Chapter 17 Chapter Sixteen

★Adopt the rudder according to the wind and adapt to the situation Response is to take appropriate measures to get rid of unfavorable situations at the critical moment when the situation suddenly changes. Response is an important symbol to measure the eloquence of the interlocutor. Especially in contemporary social life, if there is no ability to adapt, many opportunities for success will be lost.In the conversation, someone or kindly or maliciously challenge you and put you in a difficult situation, then you need to respond.The difficulty of this kind of response lies in being able to fight back without being rude.

◎Debate is inseparable from adaptability Tan Xinpei, a well-known Peking Opera performer, once played Tian Dan in "Golden Stone", because he was in a hurry to catch up with the show, he realized that he forgot to wear the black hat after he appeared on the stage.The audience in the audience were surprised when they saw it. Unexpectedly, he had an idea and read calmly: "The state affairs are in such a mess, I forgot to wear the black gauze." Another time, Tan Xinpei played the role of Yang Liulang in "Yuanmen Zhanzi", but this day the actor who played Jiao Zan forgot to hang his beard in a hurry, and he didn't notice it after he came on stage. Where is father, hurry up and call me." The actor was alert for a moment, and hurriedly left the stage to hang his beard, and the audience immediately applauded.

In life, there are various situations that cause disadvantages to people, and it is impossible to have a one-size-fits-all solution.Therefore, if you are dissatisfied or have an opinion about someone's work style or way of dealing with the world, you need to adapt to the specific situation at that time. In some occasions, people will always encounter some unexpected things, maybe it is their speech gaffe, maybe the surrounding environment makes them unexpected, maybe the other party's reaction is not as quick as expected.In this situation, it is necessary for people to learn to control the situation, that is, to adapt to the situation so as not to cause themselves a dilemma.

The Soviet poet Mayakovsky gave a speech to a diverse audience at a conference, and his humorous words caused bursts of laughter and applause from time to time.At the end, suddenly a tall and thin man squeezed to the front of the stage, stretched his neck and shouted: "I don't understand your joke!" "Aren't you a giraffe!" the poet sighed: "Only a giraffe soaks its feet on Monday, and it will feel it on the weekend!" "I should warn you!" bellowed the lanky one. "It's only one step from great to ridiculous." "That's right," said the poet, pointing to himself and the man. "It's just one step from great to ridiculous."

"Your poems are appalling, they don't boil, they don't burn, they don't infect," said the tall, thin man. "My poems are not boiling water, nor a stove, nor plague." The poet replied with a smile. "You yourself said that you should wash off your dusty traditions and habits, so since you need to wash your face, that means you too are dirty," said the tall, thin man sarcastically. "So, do you think you are clean if you don't wash your face?" The poet retorted. The tall, thin man couldn't argue with Mayakovsky, and said angrily: "You will be short-lived if you write poetry like this. You will be finished tomorrow, and you will be forgotten yourself. You will not become immortal."

Following the man's words, the poet said, "Well, please come back in a thousand years, and then we can talk, if you haven't rotted yet!" Facing the planned and purposeful series of attacks by the opponent, the poet is calm and calm, has a sharp mind, and responds skillfully, or reverses the confrontation, or pretends to be stupid, or uses allusions. He is both humorous and aggressive, showing extraordinary His adaptability and irrefutable logical force. Sometimes in the debate there will be questions that are not easy to answer directly, or comments with ulterior motives, or cross-examinations that imply insults... If you don't deal with it properly, you will often put yourself in an embarrassing situation.Therefore, machine debate has become an indispensable weapon at this time.It can play some special roles in avoiding, defending against humiliation, persuading, and resolving embarrassment.

Yuan Zhi was the head monk of Tiantong Temple in Ningbo during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty.Although he has no intuition skills, he is quite adaptable. That year, Emperor Qianlong went south alone in micro-clothes.After arriving in Ningbo, I went to Tiantong Temple alone.Yuan Zhi heard about this and immediately went to the foot of the mountain to wait.After a while, Emperor Qianlong came in front of him.Yuan Zhi clasped his hands together in front of him, bowed and said softly: "The abbot of Tiantong Temple, a young monk, Yuan Zhi is here to pick you up. I hope you will forgive me."

Qianlong asked: "Since you know that I have come here, why don't you lead all the monks, open the mountain gate, and kneel down to receive the holy driver? Do you intend to desecrate the holy driver with your light bow?" Yuan Zhi said unhurriedly: "You little monk dare to desecrate the holy bow, just because this time the holy monk is making a private visit in disguise. If the little monk works hard to mobilize the crowd, it may attract the attention of tourists and hinder the health of the holy monk, so the little monk is here to greet you quietly. .” Hearing that what he said was reasonable, Qianlong pardoned his innocence and let him lead the way.After climbing a section of the mountain path, Qianlong said to Yuan Zhi, "Great Monk, I am going up the mountain today, can you compare me?"

Yuan Zhi heard the words and said with a smile: "Long live God going up the mountain is like the Buddha leading you to the sky. One step is higher than one step." When Qianlong heard this, he felt extremely uncomfortable: Yuan Zhi compared himself to the Buddha, and he took the upper hand, but There is nothing to blame, so I have to give up for the time being. When Qianlong left the temple, Yuan Zhi sent him down the mountain.Qianlong said: "When I went up the mountain, you said that one step was higher than one step. Now that I'm down the mountain, how can you compare?"

Yuan Zhi thought for a moment, then calmly smiled and said, "Now it's like coming to the Buddha to bring Long live down the mountain, the back is higher than the front!" "Ah!" Qianlong was impressed by Yuan Zhi's eloquence when he heard it.The well-educated Emperor Qianlong didn't know that he was a kind of impromptu nonsense, but he appreciated Monk Yuanzhi's wit and calm humor. To be adaptable, we need to face it calmly with an optimistic attitude and keep our spirit in a free and active state.When this state is reached, one's utterances tend to be far more intelligent and interesting than usual.Such remarks are often witty and humorous.

The famous British writer Dickens liked fishing very much.One day, when he was fishing, a man came up to him and asked, "Why, are you fishing?" Dickens replied: "Yes, it's really unlucky today. After fishing for a long time, I didn't catch a single one; but yesterday was also in this place, but I caught 15 miles!" The man said, "Really? You caught a lot of fish yesterday!" Then he asked, "Then do you know who I am? I'm the warden of this place. Fishing is prohibited in this river, and you have to pay a fine." !” With that, he took out the receipt book and wanted to invoice Dickens for a fine. Seeing this scene, Dickens quickly asked: "Then do you know who I am?" When the man was puzzled by this rhetorical question, Dickens said to him: "I am the writer Dickens, you can't fine me. , because fiction is my profession." The man had no choice but to let Dickens go. Sometimes humor trumps cleverness. During World War II, the Germans occupied Paris.Once, the famous painting master Pablo Picasso sent a replica of his masterpiece "Guernica" that exposed the atrocities of German fascists' indiscriminate bombing of Spain to every German officer and soldier who came to visit.A head of the German secret police asked Picasso: "Is this your work?" Picasso replied angrily but implicitly: "No! This is your masterpiece!" Picasso's wit lies in turning the positive meaning of the word "masterpiece" into a negative meaning, making the German police helpless. Adaptation is also often used in the interpretation of concepts. There is a corrupt official who loves to search for folk treasures.One day, Xie Jin passed by the corrupt official's house with a tortoise, claiming that the tortoise could live to 10,000 years, and that it could cure all kinds of diseases and bring the dead back to life. It was the most precious thing in the world. Rare Longevity Turtle.When the corrupt officials heard about it, they wanted to buy the turtle.Xie Jin pretended not to sell it at first, but later sold it with an ingot of gold. The next day, the corrupt officials invited relatives and friends to come and watch the rare turtle.When the corrupt officials fished the turtle out of the pool, it was already dead.The corrupt official came to Xie Jin angrily, and asked, "Why are you lying?" Xie Jin said: "Oh, I didn't lie to you at all, today just happens to be the 10,000th birthday of this turtle." As a kind of ability, adaptability needs to be cultivated for a long time, and certain conditions must be met.Generally speaking, the more knowledgeable and experienced people are, the stronger their adaptability will be. Ma Ji, a famous cross talk actor, once performed in Huangshi City, Hubei Province.Before his performance, an actor mistakenly said "Huangshi City" as "Huangshi County", which caused the audience to laugh.Amidst the laughter, Ma Ji came on stage.He opened his mouth and said: "Today we are honored to perform in Huangshi Province..." Just as everyone was whispering, Ma Ji explained: "Just now one of our actors called Huangshi City a county, which is downgraded. I am here Of course, it must be said to be provincial, and it will be raised to a higher level. This way, one step down, ha! It’s level!" A few words caused the audience to burst into laughter, and Ma Ji cleverly rounded things up, making the performance go smoothly conduct. ◎Responsiveness, seize the opportunity The ultimate goal of contingency is to always be in an active position, control the development of the situation, and achieve the set goals.Debaters must respond quickly to sudden changes in the external situation, consolidate their defenses, and get rid of the passive situation. During World War II, a group of scientists in the United States wanted to try out an atomic bomb. They named this project the "Manhattan Project."Nuclear physicist Szilard drafted a letter, which was signed by Einstein, and Alexander Sachs, a famous American economist and personal adviser to President Roosevelt, was invited to present to the president. Developed the atomic bomb ahead of Hitler in Germany. On October 11, 1939, Sachs had a historic conversation with Roosevelt.Sachs first presented the long letter signed by Einstein to President Roosevelt, and then recited the scientists' memorandum on the discovery of nuclear fission.However, President Roosevelt could not understand the esoteric scientific discourse, and his reaction was very cold. Roosevelt told Sachs: "This is very interesting, but it seems premature for the government to intervene at this stage." It didn't help that Sachs spoke dryly, so he had to bid farewell to the President.To express his apologies, Roosevelt invited Sachs to breakfast at seven o'clock the next morning.In view of the seriousness of the situation and the great responsibility, Sachs, who failed to persuade Roosevelt, thought hard about a good strategy to persuade the president. At seven o'clock the next morning, Sachs and President Roosevelt had breakfast together.Before Sachs could speak, Roosevelt pre-emptively said: "You are not allowed to talk about Einstein's letter today, not even a word, understand?" "Sir, I want to talk about a little history." Sachs said to the president with a smile: "During the war between Britain and France, Napoleon, who was invincible on the European continent, was repeatedly defeated at sea. At this time, a young American inventor Robert Fulton came to the French emperor and proposed to cut off the masts on the French warships, remove the sails, install steam engines, and replace the planks with steel plates. But Napoleon believed that the ship could not sail without sails, and replaced the planks with steel plates. It will sink." He laughed at Fulton: "The warship doesn't use sails? Rely on the steam engine you invented? Haha, this is just a fantasy, incredible?" As a result, Fulton was kicked out.When commenting on this period of history, historians believe: "If Napoleon had adopted Fulton's suggestion, the history of the 19th century would have to be rewritten." Roosevelt pondered for a few minutes, then took out a bottle of Napoleon-era French brandy, filled it up, handed it to Sachs, and said, "You have won!" Sax was so excited that tears welled up in his eyes. In this story, if Sachs uses blunt persuasion, it will definitely fail.Especially after Roosevelt pre-emptively put forward the "no more talks" ban, it blocked the way for Sachs to speak out.Under such circumstances, Sachs cleverly used the debate technique of historical reference to make Roosevelt understand the significance of the proposal to build an atomic bomb from a historical perspective.Sachs' victory should be attributed entirely to his improvisation. When playing Go, the ancients summed up a motto: It is better to lose a piece than to go first.First, it is the so-called "first hand".Taking the initiative in Go means taking the initiative, and the opponent will always follow your move. This is true of Go, and so is debate.Therefore, in the debate, the debater must do everything possible to make himself or his side occupy a favorable position and seize the opportunity.The method of adapting to changing circumstances is an important means to seize the opportunity. One day in court, King Akbar asked Birba, "Why don't my palms grow hair?" In order to laugh at the king, Birba deliberately replied: "You often use these hands to give alms to the poor and Brahmin scholars. Because of friction, the palms of your hands do not grow hair." Hearing that this answer was a compliment to himself, Akbar was secretly happy.But he immediately realized that this was a mockery of himself, but he didn't say anything, he wanted to find an opportunity to humiliate Bilba.After thinking of what he thought was a good solution, he asked Bilba again, "Why don't your palms grow hair?" Birba said: "Because they are always receiving handouts, they don't grow hair when they rub." The king asked again: "Then, why don't other people in our palace have hair on their palms?" Bilba said: "The answer is very clear. When you give alms to me or others, those poor wretches in the palace rub their hands together enviously. As a result, after rubbing like this, their palms become hairless." The king laughed heartily after hearing this. Bilba was able to respond quickly to the king's well-planned successive attacks, showing his extraordinary ability to adapt to changing situations. Adaptability is a very important ability in debates, which reflects the flexibility of debaters' thinking in debates.In the process of thinking, people are always used to thinking according to the original thinking, which is the so-called fixed thinking in psychology.This kind of fixed thinking is a state of mental preparation caused by previous mental activities. When people come into contact with a new thing, they always have to bring it into the original track of thinking, so that people can recognize it more fixedly. know, react.Of course, if you encounter common or familiar problems, this kind of thinking can promote the problem to be solved quickly and smoothly. However, if you encounter some unexpected events, the original thinking track does not have a "mode" and cannot be accepted. It will make people dumbfounded and helpless.Therefore, if an excellent debater wants to gallop freely in the treacherous and changeable debate world, he must have the ability to adapt to the situation.In this way, it is possible to remain invincible in the debate. ◎Even under adversity, adapt to the situation A good debater's ability to adapt to change is highlighted when the debate is in adversity. During a visit to the United States, a famous female writer in my country was invited to give a speech at a certain university.The college students were active in thinking and asked the writer all kinds of questions, and she gave straightforward answers to all of them. Suddenly, someone asked: "I heard that you are not yet a member of the Communist Party of China. How is your personal relationship with the Communist Party of China?" Obviously, such a problem is more difficult, and it is easy to make people fall into an embarrassing situation.The writer pondered for a moment and replied: "First of all, I admire you very much. Your information is very accurate. I am indeed not a member of the Communist Party of China. But, maybe you don't know it yet, my husband is an old Communist Party member. We have lived together for decades. There is no sign of divorce at all. It can be seen that my personal relationship with the Chinese Communist Party is still very deep." Before the words fell, he won the applause of the whole hall. The emergence of embarrassing situations often happens in an instant. If you lack composure and lose your face in shock, you can only be at a loss and add chaos to the chaos.Therefore, when encountering such an occasion, the first thing to do is to keep calm, observe the situation calmly, and then deal with the embarrassment wittily and skillfully, and even leave the embarrassment to the other party. In the finals of the 1988 Asian College Debate Conference, regarding the topic of "Confucianism can resist the unhealthy trends of the West", the opposing Fudan team said: "Confucius said that parents don't travel far away. According to this, we can't come to Singapore?" To this, Zhengfang Taiwan University team retorted; "As for the parents not traveling far, this should not be taken out of context, because there is another saying 'You must have the right way', that is to ask your parents when you go out, and tell your parents when you come back." This speech evoked applause from the audience.Because most people only memorize the first sentence and ignore the latter sentence, the National Taiwan University team quoted the full text and gave another explanation, which negated the authenticity of the opponent's argument and caused a great threat to the opponent.At this time, a member of the Fudan team turned the tide and defended: "As for 'you must have the right way', if you take a tour and ask for advice once, then, when you 'travel' to Singapore, we handsome young people will become old age. By then, how can we face Singapore? What can we say? Confucianism?" The speaker's speech aroused even warmer applause. It was the speaker's adaptability that brought a new situation to the debate. A debater who can only attack but not defend will definitely not win the debate.Because the opponent will definitely not blindly defend and give up attacking, and the opponent may also be a master of debate, which means that in the debate, one's own side may be "dumbfounded" by the opponent and hastily defend.In the case of hasty defense, one's own side should take some emergency measures to withstand the wave of opponent's attack and save the crisis.Otherwise, it will definitely fail. So, in the face of difficulties, what are the specific measures for emergency self-protection? 1. Acknowledge passivity and advance with retreat When arguing that "Confucianism can resist the unhealthy trend of the West," the Nanjing University team faced the opponent's offensive and said: "We respect Confucianism very much. Confucianism has a positive effect on coordinating interpersonal relationships, but it cannot promote economic growth. This is like Tieguai Li's precious gourd can cure many diseases, but it can't cure his own crutches! Today, the opponent's debater insists on associating Confucius with brother Kong Fang. Isn't this disrespectful to Confucianism? " Here, the Nanjing University team's tactics of retreating and advancing produced a very good defensive effect.It can be said that there is progress while retreating, and retreat is progress. The ancients said that those who know current affairs are heroes. When one’s weakness is caught by the other party and is passive, one’s own side can also truthfully admit that the other party’s words are partly reasonable, but admitting this is definitely not enough. An important aspect, and this more important aspect is precisely beneficial to one's own side, so that one can get out of the predicament by turning the topic to the scope that is beneficial to one's own side. 2. Respond to all changes with the same In the face of the other party's tricky and weird questions, you can respond to all changes without changing, and take out the "universal card" prepared in advance to deal with it.The content of the multi-purpose card is often some indisputable facts, or contradictions that the other party cannot explain, or it is like a plaster, no matter where it is pasted, it is difficult to pick, and it will not lead to retaliation.In this way, one's own side can get a valuable temporary respite and save the day. 3. Disrupt the situation and confuse the public Sometimes, one's own side clearly knows that the other party has already stated the question clearly and very forcefully, and one's own side cannot answer it.But in order to get out of the predicament, you can also take the method of messing up the situation and confusing the audience, muddying the water so as to divert your attention. For example, in the debate on "human nature is inherently good" and "human nature is inherently evil," the affirmative said: "We are very worried that if human nature is inherently evil, it is just following the natural course of events, so why should we be punished?" The counter said: "The other party has finally blurred..." In fact, Zhengfang's thinking was originally clear and very aggressive.The purpose of the anti side's words is to muddy the water, to put clear questions into vague words, so imposed on others, it seems that the other party is really blurred, but in fact it intends to guide the audience's views and help him out of the predicament. 4. Shift positions and wait for an opportunity to counterattack During the debate on "AIDS is a medical problem, not a social problem", the affirmative asked: "The other party has stated that we should strengthen education, but I would like to ask the other party, what kind of education is used for education? Should we use medical methods to educate?" ?” The opposing party replied: "Knowing what you know is knowing what you don't know. May I ask the other party, what is your standard for judging whether it is a medical problem or a social problem?" In this debate, the opposing side first used vague answers to avoid questions that were difficult for them to answer for a while, and then changed the topic and raised a new question, leading the war to the opponent's position and giving their side a rare chance to breathe . ★Shaping the environment, expressing emotions through the scenery The right environment can help a presentation go smoothly.The debate situation is a debate occasion deliberately selected and designed by people. It permeates the intention of the choice and the designer, directly or indirectly affects people's debate activities, and can well serve the debate theme.Debaters should be good at shaping the context to serve their own expression. ◎The importance of shaping the debate context Different situations have different functions; different situations, of course, also have different styles.Adapting situational styles to our persuasive (or argumentative) purposes can often achieve twice the result with half the effort.On the contrary, it will only get twice the result with half the effort, or even backfire. Yue Guang of the Jin Dynasty discovered that a good friend hadn’t visited for a long time. It turned out that this friend was a guest at Le Guang’s house last time. When he was about to drink a toast, he found a snake in the glass. Because it was hard to say it directly, he drank it down. So now he has it. seriously ill.Yue Guang went home to check and found a bow on the wall of the room with snake patterns painted on it, so he re-arranged the banquet according to the previous arrangement, reproduced the last drinking environment, and brought the sick friend He was invited by Hard, and then asked him: "Did you see anything in the cup?" The friend said, "It's the same as what I saw last time, there is a snake in the cup!" Le Guang then said: "The snake in this cup It’s the shadow of the bow on the wall!” The guest looked up at the bow on the wall, and stopped insisting that there was a snake in the cup, and he was cured immediately. The false thesis of the opponent can be refuted by cloning to reproduce a specific concrete environment.The story of the cup bow snake shadow illustrates the impact of the environment on a person. In 1890, Mark Twain and his party of more than 20 people attended a feast hosted by Mrs. Dodge.After a while, everyone in the banquet was talking to the people next to them, their voices raised higher and higher.Mark Twain felt that it was offensive, and it was inappropriate to stop it loudly at this time, so he said to a lady next to him: "There is only one way to quiet this noise. You tilt your head to my side Come on, as if you are very curious about what I have to say. If I speak in a low voice, the people next to me will be curious. As long as I babble for a while, they will all be quiet.” Then he whispered After getting up, after talking for a short time, silence really spread.And so Mark Kerwin continued, in a still more serious voice, until the dining-room was silent.Seeing that the time had come, he opened his mouth to explain why he wanted to play this game, and asked them to be more polite from now on and not to scream at the same time.Of course, people agreed with him in action. With the help of the situation, making associations and taking advantage of the situation, the theme of the speech can be highlighted and the argument can be more powerful.Of course, the situation-based method has no rules to follow, has a large degree of freedom, and requires a person's excellent mind. A clerk took an angry customer into a quiet room, and after entering, he gently closed the door, ready to have a good talk with the customer, but the customer's voice was louder than before. He shouted again and again: "What are you going to do? Do you want to lock me up here?" It turned out that the room felt too cold - there were only two chairs facing each other, and a lonely table .The windows are a bit small, and the room is extremely clean, filled with a solemn and tense atmosphere.The clerk came in and out frequently and didn't think there was anything wrong, but the customer came in for the first time. Undoubtedly, this negotiation that ignores the environment must end in failure in the end. Create a specific situation, can send a specific signal to the other party, and play an excellent role as a foreshadowing for communicative activities. In 1942, when Huang Yanpei was a member of the National Political Council, he flew from Chongqing to visit Yan'an in order to promote the unity of the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China.Mao Zedong met him in the reception room of the Great Hall of Yangjialing, where the Central Committee was located at that time.There are several paintings hanging on the four walls of the reception room, one of which has a wine jug and several cups, with "Moutai" written on it, and Huang Yanpei's inscription: According to legend, a visitor came to Maotai to wash his feet in the brewing pool. I don't care if it's true or not, just drink two or three cups in the cold weather. This painting was "painted to entertain" Shen Junru's second son, Shuyang, for his father during the third anti-communist upsurge of the Kuomintang.When asking Huang for an inscription, he remembered the rumor that the Red Army washed their feet in the Maotai wine pool. The title was an allegory, but he didn’t expect it to be hung in the living room where the CCP leaders received guests. He opened up his heart and had a long talk with Mao Zedong, which caused a major turning point in his life. The world of scale is so big, and the world of creating a debate situation is so big that there is no need to discuss it. In daily life, it is really helpless to "virtualize" a situation like this, but it can be done occasionally. In 1936, when the whole country was full of anti-Japanese war, Yan Daogang, an aide of Chiang Kai-shek, served as the chief of staff of the Northeast Army.The generals of the Northeast Army dared not speak out about this, but Commander Wang Mingzhe took the opportunity of a banquet and gave a speech in public drunkenly: ...Our hometown is in the northeast, occupied by the Japanese!We thought that the chairman of the committee could lead us to fight back to our hometown. We traveled tens of thousands of miles from the northeast, central China, and this time to the northwest, just to realize our desire to fight back to our hometown! …Who would have thought that when they fought in Shaanxi, the losses would not be compensated, the officers and soldiers who died and their family members would not be compensated, and the survivors who died in the battle would live in Xi’an, with no relief at all…The situation of Deputy Commander Zhang (Zhang Xueliang) is even more sad , his monthly income and expenses are only 100,000 yuan, which is still not as good as Mr. Hu Zongnan... It's really sad! As he spoke, Wang Mingzhe burst into tears, tears streaming down his face.All the generals of the Northeast Army present were grieved. Yan Daogang was extremely embarrassed at the banquet but couldn't attack, because everyone thought Wang Mingzhe was drunk. On the way home, Wang Mingzhe asked his entourage: "How do you think my play is going?" The entourage suddenly realized that he was not drunk at all, but was playing crazy with alcohol to beat the Northeast Army back to his hometown. The heartfelt thoughts and dissatisfaction with Chiang Kai-shek's passive resistance to Japan were vented. ◎Change the context and create an atmosphere Change the context and create a new speech atmosphere, which can be from false to true, or from true to false, true and false, full of humor and humor. When debating, some content is not suitable for expression in a certain time and environment. At this time, the context must be changed to create a new language atmosphere in order to receive wonderful expression effects. Cleverly changing the context can not only change the sentence from false to true, but also from ugly to beautiful, and from derogatory to positive. Shaoxing Xu Wenchang is a famous talented person. There is a legend that says: Xu Wenchang wrote a couplet for a certain gentleman, who is good at flattering his boss and flattering his boss.This person didn't even look at it, and immediately presented the couplet to the county magistrate as a birthday gift. The county magistrate was very angry when he saw it, because the couplet read: The county magistrate is not a human being, Raise a son to be a thief. The county magistrate issued an order to arrest Xu Wenchang.Xu Wenchang had been prepared for a long time, and said: "Xiaosheng sent someone to take away the couplets before he finished writing them. How can you blame Xiaosheng?" The county magistrate immediately asked someone to take the pen and ink, so Xu Wenchang continued to complete the writing.Xu Wenchang wrote without hesitation: The county magistrate is not a human being, he is the old birthday star of Nanshan. Raise a son to be a thief, steal flat peaches to offer to his father. "Good! Good!" Everyone was full of praise when they saw it, and the county magistrate was also very happy. Changing the context can turn reprimand into praise, or praise into reprimand, with a touch of humor. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a corrupt official who was famous for being greedy and cruel.On the first day of the first lunar month, he posted a Spring Festival couplet at the gate of the yamen: Love the people like a son; Law enforcement is like a mountain. When people saw it, they couldn't help laughing.Before long, someone added a few words below each sentence, and it became: Love the people like a son, gold and silver are my sons; Law enforcement is like a mountain, and the mountain of money is its mountain. Such a change has thoroughly exposed the ugly face of this corrupt official. In daily life, the meaning of language is generally relatively clear. If the other party does not "cooperate" and cleverly change the context, the result will be difficult to say.Let's look at the following example: The two went to a restaurant for dinner.The waiter brought a plate of fish, and there were two fish in it, one big and one small.One of them struck first and ate the big one.Another scolded him for his lack of self-cultivation and lack of politeness, and said: "If I eat first, I will eat the small one first." The man replied: "What can you complain about, the small one is on the way!" The big fish eater can be said to be sophistry, but we cannot deny that his expression is peculiar. ◎Points to pay attention to when choosing a situation When speaking or arguing, you should pay attention to the situation and the object.This is just as the philosopher Hegel said: "Since a living practical effect is to be produced, the orator must first fully consider the occasion of the speech, the audience's comprehension ability and general personality, otherwise his tone will be affected by time, place and The audience is not suitable and cannot achieve the desired practical effect." Different environments have different meanings. In the debate, only by choosing those environments that are consistent with the content and purpose of the debate can we easily receive the predetermined effect. (1) Avoid going to the other party's "turf" to talk.This "site" mainly refers to the other party's office and home, because in these places, the owner is easy to persuade the other party. (2) Can talk to introverts in formal situations and extroverts in casual situations. (3) A spacious and comfortable place is the first choice for persuasion or debate.When the opponent's status, age and strength are above ours, we should choose a spacious and comfortable place. (4) Do not sit in a place where people come and go and argue with others, so as to prevent both parties from flustered and emotional fluctuations. (5) Conversation in one's own room or drawing room is more persuasive than in another's. (6) In the boss's office, try not to sit directly opposite the boss.The boss' chair is a symbol of power, and ignoring it can be beneficial to both parties.Sitting next to your boss can take the stress out of talking to him. (7) It is possible to speak to an unrepentant or depressed person in an easily pleasing place. ★Collect evidence on the spot, make use of the topic Making use of a topic is a commonly used way of entry. It uses the questions, theories or viewpoints raised by the opponent in the debate to demonstrate one's own viewpoints and propositions, so as to achieve the goal of the debate and achieve the purpose of the debate. ◎On-site evidence collection One time, in a debate contest with the theme of "Doing a good job in commercial services depends on customer understanding", due to the fierce confrontation, a team member from the front party lost his cool and his words contained personal attacks.A team member on the opposing side reacted quickly and immediately seized the opponent's mistakes as an argument to prove his point of view: "We say that doing a good job in commercial services mainly depends on the professionalism and sense of responsibility of the waiters. Our service attitude cannot be determined by whether the customer understands it, just like we are participating in this debate today. It cannot be because of the other party's bad attitude If we don’t understand, we will not take part in this debate. No matter whether the other party understands or not, and what their attitude is, we must carry on the competition earnestly and achieve the expected success. If it is as your opponent advocates, only If the work can only be done well if the customer understands it, won’t our debate this time be unable to go on?” This piece of defense won warm applause from the audience, and at the same time irrefutably proved its own point of view. The turning point in the outcome of the debate lies in the flexible and ingenious use of on-the-spot evidence collection by the opposing side. On-the-spot evidence collection is a way for debaters to grasp certain things and situations at the debate site as arguments in time during the debate process to counter the opponent's point of view and demonstrate their own point of view. On-the-spot evidence collection can take static things, dynamic things, and historical facts.The former two are highly intuitive, and the latter is well-known by local people, so this method has strong refutation. In a debate contest titled "Is Lei Feng spirit still needed in the era of reform and opening up?", members of the opposing team insisted on advocating that aspiring young people should do big things and achieve big things, and not spend energy on trivial matters.The affirmative team immediately retorted: "Big cause is accumulated by specific small things. Just like our teaching building is built brick by brick, the carpet on the floor is woven with wool. It's hard to imagine, A person who is unwilling to do such trivial things as a brick and a line can achieve a great cause!" This kind of on-the-spot evidence collection comes at your fingertips, and through image metaphors, it is eloquent and powerful, leaving a clear impression on people. To make good use of this method of on-the-spot evidence collection, one must be familiar with the on-site and local conditions, have insight into the details, and be adaptable. Once, a hawker was selling beans at the market at 2 yuan per catty, and the buyer counter-offered 1 yuan and 50 cents.正在僵持不下时，那个买主从口袋里掏出香烟准备吸烟，小贩见那香烟比较贵，就灵机一动，说：“小伙子，你为了争5角钱，花了这么长时间，其实只要少抽一支烟，就足够了。一斤豆角就可以炒一大盘菜，还不到一支烟钱。” 买菜者一听这话，“争劲”顿时没了，掏出4角钱就买了两斤。 小贩思维敏捷，就地取证，巧妙说理，买菜者为之折服。 就地取证由于所引证的事物往往都是论辩者在现场或当地的所见所闻，是大家有目共睹的，生动具体，直观真实，因而这是一种一点就明、一说就透的雄辩方法。这种方法在赛场论辩中使用频率很高。 在论辩中要用好就地取证的方法，就必须熟悉现场的情况，并且善于洞察事态的发展，抓住机遇，随机应变，适时出击。 ◎借题发挥 英国诗人乔治·莫瑞是一位木匠的儿子，他很受当时英国上层社会的尊重。他从不隐讳自己的出身，这在当时英国社会是极为少见的。 一天，一个纨绔子弟与他在一处沙龙相遇，嫉妒异常，欲中伤诗人，便高声问道： “对不起，请问阁下的父亲是不是一位木匠？” 诗人回答：“是的。” 纨绔子弟又说：“那你父亲为什么没有把你培养成木匠？” 诗人微笑着回答：“对不起，阁下的父亲想必是绅士？” 纨绔子弟傲气十足地回答：“是的！” 诗人又说：“那你父亲怎么没把你培养成一位绅士呢？” 面对纨绔子弟的恶意提问，诗人没有正面回答，而是就势发挥，根据对方的方式进行反问，使纨绔子弟丢脸献丑，偷鸡不成反蚀米。 借题发挥的好处是说理性强，易于使人接受，常常起到绝妙的说服作用。 李白应诏进京后，因见皇帝和权贵只知醉生梦死地享乐，心情沉闷，恰在这时，朝廷召集李白等一班翰林学士赋诗唱和，李白推说身体有病，不肯吟诗。皇帝的大舅子杨国忠，本来因私怨对李白心怀不满，就在皇帝面前有意搬弄是非，他当着众人的面说：“曹子建七步成诗，李翰林做诗驰名，今天为什么无诗可作？你如能像曹子建，我杨国忠就五体投地。” 李白早已明白杨国忠的用意，“嘿嘿”几声冷笑说：“国舅的话错了，曹子建七步成诗，那是他哥哥曹丕逼的！我李白一无非分之想，二无权势之争，怎能和曹子建相提并论呢！你要我像曹子建那样做诗，却把皇上置于何地？” 杨国忠听了李白的反驳，一时间竟不知说什么好。皇帝见杨国忠无言以对，便打圆场对李白说：“国舅是想激激你，你就不要想那么多了。” 李白说：“既然皇上无忌，那么国舅要我像曹子建那样做诗也不难。请问，作得出来又当怎样？我李白要和他赌一赌！” 听了李白的叫阵，别人都想瞧瞧热闹，一齐起哄：“是啊，国舅敢赌不敢赌哇？” 杨国忠心里暗想：七步成诗，要由我出题目，他李白哪有曹子建的神思？赌就赌，赌注可不能太少了，当着众人的面，一定要让李白出出丑。想到这里，杨国忠说：“我没什么家私，不敢多赌，就赌半帑金银吧！李翰林要是能够七步成诗，我就输半帑金银与你！” 半帑金银，众人听了无不变色，就连皇帝也皱起了眉头，帑是钱库，你怎么能夸口拿一半与李白作赌呢？ 李白望一眼杨国忠：“国舅可真是财大气粗哇！你再说一遍。” 杨国忠还以为李白怯阵了，更大胆起来，对着皇帝和众人夸口说：“我出题，只要你李翰林七步成诗，圣上和各位在场，我就输半帑金银与你。天子面前无戏言。” 李白也面对皇帝说：“那好，现在就请国舅出题吧！” 杨国忠随口即说：“就以'天子面前无戏言'为起句，你做诗吧！” 李白随即起步吟道： 天子面前无戏言，半帑金银重如山； 国舅不会点金术，何来家私万万千。 一首诗吟罢，李白只迈出了三步半，在场众人一齐高声喝彩！ “好诗，好诗！” “问得好哇！国舅哪儿来那么多钱？” 有的人交头接耳地议论着：“杨国忠打这么大的赌，还不是靠搜刮来的不义之财！？” 就在众人议论纷纷的时候，李白又吟出七言诗一首，博得了众人更高声的喝彩，曹子建七步成诗一首，李白七步成诗两首，李白吟道： 李白出身最微寒，家徒四壁少吃穿； 赢得国舅不赊欠，天子面前无戏言。 不等杨国忠说话，李白要起账来了。杨国忠好窘啊，真恨不得地下裂开一条缝，好立刻钻进去躲起来。 皇帝当然是向着大舅子的，他马上来为杨国忠解围了。皇帝对李白说：“国舅输给你半帑金银，你要金银何用？寡人保你有吃有喝就行了。”皇帝出面调停，李白不好再坚持，这事才算罢了。 李白在这里就充分利用了“借题发挥”之术：第一“借”，借做诗和国舅打赌；第二“借”，借诗句揭露国舅搜刮不义之财；第三“借”，借第二首诗向国舅要账，让他不下了台。“借题发挥”在李白那里用得天衣无缝。 “借题发挥”是指借用对方的话题，合乎逻辑地加于发挥，合理想象，上挂下连，纵横捭阖，把对方置于不利的地位。 罗蒙诺索夫出生于一个渔民家庭，生活贫困，成名后仍然保持俭朴的作风，毫不讲究穿着。一次，一个爱讲究穿着，但不学无术的人，看到他衣袖的肘部有个破洞，想起罗蒙诺索夫整天只是一心研究学问，便自作聪明地指着他衣袖上的窟窿挖苦地说：“从那儿可以看到你的博学吗？”罗蒙诺索夫镇静地回答说：“不，一点也不，先生。从这里可以看到愚蠢！？” 罗蒙诺索夫借用衣袖上的破洞话题，严正指出用衣袖上的破洞来衡量一个人的学问，正好暴露了其愚蠢无知，对此作了尖刻的讽刺和尖锐的批评。 生活离不开借题发挥。离开借题发挥的生活是无趣的。 据说美国五星上将卡特利特·马歇尔（1880年—1959年）还利用借题发挥娶了一个漂亮的老婆。 事情的经过是，马歇尔在他驻地的一次酒会上认识了一位漂亮的小姐，酒会一结束，就请求一位小姐答应让他送她回家。这位小姐的家就在附近不远，可是马歇尔开了一个多小时的车才把她送到家门口。小姐于是问：“你来这里不是很久吧？你好像不太认识路似的。”马歇尔微笑着借题发挥说：“我不敢那样说，如果我对这个地方不熟悉，我怎么能够开一个多小时的车，而一次也没有经过你家的门口呢？”这位小姐听出了这位心慕已久的将军的意思，于是也“借题发挥”，干脆嫁给了马歇尔。实际上，马歇尔是最初的出题者。 运用借题发挥这一方法，我们可以就对手所提的话题易位思考，让论敌置身于我方的地位，甚至仿照对方的判断，以加倍于对方所使用的力量还击对手。 俄罗斯的一个著名的丑角演员杜罗夫一次正在休息，—个观众讥讽他说：“丑角先生，观众对你非常欢迎吧？”杜罗夫说：“还好。”那个观众又说：“你是不是生来就有一张愚蠢而又古怪的脸，所以受到观众欢迎呢？”杜罗夫于是回答说：“是的。如果我有一张像先生您那样的脸蛋，我一定能够拿到双薪。”那个观众听了，只好灰溜溜地走了，因为他懂得杜罗夫的意思是：如果我不是由于表演艺术而是由于一张又丑又蠢的脸才受到观众的欢迎，那么你的脸加倍愚蠢和丑怪，就可以拿双份薪水了。 谁说“百无一用是书生”！但是，一个书生要在借题发挥中获得胜利，不仅需要敢于讽刺，还要让语言通俗易懂。 清朝的洛阳才子孟习欧一天在某个裁缝处因为衣着平平而受到冷遇，后又因为被认出是个才子而受到敬重，于是应裁缝之请，借题发挥吟“诗”一首：“一条钢针明粼粼，拿在手上抖精神。眼睛长在屁股上，只认衣裳不认人。”裁缝离不开针，而针又和裁缝相类，都是“眼睛长在屁股上，只认衣裳不认人”。孟习欧借裁缝的题和裁缝的针恣意发挥，用极其通俗的语言，对这个裁缝进行了辛辣的讽刺。 借题发挥关键是看借什么题，题大影响才大。在外交场合，借题发挥方法的运用，常常能够收到神奇的效果。 1960年4月，周恩来总理在尼泊尔首都举行记者招待会，当谈到中尼两国对珠穆朗玛峰的看法不一致的时候，有美国记者问：“关于珠峰问题，你在这次会谈中是否已经作出决定？你刚才讲的话，含义是由中尼两国把它平分。” 周恩来借记者提问之机，寥寥数语，就巧妙地重申了中国的睦邻友好政策：“无所谓平分，我们还要继续进行友好的协商，这个山峰把我们两国联结在一起，不像你所想的那样会把我们两国分开。” ◎引用对方的事例批驳对方 所谓借力打力，就是借助于对方所举的事实或引用的理论，巧妙地换一个角度，借题发挥，使问题回到本方立场上来，或者得出有利于本方的结论。借力打力能起到“四两拨千斤”的作用。 先看关于“人类社会应重义轻利”辩论中的一节辩词： 正方：任何脱离了义的利都是万恶之源。四川某地有一个招生办主任叫石仁富（音）向考生受贿40多万元，他富是富了，可是仁义却没有了呀！ 反方：请问对方，他是为了利吗？我们认为，他的举动，完全有害于人民，有害于社会，那是害呀！ 对那个受贿的招办主任，正方认为他是为了利，因利而忘义；而反方借助对方这个事例，变换立场，认为这是有害于人民与社会，得出这是“害”的结论。“利”与“害”两个词分量不同，性质不同，反方的定性更准确些。反方借力打力，体现了高超的应变才能。 再看关于“人性本善”的辩论中的一段辩词： 正方：我倒想请问对方辩友，在人性本恶之下，我们为什么要法律，为什么要惩治的制度呢？ 反方：对呀，这不正好论证了我方观点嘛！（笑声、掌声）如果人性都是善的还要法律和规范干什么？（掌声） 正方台湾大学队举出现实中存在着法律与惩治制度，以此来证明“人性本善”，因为人都是恶的，就不会建立法律与惩治制度，去限制和打击“恶”。但反方复旦大学队以正方的同一前提出发，变换立场和角度，得出了与对方截然相反的结论：如果“人性本善”就根本不必制定什么法律与惩治制度，正因为现实中存在着法律与惩治制度，那就证明人性不善。反方用正方所举的事实，给正方的立论以致命的打击，并巧借对方之口，论证了己方的观点。 ◎逆境中的借题发挥 有时，对方提出的问题和自己想说的话不一致，这时，就应该大胆地跳出提问的范围，借题发挥，谈出自己的见解来。 宋朝的《过庭录》中记载：北宋官僚王质，开饭时，桌上罗列着种种珍美的菜肴。恰好王质家聘用的教师水先生来了，王质指着这些菜肴问水先生：“请您看看，哪一样菜最能下饭？” 水先生仔细端详了所有的菜肴，好一会儿才说：“这些菜都不怎么样，只有'饥饿'是最能下饭的。” 在这个故事中，王质是想在水先生面前夸耀一下自己的阔绰，然而水先生不想捧场，非但不想捧场，还想泼一瓢凉水。于是，水先生便在众“菜肴”之外，又答出“饥饿”来作为“下饭”之最佳者。 1920年2月18日，列宁接受了美国《纽约晚报》记者的采访，其中一个问题是“对盟国要求交出战犯的看法如何？” 列宁回答道：“如果要认真的话，那么战犯就是各国的资本家。把土地超过100公顷的地主和资本超过10万法郎的资本家全部交给我们吧。我们一定能教会他们从事有益的劳动，教会他们不再扮演可耻的、卑鄙的、血腥的角色，充当剥削者和为瓜分殖民地而发动战争的罪犯。这样，战争很快就会绝迹了。” 当时，第一次世界大战刚刚结束不久，美英法等盟国正在向战败的德奥等国要求交出战犯。这些战犯一般都是战争时期的军政要人。列宁认为，“战犯就是各国的资本家”这一见解是与众不同的。因此，列宁的回答也是属于“跳出圈子”答题的妙例，它能给世界人民以极深刻的启迪。若在原问题给定的范围内打转转，无论如何也表达不了如此深邃的思想。 ★以毒攻毒，针锋相对 辩论对手有时候会对你恶意攻击，企图影响辩论者的情绪。此时，如果对方是恶意攻击，辩论者就要借用对方的技法，针锋相对，反唇相讥。 ◎针锋相对语言的特点 针锋相对要注意语言的运用。 一、和谐的语言形式 1900年，美法等八国联军侵入中国，先后占领了天津和北京，腐败的清政府吓得慌作一团，急忙屈膝求和。在一次清政府与八国联军代表议和的会议上，有一联军代表傲慢地对清政府代表说：“听说你们中国有一种独特的文学形式，叫做对联形式。现在我出一首上联，诸位能对上吗？”说罢，他环视一下四周大声念道：“琴瑟琵琶，八大王，王王在上。”八国代表马上明白了他的意思，发出一阵狂笑。 面对对方的挑衅，清政府的代表，有的尴尬、苦笑，有的虽然怒目圆睁，却无词答对。忽然，一位年轻的秘书霍地站起来，随口高声念出下联：“魑魅魍魉，四小鬼，鬼鬼犯边。” 八国联军代表听罢，相视愕然，目瞪口呆。 这位秘书运用针锋相对，就是针对八国联军这些侵略者不可一世的傲慢态度，同样对之以下联。不但对仗工整，而且运用对联形式，义正词严地指责了对方的侵略“犯边”。 嘲讽人，有时用散句，有时用韵文；有时引经据典，有时寻章摘句；有时讲寓言、说笑话，有时对诗句、用俗语。或明或暗，海阔天空，灵活机动。针锋相对的语言表达形式，常以与对方的表达形式对称为高明之举。即是说，对方以诗句嘲你，你必须也以诗句回敬；对方摘引了经典上的句子，你也得对之以经典上的句子，不然即等于承认自己无学识而甘拜下风。 二、同一的攻击目标 19世纪德国诗人海涅是个犹太人，常常遭到无礼的攻击。在一次晚会上，一个旅行家对海涅说：“你知道在塔希提岛上最引起我注意的是什么？在那岛上居然没有犹太人和驴子！” 这位旅行家把犹太人和驴子相提并论，借以侮辱是犹太人的海涅。海涅哪里能吃这个哑巴亏？他听了冷静地答道：“不过这种状况是可以改变的——要是你我一起到塔希提岛上，就会弥补这个缺陷！”旅行家被奚落得面红耳赤。这位旅行家知道，海涅说没有犹太人和驴子的岛上，因为去了海涅（犹太人）和他这位旅行家就弥补了这个缺陷，显然，是将他比作“驴子”无疑了。 海涅的针锋相对之所以有力，就是因为他没有回避论题，而是镇定自若，面对恶语攻击，就地取材，并同样以侮辱对方的人格为针锋相对之“箭”，充分体现了攻击目标的同一性的特点。 针锋相对有一个特殊规律，即反击的性质不由自身决定而由攻击者决定。如果对方发动攻击时是侮辱性的，则反击也是侮辱性的。对方如果是带着几分讥讽的，反击也就得带几分讥讽。如果对方发动攻击是调笑性的，反击的语言同样也应是调笑性的。对方以我生理缺陷或人格为戏谑，我方必也以其生理的毛病或人格为回讽目标。如对方以我姓名字号开心，我也须从他这方面做文章。这样做，虽然回旋余地小，难度大，但是具有较大的反击力。倘若别人说我品德有亏，我却只说他生理缺陷，则令反击苍白无力。 三、把握言辞的分寸 就戏谑人的动机上来讲，有善意与恶意之分；就被嘲讽者与反还者的关系上来论，有亲疏、远近、尊卑之别。因此，反还讲究分寸性，“点到为止”，即恰到好处，不可穷追不舍。失去分寸，即或反还得胜，也将造成得不偿失的严重后果，影响辩论的理想效果。分寸适度与否，往往取决于反还方式的选择与词语的运用。 ◎针锋相对在论辩中的重要作用 针锋相对运用的原则，是不回避原论题，要针尖对麦芒，要锐化攻击的锋芒。针锋相对运用的方法，是借对方的技法，成套地搬用对方的逻辑，用对方讲的道理和办法来组织反击的语言。 被称为铁石心肠的日本总理大臣吉田茂，晚年丧妻。在一次记者招待会上，一位风骚的西方女记者故意挑逗他：“请问阁下，您对女人感不感兴趣？”显然，在公众场合向一位国家领导人提出这样的问题，是极不礼貌的。吉田茂看了这位女记者一眼后，冷冷地答道：“过去很感兴趣，但自从看到你以后，我对女人就再也没有兴趣了。”这位风骚的女记者被当众奚落，自讨了个没趣。 针锋相对这一论辩技巧往往都是在一瞬间完成的，因此，它要求论辩者头脑冷静，思维敏捷，反应神速，遇变不惊，对对方的恶语不躲不惧，直面迎击。 约翰·威克斯是英国18世纪的一位作家和政治活动家。有一天，上议员桑得韦奇当众辱骂他说：“你将来不是死于梅毒，就是死于绞架。”威克斯答道：“那就要看我是拥抱阁下的情妇还是亲吻阁下的理论。” 威克斯的反击既冷静沉着，又出语如刃，足以削铁。 针锋相对面对对方的挑衅，既能维护自己的尊严，又能维护自己的利益。 ◎针锋相对的运用幽默 有一天，著名诗人海涅正在伏案创作，突然，有人敲门，原来是仆人送来一件邮包。寄件人是海涅的朋友梅厄先生。海涅因紧张地写作而感到有些疲倦，又因被人打断写作思路而显得很不高兴。他不耐烦地打开邮包，撕了一层又一层，终于拿出了一张小小的纸条。只见小纸条上写着短短的几句话：“亲爱的海涅，我健康而又快活！衷心地致以问候。你的梅厄。” 虽然海涅感到不耐烦，但是这个玩笑还是逗得他十分快乐，疲倦感也随即消失。他调整情绪后，决定对他的朋友也开一个玩笑。 过了几天，梅厄先生收到了海涅的一个邮包。邮包非常沉重，以至于他无法把它带回家。他只好雇了一名脚夫帮他扛回家去。到家后，梅厄打开了沉重的邮包，惊奇地发现里面居然是一块大石头。石头上有一张便条，上面写着：“亲爱的梅厄！看了你的信，知道你又健康又快活，我心上的这块大石落地了。我把它寄送给你，以永远纪念我对你的爱。” 人生路上，总会有些不如意，总会有些无奈。而幽默这种特殊的情绪表现，可以淡化人的消极情绪，消除沮丧和痛苦；让我们寻回幻想和自信，让我们脱离尴尬的窘境，让我们的心态在沉重的压力下得到松弛和休息。 幽默的人心智成熟，他们知道人生苦多乐少，一方面懂得用幽默消除