Chapter 2 The first article, each show their special abilities

★Constitution of the main body of the debate 1. The advocate and the defense A debater refers to a person who participates in a debate on the same thing or matter and the opposite side that holds a different point of view from oneself.In the simplest form of debate, at least two opposing debaters must participate. The defense refers to a debate camp composed of debaters with the same or similar views.Each defense has at least one advocate; in most cases, there are often several advocates.To constitute an act of debate, two or more opposing defense parties must participate.The condition for the defense to be composed of defenders is that they must hold the same or similar views on the same thing or reason.

There are generally two ways of their composition: one is a closely related union.For example, in a debate competition, each defense party is organized and planned, has a unified strategy, and has a strict division of labor.All the debaters within it consciously and actively cooperate in the debate, and jointly fight against the "enemy".The other is a loose association.Some academic debates often fall into this category.Another example is that some debaters who do not know each other agree and support each other in the debate just because they have the same or similar views. However, they have not formed a strict organization, and there is no unified procedure. They admit to having formed a defence, sometimes unaware of themselves that they have in fact become the same defence, and it is up to their opposing defense (or audience) to acknowledge or declare that they are one.In debates, some defenses stay the same throughout (as is the case with debate contests), and some don't.

Regardless of whether it is a close alliance or a loose alliance, as the debate develops and deepens, the original composition of a certain defense will change, disintegrate or regroup, and the number of defenses will increase or decrease accordingly. This is often the case. 2. The form of the main body of the debate 1. Multiple debates Around the same debate topic, three or more opposing defense parties are formed, which is a multi-party debate.This kind of debate activity is very complicated, and it can be manifested in the following forms: There are multiple defenders in the confrontation, each with only one defender;

Among the multiple defenses facing each other, one of the defenses has only one defender, and the other defenses each have two or more defenders; Among the multiple defenses in the confrontation, some defenses (not only one side) each have only one advocate, and other defenses (not only one side) each have two or more advocates; There are multiple defenses against each other, and each side has two or more defenders. In this kind of debate, there are many different viewpoints, and the number of debaters participating in the battle is also large.Every debater must be familiar with the viewpoints of all parties, and be able to refute viewpoints different from his own one by one with sufficient conclusive evidence and logically rigorous argumentation methods in order to win.

Such a debate places high demands on every debater.Especially when there is only one debater for a defense party, he will encounter more difficulties and be in a more unfavorable position. Therefore, the debater who participates in the battle must have sufficient knowledge, strong offensive and defensive capabilities, and strict discipline. Organization and concerted efforts, only in this way can we deal with our opponents with ease, so as to ensure the victory of our own point of view. The reason why there are multi-party debates is mostly because a complex debate topic has multiple meanings, and the debaters participating in the battle have different positions, understanding angles, and methods, so they each hold on to one end and are at a stalemate.There are many cases of multi-party debates in the academic contention of various disciplines.This kind of debate can sometimes distinguish right from wrong, but more often it is difficult to distinguish right from wrong.Winning or losing can't be judged, we can only hold a stalemate for a long time, or seek common ground while reserving differences.

It should be noted that some debates may be two-party or multi-party debates from beginning to end.In some debates, the two may be mixed. At the beginning, it is a two-party debate, and then it becomes complicated and becomes a multi-party debate; Variety.In short, the form of debate subjects is quite complex and changeable. 2. Both sides debate Bipartisan debates are debates in which there are only two opposing defenses.Due to the number of debaters in the defense, it is divided into the following situations. ①A debate of many debaters against many debaters This is a more complex debate exercise.Both sides have two or more debaters each.In this kind of debate, both sides have strict organization and careful arrangements. They must give full play to the role of each debater on their own side, pool their wisdom and efforts, and strive to win.This kind of debate requires both parties to make full preparations before the debate, to unify their understanding, to determine the basic point of view, and to clarify the internal division of labor; At the critical moment of the debate, both sides must ensure the offensive and defensive of their own core or leaders, so that they can defeat the opponent and put the "enemy" to death in order to win; , everyone should work together to rescue, plug the loopholes, fill the gaps, and leave no opportunity for the other party.Debating competitions, diplomatic negotiations, and trade negotiations are mostly debates of this type.

②A debate between one debater and several debaters There are two opposing parties, one of which has only one advocate, and the other has two or more advocates. This kind of debate is more complicated. A defense with a large number of debaters has a large number of people, and it is easy to overwhelm the opponent in terms of momentum.As long as the steps are consistent, the organization is orderly, everyone goes into battle together, the barriers are strict, the will is united, the point of view is clarified, and the reason is thoroughly explained, the opponent is difficult to parry.A large number of people is conducive to the victory of the debate, but there are also disadvantages. If the organization is lax, the pace is inconsistent, neglect to take care of each other, and hinder each other, it is easy to expose flaws and give people opportunities to take advantage of.Therefore, if the party with a large number of people wants to give full play to the advantages of the large number of people, it must pay close attention to the cooperation and echo between them, and adjust their pace from time to time, so that all the debaters on their side can attack and defend well, cooperate tacitly, and be orderly, so as to win. possible.

However, the defense with only one debater is alone and alone. To confront the crowd, it needs to be calm and calm, not panic when changing, firm in the courage and confidence to overcome the "enemy", calmly attack and defend, and take into account multiple aspects.It is necessary to fully express one's own views and opinions, and to refute the other party with sufficient reasons.We must be good at grasping the main contradiction, capture the king first when capturing the thief, and concentrate our efforts to defeat the core figures of the opponent, and the rest will be easily broken.In the attack, we must also be good at grasping the opponent's weak link as a breakthrough, and trap the "enemy" in a passive position.In short, one person must pay more wisdom and fight hard if one person fights against others.If the understanding is correct, it is not uncommon to give full play to one's courage and wisdom, and it is not uncommon for the weak to defeat the strong.In Zhuge Liang's battle against Confucianism, it is a well-known example of winning a one-to-many debate.

③A debate between one debater and one debater There are two opposing defenses, each with one advocate.This is a relatively simple debate.Because in the confrontation, the debaters on both sides do not need to be distracted to consider the coordination and care with the allies, and there is no interference. As long as they are decisive on the spot, they can go their own way, attack or defend, and both sides can easily concentrate their attention. The firepower is also concentrated. ★Debating should show your own personality charm What people show in the debate process is not only his debate skills, but also his dazzling personality image, and the latter is just a kind of charming thing that is contained in the debate but transcends it. , is also the most commendable thing.

A person has the inner beauty of the spiritual state in the soul, and the same kind of corresponding harmonious beauty in the physical posture and behavior.When a debater with full strength of personality combines artistic debate skills, graceful debating demeanor with perfect heart and character, what he will show people is not just the debate itself, but a whole An art of wisdom, of goodness, and of beauty. When people accept what another person says and argues, the first thing they accept is not the content of what they say or argue, but the character and character of the speaker himself.If a person's personality and moral character cannot be accepted and recognized convincingly, then his point of view will be greatly discounted in the process of being accepted.If the personality is not perfect and the taste of being a person is not high, then this person's eloquence is essentially eloquent.And a person with perfect personality and noble morality will fully reflect human wisdom and the beauty of human nature in his speech and behavior.

Anyone who regards debate as a game of skill will not put in the effort to dissect and analyze the topic of debate theoretically, but engage in debate with the help of some vulgar examples and low-interest gimmicks, and even replace theory with emotion, pretending to be Posture incites the sympathy of the audience.Perhaps, this kind of inferior debating technique will succeed for a while, but fundamentally, it has stepped into the misunderstanding of debating. The emergence of personality strength, of course, depends on knowledge and theoretical literacy.In modern society, almost no one can become the kind of encyclopedic wise man in ancient Greek society. Most people can only master the knowledge in related fields, and it is impossible to master all the knowledge.Under such circumstances, whoever accumulates more knowledge has more right to speak.No one can study all the social issues, but a real eloquent should have knowledge accumulation and theoretical literacy, be able to draw extensively from many sources in debates, integrate them thoroughly, and make opponents have nothing to take advantage of; good theoretical cultivation can make us go deeper. , Newer, and broader grasp of the topic, judge right and wrong, deal with problems, and keep opponents out of reach. The organic combination of profound knowledge and good theoretical literacy will bring us a certain charm to a certain extent, thus giving people a sense of authority and trust.These undoubtedly enrich our personality strength.The stronger this influence, the more conducive to the ultimate victory. A debater is like a tree. If his personal strength is the trunk, his debating skills are but the leaves.Only when the roots are deep can the leaves flourish, and only with the radiant strength of personality can one's debating skills reach the level of superiority with ease.It is based on this thinking that we should always adhere to the following principles: ①Learn to be a man first, and then learn to argue; ②Learn to respect the personality of others first, and then learn to abide by the rules of debate. The "first" here is not the "first" of time, but the "first" of logic.That is to say, whether there are many or few people, no matter when and where you participate in any debate, respecting the personality of others and maintaining the perfection of your own personality are prerequisites or absolute orders. The quality of the debate must be high, and it must not damage the personality of the other party.At its most extreme, the most we can criticize is the statement that "prejudice is farther from the truth than ignorance."Only when both sides of the debate appear polite, will they not lose everyone's demeanor. Although the debate in public places has the nature of a game, we cannot treat it with a purely game attitude. Only by establishing a good personality image can we become a truly attractive debater. ★Abilities that a debate role should have No matter what form of debate a debater is in, if he wants to win, he must have the ability to attack fiercely, to demonstrate rigorously, to be deeply infected, to understand correctly, and to think quickly. ◎Ability to attack violently Attacks are a major feature of the debate.Debate is an argument of language, so its offensive power is mainly manifested in language.The ability of the debater to use language to attack the opponent violently is mainly manifested in the following three aspects: 1. Sharp language The language is sharp, when it is required to prove one's own argument, the finishing touch should be highlighted, the center should be highlighted, the essence should be expressed, and it should be profound and clear; , the sentence pattern is appropriate, concise and concise, with a coherent momentum, or vivid and powerful, or humorous, or pungent and playful, or steady and profound. 2. Good at attacking the vital points The key is the key to death.Grasping the key point and attacking the opponent is to grasp the main aspect of the contradiction; once the key point is solved, other problems will be easily solved.Therefore, a violent attack does not appear as a comprehensive attack that covers every aspect of the matter. On the contrary, it is easy to disperse the attack force. Talk about the enemy to death. 3. Good at catching fighters To capture a fighter is to seize the favorable opportunity to attack.If one's own side has taken the initiative and the opponent is passive, at this time, it is necessary to attack the "enemy" with a swift and powerful momentum, and attack the "enemy" verbally. ◎Ability to demonstrate rigorously In a debate, in addition to comprehensive, profound, and correct views, as well as sufficient, true, and typical arguments, it must also have rigorous logical reasoning in order to effectively prove the correctness of one's own views and refute the mistakes of the other party.In other words, the debater must also have the ability to make rigorous arguments. The ability of rigorous argumentation includes two aspects: the argumentation process must have strict logic; the language to express the argument must accurately reflect this strict logic.The former refers to the logic of thinking, and the latter refers to the logic of expression.Thinking is the basis of expression.In the debate, the debater's defense and refutation of the whole train of thought, as well as the language of the argument without flaws, no flaws, correct reasoning, rigorous exposition, flawless, impeccable, this can have a strong persuasive power. ◎The ability to deeply infect The ability of a debater to deeply infect is manifested in making full use of one's own advantages in all aspects, using various methods to attract and subdue opponents and audiences, convincing and overwhelming them, and laying the foundation for oneself to win.Infect opponents so that they are convinced of their own views and opinions, unable to resist the power of their own arguments, and willing to bow down; infect audiences so that they actively support their own views and opinions, and appreciate their debate skills and talents.All this helps to exert the influence of the debate and win. The power of the debater's profound infection is mainly reflected in three points: ① The infection of thought.The point of view and proposition of the debater must be correct, comprehensive, profound and novel, so that the opponent and the audience are deeply interested in and convinced. ② strategic infection.The debaters use superb strategies to catch the "enemy" by surprise and win.In the debate, it is refreshing to use strange soldiers and fight strange battles, so that the opponent has neither the power to fight back nor the power to parry. ③ language infection.The language and characters of the debaters are rich, vivid, profound, individual, and unique, making people love to listen and watch, fascinating. ◎The ability to understand correctly In order to make their debates very convincing, the debater must first be able to put forward comprehensive, profound and correct views on the topic of the debate; secondly, he must master sufficient, authentic and typical evidence materials to demonstrate his views eloquently, Strongly refute the other party's point of view.This requires a correct understanding. The ability to understand correctly refers to the ability to understand the objective world (including the nature and laws of various phenomena in nature and human society) scientifically and in accordance with the laws of cognition.With this ability, there is a basic condition for correctly understanding the objective, understanding and grasping the truth. There are two basic ways for people to know the objective world: one is direct knowledge, that is, to use all senses such as the mouth, eyes, nose, tongue, ears, body, etc., to personally perceive the objective world through observation, experience, investigation, experiment and other practical activities. , to obtain perceptual knowledge, on the basis of continuous accumulation of perceptual knowledge, through thinking and processing, a qualitative leap will be produced, and an abstract and generalized rational knowledge will be formed, which will be tested by practice.If this understanding conforms to objective reality, it is a correct understanding.This is the direct way to recognize.The second is indirect knowledge, that is, to know the objective world through certain media, such as books, audio-visual, film and television.In human cognitive activities, indirect knowledge is abundant and is the main source of knowledge. Direct cognition has limitations: from the perspective of time, one can only perceive the reality, and cannot directly perceive the past and future; from the perspective of space, one can only perceive the intuitive space, and cannot directly perceive the space that one is not in or cannot be in. Perceived.Even in today's technologically advanced world, there are still a very small number of people who have to borrow high-tech means that are difficult for ordinary people to directly perceive the microcosm and macrocosm.Therefore, people can only rely on indirect cognition of things and places they have not been to.Of course, it is indirect cognition for me, but it may be direct cognition for others.An astronaut knows the life in the universe directly, and we hear his report, read his article or watch the video of his space voyage, and we also know the life in the universe indirectly.So the basis of indirect knowledge is still direct knowledge.No matter which way the understanding is obtained, it must be verified by practice. Only the understanding that truly reflects the nature and laws of the objective world is the correct understanding. Therefore, what we call the ability of correct understanding includes three aspects: direct cognitive ability, indirect cognitive ability and the ability to master cognitive laws. If we want to cultivate the correct cognitive ability, we must constantly cultivate and establish a correct world view, master scientific cognitive methods, constantly practice (observation, experience, investigation, experiment, etc.), and constantly read (reading, appreciating paintings, watching, etc.) Film and television, etc.), constantly thinking, analyzing, synthesizing, summarizing, and summarizing the acquired knowledge, forming opinions and opinions, and getting the test of practice to prove its correctness. With the ability of correct understanding, one can continuously understand and grasp the truth, and continuously accumulate correct understanding, one can have extensive and profound knowledge, then one can handle debates with ease and handle them with ease, which is the first condition for victory. ◎Ability to think quickly This refers to the ability to quickly think, analyze, and judge the situation that arises in the debate, find out the crux of the problem, and quickly determine the solution. The ability to think quickly, whether in oral or written debate, is very important.It is a necessary ability to adapt to the characteristics of the presence of debate.This ability is not only reflected in the adaptability of the debate process, but also in the decision-making ability in the preparation stage of the debate.When a debater participates in a debate, he will not have a long time to think. He must quickly analyze the topic of debate, establish a point of view, draw up an argumentation method and angle, and decide on an offensive and defensive strategy in order to enter the debate as soon as possible and gain the initiative.In any debate, new problems, new situations, and new situations will continue to emerge. The debater must be able to respond sensitively to this, be able to immediately realize the existing problems, find the correct method and way to solve the problem in time, and decisively solve the problem. implement.This kind of adaptability can enable the debater to take the initiative and turn the crisis into safety when encountering a crisis; when he is in a disadvantaged position, he can turn the disadvantage into an advantage, and if he has already obtained a favorable situation, he can take the opportunity to develop this favorable situation.In short, the ability to have quick thinking is one of the important conditions for winning.Oral debate, in particular, is more on-the-spot, and the requirement for quick thinking ability is more urgent and prominent. Of course, the infection of temperament should not be ignored.A debater's good psychological quality, lovable character, proper manner and demeanor, and elegant and refined clothing can give people a sense of beauty and admiration.These factors will also play a role in the debate and help the debaters to win to a certain extent.