Chapter 327 Chapter 326 Shizu Boer Jijin Kublai Khan

Yuan Shizu, the first emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, also known as Emperor Xue Chan, named Kublai Khan.He is the grandson of Genghis Khan, the fourth son of Tuolei, and the younger brother of Mengge Khan of Xianzong.The mother is the Empress Dowager, the Qi Lie family.Born in the eighth year of Jiading (AD 1215) of Emperor Ningzong of the Southern Song Dynasty, and died in the thirty-first year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 1294).80 years old. As early as the Qianfan period in Mobei (those who were not enthroned as princes, that is, the place before the throne is called "Qian"), the young Kublai Khan showed a little bit of edge, and made close contact with a large number of Han scholar-officials in the Central Plains.Due to the war, a large number of intellectuals went north, coupled with Kublai Khan's recruitment of people of insight in the Central Plains, a Han Confucian staff group gradually formed around Kublai Khan, which made Kublai Khan's ideology move towards a different direction. Developed in the direction of the same generation emperor brothers.

When Kublai Khan was in Mobei Helin, the Han monk Liu Bingzhong put forward the idea of ​​"taking the world immediately, not ruling the world immediately", and instilled the experience of feudal rule in the past dynasties into Kublai Khan.He also further discussed the harm caused by the old system, advocating the establishment of the dynasty, the legislative system, the official system, the rectification of taxes, and the adoption of Han law, which had a great impact on the transformation of Kublai Khan's ideology.In the second year of Chunyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1242), Zhao Bi, another Han intellectual from Huaihua (now Shanxi), was also summoned to Kublai Khan's residence. Zhao Bi studied with Li Wei and Lan Guangting, famous scholars in the late Jin Dynasty. , quite proficient in Confucianism, very popular with Kublai Khan's trust.With their help, Kublai Khan had a good understanding of the rise and fall of the previous dynasties in China.Kublai Khan not only tried his best to accept and learn Han culture, but also asked other Mongolian nobles to follow suit.His son, Prince Zhenjin, studied the "Book of Filial Piety" from Yao Shu and Dou Mo since he was a child; Worship Wang E as his teacher and learn "governance".

In June of the eleventh year of Chunyou (AD 1251), Mengge inherited the position of Khan, and the position of Khan was transferred from the Wokuotai Department to the Tuolei Department.In order to keep the power in the hands of the Tuolei family, after Mengge ascended the throne, he entrusted Kublai Khan with all the military affairs of the Han Dynasty in Monan.In the following year, Kublai Khan obtained the Guanzhong area as a fief. However, the Monan area that Kublai Khan faced was by no means full of jewels and wealth and prosperity, but a piece of scorched land that had been devastated by soldiers and exploited by tyrannical governments.When the Mongolian army entered the Central Plains, it took direct looting.After Wo Kuotai succeeded to the throne, the form of plundering changed. He appointed Yelu Chucai to carry out reforms. , in order to maintain the rule in Han. At the beginning of 1230, the tax law was implemented, with little success.However, due to the opposition of the Mongolian nobles, Yelu Chucai's reform ended in failure.On the eve of Meng Ge's accession to the throne, the situation of "death in the Han land" became even more serious. Xu Heng believed that due to the oppression of the tyrannical regime, the people were extremely poor, and they were about to gather to form chaos.At the beginning of Montgomery's ascension to the throne, there was a tendency to get rid of the long-standing disadvantages, but due to a series of conquests, these reform measures soon collapsed.The burden on the people is getting heavier and heavier.In order to escape the pressure of debt, people fled one after another, leaving a lot of land barren.

After Kublai Khan took charge of the general affairs of the military and state affairs in the Han area in Monan, facing the situation of "the Han area is dead", on the one hand, he further wooed the Han people; A series of measures such as massacres, garrisoning fields to accumulate grain, and financial rectification, and the appointment of Zhu Jin bureaucrats and intellectuals who are familiar with Han law, initially reversed this situation. In Xingzhou (now Xingtai, Hebei) within Kublai Khan’s fiefdom, there were 80,292 households in 8 counties during the Jin Dynasty.After the Mongolian nobles invaded, and at the beginning of Kublai Khan's enfeoffment, the number of local households dropped sharply to five or seven hundred.Kublai Khan decided to use Xing as a pilot, and sent Tuo Wutuo, Zhang Geng, Li Jian and others to Xingzhou. After the three people arrived in Xingzhou, they worked together to cleanse the evils, get rid of corruption and violence, and work for the safety of the people. In less than a month, the household registration increased by 10 times.Kublai Khan was greatly impressed by the effectiveness of governing Xing, he paid more attention to Confucian scholars, and gradually entrusted them with important tasks.He also sent Yang Weizhong, Shi Tianze, Zhao Bi and others to govern Henan, which partially restored Henan's economy.

At that time, in the Han area of ​​Monan, due to the unprepared regulations and the lack of legal system, nobles and officials often killed people at will.Yalawachi, Buzhier, etc., the judges of Xianzong, sentenced 28 people to death in one day.In order to calm the hearts of the people, Kublai Khan repeatedly forbade the generals to kill innocent people. If the sergeant violated the order, he would be killed as a public display, which made the army awe-inspiring, and almost no one dared to violate the order.For the captured prisoners of war, they will not kill or take them into slavery, but advocate their release.

In addition, in order to prepare for the military rations and military expenses for attacking the Southern Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan also paid great attention to farming. In 1252, Kublai Khan proposed to farm in Tangzhou (now Tanghe, Henan) and Dengzhou (now Dengxian, Henan) and other places, and set up ten thousand households in Dengzhou. Kou, Taoyuan, when the enemy arrives, we will fight, and when the enemy retreats, we will cultivate.The next year, he garrisoned fields in Fengxiang (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province), exchanging salt for food and supplying military pay.In the same year, the banknote delivery department was established in Jingzhao (Xi'an) to print and distribute banknotes.In this way, Kublai Khan gradually controlled a large part of the financial power of the Mongolian regime in the Han area of ​​the Central Plains at that time.

Kublai Khan implemented a series of measures since he took charge of the general affairs of the military and state in Monan Han, which made the Central Plains area under initial governance, the population gradually increased, and the economy slowly recovered, laying the foundation for Kublai Khan's seizure of power. Base. Kublai Khan’s use of Han law to govern the Han region inevitably harmed the interests of Mongolian nomadic nobles and merchants in the Western Regions; his growing prestige in the Central Plains, and the accumulation of a large amount of financial and material resources in the process of governing Shaanxi and Henan, formed a pattern of opposition to Mongols. Khan threat.In the fifth year of Baoyou (1257 A.D.), Mengge asked Kublai Khan to stay at home to rest on the pretext that he had just finished the war and suffered from foot problems. military power.Soon, Meng Ge suddenly decided to conquer the Southern Song Dynasty himself, and Kublai Khan was in danger.Under the circumstances at that time, Kublai Khan, as the vassal king, had the power to mobilize the army, horses and food and pay in the hands of the Great Khan, so it was absolutely difficult to fight Meng Ge.As a last resort, Kublai Khan followed Yao Shu's suggestion and instead sent his wife and children to the Khan court as hostages, expressing that he had no other intentions.In November of that year, Kublai Khan personally visited Mengge again. When the brothers met, Mengge was extremely embarrassed, and finally dispelled his doubts.Meng Ge ordered to stop the hook test, and Kublai Khan also abolished the institutions in Xingzhou, Shaanxi, and Henan, and transferred back the officials he sent.In this way, Kublai Khan preserved himself with humility and patience, and avoided an unexpected disaster.However, he did not give up his ambition to control the Han land in the Central Plains.Later, Meng Geyin Tachaer suffered a military defeat, and ordered Kublai Khan to lead the left army to conquer the Song Dynasty again.In the process of conquering the Song Dynasty, Kublai Khan once again controlled the power of the Eastern Route Army in his own hands.

In July of the first year of Kaiqing (AD 1259), Meng Ge was seriously injured in the attack on the Song Dynasty and died at the foot of Diaoyu Mountain in Hezhou (now Hezhou, Sichuan).Kublai Khan's younger brother who stayed in Mobei Helin, Ali Boke, who was trusted by Meng Ge, hurriedly planned to inherit the throne with the support of Meng Ge's sons and trusted ministers. Xianzong Mengge died under the city of Hezhou during the war against the Song Dynasty in the south. Therefore, he did not make arrangements for the issue of succession before his death like Taizu Temujin and Taizong Okuotai.This caused a fierce quarrel within the Mongolian royal family about the ownership of the Khan.Kublai Khan was qualified to succeed the Great Khan, but the sons of his younger brother Ali Buge and Xianzong Mengge could also inherit the Khan throne.In this way, the struggle for the Khan position inevitably took place among the kings of the Tuolei family.

When Xianzong Mengge went south, Ali Boke was ordered to stay in Helin, preside over Dawulusi, manage the left behind army and Zhu Erduo, and was in a very superior position politically.In addition, Queen Kudutai and Meng Ge's sons all supported Ali Boke, which increased Ali Boke's political momentum.In terms of military affairs, he owned the army that stayed behind in Helin, and part of the army that followed Xianzong's southern expedition also joined him.After Mengge's death, the army was attacking the front line of the Song Dynasty. Alibuge preemptively sent Alan Da'er to the tribes in the northern part of Mobei, and sent troops to the southern states of Monnan.Alan Da'er took the opportunity to dispatch troops to a place more than 100 miles away from Ping.The Kaiping area has been the base of Kublai Khan's business for many years, and the military operations of Brother Ali Bak have posed a great threat to Kublai Khan.

When Meng Ge died, Kublai Khan was ordered to march south.In order to fight for the throne, Kublai Khan believed that he should return to Mobei.It happened that Jia Sidao in the Southern Song Dynasty sent envoys to talk about peace, and Kublai Khan immediately agreed to leave the army in Jiangbei and lead a pro-army to go first.In March of the first year of Zhongtong (AD 1260), Kublai Khan arrived in Kaiping and summoned Hulin Leta.After repeated persuasion by the kings Tachaer, Brother Yexian, Hedan, Brother Mo, etc., and ministers, Kublai Khan finally ascended to the Khan throne in Kaiping.Immediately afterwards, in April, brother Alibu claimed in Helin that he had received the imperial edict, and he succeeded to the Khan throne with the support of other kings.

So far, only force can be used to solve the Khan position problem.In the early days of the war, the central area of ​​contention between the two sides was from Kaiping to Yanjing, Qin, Shu, and Long. From the end of the first year of Kaiqing (AD 1259) to June of the first year of Zhongtong, Kublai Khan won the victory in Shanchuan. Ali Boke lost the advantage of the western front. In the autumn of the second year of Zhongtong, Brother Alibu pretended to lead the crowd to surrender, and launched a surprise attack on Kublai Khan's vanguard, Xiangxiang.Brother Xiangyi lost his vigilance and was beaten to the ground.Ari Boke sent his troops to the south, pointing directly at Kublai Khan's Monan garrison.Kublai Khan was shocked when he heard the report, and hurriedly led his army back to the south.In November, the two sides fought in Ximu Tunaoer. Ali Bukor was defeated and fled, and most of his troops surrendered to Kublai Khan. Aluhu, who was sent by Brother Ali to Chagatai, collected a large amount of livestock, weapons, and goods here. Hearing that Brother Ali was defeated, he betrayed him again, took the wealth as his own, and refused to order to kill Ali. Brother Bu's envoy.In a fit of rage, Brother Ali launched a war against Aluhu, massacring innocent soldiers and civilians in Aluhu, causing many generals to leave in disappointment.During the three years of the Central Unification, Aluhu announced that he would fall to Kublai Khan.At this time, Kublai Khan had the support of Xu Liewu and Bie Erge.The supporters of Brother Ali Bak, the kings Xiliji and Yulong Dafu also turned to Kublai one after another.Ali Buge betrayed his relatives, and in July of the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1246 AD), he had no choice but to surrender to Kublai Khan. In August of the first year of Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan moved his capital to Yanjing, changed Yanjing to Zhongdu (in the ninth year of Yuan Dynasty, changed Zhongdu to Dadu), and established the central government agency here.On the one hand, this move is to avoid the threat of the rebel kings, based on the Central Plains region with abundant manpower and material resources, so as to control the vast Mongolian country; After that, he intends to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty and dominate the world with great ambitions.In November of the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan announced that he would change the country name from "Great Mongolia" to "Great Yuan", and stepped onto the stage of history as a new dynasty hero. In the first few years of his accession, Khubilai devoted himself to consolidating the Khan's throne, and only wanted to maintain the status quo in the Southern Song Dynasty.In April of the first year of Zhongtong (AD 1260), he sent Hao Jing as a national messenger to the Southern Song Dynasty to announce the news of his accession to the throne and discuss the implementation of the agreement reached with Jia Sidao.However, Jia Sidao was afraid that Hao Jing's arrival at the court would reveal his humiliating surrender, so he detained Hao Jing in Zhenzhou (now Yizheng, Jiangsu).Kublai Khan got no reply, so he sent envoys to look for Hao Jing, but there was no result.In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty, after Kublai Khan had consolidated his position and prepared for war for a long time, he used the Song court's arrest of Hao Jing as an excuse to send troops south to attack the Song Dynasty. In November of the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Zheng, a general of the Southern Song Dynasty, suggested to Kublai Khan: "The strategy for attacking the Song Dynasty should be to plan Xiangyang first. If you can succeed, you can enter the Yangtze River from the Han River and wipe out the Southern Song Dynasty in one fell swoop." Kublai Khan His suggestion was adopted.From the fifth year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan sent A Shu, Liu Zheng and others to attack Xiangyang, and conquered Xiangyang in the first month of the ninth year of Zhiyuan. After the Yuan army occupied Xiangyang, it was equivalent to kicking open the gate of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty was irreversible.In June of the tenth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, issued an edict to attack the Song Dynasty, ordering the left prime minister, Boyan, to command an army of 200,000 troops, and advance by land and water.Boyan divided his troops into two groups: the one attacked Huaixi and Huaidong, and pointed to Yangzhou; the other led by him, entered the Yangtze River along the Han River, went down the south, and went straight to Lin'an.In December, Boyan and others crossed the river in Qingshanji and won the battle of Yangluobao. Then, they went up to capture Hanshi and Ezhou, controlled the situation in the middle reaches, and then went east along the river.At the beginning of the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan army advanced steadily.At this time, the Southern Song Dynasty was in chaos.In July of the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, Song Duzong died and was succeeded by his 4-year-old son Zhao Xian.In December, the news of the fall of Ezhou came, and public opinion in the government and the public was uproarious.In the first month of the twelfth year of Zhiyuan, Boyan led his army to Gaoting Mountain, a dangerous place in the northeast of Lin'an, and Arahan and Dong Wenbing also came to join him.Emperor Song had no choice but to send envoys to surrender.In May, Emperor Song was sent to Shangdu. After Kublai Khan summoned him, he abolished the title of emperor and named him Duke of Ying. Afterwards, with the support of Lu Xiufu, Zhang Qiejie, Wen Tianxiang, Chen Yizhong and others, Song Yiwang Zhao Xian and Guangwang Zhao Bing fought in the southeast coast for several years, trying to recover.However, in the face of the powerful Mongolian iron cavalry, they can only be defeated again and again.In December of the fifteenth year of Zhiyuan, Wen Tianxiang was arrested in Wupoling (now Haifeng, Guangdong).In February of the 16th year of the Yuan Dynasty, Yashan, the last stronghold of the Southern Song Dynasty, was breached. Unwilling to be humiliated, Lu Xiufu threw the 9-year-old emperor Zhao Bing into the sea and died.The Southern Song Dynasty fell, and the whole country was unified in the Yuan Dynasty. In April of the sixth year of Zhongtong (1260 A.D.), Kublai Khan ascended the throne as the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty.Yuan Shizu's main guiding ideology for the governance of the country's internal affairs was to implement the "Han Law".Therefore, after the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed in the 16th year of Zhiyuan (1279 AD), it began to be fully implemented in the Yuan Dynasty. First of all, the name of Yuanjian was changed, and the capital was Han.The history of the Mongols began with Genghis Khan, who took the name of the country as the Great Mongol Kingdom and had no year name. This situation continued until the fourth Khan, Mongol.Soon after Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty inherited the throne of Khan, in May 1260, he announced the establishment of the "Zhongtong" of the Yuan Dynasty, and adopted the traditional Chinese dynasty name to record the year.In August of the first year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan changed his year name to "Zhiyuan" after Ali Bukor surrendered.In November of the eighth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1271), it was announced that "Great Mongolia" was changed to "Great Yuan", taking the meaning of "Great Qianyuan", which means that the country is vast and boundless.In order to better control the Central Plains, Shizu gave up Mobei and Lin, the capitals of the Mongolian Kingdom, and set up two capitals in Monan and Central Plains. In May of the fourth year of Zhongtong (AD 1263), Kaiping was promoted For Shangdu, the ancestral temple palace was established, and it was renamed Dadu in the ninth year of Zhiyuan. Its status gradually surpassed Shangdu, and it was designated as the capital of the Yuan Dynasty.As for Helin, it became the seat of the local agency Xuanweisi. Second, establish state institutions and a rigorous legal system.In terms of political system, the Mongols embarked on the road of foreign conquest immediately after the unification of Genghis Khan. They implemented a military-administrative system and did not form a complete bureaucratic and legal system.After Shizu came to the throne, he ordered Liu Bingzhong and Xu Heng to examine and determine the codes of the previous dynasties. With reference to the actual situation at that time, they gradually determined the state institutions and official system.In the central government, Zhongshu Province was set up to lead the six departments of officials, households, rites, soldiers, criminals, and workers; the Privy Council was set up to take charge of military affairs;In addition, there is a large and authentic sect, and Dalu Huachi (judgment officer) is still set up, but gradually he only takes care of Mongolian official affairs.Locally, the highest administrative body is the Ministry of the Secretariat, referred to as the province.In the twenty-seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan court adjusted the provincial system across the country. Except for Shandong, Shanxi, and Hebei, which were directly under the jurisdiction of Zhongshu Province, the country was divided into Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and other provinces. 10 provinces including Jiangxi and Huguang.The administrative divisions below the provinces are divided into four levels: roads, prefectures, prefectures, and counties.There is an "army" organizational system in remote areas, and the ranks and officials are all in the lower states.After that, he ordered the recruitment of people to make legislation, and formulated the "Zhiyuan New Style" with reference to the laws of the past dynasties in China, which was promulgated in the 29th year of Zhiyuan.In the third year of Zhizhi (1323 A.D.), the Yuan Law "Dayuan Tongzhi" was finally formulated. While establishing state institutions and improving the legal system, in order to strengthen the centralization of power, Shizu began to take measures to vigorously weaken the power of the kings and nobles and the Han Dynasty.Because during the reign of the ancestors, the kings of the territory were still powerful, and they seemed to be independent kingdoms on one side.Shizu himself relied on the military and economic power of the Han vassal state to defeat Brother Ali and seize the Khan throne. It can be said that he was the primary beneficiary of the suzerain's success.Therefore, Shizu's understanding of this issue became more profound, and after he succeeded to the throne, he began a large-scale movement to reduce the feudal domain.The attack on the suzerain and vassal kings first started with their names.In the second year of Zhongtong, it was ordered to change the "Jade Treasure" of individual Zongwangs to gold seals.Soon after, the imperial jade seal "ten buttons" was made to show the distinction between monarchs and ministers, and 36 seals of 6 grades were successively awarded to the kings. .In the new printing, those who have won the title of seal king are called "big kings", and those who do not win are called "little big kings". The "big king" enjoys the courtesy of being tied to the retinue of the Marquis.Usually, in each branch of the Zongwang branch, Kublai Khan only named the "big king" as the ruler under that position and the agent of the Yuan court. 6. The kings of the first class are divided into "one-character king" and "two-character king". Two characters, hence the name "two characters king".Regardless of the "big king" or the "one-character king", their conferments are based on the principle of kinship and patriarchal law and the loyalty of the kings to the Yuan court.Those who are loyal to the ancestors and have made outstanding contributions in support and conquest can be awarded the upper rank;Later, the custom of "non-prince shall not be sealed with one word" was formed.By collecting jade treasures, changing the gold seal, conferring meritorious service and bestowing the noble seal, and honoring the direct descendants, Kublai Khan broke the old custom of the golden family with equal power and established a clan-pyramidal order in which the khan is supreme.In the seventh year of the Zhiyuan Dynasty, Shizu set up five judges, including Ji Lijisi, who directly represented the Yuan court and directly governed the territory of Queen Ari Boke.In the reign of Emperor Chengzong of Yuan Dynasty, he further strengthened the interference in the affairs of the suzerain and vassals by following the precedents of his ancestors, and strictly prohibited the kings from arbitrarily carrying out "decree" and independently promoting the affairs of the vassal.In terms of the army, Shizu deprived the kings of the military power of the grassland territory by setting up the military status, establishing the capital, and dismantling heavy troops.In the third year of Zhongtong, in exchange for the support of the vassals, the ancestors allowed the kings to have Mongolian military households who stayed in the grassland territory.After the Yuan regime was stabilized, Shizu's policy on military households under the throne became tougher.In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty, it was stipulated that the Privy Council has the right to recruit Mongolian military households on the territory into military registration.Gradually, the kings were no longer able to pose a military threat to the central government. The deprivation of territorial judicial power was also an important part of Shizu's reduction of feudal vassals.In the second year of Zhongtong (AD 1261), the Yuan court prohibited the kings from adjudicating private prison cases privately, so as to prevent the kings from disturbing the people with excessive punishment.Important cases in the territory require the intervention of supervisors, and even homicide cases under the kings are often ruled by the Yuan court.In this way, the judicial power of the kings' territories no longer existed independently.At the same time, the ancestors deprived the kings of the power base in Shiyi from the aspects of taxation, relationship with the people, and appointment of Shiyi officials.In the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan court doubled the amount of Wuhu silk to be collected by the general manager Lu, and Zhongshu Shengguan branch.The warehouse silver of the last five silk households was gradually returned to the imperial court. Shizu’s above-mentioned series of vassal reduction measures, coupled with the dismemberment of several powerful kings’ territories in the process of quelling the rebellion, gradually limited the kings’ privileges to enjoying Wuhusi and recommending Daru In Huachi and other aspects, the threat of the kings to centralization has been greatly reduced. The Han Shihou was a separatist force formed during the Mongolian expedition to the south.If the Mongolian rulers wanted to establish a long-term rule in the Central Plains, they had to rely on the support of the Central Plains landlord class.When Genghis Khan paid more attention to recruiting ruling talents who were useful to him.At that time, Mu Huali paid more attention to fighting for the armed forces of the Han landlords. Those who returned to the land were ordered to be the local governors, and they were awarded such as provinces, leading provinces, capital marshals, deputy marshals, prefects, and county magistrates.Moreover, according to the Mobei system, all appointed officials are allowed to be hereditary.The leaders of the Han landlord armed forces gradually took control of the local power in the Mongolian ruled area. Within the territory under their jurisdiction, they not only commanded the army, but also managed the people. They could appoint subordinate officials, collect taxes, and deal with prisons. Autocratic party.Among them, Liu Heima of Xijing, Shi Tianze of Zhending, Zhang Rou of Shuntian, Yanshi of Dongping, Zhang Rong of Jinan, and Li Fen of Yidu, etc. were the most powerful. , the vassal towns of the Tang Dynasty, they were usually called "Shihou" at that time.These "princes" gradually formed a centrifugal force with the centralization of power, posing a serious threat to the rule of the Yuan court.On the third day of February in the third year of Zhongtong, Li Chan took advantage of Shizu's war for the throne of Khan and launched a military rebellion, which was later defeated.Dongping Wanhu Yan Zhongfan and Zhending Wanhu Shi Tianze did not dedicate the captured Li Fen to Kublai Khan as usual, but dismembered him to show the public without authorization. Although Li Fen's rebellion failed, it intensified the suspicion and fear of the Mongolian nobles towards the Han people.Shizu took the opportunity to force Han Shihou to surrender real power and military power.Shi Tianze first took the lead in handing over military power to show his loyalty to Shizu, and other Han princes followed suit; Shizu ignored Shi Tianze and others who killed Li Fen without permission.Shizu took advantage of the situation and took a series of measures: lifting the military power of local warlords except Zhending Dong; strictly implementing the system of dividing the local soldiers and people; Select guards to supervise the Han army; implement the system of changing generals so that generals are not good at soldiers; cancel the feudal titles of Han bureaucrats.The implementation of these measures completely eliminated the power of the Han princes and greatly strengthened the centralization of power. Shizu determined the policy of "taking agriculture and mulberry as an urgent task" and adopted a series of measures to restore and develop agricultural production across the country.First, institutions specialized in agricultural production at all levels from the central to the local level were established.In the second year of Zhongtong, the Department of Persuading Agriculture was established, with Yao Shu as the chief minister of agriculture, and envoys to persuade farmers were appointed to several prefectures.In the seventh year of Zhiyuan (1270 A.D.), the Dasinong Department was established, and a group of tour envoys were appointed to persuade farmers.At the same time, in Dadu, Shangdu and various places, many administrative agencies such as the Land Management Department, the Land Management Office, the Agricultural Administration, and the Agricultural Management Department were set up to manage the farming and farming affairs.Second, limit pasture encroachment on farmland and prohibit livestock from damaging crops.Again, implement farming.After a long period of war and catastrophe, due to the large number of people fleeing, many places were sparsely populated and a lot of land was barren. In response to this situation, Kublai Khan vigorously implemented the policy of garrisoning land, using the soldiers of the garrison to open up wasteland and recruit people to garrison land.The implementation of the policy of farming in the early Yuan Dynasty reclaimed a large amount of long-term barren land, reduced the burden on the people, and played a positive role in the recovery and development of agricultural production.Fourth, strengthen and improve water conservancy, agricultural tools and agricultural production technology.In order to restore agricultural production as soon as possible, Kublai Khan attached great importance to this.In the center, there is a capital water supervision department affiliated to the Dasinong Division, and various river and canal divisions are set up outside to promote water conservancy and repair river embankments.In the fourth year of Zhongtong, the ancestors ordered the Minister of Rites, Yue Henai, to smelt iron on a large scale, transporting 1.037 million catties of iron a year, and casting more than 200,000 pieces of agricultural tools, which basically guaranteed the farmers' demand for agricultural tools.In the twenty-fourth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1287), Shizu issued an edict to issue the "Nongsang Collection" edited by Dasinongsi to the whole country, and later published Wang Zhen's "Nongshu" and the Uyghur agronomist Lu Mingshan's "Summary of Farming and Mulberry Clothing and Food". The implementation of a series of policies persuading farmers by Shizu has restored and developed agricultural production in the Central Plains and Jiangnan areas that had been devastated by wars in the Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties for more than 200 years, and the agricultural production in the border minority areas has also increased rapidly. It laid the foundation for the economic development of the Yuan Dynasty. Shizu recognized and advocated the Han traditional culture with Confucianism as the main body.Mainly manifested in: setting up schools, expropriating a large number of Han Confucian scholars, preserving and engraving classics and formulating new Mongolian characters.In February of the third year of Baoyou in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1255), Shizu appointed Su Confucian Xu Heng as Jingzhao Tixue in Jingzhao, his sub-district, and set up schools widely.In the second year after he ascended the throne, Shizu ordered the establishment of Zhulu Tiju School.Statistics from the 25th year of the Yuan Dynasty show that there were more than 24,000 schools established all over the country.In April of the fourth year of Zhiyuan, Shizu rebuilt the Confucius Temple in Shangdu, thus establishing the dominance of Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty. While promoting the Han law with great fanfare, the ancestors continued to retain many old Mongolian systems, such as the fief system and slavery, in order to gain the support of the Mongolian nobles and be influenced by their tribal and class interests. After the Mongolian nobles unified the country, in order to always maintain their supreme ruling power and safeguard their special interests, the ancestors also inherited and promoted the policy of ethnic oppression.The policy of ethnic differentiation is one of the important contents of the policy of ethnic oppression.The ancestors divided the people of all ethnic groups in the country into four categories: Mongolians, Semu, Han, and Nanren; the first category is the Mongols, whom the Mongolian rulers call "their own flesh and blood"; the second category is the Semu people, including Qincha, Tangwu , Tuba, Asu, Weiwuer, Huihui, Naiman, etc.; the third class is the Han people, also called Haner, Qita, Zhahudai, referring to the Han, Khitan, Jurchen and other ethnic groups in the original Jin Dynasty north of the Huaihe River People from Yunnan and Sichuan provinces and Koreans who were conquered by Mongolia earlier also belong to this category; the fourth category is Southerners, also called barbarians and Xinfu people, referring to the people of all ethnic groups in the original Southern Song Dynasty who were finally conquered by the Yuan Dynasty . The ancestors not only still had the ideology of the old Mongolian grassland nobles in their minds, and retained many old Mongolian systems, but also resorted to military affairs and squandered recklessly in their later years.From the third year of the Zhiyuan period to the tenth year of the Zhiyuan period, Shizu sent envoys to Japan five times in a row to persuade the envoys to come to the court, but they were all firmly rejected by the Kamakura shogunate.How could the defiant and arrogant Shizu give up, and invaded Japan twice in the 11th year and the 18th year of the Yuan Dynasty, but both ended in failure.In the relationship with Annan (today's Vietnam), Shizu sent troops to invade twice in the 20th and 24th years of Zhiyuan because Annan refused to surrender, but was forced to retreat due to the stubborn resistance of Annan's army and people. In the spring of the thirty-first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Shizu passed away and was buried in the Chariot Valley.The posthumous title is "Emperor of Shengde, Shengong, Civil and Military", and the temple title is "Shizu".