Chapter 340 Chapter 339 Cheng Zu Zhu Di

In the 20th year from Yuan to Zhengzheng (1360 A.D.), Zhu Yuanzhang, who was fighting Chen Youliang on the front line of Poyang Lake, got a report that he was happy to have a son.This son was the fourth son of Zhu Yuanzhang, and later the third emperor of the Ming Dynasty-Zhu Di. Zhu Yuanzhang had 26 sons in his life. Among them, Zhu Di, who was handsome and intelligent, was loved by his father since he was a child among his brothers.Zhu Yuanzhang often proudly praised Di'er to his courtiers, saying that he was exactly like himself.When little Zhu Di was just 10 years old, his father named him King of Yan.In the eleventh year of Hongwu (AD 1378), the court wanted to determine the palace system for Zhu Di's brothers. Zhu Yuanzhang took special care and said that except for the Palace of King Yan, which followed the palace system of the Yuan Dynasty, other palaces were not allowed to follow the style.It can be seen that the young Zhu Di has become the jewel in the heart of his father Zhu Yuanzhang.

From the eleventh year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang successively sent the princes to their own feudal states.In the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the 20-year-old Zhu Di also entered Beiping to feud the country.At that time, Xu Da was ordered to guard Beiping, and Zhu Di had such a military strategist as his teacher, so his military theory and martial arts improved rapidly. Xu Da is not only Zhu Di's teacher, but also his father-in-law.The old man under this month is the emperor Zhu Yuanzhang.Xu Da's eldest daughter is elegant and quiet, especially fond of reading.After Zhu Yuanzhang heard about it, he called Xu Da to the front and said, we are friends of commoners. In the past, the rate of marriage between the monarch and his ministers was marriage. Now your daughter-in-law should match my four sons.Of course Xu Da couldn't wish for it, so he readily agreed to the marriage.In the ninth year of Hongwu, Xu's family was registered as Princess Yan.

Under Xu Da's strict teaching, Zhu Di practiced martial arts well and gradually revealed his outstanding military ability.Later, after the case of Hu Weiyong and Lan Yu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Lian killed almost all the founding fathers who followed Zhu Yuanzhang to create the Ming Dynasty.In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang could only entrust the task of defending the north from Mongolian invasion to his second son King Qin, third son King Jin, and fourth son King Yan.At that time, they were called "Sai Wang".However, the two kings of Qin and Jin died successively before their father, so only Zhu Di, the king of Yan, had the greatest military power.Zhu Di also received his father's special permission to make decisive decisions on small and medium matters in the army, and to report major matters to the court.This shows how much Zhu Yuanzhang attaches great importance to him and how powerful he is.

Of course, Zhu Di did not live up to his father's expectations. He is not only highly skilled in martial arts, but also wise and courageous.In the battle with the invading Mongolian army, he has repeatedly made military exploits.For example, in the first month of the 23rd year of Hongwu, the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty invaded the south, and Zhu Yuanzhang ordered Zhu Di and the King of Jin to lead troops to the north.King Jin was timid, but Zhu Di, who was brave and courageous, put his life and death at risk, and led Fu Youde and other generals alone, and sent his troops deep.It was snowing heavily during the march, and many generals advocated stopping the advance immediately.Zhu Di refused, saying that it was because of the heavy snow that the enemy was unsuspecting.He approached the enemy camp by surprise, forcing the remnants of the Yuan Dynasty to surrender without a fight.When the good news spread to the capital, Zhu Yuanzhang was overjoyed and said: "In the future, those who clear the Mongolian desert will have to rely on King Yan!"

The stronger Zhu Di's power, the stronger his soldiers and horses, the more things he pursued.Especially the prince Zhu Biao died early, Zhu Yuanzhang intended to make Zhu Di the prince, but after being blocked by the ministers, not only made him resentful, but also fostered his desire and ambition to seize the throne. Just when Zhu Di was indignant at not being able to inherit the throne as a prince, the 71-year-old Zhu Yuanzhang let go of the imperial power he had held tightly for 31 years, left the worried emperor's grandson, and died forever. The 22-year-old Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne of the second emperor of the Ming Dynasty in the 31st year of Hongwu (1398 AD).At the same time, his uncle Yan Wang Zhu Di, who lived in Beiping, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, was watching his nephew's throne day and night.In this way, a bloody battle for imperial power among the royal family surnamed Zhu was about to break out.

Ming Hui Emperor Zhu Yunqi was not unaware of the excessive power of the vassal uncles. He had already realized the seriousness of this problem as early as when his grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang was alive.Once Zhu Yuanzhang said to Emperor Hui very confidently: "I entrust the task of defending Mongolia to the kings. Since the border defense is guaranteed, you can be a Taiping Emperor." The king resists, and the kings don't keep their duty, who will resist?" Zhu Yuanzhang asked back, "What's your opinion?" Emperor Hui replied firmly: "Use virtue to soften them, and use etiquette to restrain them. These two If it doesn’t work, cut off their territory and replace their fiefdom. If it doesn’t work, you have to use force to attack.” Zhu Yuanzhang said happily when he heard the words, “Yes, there is no other better way. "

But Emperor Hui was a young emperor who had knowledge but no courage, benevolent and indecisive.In order to cope with the powerful situation of the vassal king after he ascended the throne, he first employed two cronies, Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng.One night, Emperor Hui called Huang Zicheng into the secret room and said: "All uncles will seal the country and support themselves. If something happens, how should I deal with it?" .Emperor Hui discussed with Huang Zicheng who should be the first to do the surgery. Qi Tai advocated that Zhu Di, the king of Yan, should be dealt with first, but Huang Zicheng believed that the kings of Zhou, Qi, Xiang, Dai, and Min had committed crimes in the past, so cutting the five kings first was justified.Moreover, King Zhou is also the same mother and younger brother of King Yan. To cut off King Zhou's feudal kingdom is tantamount to cutting off King Yan's siblings.Emperor Hui agreed to follow this method, that is, he ordered Zhu Musu, king of Zhou, to be arrested, stripped of his title, and demoted to a commoner.At the same time, the princes of Min Wang Zhu Geng, Dai Wang Zhu Gui, and Qi Wang Zhu Muzun were also cut off successively.King Zhu Bo of Xiang set himself on fire and died.

Although Zhu Di is far away from the capital and lives in Beiping, he knows everything that happened in the capital.Hearing the fate of the first five kings, he weighed the left and right, and felt that it would be better to rebel than to capture them without a fight. On July 5th of the first year of Jianwen (1399 A.D.), Zhu Di used "the side of the Qing emperor" as an excuse to say that there were bad people such as Qi Tai and Huang Zicheng in the imperial court, and he must raise troops to kill them.Therefore, King Yan cut off the title of Jianwen, set up his own officials, announced to the world, and ordered a crusade.The famous "Battle of Jingnan" broke out in history.

After Zhu Di raised his troops, he took the counties and prefectures of Huailai, Miyun, Jizhou, and Zunhua with lightning tactics, and took the lead in capturing some important military towns in the north and east of Beiping, supplementing the source of troops and eliminating worries about the future.Then concentrate its forces to deal with the imperial court's questioning division. At that time, the senior generals in the imperial court were almost killed in the "Hu Lan" case.Few are lucky enough to survive.When the war broke out and it was reported to the imperial court, Emperor Hui ordered the old general Geng Bingwen to lead 300,000 troops in the Northern Expedition to Yan after careful consideration.Soon after the two armies fought, the vanguard of the Southern Army was wiped out.In August, the main force of the Southern Army was defeated again on the north bank of the Hutuo River.

In this way, Emperor Hui had no choice but to replace Bingwen with Li Jinglong as the general.Li Jinglong was originally a child of Jiaoliang, and he had never known soldiers.Zhu Di designed to withdraw the defense line of Marco Polo Bridge and lure the enemy to go deep.He handed over the task of defending Beiping to his son Zhu Gaochi, and led his troops to Yongping and Daning, forcing King Ning to hand over his elite troops, including the Mongolian cavalry of Duoyan Sanwei. . Li Jinglong, who had no courage and little plan, fell into Zhu Di's trap.He was defeated in the Battle of Peking.

Soon Li Jinglong gathered another 600,000 troops to go north, and fought against Zhu Di in Baigou River, and was defeated again.Hundreds of thousands of soldiers of the southern army were killed or drowned. After several hard struggles, in 1402, Zhu Di led an army across the Yellow River from Guantao. The soldiers went straight to Yangzhou. Seeing that the situation was not good, Emperor Hui hurriedly sent envoys to the Yan army camp to negotiate a peace, and agreed to cede the land for a truce, but Zhu Di refused. On the third day of June 1402, Zhu Di sent his troops across the river.Yan soldiers meet each other on boats, banners cover the sky, and golden drums are like thunder.The guards on the south bank were terrified when they saw this, and once they fought, they collapsed across the board.Emperor Hui sent people to discuss peace again, but Zhu Di ignored them at all, and drove his troops straight to the city of Nanjing.Gu Wang Zhu and Li Jinglong, who were guarding the Jinchuan gate, opened the gate to welcome the surrender when they saw the Yan soldiers coming, and the capital was broken.The whereabouts of Emperor Hui was unknown, and the Jianwen dynasty fell. The three-year-long battle for power within the royal family surnamed Zhu finally ended with Zhu Di's victory. In the fourth year of Jianwen (AD 1402), the 43-year-old Yan Wang Zhu Di finally ascended the throne of the emperor with the support of civil and military officials, and next year will be the first year of Yongle. The battle of Jingnan was victorious, and Zhu Di finally ascended to the throne of emperor as Ming Chengzu.At the beginning of his accession to the throne, the situation in the whole country was severe. Chengzu judged the situation and adopted a dual-handed policy of repression and gentleness to stabilize the turbulent and critical political situation and consolidate the throne. After Chengzu captured Zhu Yunwen's old officials one after another, they were persecuted if they were unyielding.Either hit the teeth, or cut the tongue.They even amputated their brothers and feet, and after some were killed, they had to exterminate the three clans. Jingqing, the imperial censor of Zuoqian, is usually suave and grand.After Chengzu came to the throne, he was asked to continue his old post, and Jing Qing was also ordered to do so.Some people saw his behavior and said that he was ashamed of the late emperor by stealing his life and fearing death.He didn't mind that at all.One day two months later, he secretly hid the dagger and went to court, but failed to assassinate Chengzu.Chengzu skinned him and hung him over the city gate.After the incident, not only Jing Qing's whole family was killed, but also all the neighbors and even the village where he was born were killed.This kind of unprecedented large-scale cleansing is called "melon and vine copying" in history books, and tens of thousands of people were killed one after another. While Chengzu severely suppressed some of the old ministers who resisted in the Jianwen Dynasty, he also promoted, reused and generously rewarded the civil and military heroes who followed him to "Jing Nan" to seize the throne;The four kings of Zhou, Qi, Dai, and Min were all restored to their original titles, and each ordered to return to the country.As for Zhu Yunqi's old officials, as long as they can sincerely submit to the new dynasty, Chengzu also has a choice to use. Zheng Ci was originally a Beiping counselor under King Yan of the Jianwen Dynasty.Later, he was promoted by Zhu Yunqi to be Minister of the Ministry of Industry, and served as a supervisor to crusade against Zhu Di, so he was also included in the list of treacherous officials and arrested.Chengzu interrogated him: "Why on earth did you betray me?" Zheng Ci replied: "I did my duty to the emperor."In this way, the old officials of Zhu Yunqi gradually attached themselves and wholeheartedly helped Chengzu manage the Daming. In order to change as soon as possible the terror and tension caused by the indiscriminate killing of old ministers when Chengzu came to the throne, after dealing with the old ministers Jianwen, Chengzu repeatedly told the ministers of the judicial organs to handle the case according to the law, rather than rushing.Once, the Ministry of Punishment sent a list of more than 300 people sentenced to death for approval.After reading it, he said: "I'm afraid that the convictions of more than 300 people may not be true. You should review it carefully, and you must not make any of them wronged." Wrongly convicted, more than 20 people were released without charge. Chengzu seized the imperial power with the "Jing Nan" by the vassal king's army, and he naturally knew the threat to the central imperial power caused by the vassal king's excessive support of troops.After he became emperor, in order to deceive people and stabilize the situation at that time, he once restored the four princes of Zhou, Qi, Dai, and Min.But a few months later, he searched for the crime and first deprived the guard troops of King Dai and King Min.Then he deposed King Qi as a commoner.In the tenth year of Yongle (AD 1412), the guard army of King Liao was cut off; King Ning, who had the most guard army, was renamed Nanchang as early as the second year of Yongle.In the eighteenth year of Yongle, King Zhou was accused of attempting to rebel.Chengzu summoned him to Beijing and showed him the paper that exposed him.King Zhou hurriedly knelt down to plead guilty, and offered his guards. After several years of hard work, all the guards of the most threatening Sai kings were relieved, which further strengthened the centralized feudal rule. After cutting down the vassals, the question that followed was how to strengthen the military power in the north to prevent foreign invaders from invading.After careful consideration, Chengzu decided to move the capital to Beiping.Beiping is the place where Chengzu made his fortune, and it is very close to the northern border, and has a large number of troops.The son of heaven is in the middle, as the saying goes, you can place the most important things and protect the lightest ones. In the fourth year of Yongle, after Chengzu killed a certain minister who opposed moving the capital, he ordered the construction of the Beijing Palace and the reconstruction of the old city of Beiping. The eighteenth year of Yongle was completed.In this year, Cheng Zu announced that from next year, Beiping would be the capital and Nanjing would be the capital.In the spring of the 19th year of Yongle, Cheng Zu officially moved north. After the capital moved to the north, Nanjing became the capital of Liuzhou, and it was also called Zhili in the north and south.In this way, except that there is no emperor in Nanjing, other various bureaucratic institutions and settings are almost exactly the same as those in the capital Beijing.Chengzu appointed his cronies to stay in Liudu, and take charge of all left-behind and protection affairs in Nanjing. In fact, when Chengzu seized the throne, he made up his mind to move the capital.In the first year of Yongle, he designated Beiping as Beijing, and began to organize forces to build the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to connect Beijing with other places in the south.In the ninth year of Yongle, Zhu Di ordered Song Li, Shangshu of the Ministry of Industry, to dredge the Huitong River.And build 38 gates along the canal to raise the water level.At this point, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal began to truly flow.Materials such as grain, rice and silk from the south were transported to Beijing through water transport, and products from the north were also transported south through the canal, which greatly enhanced the economic exchanges between the north and the south, and prepared the conditions for moving the capital to Beijing. After Chengzu came to the throne, while strengthening the imperial power and creating a stable and united political situation, he continued to implement Ming Taizu's policy of recuperating, immigrating to farmland and rewarding land reclamation economically, and strived to restore and develop social production that had been damaged by the war. The three-year "Jing Nan" battle resulted in the vast fields north of the Huaihe River being overgrown with weeds, desolate and decaying.Coupled with the occurrence of locust disasters, the newly developed agricultural production began to experience a sharp decline.Zhu Di took a series of measures to revive the agricultural economy.The first is to relocate victims from 10 counties including Suzhou and 9 provinces including Zhejiang to enrich the area.Soon, farmers and unemployed refugees from Shanxi, Shandong, Huguang and other places with less land were moved to Beijing and the northern regions for reclamation.In areas severely damaged in the "Jingnan" War, the government also distributed cattle and agricultural tools to help them resume production as soon as possible.At the same time, Chengzu also took severe measures to punish corrupt officials, restrict the development of monks and Taoists, and relieve victims of disasters. Due to the vigorous implementation of these measures, the agricultural economy of Yongle Dynasty had a new development compared with that of Hongwu Dynasty.Every year, more than millions of stones are handed over to the capital from various places.There is still a large amount of grain accumulated in the warehouses of prefectures and counties across the country, and it is so red and rotten that it cannot be eaten. With the prosperity of agriculture, the handicraft industry and commerce have also made great progress and development. The Zunhua Iron Smelter was the largest handicraft factory in the country built during the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty.The mountain farms are distributed in Jizhou (now Jixian, Tianjin), Zunhua, Fengrun, Yutian, Luanzhou (now Luanxian, Hebei), Qian'an and other places, covering an area of ​​more than 4,500 mu.There are more than 2,500 civilian husbands, craftsmen and military husbands in the factory.The shipbuilding industry in the Yongle era also had considerable development. The largest nautical treasure ship built was 44 feet long and 18 feet wide, which could carry more than 1,000 people. It was also equipped with advanced navigation equipment such as nautical charts and compass needles. The most advanced shipbuilding country in the world at that time. In the long-term practice, Chengzu gradually realized that the benefits of gold and jade are limited, but the benefits of books are infinite.Therefore, during his administration, he paid special attention to the development of scientific and cultural undertakings, and paid attention to the collection and arrangement of cultural classics. In July of the first year of Yongle (AD 1403), Cheng Zu ordered Xie Jin to organize the compilation of "Yongle Dadian".He requested that the content of the book be detailed, and all the classics, history, zi, and collections of hundreds of schools of thought since the beginning of writing, as well as astronomy, topography, yin and yang, medical divination, monk Taoism, and skills, must be included. Fanhao.According to Chengzu's decree, Xie Jin compiled the first draft of the class book in November of the second year of Yongle.After Chengzu's review, he thought that the materials collected were not complete enough, so he ordered it to be rebuilt.At the same time, additional personnel were sent to supervise the repair together with Xie Jin.At the same time, an order was sent to the Ministry of Rites to select internal and external officials, old Confucians and famous scholars from all over the country to serve as editors, and select students to serve as copyists.In this way, more than 3,000 people were mobilized successively, and it took 4 years to finally complete the compilation task of the world's largest class book at that time, with 22,937 volumes and about 370 million words.Cheng Zu was very satisfied after reviewing it, and named it "Yongle Dadian", wrote the preface himself, and ordered people to copy two parts.It is a pity that when the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded Beijing in 1900, most of this book was burned, and most of the rest were also robbed. In terms of foreign relations, while attracting foreign envoys to China for trade, Chengzu sent his own missions abroad to visit foreign countries.During the Yongle period, Zheng He's seven great feats of voyages to the West were the largest and most far-reaching diplomatic activities under the orders of Chengzu himself. For this large-scale diplomatic activity, Chengzu made careful preparations in many aspects.In the fifth year of Yongle, Chengzu ordered the opening of "eight halls" in the Hanlin Academy to train and train talents who are proficient in foreign languages ​​and domestic minority languages. At the same time, Chengzu also ordered Fujian to build a large number of seagoing ships. There were 137 ships, and Yongle rebuilt 249 shipping ships in five years.At the same time, the inspection selected a group of talents who are loyal to their duties, have outstanding talents and appearance, and can implement foreign policies. In the third year of Yongle, after many investigations, Cheng Zu finally selected Zheng He, a court official and eunuch, as the diplomatic envoy to Western countries.Zheng He was a Hui nationality in Kunyang, Yunnan (now Puning County, Kunming City) in the early Ming Dynasty.His original surname was Ma, but he was given the surname Zheng because of his meritorious service in the battle of Jingnan with Zhu Di, king of Yan.In the fifteenth year of Ming Hongwu (AD 1382), 12-year-old Zheng He was captured by the Ming army and sent to the barracks, because his grandfather and father had both visited Mecca to worship the Kaaba (a sacred object known as Islam). Black meteorite), Zheng He knew some Western customs since he was a child. In July of the third year of Yongle, Zheng He led a voyage team of nearly 30,000 people, carrying a large amount of silk, porcelain, ironware, cloth, sufficient rations, daily necessities, etc., on 62 treasure ships, from Liujiagang (now Jiangsu Province) Liuhe Town, Taicang) gather and set sail. Zheng He's fleet sailed straight to Champa (now Vietnam) on its first voyage, then headed south to Java and Sumatra (now Indonesia), and then sailed west to Manjaka (now Malaysia), Guri (now southern India) and other countries. Since then, Zheng He has gone through the three dynasties of Yongle, Hongxi, and Xuande. In 29 years, he made seven voyages to the Western Seas, and his whereabouts covered more than 30 countries and regions in Southeast Asia, the coasts of the Indian Ocean, and the east coast of Africa.Every time they went to a country, as envoys of the Ming Dynasty, they presented gifts from Emperor Zhu Di to the local king or leader, expressing their sincerity in establishing diplomatic relations and developing friendly relations between the two countries, and invited them to visit China.And traded with the local government, bought a lot of ivory, pearls, corals, spices and other items from various countries, and was warmly welcomed by the local people. People called the Daming fleet "treasure ships". Following Cheng Zu's orders, Zheng He sailed to the Western Ocean, which not only greatly promoted the political, economic and cultural exchanges between my country and Asian and African countries, enhanced the friendship between the peoples of all countries, but also pushed the ancient Chinese navigation industry to a new peak. After Zheng He's voyages, kings, heads of state or envoys of many countries visited China one after another and established diplomatic and trade relations with China.The number of Chinese nationals going to Southeast Asia has also increased rapidly. They have brought advanced production technology and cultural knowledge and made great contributions to the development of Southeast Asia. Although Chengzu ascended the throne in an unconventional way, he was indeed a national hero who governed the country.When he ambitiously seized the Imperial Seal of the Ming Dynasty from Zhu Yunqi, he faced not only fierce resistance from the former court officials, but also a timely and appropriate response to the intrusion of the surrounding ethnic minorities in the Ming Dynasty.After Chengzu came to the throne, he inherited the unfinished business of his father Zhu Yuanzhang, and consolidated and developed the unification of the multi-ethnic country in the Ming Dynasty with two strategies of cooperation and defense.The Jurchens, who have lived between the white mountains and the black waters since ancient times, are an ancient nation and the ancestors of the Manchu people in our country.Before the Qin Dynasty, Jurchen was called Sushen, and in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was also called Mohe, and after the Liao Dynasty, it was called Jurchen.In the first year of Yongle (AD 1403), Cheng Zu sent envoys such as Xing Shu to the Nuergan area to issue an edict.The heads of various Jurchen ministries followed one after another, and even some former officials of the Yuan Dynasty came to Beijing to pay tribute to horses.In this regard, Chengzu ordered to set up a horse market in Kaiyuan to conduct transactions with Haixi and Jianzhou.At the same time, a license was issued to the Jurchen chiefs, who can go to designated places to do business every year.For the leaders of the Jurchen tribe who came to participate in the horse market trade, Cheng Zu also ordered local officials to reward them with a feast of pigs and sheep to encourage them.Therefore, throughout the Yongle Dynasty, the Jurchens paid tribute on time and performed their duties carefully.In the Ming Dynasty, there were calls for transfers, and they must go to each transfer.People of all nationalities live in harmony and have friendly exchanges. Later, after Cheng Zu established the Liaodong Capital Command and Envoy Division in Liaoyang following Taizu, he ordered the establishment of the Nuer Gandu Command and Envoy Division, and successively set up 370 guards and 20 guards in the local area, and appointed local tribal chiefs as guard officials. Inherited from generation to generation.The commander of the Jianzhou Guard, Aha Chu, was given the name Li Sicheng by Cheng Zu for his military merits, and his brothers, nephews, and nephews all became officials of the Ming Dynasty. In order to facilitate the transportation of military supplies, tribute items and the delivery of official documents, Cheng Zu ordered to expand or build new post stations and extend or build new routes on the basis of the post stations in the Yuan Dynasty.At that time, there were 6 main traffic lines from Liaodong to various regions in Northeast China, and Kaiyuan was the starting point of the 6 main lines.These trunk lines go east to North Korea, west to present-day Mongolia, northeast to Manjing Station, and northwest to the north of present-day Manzhouli, forming a transportation network extending in all directions. After the establishment of the Nuergan Dusi, the eunuch Yi Shiha and others were ordered to come here many times to comfort the local ethnic minorities.In the eleventh year of Yongle, when Yishiha came to Nuergan for the third time, he built Yongning Temple in the southwest of the capital city, on the mountain opposite the Heilongjiang River estuary, and recorded the process of setting up the Nuergan capital and Yishiha and others repeatedly proclaimed the township the situation of the place.It records the historical achievements of the people of all nationalities in our country to jointly develop the Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins. Although Chengzu made positive contributions to the development of the relationship between Daming and the surrounding ethnic groups, what really demonstrated Chengzu's great talent was his five expeditions to Mobei. After Yuan Shundi fled to Mobei, he died in Yingchang (now northeast of Duolun County, Inner Mongolia) in the third year of Hongwu (AD 1370).As spring and autumn came and several generations passed, the Mongolian aristocrats gradually split into three tribes: Tatar, Oara and Wuliangha.Among them, the Tatar Ministry is the most powerful.There were frequent vendettas between the three tribes, but they often went south to harass the border of the Ming Dynasty.Chengzu still adopted the policy of his father Zhu Yuanzhang's "powerful and moral" towards Mongolia.On the one hand, they repaired with them, crowned the chiefs of the Mongolian tribes as kings, and bestowed gold, silver, cloth, and grain; The so-called nine sides.These 9 military fortresses are equipped with elite troops to resist the invasion of Mongolian nobles going south. In April of the seventh year of Yongle (1409 A.D.), Cheng Zu sent the governor to command Jinta Buai, and Guo Ji took a large amount of silk coins to the various ministries of Mongolia to appease him.Among them, Wala accepted the consolation, and Chengzu granted its leaders Mahamu, Taiping, and Tupoluo as King Shunning, King Xianyi, and King Anle.The Tatar Khan Benya was lost, not only refused to submit, but also killed the envoy Guo Ji, and sent troops to attack the border of the Ming Dynasty. When Chengzu heard the news, he appointed Qiu Fu, the Duke of Qi, as the general who conquered the captives, commanding 100,000 troops, and conquered Tatar in the north.Before leaving, Chengzu told Qiu Fu: "Don't lose the opportunity, don't commit lightly, and don't be perilous. If you fail to win a move, you should be careful when you make another move." However, Qiu Fu failed the expectations and underestimated the enemy. It was submerged in the Luqu River (now the Kherlen River in the Mongolian People's Republic).When the bad news spread to the capital, Chengzu was furious and pursued Qiu Fu's title. He wrote a letter to the crown prince to supervise the country, and decided to immediately select soldiers and horses for the next spring. In the spring of the eighth year of Yongle, Chengzu led his troops to march north, and ordered Xia Yuanji, Shangshu of the Household Department, to stay in Beijing to receive the army's salary.Self-led military generals and civilian officials, and 500,000 supervisors went out of the fortress.In the fifth month, when people and horses marched to the Luqu River, Benya lost his way and did not dare to fight, so he fled northward to the Wunan River.Chengzu sent his troops to pursue and kill them, and the two armies fought on the bank of the Onan River.The Ming army defeated the enemy.Ben Ya lost his belongings and livestock, and fled across the river with only seven horsemen. After Chengzu succeeded in his first northern expedition to Tatar, he conquered Mobei four times in the 12th year of Yongle, the 20th year of Yongle, and the 21st year of Yongle.Chengzu launched several campaigns against the Mongolian nobles. On the one hand, he effectively defended and combated their intrusion, but it did consume a lot of human, financial and material resources.In the third expedition, only 340,000 donkeys, 177,500 carts and more than 235,000 peasants were used to transport grain and grass, and 37,000 shi of grain were transported.Xia Yuanji, Shangshu of the Ministry of Households, Fang Bin, Shangshu of the Ministry of War and other court officials urged the soldiers to strike, rest and recuperate the soldiers and civilians, and strictly ordered the frontier generals to guard.But Chengzu refused to listen, and arrested and imprisoned the courtiers who opposed the Northern Expedition, and some were persecuted to death.In the 22nd year of Yongle, Chengzu launched the fifth war of conquest of Arutai by himself under the situation of dissent from the officials. The conquest army traveled day and night in the vast desert, but there was no trace of the enemy for hundreds of miles.Afterwards, according to the news reports, they failed many times, and the soldiers were killed, wounded, exhausted, and exhausted.Cheng Zu knew that the side report was not true, and he couldn't help but feel sad.He looked at the barren sand in the desert and was very annoyed.But in the end, because the army's rations were about to run out, he didn't dare to stay for a long time, so he had to order the teacher to return to Beijing.The army marched to a place called Qingshuiyuan. Chengzu saw a steep cliff tens of feet high beside the road, so he ordered the scholars Yang Rong and Jin Youzi to carve the stone memorial service. After the stone memorial service, Chengzu suddenly felt a little unwell. , the condition suddenly worsened, and in late July of the 22nd year of Yongle, Cheng Zu led his division to Yumuchuan (near Ujimqin, Inner Mongolia today), and he was dying and hopeless.Knowing that he could no longer manage the affairs of the court personally, he summoned the British official Zhang Fu to come in, and ordered his descendants: Zhu Gaochi, the crown prince, will be succeeded, and the funeral will be handled according to the Taizu's legacy.After finishing speaking, he died immediately. Zhang Fu, Yang Rong, and Jin Youzi agreed tearfully that the Sixth Division was away, and it was inconvenient to send out a funeral, so they sealed the news tightly and carried the body, which was still the emerald treasure cover, with the support of the soldiers and courtiers going forward.Secretly sent eunuch Hai Shouchi to the capital to report urgently to the prince.Prince Zhu Gaochi heard the news and welcomed him into the Hall of Renzhi with mourning.Buried in Changling. Chengzu died at the age of 65 and reigned for 22 years.His posthumous posthumous title is "Emperor Wen", and the first temple name is "Taizong".In the seventeenth year of Jiajing (AD 1539), the temple name was changed to "Chengzu".