your true colors. The simple beauty of language is the most forbidden to pursue vanity and fashion.Under normal circumstances, it is not difficult for people to "speak as they think", but it is not easy to speak plainly and naturally on the podium, in front of strangers, or under certain special circumstances.When some people see a certain language and tone are fashionable, they rush to imitate it, and they become toddlers in Handan; some people, on certain occasions, are afraid that others will underestimate them, so they deliberately put on airs and show off their knowledge, which actually increases others' resentment.The pursuit of vanity and fashion does not improve the effect of verbal communication and should be resolutely abandoned. In most occasions of verbal communication, we need to speak naturally and smoothly. Therefore, we should try our best to abandon those artificial and literary words and replace them with plain and fresh language.For example, "I have heard a great name for a long time, it is like a thunder, and I am lucky to see your face today." If this kind of statement is not aimed at a special person or a special occasion, it will only make people feel uncomfortable and even feel hypocritical.How about saying something like "I'm so happy to meet you today! I've heard about you from XX a long time ago, and it's an honor to finally meet you today!" Simple words bring beauty to people, and success to communication. Some comrades asked how to correctly understand social conditions and public opinion. Can there be a popular explanation?To me, social conditions and public opinion refer to the basic situation of social life and the opinions and wishes of the people.Social sentiment is not equal to public opinion, but social sentiment contains public opinion; public opinion is not equal to social sentiment, but public opinion is the most important social sentiment.In many cases, social sentiment is public sentiment.Therefore, to understand and reflect social conditions and public opinions, the most important thing is to understand and reflect public conditions and public opinions. Any individual, any political party, or any country, if they want to win the initiative and make a difference, they must look at the world and the future, and they must advocate thinking and exploration, so as to keep pace with the times.Think concretely, think deeply, think coherently and systematically, think about the present, past and future, think about yourself, others and the whole world, think about practice, theory and the combination of theory and practice. If you only study China and not the world, you will fall behind the world trend; if you only study the world but not China, you will be out of touch with China's national conditions. Simply saying that other people's things are not good, or simply saying that our things are not good, is very wrong.Absorb other people's good things, keep your own unique things, add his good to my good, equal to being better than him. What is affirmed for its positive effect on development in one period may be denied in another period as a constraint on development.We must dare to be self-righteous and be good at surpassing ourselves. China is a giant, as long as it walks steadily, the strides are big; as long as it does not wrestle, it is a remarkable achievement.The most frightening thing is to toss yourself, and you will start to have a fever. We can give a thousand reasons or 10,000 reasons for many things, but if the common people cannot eat, there is no reason. "Food is the most important thing for the people", half of the word "rice" is "food" and the other half is "reverse". If there is no food, there will be rebellion. Match the key with the lock, anoint the rusty lock first.Comparing ideological problems to locks, there are locks first, and keys are matched later.For those who are very backward and difficult to handle, there is a process of transformation. You have to light a little oil first, and then poke slowly, otherwise the lock will be broken or the key will be broken. If you tell the masses that "hardship comes first, enjoyment comes later", and the masses see your behavior as "take all the benefits, don't do it when you suffer"; Seeing that your behavior is extravagant and extravagant, how can the masses convince you, and what is the use of what you say? It is not easy to find out what the masses are thinking in a true, comprehensive and timely manner.If there is no democratic and harmonious atmosphere, it will be difficult to hear the truth; if there is no heart to be happy after hearing it, it will be difficult to listen to the truth; if there is no scientific comprehensive analysis of the situation heard, it will be difficult to grasp The essence and mainstream of things. Only when you have the people in your heart can you be in the heart of the people. We must always think about what position the masses occupy in our minds, and what image we have in the eyes of the masses. The people are the foundation of our survival and the foundation of our victory. Without the people, we will achieve nothing and have nothing.For the leading cadres of the Communist Party, if they do not have the masses in their hearts, they are forgetting their roots; if they are indifferent to the sufferings of the masses, they are degenerate; The masses are the most respectable, they have inexhaustible power, and the wealth of society is created by them; the masses are the most lovable, as long as you serve them sincerely, they will support you sincerely; Difficulties, but not much is required of us; the masses are the most formidable, no matter who they are, they can bring you down. Differences are not all bad things. Differences make the world rich and colorful, and differences make communication and cooperation necessary. Think about it calmly, applause and praise may not really help, criticism and opposition may not all add to the chaos. What is a piece of wood?Just a piece of wood.There is nothing wrong with this answer, but what is it anyway?It depends on the specific situation.Using it to make furniture is a raw material, using it to light a fire is a fuel, using it to carry water is a tool, using it to fight against bad guys is a weapon, using it to commit murder and robbery is a murder weapon, and taking it to court is evidence, but it is still the same piece. wood.This is qualitative diversity. To do things well, we must find a group of people who want to do things, are willing to do things, dare to do things, and can do things.Wanting to do things is a desire, willing to do things is enthusiasm, daring to do things is courage, and being able to do things is skill.There is such a small group of people who are slaves in front of the leaders and mediocre when they do their jobs. All activities are for promotion and wealth, and once in power they become dictatorships.We must prevent such people from speculating. Our leaders often encounter two kinds of people in our work: one is to follow along and the other is to push against it.Generally speaking, we pay more attention to those who are against the top; we are often deceived and disadvantaged by those who are favored along the way.If you don't believe me, you can look back and think about it. How can I call on others to pay attention to hygiene when my face is covered with dirty things?You talk about people on stage, and people talk about you offstage, so what’s the use of what you talk about? As long as the Chinese do not fight internally, others cannot be defeated. Some people don’t think about things, they only try to figure out people, and they specialize in catching people who do things. You do it in the front, and he watches in the back. ". We are people in history, and we are also a part of history. We evaluate history now, and history will evaluate us in the future. I often say that people in history must do historical things. This includes two meanings, neither to go beyond history and do things that cannot be done; nor to shirk the responsibility of history and not do what should be done. History provides opportunities for leaders to fully display their talents, and what leaders do affects the development of history, either bringing good news to mankind or causing disasters to mankind.History will ultimately judge each leader mercilessly. The people are the steelyard, history is the steelyard, and the weight of politicians is ultimately measured by them. (Brief introduction of Li Ruihuan: born in September 1934, a native of Baodi, Tianjin, joined the Communist Party of China in September 1959, served as secretary of the Central Secretariat of the Communist Youth League, vice chairman of the All-China Youth Federation, secretary of the Tianjin Municipal Party Committee, mayor, etc. From March 1998 to In March 2003, he served as the chairman of the Ninth CPPCC National Committee. Authors: "A Talk about Doing Practical Things for the People", "Learning Philosophy and Using Philosophy".)