Chapter 365 Chapter 364 Xundi Aixinjueluo Puyi

The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in China, and Aixinjueluo Puyi was the last emperor of this last feudal dynasty.Aixinjueluo Puyi's life was full of ups and downs. In the first half of his life, he ascended the throne at the age of three, and later proclaimed himself emperor three times. When he was in power, he was the only one in name, but in fact he was no different from a prisoner; in the second half of his life, he changed from an emperor to a citizen and lived a normal He has made the positive contribution he can make to the Chinese people. On the fourteenth day of the first lunar month in the thirty-second year of Guangxu (AD 1906), a newborn baby fell to the ground in the mansion of King Chun in Beijing. This was the last emperor of China——Aixinjueluo Puyi.

Puyi's father, Zaifeng, inherited the throne when he was 8 years old. When he grew up, he followed his father's legacy, Prince Chunxian, and behaved exactly like his father.The reason why he became the imperial father like the first generation Prince Jin was not because he had a sister of the Empress Dowager as Fujin like the old Prince Jin, but because of other reasons. It turned out that although Guangxu was imprisoned in Yingtai after the Reform Movement of 1898, as long as he was alive, he would be a potential threat to Cixi and the diehards.Therefore, they tried every means to eradicate the future troubles, but due to the interference of foreigners, they failed to do so.Therefore, Cixi decided to use the "Boxers" to vent her suffocation in her chest, and at the same time, she wanted to make the big powers understand that it was she who controlled the situation in China, not Guangxu, whom the big powers tried their best to protect for their own interests.It turned out to be self-defeating, needless to say that the suffocation in the chest did not come out of it, and it was almost punished by the big powers as the "culprit".In stark contrast to this, the commander-in-chief of the Eight-Power Allied Forces, Vadersi, publicly asked Zaifeng, the fifth younger brother of Guangxu, to go to Germany to apologize for the murder of Minister Klind in the Boxer Rebellion. After Zaifeng arrived in Germany, he was solemnly received by the German royal family. Courtesy.No matter how big the big powers are, their attitude towards Guangxu has not changed.Empress Dowager Cixi, who has accumulated decades of ruling experience, knows that in the Qing Dynasty after the "Gengzi Incident", if internal and external affairs go against the wishes of foreigners, the consequences will be unpredictable.Therefore, in order to alleviate the conflicts among all parties and ensure her own status, Cixi felt that it was necessary to find a good strategy.She quickly found this "good strategy": marrying Prince Jin, the daughter of a confidant minister Rong Lu to Zaifeng, so as to win over and control Guangxu and Zaifeng.However, at this time, she might not have the idea of ​​recreating a "hidden dragon" in Prince Chun's Mansion.It should be said that it was mainly Prince Qing Yikuang and Yuan Shikai who made a great success after the Reform Movement of 1898 that contributed to the second "hidden dragon" flying out of the Prince Chun's Mansion.

Yikuang (1836-1918 AD), Aixinjueluo family, grandson of the seventeenth son of Qianlong.He is greedy, vulgar and inferior, and is good at speculation.In the Guangxu Dynasty, a Fuguo general with the lowest rank in the distant clan was moved to the prince.When the Eight-Power Allied Forces captured Beijing, he was ordered to negotiate peace and make friends with foreigners. At the same time, he was also valued by Cixi. Afterwards, he joined the Military Aircraft Department and was promoted to the high position of Chief Military Aircraft Minister. His son Zai Zhen also became Minister of the Ministry of Industry. In the same dynasty, it was prominent for a while, making the princes and ministers look sideways.

Yuan Shikai made great contributions to Empress Dowager Cixi since the Reform Movement of 1898. Since then, his official career has been prosperous and skyrocketed. In a few years, he was successively promoted from the Zhili inspector to the governor of Shandong, the governor of Zhili and the minister of Beiyang, and the minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.During this period, he spared no expense to buy Yikuang, the prince of Qing who could sell his ancestors as long as he gave money, and took advantage of the opportunity of reforming the military system to expand the new Beiyang army, making it a powerful armed group in the capital's important area, and taking various measures This method almost turned the Beiyang Army into Yuan's armed forces completely under his orders.

Yikuang's greed and vulgarity, wanting money but not ancestors, Yuan Shikai's bribery to buy upstarts, and secretly building Yuan's armed forces made Cixi a little worried.Therefore, she took the opportunity of preparing for the establishment of a constitution to raise Yuan Shikai's entry into the military aircraft office, with the intention of taking back Yuan Shikai's military power.Yuan Shikai, who has a very keen political sense, also felt that the climate was a bit abnormal during his promotion and transfer. At this time, he felt that he was far from being the opponent of the Queen Mother.As a Han official, Yuan Shikai's move did not relieve Cixi's doubts, but made her feel a terrible threat, not only to herself, but also to Aixinjueluo's country.Although the empress dowager who has ruled China for nearly half a century is in her twilight years, she is not confused about power struggles.She knew that Yuan Shikai's handing over of the Beiyang military power was not out of his original intention, and his ability to actually control the Beiyang army was far from being released overnight.By the autumn of 1908, Cixi was also seriously ill.At this moment, a shocking news came to her: Yuan Shikai was afraid that the Empress Dowager would die before Guangxu, and that Guangxu would take revenge on him if he came to power again, so he was planning to abolish Guangxu and support Yikuang's son Zaizhen as emperor.For the sake of Aixinjueluo's family and descendants, Cixi thought it was time to take decisive measures.

After repeated weighing, Cixi finally made up her mind.He ordered Yikuang, Prince of Qing, to inspect the Dongling Project. At the same time, he transferred the Beiyang Army from the sixth town under Duan Qirui, Yuan Shikai's confidant, out of Beijing, and ordered the first town under the command of Tieliang, the Minister of the Army, to go to Beijing to change its defense.On October 20th in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (AD 1908), Emperor Guangxu was critically ill. Cixi issued the decree of "Prince Chun Zaifeng appointed as Regent", and at the same time ordered Zaifeng's eldest son Puyi who was 3 years old to be sent to the court. Enter the palace to be educated.Thus arrangements were made for the succession of the imperial line of the Qing Dynasty.

Guangxu died on October 21st in the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu, and Cixi told the princes and ministers: Pu Yi, the son of the regent Zaifeng, "will inherit the Datong as the heir emperor... and the regent Zaifeng will be the supervisor of the country. Bingyu's instructions and judgments will be implemented..." At this time, Cixi didn't know that she would follow Guangxu. On the twenty-first day, she "carried out major affairs all day long, and got rest at night. Although she was very hard, her physical strength The opposite is better. The next day, at 6 o'clock, the military plane and the empress, the regent of Jianguo, and the daughter of Ronglu, Fujin, were summoned for a long time, and an edict was issued in the name of the new emperor, respecting the empress (Empress Guangxu Longyu) as the Empress Dowager".Unexpectedly, I fainted suddenly at lunch time. After waking up, I felt abnormal. Knowing that the doomsday had come, I urgently ordered the Empress Dowager Longyu and the regent of the Jianguo, etc., saying: "I am now in critical condition, and I am afraid that I will not be able to afford it. From now on, all military and state affairs will be handled by the regent." The king ruled that in case of major events, the empress dowager must be asked to order, and the regent king can ask for it at any time." After making such arrangements, Cixi returned to heaven with peace of mind.She fully thought that with Guangxu's brothers regent and supervisor of the country, and her own niece adjudicating "major events", the Qing Dynasty would be safe.

After the death of Guangxu and Cixi, after more than half a month of preparation and planning, the princes and ministers proposed that the new emperor will hold the "enthronement ceremony" on November 9th, Guangxu 34, with the year name Xuantong, and change the next year to the first year of Xuantong. Since Puyi proclaimed himself emperor at the age of 3 and became the "True Dragon Son of Heaven", just like the previous emperors, he never heard others call his name.The empresses and concubines of Emperor Tong and Guang as well as his grandmother and biological parents all called him "emperor", the princes and ministers in the court, civil and military officials and later his masters called him "emperor", and eunuchs, court ladies and nurses called him "long live". Father" or "Old Man".Since then, he has been cultivated and molded from different aspects to have the special personality of "True Dragon Son of Heaven".The eunuchs told him: everything on the ground and even the blue sky above his head belonged to the "emperor", and all the people in the world were the subjects and servants of the "emperor".As he grew older, the indoctrination of real life made him gradually understand: the yellow on all the utensils of his clothing, food, housing and transportation is a bright yellow that only the "son of heaven" can enjoy; Everyone kneels down and kowtows when they see him, no matter if they are brothers of the same generation or elders in the relatives, no matter if it is an old man with white hair or a master who taught him to read, without exception; when he says "hungry", someone cheers for him When he wants to sleep, someone will make his bed and wash his feet; when he wants to get up, someone will dress him and wash his face; It was all designed for him, and everyone in the city had to revolve around him. This was the case for 3 years in office, and it was also the same for 12 years after he abdicated to enjoy the preferential treatment of the Republic of China.Obsessed with and influenced by subtle influences, Pu Yi has gradually established the belief that the world is the only one who is superior to himself since he was a child.

Just when the ancient Forbidden City carefully cast the last "True Dragon Emperor" of the Qing Dynasty according to the traditional model, the entire Qing Empire has long since become a dilapidated leaky boat. No matter how Aixinjueluo tried his best, It is also difficult to make it advance half a step in the long river of Chinese history, and finally sank in the storm of the Revolution of 1911. After Puyi ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, in accordance with Cixi's last decree, his father, the regent of Jianguo, was in charge of the government. If there were any major difficulties, he had to ask the Empress Dowager Longyu for instructions.However, no matter whether it is the regent of Jianguo or the empress dowager Longyu, it is impossible for anyone to formulate and implement major national policies at will and determine the fate of civil and military courtiers and even the emperor like Cixi did during his lifetime.

After Zaifeng took charge of the government, due to the situation, in order to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty, he continued to implement the policy of winning people's hearts with a constitution established by Cixi during his lifetime, and ordered to step up preparations for the constitution. His brother Guangxu killed Yuan Shikai for 10 years as a prisoner of Yingtai.Although Zaifeng announced that he was acting as the regent of the country as the general of the country's army and navy, and ordered his younger brothers Zai Xun and Zai Tao to be the Minister of the Navy and the Minister of the Military Counselor, but the command of the Beiyang Army under Yuan Shikai's orders; The important Manchu ministers discussed killing Yuan Shikai to avenge his brother, but Prince Qing Yikuang strongly opposed it on the grounds that "if Yuan Shikai is killed, what should the Beiyang army do if the rebellion happens?"At this time, Yuan Shikai's old friend, the British Minister Zhu Erdian personally tried to protect him many times, but in the end he could only send Yuan Shikai back to his hometown in Zhangde, Henan Province to "recover his illness" under the pretext of suffering from "foot disease".This failed to cut Yuan Shikai's connection with the Manchu and Han courtiers such as Central Yikuang and Xu Shichang, nor did it relieve his ability to actually control the Beiyang Army.The various measures and attempts of the regent of Jianguo to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty were not only ineffective, but accelerated the pace of the Qing Dynasty's death.

On August 19, the third year of Xuantong (AD 1911), the revolutionaries succeeded in the uprising in Wuchang, and several provinces in the south and west responded to the news. The storm of the Revolution of 1911 swept most of China.The Beiyang elite sent by the Qing government to go south to suppress the revolutionaries did not listen to the orders of the Manchu generals.The regent Zaifeng had no choice but to accept the suggestion of Yikuang, Xu Shichang and others, and reappoint Yuan Shikai.The scheming Yuan Shikai used the Beiyang Army as his capital and foreign aggression forces as his backer. He cleverly played double-handed tactics, first borrowing the power of bourgeois revolutionaries to coerce the Qing government into granting him full military and political power, otherwise he would use the excuse of "unhealed illness" , stayed in Zhangde and refused to go out of the mountains; when the military and political power came into his hands, he used the Qing Dynasty in Beijing, the force in his hands, and the false promise of pro-republic to lure the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen to finally make a decision that only Yuan Shikai would defect and overthrow the Qing Dynasty. Ting, in favor of the republic, that is, his decision to serve as the interim president of the newly established Republic of China.In order to achieve the despicable goal of taking the world for himself, Yuan Shikai turned his hands into clouds and turned his hands into rain. For a while, he instructed the generals of the Beiyang Army to electrify the Nanjing Provisional Government to oppose the republic to the death; The request will be fought with military remonstrance, and the Qing court will be required to abdicate on its own.On the other hand, he pretended to be loyal to the imperial court and had to adapt to the current situation, and persuaded the empress dowager and the regent to hand over their power, so as to avoid the tragedy of "Louis's descendants are left behind" in China during the French Revolution.At the same time, Yuan Shikai repeatedly stated that he would "never let the orphans and widows down" (referring to Puyi and Longyu), and threw out a "Regulations on Preferential Treatment" aimed at showing his loyalty and prompting the Qing court to make up his mind early. The main clauses stipulated that : After the Qing emperor abdicated himself, "the honorary name still exists", he temporarily lived in the Forbidden City, and later moved to the Summer Palace; the new government of the Republic of China was responsible for protecting the original private property of the Qing emperor, and allocated 4 million taels a year for the royal family to enjoy (recasting a new style After the silver coin, it is 4 million yuan). Under the fatal blow of the Revolution of 1911, the Empress Dowager Longyu and the princes and ministers accepted Yuan Shikai's "Preferential Treatment Regulations" in desperation in order to preserve the title of Emperor of the Qing Dynasty and their respective wealth and lives. On February 12, 1912, Empress Dowager Longyu issued the imperial edict of Qing Emperor Puyi's abdication.The next day, Yuan Shikai publicly stated that he was in favor of the "Republic", and Sun Yat-sen submitted his resignation to the Senate of the Nanjing Provisional Government. On the 15th, Yuan Shikai succeeded Sun Yat-sen and became the interim president of the Republic of China. The Qing Dynasty perished, but the title of Emperor Xuantong survived.Since then, not only the successive presidents of the Republic of China such as Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong, Xu Shichang, etc., no matter in private letters or official documents, they all called Puyi "His Majesty the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty". The well-known "trend figure" respectfully and respectfully called Pu Yi the "Emperor". Before Feng Yuxiang launched the "Beijing Coup" in 1924, Puyi was still as lonely as before his abdication, and he used thousands of people in the Forbidden City to live a life that was almost the same as that of an emperor before his abdication.Like the previous emperors of the Qing Dynasty, when Puyi abdicated at the age of 6, the Qintian Supervisor selected a good day and auspicious day, and began to go to school.The study is located in the Yuqing Palace where Guangxu used to study when he was a child.The emperor's schooling is naturally different from ordinary people.Every class, Puyi first took the gold-roofed yellow sedan chair to Yuqing Palace, sat on the seat with the north facing the south, and then the eunuch delivered the textbooks that should be learned that day, and then the teacher came in again, After saluting to the apprentices he taught, he began to teach and read. As an apprentice, Puyi always sat still, and there was no need to salute to the master, because "although a teacher is a minister, even an apprentice is a king." Under the deliberate cultivation of his masters and influenced by the things in the Forbidden City, Puyi gradually understood his own identity and status as he grew older, and began to be a "good emperor" and a "true emperor" from the bottom of his heart. up.Since he was a child, he first learned from the eunuchs and then from his masters that the world belonged to him. It was only because of the hateful Yuan Shikai and the terrible Sun Wen that he became the "emperor" in the Forbidden City. The whole world was "give up" to the Republic of China.Although Yuan Shikai, Li Yuanhong, Feng Guozhang, and Xu Shichang, the presidents of the Republic of China who were the former subjects of the Qing Dynasty, to Wu Peifu, Zhang Zuolin, Lu Rongting and other "heroes in troubled times", they respected the "Emperor of the Qing Dynasty" on the surface, although the old and young scattered in various places went up to pay respects from time to time and came to see them, With tears in his eyes, he expressed that he would help him "restore his ancestral business", but once he got the "reward", he never heard from him; even though the braid commander Zhang Xun led thousands of braid troops to help him "re-emerge as a great treasure" in 1917, he only became the "true emperor" for 12 days. ", then fell off the "throne" again, declaring restoration and bankruptcy, but in Puyi's mind, the world is still his, and the masters always want him to suffer, "suffer his will first, work his muscles and bones", waiting for God Then drop the "big responsibility" to him.Therefore, Puyi began to display the majesty of the "Son of Heaven" in the Forbidden City when he was more than 10 years old, and sincerely learned to be a "good emperor", preparing to go out to be a king of the world once the situation gathers and the sky falls. "True Emperor". To be a "good emperor", one must first have the authority under his command and the ability to distinguish between loyal and traitorous.When Puyi was still eight or nine years old, he tested his authority on submissive eunuchs.When he didn't like it, he beat and scolded the eunuchs to vent his anger, and the eunuchs had no complaints; when he was happy, he tried different ways to test the loyalty of the eunuchs, and the eunuchs were at their mercy.Once, in order to prove his authority and the loyalty of the eunuchs, he picked out an eunuch at random and asked him to eat a pile of dirty things on the ground. Dirty things are eaten. After more than 10 years old, Puyi began to show his ability to distinguish "loyalty and traitor" on "Big Right and Wrong".When he was 12 years old, Yikuang passed away, and his family asked for posthumous title. Pu Yi remembered how Chen Baochen often said that Yikuang ruined the Qing Dynasty, so he wrote down "absurd" and "ugly". , "You" and other words are used as "evil posthumous posthumous titles", and the Ministry of Internal Affairs is asked to choose one to bestow on Yikuang.After hearing the news, his biological father, Zaifeng, asked many parties to change the gift, but Puyi cried and made noises, and refused to give up an inch.Later, Zaifeng asked the Hanlin of Nanshufang to draw up a word "secret". Puyi thought that the character "secret" was not a good character, so he reluctantly agreed. When I thought about it, I thought it was too cheap, but it was too late to change it.This matter was quite favored by Chen Baochen and other masters, and it was also widely praised among the elders. Liang Dingfen even praised Puyi as "the true hero" in his diary for this! Puyi has to work hard to be a "good emperor" and a "true emperor". ", and what he did under the influence of newspapers and foreign masters disappointed them. As he grew older, Puyi became more and more curious about the world beyond the Forbidden City.Under the deliberate induction and influence of his British master Johnston, he began to gradually "foreignize" and become a British-style enlightened monarch.Therefore, he did not "enter" the "imperial meal", but only wanted to eat Western food; he did not wear traditional clothes, but insisted on wearing a suit; The living people who "pass the decree" don't use it, but install the phone; they don't read the books of sages and sages, but only like to subscribe to various newspapers.What's more, for the convenience of riding a bicycle, he ordered all the thresholds in the palace to be cut off; for fun, he called famous restaurants from time to time to send a few tables of meals to a random place; Out of curiosity, he actually called the "fashionable person" Hu Shi to the palace to see what he looked like, and even wrote some novels, articles, new poems, etc., and posted them out under a pseudonym... These can still be tolerated by the Chinese masters, but there is one thing that they cannot tolerate anyway, and that is Puyi leaving the Forbidden City to study abroad!It turned out that due to the influence of the British master Johnston, Pu Yi believed that to be an enlightened monarch, he had to learn something new and see the world, and more importantly, he wanted the support and help of the Western powers that could influence the political situation in China at that time.All this can never be done in the Forbidden City.Therefore, in the name of rewards for a long time, he asked his second brother Pu Jie to take away a large number of Qing palace treasures and advance funds for going abroad.But how did he know that, except for Johnston and Pu Jie, everyone in the Forbidden City desperately opposed his trip abroad.Just when he made a secret agreement with Johnston to sneak out of the Forbidden City, somehow the news leaked out, and all the troops in the Forbidden City were mobilized together, and the "imperial father" outside the city, Zaifeng, also rushed over after hearing the news, and knelt outside the palace gate in unison. , Preventing them from going out, and stating that if Pu Yi does not give up, he will never get up, successfully destroying their plan to leave.No matter how violent the little emperor is this time, the princes and ministers headed by the "imperial father" Zaifeng, as well as the Chinese masters and concubines, will not make any concessions, because once the emperor leaves, all the preferential conditions will be automatically given up, and they will rely on the Forbidden City for food. The "relatives of the emperor" who get rich will lose everything they have. In order to lock the little emperor's heart, the concubine and princes decided to marry Puyi as soon as possible.After many consultations and the "Emperor's Approval", the candidate was quickly determined. On December 1, 1922, the "Emperor Xuantong" in the Forbidden City held a grand wedding ceremony.The president of the Republic of China, Li Yuanhong, sent a large number of military guards to escort him, and first presented a congratulatory gift of 10,000 yuan in the name of the Republic of China government, and then congratulated and presented generous gifts with other warlords and politicians in their own names.At that time, although the Republic had been established for more than 10 years, the title of "Emperor of the Qing Dynasty" still had considerable prestige and appeal in society.As the "emperor", Puyi got married once and had two wives: Empress, the daughter of Rongyuan of the Guobuluo family in Zhengbai Banner of Manchuria, named Wanrong, styled Muhong, 17 years old; Concubine Shu, daughter of Duan Gong of the Manchurian Erdete family Name Wenxiu, 14 years old. The young "son of heaven", one queen and one concubine, according to the concubine and the princes, it is time to settle down for a while.But they never expected that the reason why Puyi got married "with grace" and was willing to marry two daughters-in-law at once was because this is what the emperor should have, not because he thought it was necessary. At this time, he was still thinking about how to escape In the Forbidden City, go out to display your ambitions, and plan how to start "pro-government" after marriage.As for husband and wife, family, I never thought about it at all.As a result, on the first night of the wedding, according to the ancestral system, the emperor and the empress had to spend in the wedding room of Kunning Palace, but the groom was surrounded by the dark red colors of the room—red curtains, red quilts, red clothes, red skirts, and red flowers. , the red face of the bride... so disturbed that he went back to the Hall of Mental Cultivation alone to meditate on how to "restore the ancestral property" after marriage. On November 5, 1924, Puyi finally left the Forbidden City that he wanted to leave day and night.But this was neither the success of his own plan, nor the result of concessions by the concubines and princes, but Feng Yuxiang, who participated in the second Zhifeng War and followed Wu Peifu into Shanhaiguan, suddenly turned against him and launched the "Beijing Coup", driving the small court out of power. Out of the Forbidden City.So far, Puyi ended his 15 years of "Emperor of the Qing Dynasty" life. When Puyi was expelled from the palace, he told Feng Yuxiang's representative Lu Zhonglin and a group of soldiers that he had long wanted to be a citizen instead of being an emperor, and said: "Being an emperor is not free. Now I can get Free!" Although these words have other backgrounds, they are not all lies, but the "freedom" he said is to "freely" follow his own wishes to "restore the ancestral property". The princes and ministers imposed various restrictions and constraints on him. However, in the first few days after Puyi hurriedly moved into his father's residence in Beifu, everything around him made him feel desperate.The surrounding area of ​​Beifu was guarded by Feng Yuxiang's army, which cut off all communication with the outside world. There was only one "Prince" who always seemed to have a fire on his buttocks and was always running around all day long. for the prince). It's true that there is no unparalleled road, and it didn't take long for Puyi to feel that the climate in Beifu had changed.First, the masters and princes and ministers who did not know where to go appeared next to him one after another, and then some news that made him feel relieved and excited: the envoys of the Netherlands, Britain, Japan and other countries jointly lodged a "protest" to the authorities of the Republic of China. , Then the Japanese Garrison Headquarters in Tianjin sent a message saying that in order to protect the safety of Beifu, the Japanese barracks in Beijing would not hesitate to take "resolute measures"; Feng Yuxiang was gone, and then the provisional government was reorganized and took office.Therefore, the princes and ministers, the old and the young, gathered in Beifu one after another to advise Puyi on the basis of "restoring the ancestral business".But how to restore the ancestral property?Some people asked him to go to the embassy area in Dongjiaomin Lane first to ensure safety; In Beifu, strive to restore preferential conditions.All factions are trying their best to draw the "emperor" to their side for their own benefit. Amidst the clamor and clamor, Puyi thought that the best strategy was to find a safe and free habitat first, and then plan big plans.The most urgent task is to leave the prison that bound him in Beifu first, and get rid of those useless princes and princes.So, he and Chen Baochen, Johnston, Zheng Xiaoxu, Luo Zhenyu and several other masters and "ministers" made a secret plan, sneaked into the German hospital under the pretext of going out to check the rented house, and forced away the entourage sent by the "prince" to monitor, hurriedly Busily got into the Japanese embassy in Dongjiaomin Lane. In the embassy, ​​Puyi and his party were received by Japanese Minister Yoshizawa and his wife with "warmth and enthusiasm".The minister vacated a building for the former Qing royal family and their entourage, and poured out of the auditorium, decorated it wantonly, and held a grand celebration for Puyi's 19th birthday.Although holding his birthday in a foreign embassy made him sad, the grand celebration ceremony and huge birthday celebration team seemed to give him hope.He secretly vowed that he would do a lot to "restore the ancestral property". This time, he couldn't just think about it and not do it like before. He had to take action immediately.Shortly after his birthday, he obtained the consent and support of the Japanese embassy, ​​and was closely "protected" by Japanese plainclothes to go to Tianjin, where he planned to engage in the great cause of his dream. At the beginning of Tianjin, Puyi still planned to go abroad for a while, but at this time Wu Peifu wrote a letter to him to admit his minister, and Zhang Zuolin kowtowed to him to greet him. Therefore, he thought that it was possible to promote the great cause of restoration in China, and he wavered the idea of ​​going abroad. After Wu Peifu wrote a letter proclaiming his ministership and Zhang Zuolin kowtowed to greet him, Pu Yi thought that Zhang Xun used the braided army to support him to ascend the throne and abdicate again, this time he was forced to leave the palace, and the political situation in China at that time was inseparable from the warlords. , but without the support of warriors, "re-climbing the great treasure" is no different than ascending to the sky.Therefore, he decided to change his strategy and use all available warriors.For a few years in Tianjin, he "decorated his dignity", and all warlords, big or small, who came to see him did not need to kowtow, but shook hands with each other, and then sat on an equal footing with ordinary people; For warriors, even if they were bandits and defeated soldiers, he responded to every request and spent a lot of money and treasure to win them over. While using warriors, Puyi also accepted the advice of Zheng Xiaoxu and others to make friends with "friends".For seven years in Tianjin, as the "Emperor Xuantong", he often participated in the military parade of the Japanese garrison in Tianjin, and frequently communicated with consuls and garrison commanders of various countries. In addition, he sent Zheng Xiaoxu and Japanese ronin to Japan for activities, and hired Austria The nobles in exile went to lobby in various European countries; paid huge sums of money to support the Belarusian bandit leader Seminov's "anti-red and rejuvenated country" (referring to the overthrow of the Soviet regime and the restoration of the tsarist rule); invited the British liar Ross to publish a newspaper for him to advocate the restoration of the monarchy; Jie, his third brother-in-law Runlin and others were sent to Japan to study military affairs in preparation for the future... Among the various activities carried out for "Chongdeng Dabao", Puyi felt that the most reliable "friendship" was from "Beijing The country of Japan that has been "protecting" him as the "Emperor" since the coup. In 1927, Sun Dianying, who was incorporated by Chiang Kai-shek as the commander of the 41st Army, created the "Dongling Incident" that tore Puyi and the elders apart. Everything made Pu Yi anxious, angry, and even desperate.However, the Japanese who have been "protecting" him from time to time advised him to "treasure more" and comforted him by saying, "China's future depends on it."Zheng Xiaoxu who was sent to Japan to contact "friends", Pu Jie and Run Lin who studied military affairs, and Luo Zhenyu who went to the Northeast to engage in the Japanese Kwantung Army brought news one after another. They all told him that the Japanese government, especially the military, was ready to support him at any time. The good impression of re-climbing the Great Treasure.All this turned Puyi's worry into joy, and seemed to see hope. After the "September 18th" Incident in 1931, the Japanese imperialists decided to throw out the "secret weapon" that had been treasured for seven years, and asked Puyi to go to the Northeast to establish a "new country" headed by him.Puyi believes that the day of "restoring the ancestral property" and "regaining the great treasure" has finally come, and is determined to go to the Northeast at all costs. Unexpectedly, except for Zheng Xiaoxu, the elders and "close ministers" around him almost unanimously oppose "Bei Xing". He even reminded him not to forget Shi Jingtang in history.Chiang Kai-shek in Nanjing also sent someone at this time to say that the preferential treatment conditions in the early years of the Republic of China could be restored, and he could choose to live in the Forbidden City, Shanghai, or abroad, but he was warned not to go to the Northeast to cooperate with the Japanese.However, in order to turn the dream of "regaining the great treasure" into reality for many years, on the night of November 10, 1931, under the special "protection" of Japanese military and police agents, Puyi quietly left the Japanese Concession and sneaked to the Northeast. After the "September 18th" Incident, at the beginning of the Japanese imperialist conspiracy to establish a puppet regime in Northeast China, Doihara, who was then a staff officer of the Kwantung Army, was sent to Tianjin to meet Puyi and sincerely invited the "Emperor Xuantong" to come to Tianjin. Shenyang went to "personally lead" an "independent" "new country", and answered Pu Yi's most concerned question with affirmative and ingenious words, saying that the "new country" was undoubtedly "an empire", as for "Emperor Xuantong" How to lead this "independent" "empire" will be discussed in detail after we arrive in Shenyang.Going to Shenyang to lead a new "empire", Puyi thought that this was the foundation of his "restoration of his ancestors".So he left behind those masters and "close ministers" who opposed "Bei Xing", hid in the trunk of a sports car, drove out of the Japanese Concession, and came to Baihe Wharf, where he met Zheng Xiaoxu and his son who had already "welcome the Holy Driver" Together, they boarded the motorboat prepared by the Japanese for them, and started his journey to realize his dream of "re-boarding the great treasure". On the morning of November 13, 1931, Puyi landed in Yingkou. In Yingkou, Puyi did not see the spectacular scene of the Northeast people "welcome the emperor of the Qing Dynasty" as he imagined, and he did not even see a single Chinese.Later, the Japanese did not take him to Shenyang as promised, but secretly transferred him to Lushun on the grounds of ensuring the safety of "Emperor Xuantong", and sent him to a hotel run by the Japanese. He was "protected" and was not allowed to leave his residence for half a step. Except for Zheng Xiaoxu and his son who came with him and Luo Zhenyu who had gone to the northeast to contact the Kwantung Army in advance, he was not allowed to meet other Chinese, even the masters who followed from Tianjin. "Queen" and "officials" are no exception.As for the issue of the "new country", there was no movement for a long time. Luo and Zheng went to the Japanese repeatedly to ask questions, and the answer was that the establishment of the "new country" was being studied.After Puyi arrived in the northeast, he became a prisoner in essence. It turned out that at this time Japan had not reached a consensus on how to rule the Northeast colony, and it was inconvenient for the Kwantung Army to act hastily.After three months of careful consultation with various parties, all walks of life in the Japanese military and government finally unified their understanding and decided to establish "Manchukuo" in the Northeast as a temporary "republic"; the "capital" was named "Xinjing" and was located in Changchun; the "head of state" said "Government", served by Pu Yi. On February 23, 1932, Seishiro Sakagaki, a senior staff officer of the Kwantung Army, made a special trip to Lushun and relayed to Puyi the decision of the Japanese government on the establishment of "Manchukuo".When Puyi heard that he was asked to be the "governor", he couldn't help being angry, secretly scolded the Japanese for treachery, canceled his "emperor title", and cut off the system of the "Great Qing Empire". Assuming the post of ruling, he was full of confidence that the Japanese would make concessions and still asked him to be emperor.Unexpectedly, the Japanese at this time were no longer what they looked like when they were in Tianjin. Sakagaki actually called him "Your Excellency" face to face, claiming that the Kwantung Army regarded the reply of not being in power as a hostile attitude, and if they did not withdraw, hostile measures would be taken soon!Helplessly, "His Majesty the Emperor" became "Your Excellency" among the Japanese, and even became their prisoner immediately. Such a sudden blow made Puyi at a loss for a while.At this moment, Zheng Xiaoxu and his son appeared.Laozi advised Pu Yi: "Zhang Zuolin's lessons are not far away, please think twice." His son said: "A good man does not suffer from immediate losses, but a man who understands current affairs is a hero. For the sake of long-term planning, the emperor seems to give in to power for the time being, so as to make great achievements in the future." Seeing that it was a done deal, Puyi was afraid that he would really become the second Zhang Zuolin. Under the warnings of the Japanese and the "advice" of Zheng Xiaoxu and his son, Pu Yi finally made a decision that he thought would not lose his "dignity": temporarily serve as the ruling party. Years, if you don't "re-enroll in the Great Treasure" by the deadline, you will be retired immediately. On March 9, 1932, under the careful planning of Japanese imperialism, Pu Yi officially took over the ruling of the Puppet Manchukuo.Luo Zhenyu and Zheng Xiaoxu, who had been seeking the support of the Japanese for his "restoration of his ancestral business", were kicked out by the Japanese because of his "stubbornness" and adherence to the imperial system; On the "Manchukuo Prime Minister".From then on, Puyi had a group of new "civil servants and military generals" headed by "Founding Father" Zheng Xiaoxu, and dreamed of "restoring the ancestral business" in a daze. After taking office, Puyi was determined to follow the precepts of his ancestors, "respect the heaven and the ancestors, be diligent in government and love the people", and worked tirelessly to lay the foundation for future "magnificence".For this reason, he named the office building of the "Executive Government" "Qinmin Building", and he really got up early every morning and went to work in the building.However, Puyi soon discovered that the "public affairs" he could do were not to sign and approve various documents sent by "Prime Minister" Zheng Xiaoxu, or to chat with the "chiefs" of various ministries.是由日本人担任的各部“次长”们决定的，而“满洲国”上至总理大臣、各部总长、次长、下至各省的大小官员，原来也都是由日本人提名，经他宣布任命的，所谓“执政”，原不过是为他人执政。尽管如此，溥仪并不灰心，因为希望在于一年之后。 在出任“执政”期间，溥仪签署了日本人为他准备好的《日满议定书》，出卖了大量国家主权，按照日本人的要求，向国联调查团表明了他“是由于满洲民众的推戴才来到满洲的”，他的国家“完全是自愿自主的”。对此，日本人感到十分满意。为了更好地利用手中的傀儡，加强对东北殖民地的统治，日本人也给溥仪一个回报，决定满足他的皇帝欲。于是，当溥仪“执政”一年期满之后，首先是关东军，继而是日本国内，不断地传出日本政府准备承认他为“满洲国皇帝”的消息。1934年3月1日，溥仪似乎如愿以偿了。这一天，他第3次登极，当上了“满洲国皇帝”，定年号为“康德”。 溥仪三度登极称帝后，享有了日本人恩赐给他的“尊荣”，同时也遭受了日本人给他带来的屈辱、痛苦和灾难。 作为“满洲国皇帝”，溥仪所能享有的“尊荣”，说来其实也有限，可这有限的“尊荣”最初却使他得到了心理上的满足。 首先，所有日本人开始重新称他为“皇帝陛下”（任执政期同一律称“阁下”，这是溥仪几乎不能容忍的称呼），公开场合像恭敬日本天皇一样地恭敬他。同时，关东军规定“满洲国”所有机关、学校、部队及各种公共团体，都必须供奉“康德皇帝”的“御真影”（照片），所有公职人员及学生、士兵等要按时向“御真影”行90度鞠躬的最敬礼，据说这和日本国内恭敬天皇的仪式是一样的。 其次，关东军每年为他安排若干次“御临幸”和“巡狩”。所谓“御临幸”，是溥仪参加祭祀侵华日军亡灵和庆祝日本天皇寿辰“天长节”等例行仪式；所谓“巡狩”，则大多是到“新京”以外的东北一些地方，去参观日本人“建设”“王道乐土”的成就，“临幸”和“巡狩”的实际内容如何，溥仪并不理会，他所看重的是“皇帝”出行的威仪：每次“御临幸”或“巡狩”，先有大批全副武装的“净街车”开道，稍后是“满洲国警察总监”乘坐的红色敞篷车开道，继之才是他这位“皇帝”的全红色“正车”，车两边有摩托车随行保驾，再后面则是随从和一般警卫的车辆。 除了这些日常的几乎仅有的“皇帝尊荣”曾使溥仪感到满足和陶醉外，1935年4月日本关东军为他安排的访日之行，更使他认为自己具有了一个真正皇帝的权威：庞大的护航、迎送舰队，裕仁天皇亲自到车站迎接，检阅日本海陆军，日本皇室的隆重礼遇和日本国民的“热烈欢迎”……这一切简直使溥仪飘飘然了。“回銮”后立即召集“新京”满日官员，发表访日观感，大谈满日亲善，甚至于异想天开地把“满洲国皇帝”同日本天皇放到了同等位置上，说什么无论满洲人还是日本人，“如果有不忠于满洲皇帝的，就是不忠于日本天皇，有不忠于日本天皇的，就是不忠于满洲皇帝”等等。 然而溥仪这种飘飘然的自我陶醉没有持续多久，就被冷酷无情的现实扫荡得一干二净。 首先，“开国元勋”郑孝胥，以为“满洲国”改行帝制，是“后清”的开始，用不着再什么事都去请示日本人，碰了几次壁之后，便在背后发起牢骚，在他创办的“王道书院”里对听课的人说：“满洲国已经不是小孩子了，就该让它自己走走，不该总是处处不放手。”结果，溥仪访日归来不到1个月，日本人就以“郑孝胥总理倦勤思退”为由，要他换上大字不识一箩筐但十分听话的张景惠。 再有，继郑孝胥之后，伪满洲兴安省省长凌升因为在一次省长联席会议上，抱怨日本人言行不一，说他们口头上承认“满洲国”是独立的，可从上到下什么事都是日本人说了算，散会后即遭逮捕，以“反满抗日罪”被砍了头。还有关东军在“宫内府”增设了“宪兵室”，严格监视进出人员，检查来往信件，并故意制造事端，将溥仪精心训练的“护军”全部缴械拘留，后经溥仪亲自道歉，才选用部分加以改编，由日本军官“代为训练”，其余则作为“肇事祸首”统统“驱逐出境”。 至此，溥仪已经清楚地知道要想做“大清国皇帝”是不可能了，不过这时他还不觉自己现有地位和人身安全会有什么问题。因为在他看来，“大清国”的“龙种”是无论如何也不能和郑孝胥、凌升那些人相提并论的，日本人离不开他。可到了1937年前后，日本人加强了对他的限制，不但不准他同外人接触，而且连前来为他祝寿的亲属，也要在日本人的监视下，只准行礼告退，不许说话逗留。溥仪开始感到事情有些不妙，暗暗告诫自己要小心从事，“恢复祖业”既然无望，可怎么也不能再丢了现有的“皇帝”尊号。然而，令他绝望的事情，终于还是发生了。这就是溥杰的婚事和关东军炮制的“帝位继承法”。 溥仪自成婚后，一直朝思暮想的是如何“恢复祖业”和早日“重登大宝”，无如屡经变故，夙愿难偿，以致经年累月心绪烦躁，夫妻生活极不正常。 至1937年，溥仪而立之年已过，膝下仍无子无女，就在这一年由关东军一手安排，为溥杰找了一名叫嵯峨浩的日本侯爵的女儿，并在东京成了亲。随后，关东军即责令“满洲国国务院”抛出了一个“帝位继承法”，大意谓“满洲国皇帝”归天后，皇位依次由其子孙继承，如无子无孙就由弟弟继承，如无弟则由弟之子继承。溥仪这一下子就明白了，日本人原来要的是一个有日本血统的“满洲国”皇位继承人，因为关东军也曾劝他找一位日本姑娘作妻子，被他以语言不通、风俗习惯不同为由给拒绝了。在溥仪看来，“大清”的“龙子龙孙”，血统必须纯正。“帝位继承法”的颁布，溥仪觉得这不仅是“大清”统系断绝的象征，也是他个人性命随时都可能终结的标志。 溥仪在认识到自己的实际地位和所处境遇后，便由为了“恢复祖业”不惜一切代价，一变而为忍辱含垢求保性命了。自1937年“七七事变”前后始，他一面继续唯关东军之命是听，签发大量出卖民族权益，奴役掠夺东北百姓，屠杀各界爱国人士及无辜民众，支持日本帝国主义“圣战”的“满洲国”政令、军令，一面战战兢兢地看关东军给他派来的“皇室御用挂”吉冈安直的眼色行事，生怕有什么“过失”，丢了性命。到后来，竟至换了祖宗。自1940年起，溥仪便不敢再公开祭祀自己的祖先，而是迎请日本天皇的祖先“天照大神”至长春，作为祖宗供奉起来；每当吉冈安直给他讲那一套“父亲”理论时，他都低头垂手，静听这位“准父亲”的训示。只有在这种常人不堪忍受的时刻，溥仪才不由得想起了在天津时爱新觉罗家族中有人说的那句话：“不要忘了石敬瑭！” 直到1945年8月15日，日本宣布投降，溥仪傀儡皇帝生涯才告结束。16日，他在随关东军要人准备乘飞机逃往日本时作了苏联红军的俘虏。翌日，作为第二次世界大战的重要战犯，溥仪被押往苏联。 溥仪被押往苏联后，先在赤塔一处疗养院住了2月，而后便同相继押送到这里的其他伪满战犯一起，被转移到了离中国不远的伯力收容所，在这里渡过了5年的拘留生活。 到苏联后不久，溥仪便觉察到苏联政府不像是要杀掉他，伪满时期那种日夜为性命担忧的高度紧张心情逐步松弛下来，可同时另一种恐惧又不时袭扰着他，这就是害怕被中国政府引渡回国，以叛国罪处以极刑。他觉得不管是国民党还是共产党，谁得了天下都不会放过他。共产党是“洪水猛兽”，而国民党总裁蒋介石则早就警告过他不要到东北同日本人合作。因此，溥仪认为无论如何也不能回国。在苏联5年，他先后3次向苏联政府递交留苏申请，并把自己一直随身携带的一批珠宝首饰，挑出价值较差的部分捐献出来，支援苏联战后经济建设，希望苏联政府能批准他的申请，把他留下来，然后再寻求机会，到西欧哪个国家去度过他的后半生。 命运再一次违背了溥仪的愿望，苏联政府没有理睬他的留苏申请，而是在中华人民共和国成立后，于1950年7月将他及其他伪满战犯全部移交给了中国政府。从此，溥仪开始了为时9年脱胎换骨的改造和自我改造生活。 “皇帝”战犯的脱胎换骨与常人有所不同，溥仪在9年的改造与自我改造过程中，经历了一个比普通伪满战犯更为艰苦复杂的过程。 被引渡回国初，溥仪只想到死。从在苏联听到回国的消息后，他就认为这次必死无疑，共产党决不会轻饶了他这个皇帝加头号战犯。 然而，自从他到了中国土地上后，溥仪所经历的一切都令他大惑不解：政府没有立即处死他，而是把他送到抚顺战犯管理所。同别的战犯一样，战犯管理所安排他洗了澡，换了衣服，发给了一些生活必需品，甚至还配给了香烟。朝鲜战争爆发时，中国政府出兵援朝抗美，伪满战犯们几乎一致认为美国人会打进来，共产党会像历代王朝一样，在关键时候先处理掉所有关押的重大犯人，结果是美国人没打进来，共产党更未把他们处理掉。 经过长达两三年之久的默默观察，到抗美援朝战争胜利时，溥仪已经意识到他不会被处死，可以和其他人一样活下来了。“真龙天子”和常人原本也没有什么两样，溥仪从此开始考虑如何度过以后的时光。 死的问题解决了，对其他伪满战犯来说，已不再有过不去的关口，绝大部分人都不再怀疑共产党的政策，开始努力学习，积极改造，争取得到政府宽大处理。可是对“皇帝”战犯来说，情况就大不相同了。 溥仪前半生，虽然在政治上三起三落，特别是伪满14年，无异任人摆布的木偶。但在个人生活方面，他却始终是按照皇帝标准，拿着皇帝的架子，即使是在苏联的5年间，也从不曾自己穿过衣服，叠过被子，甚至连脚都没自己洗过。成为战俘前，自然有人服侍，成了战俘后，他的弟弟溥杰、侄子小秀、小固、小瑞以至岳父荣源，都曾自觉自愿地以臣仆的身份为他端饭、铺床叠被，穿衣洗脚。在家族中，溥仪依然是“皇上”，所不同的只是这些人不再明着称他“皇上”，而是悄悄地叫他“上边”了。因此，当战犯管理所为了使溥仪获得改造，把他与家族成员分开，安排其他伪满战犯住在一起时，这位“皇帝”战犯便遇到了有生以来未曾遇到的“难题”：他不但要自己端饭、整理床铺、穿脱衣服、洗脚、洗衣服，而且还要和别人一样轮流做值日，打扫房间卫生，甚至还要提马桶！起初，溥仪觉得这是所方故意要他难看，因为这些事他从未做过，也不会做，以致早晨起床时，他还没穿好衣服，别人已经跑操去了，他未洗漱完，别人又开始吃饭了。每当溥仪感到自己无能、为自己事事落人后而痛苦时，战犯管理所的同志就来帮助、开导他，同时也循循善诱地引导他认识过去，反复讲明共产党和人民政府的政策，鼓励他好好改造自己，争取做个新人。 自1955年起，战犯管理所一方面带着溥仪一行伪满战犯到东北各地参观工厂、矿山、农村、学校，请各方面的人诉说日本帝国主义和伪满政权的种种罪行，一面在加强思想教育的同时，允许战犯们的亲属写信和前来探望，促使他们认识自己的过去，看到光明的前途。溥仪同其他人一样，在这一过程中，他亲眼看到了新中国的成就，亲耳听见了那些伪满时期受尽非人折磨的人们，在诉说了他们这些过去的魔鬼的罪行后，又说出了希望他们能改造成一个正常人的动人心魄的话语。慢慢地，溥仪有了正常人的感情，开始认识自己的过去，并暗中盘算自己是否也能在什么时候过上一个正常人的生活。 1957年，溥仪与七叔载涛的会见，终于燃起了他重新生活的希望之火。时年69岁的载涛，是溥仪嫡亲长辈中仅存的一人。这位清末的“涛贝勒”、“军谘大臣”告诉十几年未见面的侄“皇上”：爱新觉罗家族的老人，新中国成立后都各尽所长，生活得很幸福，青年一代更是朝气蓬勃，为建设新中国积极贡献力量，他这个“皇叔”已当选了全国人民代表大会的代表和全国政协委员，多次见到毛泽东、刘少奇、周恩来等党和国家领导人，毛泽东主席要他来看看“皇上”……从此以后，溥仪真的变了。 1959年，中华人民共和国建国10周年前夕，根据中国共产党中央委员会的建议，中华人民共和国主席刘少奇发布了特赦令。是年12月4日，溥仪被特赦释放。 获释后，溥仪回到了阔别35年的北京。短短的两个多月的时间，他遍游了北京各名胜古迹，会见了爱新觉罗家族在京的所有成员，亲眼看到他们在新社会过着无忧无虑的生活，尽情地发挥自己的聪明才智。在此期间，中国共产党中央委员会主席毛泽东为他举行了家宴，详细询问了他的个人生活问题，并郑重地建议他重新建立一个幸福的家庭；中华人民共和国国务院总理周恩来亲自征求他的意见，对他今后的工作和生活做了周到细致的安排。这一切都使溥仪增添了重新生活的无限勇气。 自1960年3月起，溥仪开始了自食其力的新生活。他先在中国科学院植物研究所北京植物园半日学习，半日做些力所能及的工作，主要是熟悉新的生活环境。一年后，他到了全国政协文史资料研究委员会，任专员职，负责清理清末和北洋政府时代的文史资料，但仍坚持每周到植物园去劳动一二天，工作闲暇，撰写自传。在人民政府和各方面人士的共同关心帮助下，1962年4月29日，溥仪与北京关厢医院的一名普通女护士李淑贤重新建立起幸福美满的小家庭。婚后，56岁的溥仪对李淑贤温情脉脉，体贴入微，夫妻感情可谓如胶似漆，形影难分。年过半百，溥仪终于尝到了人间真正爱情生活的甜蜜和幸福。 为了表示对党和政府的感激之情，也为了使自己后半生成为一个有价值的人，溥仪努力工作，勤奋学习，从各方面严格要求自己，在邻里之间、工作单位、国内各界名流以至国际上，都产生了良好的影响。在邻里之间，他正确对待自己和别人，和普通人一样自觉地打扫街道卫生，热情地为群众排忧解难，有时孩子般地把街道上的少年儿童成群结队地领到家里玩耍、游戏。在工作单位上，他学会了正确处理个人与集体及国家的关系，时时以一个普通公民的标准要求自己，国家特发的几套制服除会见外宾及参加重要宴会外，平时总舍不得穿，结婚时，政府特批费用可以公款报销，可他体谅国家经济困难，仅为新娘买了一套衣裙。在国内各界名流中，溥仪影响颇大，特别是在他的一些“旧臣”中。这些人最初见到特赦后的溥仪，总觉得还有那么一层说不出的关系，不少人仍旧表示跟他走。每当这种时候，溥仪总是坚定地说他跟共产党走，勉励他们为建设社会主义祖国贡献力量。前国民党政府代总统李宗仁在美国看了溥仪的一书，感触极深，觉得一个封建皇帝和伪满战犯在新中国都能生活得很好，何况自己一个民国总统，从而坚定了回到大陆报效祖国的信心和决心。在国际上，溥仪特赦后短短几年时间会见了几百名国际友人、各国记者，向他们宣传中国共产党和政府的宽大胸怀，表示他对新中国前途的信心和为建设自己祖国尽力的决心。他的切身经历和感人话语，赢得了国际友人及各界人士的信任和赞誉。有的西方记者说，西方人理解溥仪比理解雷锋容易得多。 溥仪以他特殊的身份，为中国政府和人民做出了他所能做出的特殊贡献。 正当溥仪沉浸在新生活的幸福和欢乐之中时，可怕的病魔悄悄向他袭来。其实，溥仪前半生长期的非人生活早已糟蹋了他的身体。1962年新婚后不久，溥仪就不时溺血，经名医诊治，暂时抑制了病情的发展，加之新生活的愉快，冲淡了疾病折磨的痛苦，表面看上去，身体一直很健康。1964年底，溥仪病情开始恶化，尽管在周恩来总理的直接关怀和特别保护下，专家为他进行特殊的精心治疗，使他减少了一些痛苦，也基本避开了随后刮起的“文革”旋风的袭击，但肾癌这一恶魔终于在1967年10月17日凌晨吞噬了他的生命。 溥仪去世之时，正值十年动乱，后事较难处理。周恩来总理为此作出特别指示，说“溥仪遗体可以火化，也可以埋葬。根据家属意见，可以选择革命公墓、万安公墓和另一处墓地的任何一个地方安葬或寄存骨灰”。爱新觉罗家族主要成员在年过八旬的载涛的主持下，聚会讨论决定将溥仪遗体火化，骨灰寄存八宝山人民骨灰堂。 十年动乱结束以后，新中国政府和人民不会忘记每一个为国家为人民做出贡献的人，对末代皇帝溥仪特赦后的工作给予了充分肯定，并于1980年5月29日为他举行隆重的追悼大会。会后，根据中国共产党中央委员会的指示，溥仪的骨灰盒移至八宝山革命公墓，置于安放已故党和国家领导人及为中国革命作出卓越贡献的人们的骨灰盒的第一室副舍。 （全书完）