Chapter 323 Chapter 322 Taizu Borjijin Temujin

Yuan Taizu Genghis Khan, named Temujin, belonged to the Borjijin clan of the Nilun tribe of Mongolia.The father is also quick to respond, and the mother is He Erlun.Born in the thirty-two year of Shaoxing (AD 1162) in the Southern Song Dynasty, and died in the third year of Song Baoqing (AD 1227). In the thirty-second year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (AD 1162), Yuelun, the wife of Yesugai, the leader of the Mongolian Borjijin family, gave birth to a son. The enemy general named the newborn "Temujin". When Temujin was 9 years old, his father, Yesugei, was poisoned to death by Tataer tribe.The Borjijin clan lost its leader, and many slaves and subjects switched to other powerful clans.Even some nobles of the Qiyan clan left Temujin's mother and son and attached themselves to Tai Chiwu clan.Temujin's family was temporarily in trouble, and his mother, Yuelun, took several children and the few remaining tribes to live in the area of ​​Buerhan Mountain in the upper reaches of the Onon River, living a life of hardship.

The leader of the Taichiwu clan was worried that Temujin would get revenge when he grew up, so he took people to arrest Temujin, put him in handshakes and headshackles, and showed him around.Temujin took advantage of the banquet held by the Taichiwu people to overthrow the guards and took the opportunity to escape.He hid in the dense forest, and then dived into the water of the Onon River to hide.Suoerhan Shila, a member of the Taichiwu clan, found Temujin and said to Temujin: "You have outstanding talents, and they hate you. You hide here, and I will not reveal it to others." He said Convince the troops and stop the search.

The next day, Temujin, unable to escape, found Suoerhan Shila again and asked to hide him. The son of Suoerhan Shila took off the shackles Temujin was wearing and threw him into the fire, hiding him in the woolen cart. Go up, and ask my sister He Da'an to take good care of her.Rescued by Suo Erhan, Temujin escaped on horseback and joined his mother. Temujin's family lived by preying on marmots and voles on the grassland, and suffered from poverty.At this time, a horse thief came and stole his family's horse.Temujin chased after him on horseback. On the way, he met Boershu, the son of Nahu Boyan of the Alura clan, and worked together with him to recover the stolen horse.Since then, the two have formed a lifelong friendship.

After Temujin married the beautiful and virtuous Borte of the Hongji Raptor, in order to revive the family business, he came to Tuwulaheilin (now Ulaanbaatar South, Mongolia) with his younger brothers Khasaer and Belgutei , found his father's close friend, Wang Han, the leader of the Kelei tribe, and offered him a gift.He also respected Wang Han as his father, expressing his attachment.Wang Han promised to help with all his strength. Under the protection of Wang Han, Temujin accepted the orimai one after another, and then many free knights and brave warriors came one after another, and a group of heroes gathered around Temujin.He secretly collected his followers, accumulating the power of revenge.

But when he was fledgling, he was attacked by the Mierqi people of the third surname.Temujin's brothers and comrades-in-arms were weak and forced to flee to the mountains on horseback.His wife, Bortie, was captured by the Merqi people.Temujin asked Wang Han for help, and Wang Han offered help as promised. Temujin's childhood righteous brother, Jamuka, the leader of the Qin Chiwu Tribe, also joined forces to help. .Temujin got back his pregnant wife and soon had a son, Jochi.After this war, Temujin's power gradually grew.Bring his whole family to live with Jamuka. One or two years later, Temujin got rid of his attachment to Jamuka, and moved from the Jamuka camp in the middle reaches of the Onan River to the Sangguer River in the upper reaches of the Qilulian River, and established his own camp.Regardless of his background, Temujin was good at accommodating the crowd, and attracted many weak and weak clans. Later, they all became Temujin's confidantes.

Some formerly famous begging nobles also moved closer to Temujin.Hebrekhan's long branch master's son, Sachabeqi and Taichu of the Qi family, Zhuochihan and Altan, the sons of Khutura Khan, Dali Taiwo Chijin, the younger brother of Yesugai, and the son of Prince Niekun Huchaer and others did not want to live a life of being dependent on others, so they took their tribe back to Temujin.At the joint meeting of the tribal chiefs, they jointly elected Temujin, who had a strong power, as Khan and expressed their obedience. Temujin was elected as khan by the noble meeting, and immediately established a system to consolidate his dominance.He appointed Naker Boershu and Zhelimai, who were the earliest followers of him, as the general managers, and assigned bows and arrows, people in charge of food, people in charge of shepherds, people in charge of repairing vehicles, people in charge of the internal population, and people in charge of knives. 10 kinds of positions, such as those in charge of horses, those in charge of herding and raising horses, those in charge of far and near sentries, and those who guard palace tents.Except for his younger brother, almost all the people who hold these positions are his cronies.Through this system, Temujin formed a capable team with Naker as the core.He formulated and implemented strict disciplines and systems, making the troops more suitable for large corps activities, thus laying the foundation for the unification of Mongolia.

The newly established Qiyan regime headed by Temujin only controlled a small area in the upper reaches of the Qilianlu River, and there were not many followers.Temujin knew that in order to expand his power, he must continue to rely on the support of the powerful leader of the Kret tribe.After taking office as Khan, he immediately sent envoys to report the matter to Wang Han.Wang Han was very satisfied with his godson being embraced as Khan, and readily agreed. The nobles of Zamuhe and Taichiwu could not tolerate the emergence of a new powerful force.Jamuka's younger brother was shot and killed for looting the horses of Temujin's retainers. Jamuka took this as an excuse to take open hostile actions.Temujin divided his tribe into thirteen wings to fight against the enemy.In order to avoid powerful enemies, Temujin adopted a strategy of temporary retreat.Jamuka cruelly kidnapped and boiled 70 children who belonged to the chiefs of Temujin's Negus tribe (thirteenth wing).

After the Battle of the Thirteen Wings, Temujin adopted the method of winning over people's hearts and disintegrating them in response to the reality that there was no unified discipline in the Taichiwu clan, and they were competing for leadership and full of contradictions.During the hunting, they even deliberately drove the wild beasts into Taichiu's hunting grounds to make them profit, and then form an alliance with them. Tatar was originally a subordinate of the Jin Dynasty. In the first year of Qingyuan (1195 AD), they rebelled after robbing the sheep and horses of the Jin people.In the second year of Qingyuan, when the Tatars fled to the Orizha River, Temujin asked Wang Han to send troops in the name of revenge for his father and ancestors, and joined forces with the Jin army to surround and wipe out the Tatars.Temujin captured and killed the leader of the Tatars, Mewuzhen Litu.Temujin picked up a child when he looted the enemy's camp, and Yuelun adopted him as his adopted son.He was Shiji Hutuhu who later became the supreme judge.

After the Orizha River War, the Jin Dynasty granted Temujin the post of commander of the Mongolian army, and his political power was greatly improved. From then on, he could use his status as a court official to command the Mongolian tribes and rule other nobles. Before the war, the contradictions within the Qiyan nobles had been exposed.Although Sacha Beki and others elected Temujin as Khan, they were not willing to submit to his jurisdiction and had always had ambitions to compete for power.Especially when attacking Tataer, Temujin recruited the master Qi family to send troops to help in the battle. Not only did Sacha Beqi and others not obey the order, they took the opportunity to plunder Temujin's old camp.Ten of the family members staying behind were killed and 50 were stripped of their clothes.After the war, Temujin took advantage of the victorious force to inquire about his crimes. The Qi family, the master, was completely defeated near the Qilulian River, and all the pastoral land of his tribe was annexed.In the spring of the third year of Qingyuan (1197 A.D.), Sacha Beqi and Taichu, who had fled, were also captured. Temuzhen was responsible for breaking the oath and executed them.

After eliminating the internal rebels, Temujin continued to weaken the power and status of the old nobles, forcing them to be subordinate to him, thus taking another important step on his road to military exploits. In the sixth year of Qingyuan, in order to create a great empire, Temujin and Wang Han met in Sarichuan and jointly sent troops to attack Taichiwu. The Taichiwu nobles and Merqi nobles joined forces to fight.Tuotuo, the leader of Merqi, sent his son Hudu and other troops to help.The two sides fought in the Onan River. After a fierce battle, Taichi Wuzhi was defeated, and its leader Ta'erhutai was killed.

Since then, Wang Han and Temujin's offensive targets have turned to the rich Hulunbuir Grassland in the east.The Hedajin and Sanjiwu tribes united to fight against Wang Han and Temujin, but they also failed in the end. Most of their tribes and livestock were annexed and plundered by Wang Han and Temujin. In the first year of Jiatai (1201 A.D.), Jamuka collected a group of defeated nobles, including the leaders of 11 tribes including Tatar, Hongjira, and Taichiwu, and gathered in Hulan Yeerji to form a A loose alliance against Wang Han and Temujin.During the battle, Temujin's neck blood vessel was shot, and the blood flowed profusely. The general Zhelimai sucked the blood with his mouth, carefully guarded it, and sneaked into the enemy's line naked to retrieve the yogurt, which finally saved Temujin's life. .The next day, Suo'erhan Shila, who had rescued Temujin, led Ji'er Kuo Ahai to surrender.Ji'er Huo said bluntly: "I was the one who shot you from the mountain. If you let me die, you will only splash a piece of land the size of your palm. If you spare my life, I will go through fire and water for Khan." Mu Zhen liked this kind of straightforwardness and courage very much: "As an enemy, he always avoids talking about killing people and taking hostile actions. But you tell the truth without any taboo, and you can really be friends." He also said: "Then you can change Jierhuo Ahai to Jebe (meaning arrowhead)." Afterwards, Jebe became a brave general under Temujin's account. In the second year of Jiatai, Temujin's armed forces became more substantial. After a fierce battle, he completely wiped out the Tataer tribe, his old enemy.From then on, the rich eastern land of the Mongolian plateau and many tribes were almost all merged under Temujin's rule, and his power became stronger and stronger. Wang Han had concerns about the excessive development of Temujin's forces.Jamuka, who was good at watching the wind and steering the rudder, took the opportunity to sow discord, sow right and wrong, slander Wang Han, and slander Temujin.During the joint crusade against Buyulu Khan of the Naiman tribe, Wang Han believed in rumors and withdrew without authorization, but was intercepted by the Naiman tribe. Fortunately, Temujin tried his best to save him, and Wang Han was able to escape.Regretting his shortsightedness, he swore an alliance with Temujin again. However, the arrogant Wang Han still did not regard Temujin as an equal ally. Temujin once proposed to Wang Han's daughter for his eldest son Jochi, but was rejected, and the relationship between the two parties deteriorated again.In the spring of the third year of Jiatai, Wang Han and his son made a false marriage contract and invited Temujin to a banquet, hoping to kill him.Temujin didn't know the inside story, so he led 10 entourages to go.On the way, he was dissuaded by Wang Han's subordinate Mengli Ke.Sangkun knew that the trick was leaked and planned to attack Temujin.This incident was heard by Baai and Qixili, who were grazing horses at the home of his younger brother Yekechalian in Altan, and they rushed to report to Temujin overnight.When Wang Han sent troops to attack, Temujin hurriedly assembled his army to meet the enemy, and fought in Helanzhen Shatuo (now north of Wuzhuzhuqin League, Eastern Inner Mongolia).Temujin was still at a disadvantage at that time. Although Wang Han's army was temporarily defeated after a bitter battle, he was finally outnumbered and led his troops to retreat overnight. The Battle of Helan Zhenshatuo was the most difficult battle in Temujin's life, and it was also the first time that he fought alone with the most powerful noble force on the Mongolian plateau.After the defeat, he sent envoys to enumerate Wang Han's breach of the covenant and request for peace; on the other hand, he was stationed at the Banjuni River, taking advantage of the respite, to recuperate the soldiers and horses, and to collect the troops.The water in the Banjuni River is very turbid, and he made an oath with his companions: "If I win the world, I will share joys and sorrows and fate with you. If you break the oath, it will be like this river." After a short period of accumulation, iron Muzhen's military strength developed rapidly again, and he was ready to fight Wang Han again. At this time, Wang Han had a split with other Mongolian nobles who followed him.Jamuka, Altan, Huchaer, Dalitai and others secretly discussed to attack Wang Han and make himself king.After Wang Han found out, he launched an army to attack and won a big victory.Dalitai and Mongolian Ba'alin, Nenzhen II, and Kele Saheyi's tribes surrendered to Temujin, and Jamuka and others fled to the Naiman tribe. In the autumn of that year, Temujin found out that Wang Han was setting up a golden tent and holding a big banquet without any precautions, so he used sneak attack tactics to secretly surround Wang Han's residence in Zhezhe Yundu Mountain and launched a surprise attack.After 3 days and nights of fierce fighting, Wang Han and his son finally fled because they were unable to support themselves.Wang Han fled to the Naiman border, and was hunted down by Naiman guards while borrowing water to drink.His son Sang Kun fled to Xixia and was expelled, and then moved to Quxian (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), where he was also killed. The Kelei tribe headed by Wang Han is the most powerful among the Mongolian tribes. Defeating the Kelei tribe is the biggest victory Temujin has achieved since he was elected as the leader of the Mongolian tribe.After meritorious deeds were rewarded and the land was divided among the people, his sphere of influence was bordered by the Naiman tribe in the west.The Naiman tribe was the only tribe on the Mongolian plateau that still had the strength to compete with Temujin. In the fourth year of Jiatai (1204 A.D.), Taiyanghan of the Naiman tribe marched eastward, and went to Hechiershui (now Harui River) in the north of Hanghai Ridge. The leader of the tribe, Kuduhebeqi and Jamuka, led the remnants of Doerbian, Hedajin, Sanjiwu, Taichiwu, etc. to attack Temujin together. Temujin had already identified the Naiman tribe as the next attack target.He reorganized the army and organized them into groups of one thousand households, one hundred households, and ten households.And established a guard army.The reorganization of the army and the establishment of the guard army made Temujin's army a well-disciplined and highly concentrated armed force.It not only strengthened Temujin's power, but also allowed the generals who followed him to obtain official positions, thus motivating them to fight for his "emperor" more loyally and bravely.As a result, Temujin defeated Taiyanghan in this battle and conquered the Naiman tribe to which Taiyanghan belonged. In the winter of the fourth year of Jiatai, Tiemuzhen attacked the Mierqi tribe in the north and subdued the tribes of Maigudan, Tuotoli, and Chahun.The leader of Wuwa Simei'erqi tribe led his son Wusun, who had offered his daughter to welcome the surrender, and rebelled again, and was soon put down. In the second year of Kaixi (1206 A.D.), after Temujin Khan established the country, he sent troops to attack the Naiman Buyulu Khan on Mount Yentai, and wiped him out in Shaheshui (now the Sogok River in the upper reaches of the Khobdo River).Relying on Qu Chulu, Tuotuo, etc. who did not want Lu Khan fled to the west of Mount Yentai.Kudu Hebieqi, the leader of the Woyik tribe, surrendered to Temujin shortly thereafter.Therefore, the area west of Mount Harawin and east of Mount Tai belonged to Temujin. In the spring of the second year of Kaixi (1206), Temujin called the noble leaders to hold a meeting at the source of the Onan River, that is, the Great Khan, named Genghis Khan (Genghis means "ocean").The country established by Genghis Khan is called "Yeke Mongol Erlusi", that is, the Great Mongol Kingdom.So far, all Mongolian ministries have been united under the banner of the Great Mongolian State, organized according to the organizational form of "thousand households", and a unified Mongolian national community has appeared on the world stage. After Genghis Khan ascended the throne, in the fourth year of Jiatai (1204 A.D.) he rectified the army and horses and established the thousand-household system. The people in Mongolia were divided into 95 thousand households, and the nobles and meritorious officials who co-founded the country were awarded respectively, and they were appointed as the heads of thousands of households. , hereditary leadership. The thousand-household system is the most important part of Mongolia's national political system.The thousand households served as a unified basic military unit and local administrative unit, replacing the tribal or clan structure of the old age.Through the formation of thousands of households, all Mongolian people were brought into a strict organization, led by the head of the thousand households (Nayan) appointed by Khan, and lived within the designated range of pastures, and no one was allowed to leave the thousand households they belonged to without authorization.The state collects taxes and allocates troops by thousands of households.All civilian households should "register and apply for service" in the thousand households under their management, and bear the duties, regardless of high or low, are unavoidable.All men between the ages of 15 and 70 are required to serve in the military. They are ordered to bring their own horses, batons, food and grass at any time, and the head of a thousand households in charge will lead the expedition. "When you get on your horse, you prepare for battle; when you get off your horse, you gather and shepherd."The Mongolian government has been transformed into a feudal lordship system. Genghis Khan appointed Mu Huali as Wanhu in the left hand, who governed thousands of households from the east to Harawen Mountain (now Daxing'an Mountains); There were ten thousand households in the middle army; Huo'erchi led three thousand households in the neighboring tribe of Ba'a, together with the people of various ethnic groups under the management of Takai and Ashihei, they made up ten thousand households, guarding Shihe along Ye'er (now Irtysh) River) trees and people ground.Sunan, who was in charge of the thousands of households of Geniges, became the ten thousand households of the people to which the eldest son Jochi belonged.Wan Hu is just a military commander. The supreme ruling group of Mongolia is the "Golden Family" of Genghis Khan, and all Mongolian people are their subjects.According to the method of distributing family property, Genghis Khan distributed the people to his sons and younger brothers. After the founding of Genghis Khan, no power to compete with his "golden family" was allowed to exist.Old man Menglik of the Huanghuotan tribe enjoys a lofty status. His son Kuo Kuo uses his influence as a shaman to intervene in politics and compete with the Genghis Khan family for the common people.Genghis Khan is determined to get rid of Kuo Kuo Chu. One day, Menglik led his seven sons to visit.As soon as Kuo Kuo Chu sat down beside the wine barrel, Genghis Khan's younger brother Wo Chijin stepped forward to compete with him. As soon as he arrived outside the tent, three strong men broke Kuo Kuo Chu's back and killed him. . The thousand-household system was an important measure for Genghis Khan to prevent the restoration of the old nobles.Any head of a thousand households, no matter how prestigious his status, is a servant of the royal family.The Nayan class is the pillar of Genghis Khan's "golden family" to rule the people. In order to ensure the supremacy of the Khan, Genghis Khan established a more powerful standing armed force directly controlled by the Khan.He expanded the guard army to 10,000, consisting of 1,000 guards, 1,000 quiverers and 8,000 casual squads.Its main responsibility is to protect the golden account of the Great Khan and take charge of various affairs of the Khan court. It is also a combat force led by the Great Khan himself. Genghis Khan stipulated a strict system of guard rotation on duty.Genghis Khan ordered his closest confidantes, Borhu, Borshu, Mu Huali, and Chilaowen, to be the hereditary chiefs of the four guards.They are the confidants of the Great Khan.As the Khan's attendant and close minister, the head of the guard was above Qianhu Nayan and assumed the functions of the central government.They also often go out as messengers to convey will and deal with important affairs.He was transferred to foreign officials and held important positions.Therefore, acting as a guard has become the most convenient way for the Nayan class to become an official. Genghis Khan controls such an army of the most powerful cronies, which is enough to restrain any kings and Nayan who are outside.And the children of Nayans at all levels were enlisted as guards, which is equivalent to "protons", which helped Genghis Khan to more firmly connect and control the Nayans distributed in various places and make them loyal to him.The guard army became a powerful tool for Genghis Khan to consolidate the new unified country, prevent the resurrection of the old nobles, and plunder and expand abroad. Before the founding of Genghis Khan, the Mongols had no written language.After Genghis Khan captured the Uighur Tata Tonga, he ordered him to teach his children to learn because he was proficient in the native language.Later, many Uighurs were used as teachers for the children of Mongolian aristocrats, and they made contributions to the creation of the Mongolian language. After the creation of the Uighur Mongolian language, Genghis Khan used it to issue orders, register accounts, compile into grammar, record cases handled, etc., and became an important auxiliary means to strengthen the rule. In the second year of Kaixi (1206 A.D.), Genghis Khan appointed his adopted son Shiji Hutuhu as the judge.The chief judge is responsible for the distribution of private households.Genghis Khan also ordered Shiji Hutuhu to judge the criminal case, punish the thieves, detect fraud, and impose criminal laws.The chief judge is actually the highest administrative officer in Mongolia, equivalent to the prime minister in the Han official system.There are several judges as subordinates under the chief judge.In addition, the kings, nobles, and meritorious officials who have allotted land also set up judges to manage the people in their own departments. On the basis of various social habits and behavior norms formed by the Mongolians for a long time, Genghis Khan re-determined the precepts, Zhasa and ancient styles, and formulated the Mongolian law "Great Zhasa".Zhasa is mainly composed of customary laws and orders.It was the law that the people at that time had to abide by.It stipulates that: Nayans are not allowed to entrust others except the monarch, and those who violate it will be sentenced to death; those who leave their posts without authorization will be sentenced to death; Those who own horses and livestock shall, in addition to returning the original horses, compensate nine of the same horses. If compensation is not possible, their children shall be used as compensation. If they have no children, they shall be executed, etc.These are undoubtedly the terms to protect the supremacy and the interests of the Nayan class.In addition, Zasa has some provisions to protect the nomadic economy and social order. The formulation of "Zhasa" played a positive role in ruling the conquered people, making the people settle down, rectifying social order, and strengthening the Mongolian regime. Genghis Khan's performance in unifying Mongolia and his measures to strengthen centralized rule established the basic framework of the Mongolian Empire and laid the foundation for him to expand wars on a larger scale. After unifying Mongolia, conquering neighboring countries became Genghis Khan's main goal.At that time, the total number of his troops had exceeded 100,000.In the process of conquering the countries, Mongolia's military strength has been continuously expanded. The Xixia regime established by the party aristocrats became the first target of the Mongol conquest.Genghis Khan had long planned to attack the Kingdom of Jin, but he was worried that Xixia and the Kingdom of Jin would work together to contain Mongolia from both sides.In order to avoid the side threat that Xixia might pose, he adopted the strategy of attacking Xixia first and clearing the periphery.In March of the first year of Kaixi (AD 1205), Genghis Khan led his army to invade Xixia for the first time after destroying Naiman, breaking through the border castle Lijili Village and destroying its walls.But the main purpose this time is to plunder wealth.In the autumn of the third year of Kaixi, Genghis Khan invaded Xixia for the second time on the grounds that Xixia refused to pay tribute, broke through the city of Orohai, and went out to plunder.Xixia gathered all the armies in the right wing to resist, but the Mongolian army did not dare to go deep, and retreated in the spring of the following year. In the autumn of the second year of Jiading (AD 1209), Genghis Khan invaded Xixia for the third time.He besieged Xingqing Mansion for two months, forcing the king of Xixia to ask for peace and pay tribute to Mongolia every year.Xixia turned to the policy of submitting to Mongolia and attacking the Kingdom of Jin because it was rejected for asking for help from Jin. Mongolia and gold have long been enemies.In the second year of Jiading, Jin Zhangzong died of illness, and Wanyan Yongji succeeded to the throne.Genghis Khan knew the political situation of the Jin Dynasty well from the rebels of the Jin Dynasty who voted under his command.In March of the fourth year of Jiading, he made all preparations for cutting gold.Under the slogan of revenge for the ancestors, Genghis Khan launched a full-scale offensive against the Jin Dynasty.The Jin army guarded Yehuling (now north of Wanquanshan Fangbao, Hebei Province) with an army of 300,000. Genghis Khan sent troops to attack it. The Jin army was defeated, and the dead covered the wild Saichuan.Jin general Wanyan Chengyu and others hurriedly searched for a way to escape. The Mongolian army followed and chased them to Huihe Fort (now Huaiandong, Hebei), and wiped out most of the Jin army.The forwards of the Mongolian army broke into Juyongguan, failed to attack Zhongdu (now Beijing), and withdrew from outside the pass. Then, Genghis Khan divided his troops and captured many places in Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Northeast China.The patron, Yongji, was weak and incompetent. Seeing that the Mongolian army was coming fiercely, he begged for peace before fighting.In the sixth year of Jiading, Hu Shahu was blamed for neglecting his duties, so he sent troops into the capital, killed Yongji, and appointed Wanyan Xun as the grand master and minister.Marshal Gao Qi, the military commander of the right supervisor, killed Hu Shahu first because of the defeat and fear of crime.The rule of the Jin Dynasty was in chaos. In the seventh year of Jiading (AD 1214), Genghis Khan returned from Shandong and stationed in the northern suburbs of Zhongdu.He sent someone to tell the funder: Now that the Mongolian army is about to retreat, you should reward the soldiers and horses.Jindi did not dare to take advantage of the long-distance Mongolian army to fight back, so he had to send the prime minister Wanyan Fuxing as an envoy to present the princess of the Qi Kingdom of Yongji, boys and girls, golden silk horses, etc. to sue for peace.Genghis Khan returned to Mobei. Due to the exhaustion of national power, the Jin Dynasty was unable to hold the central capital. In order to avoid the oppression of Mongolia, the Jin Dynasty planned to move the capital to Bianjing, Henan.Just at this time, the event that the Kingdom of Jin prevented Mongolia from sending peace envoys to the Southern Song Dynasty occurred.Genghis Khan was very annoyed by this, thinking that what Jin had done was breaking the treaty and preparing to fight again.He ordered his horse to march south again.The Mongolian army approached Zhongdu and surrounded it. The guards and officials of the prefectures and counties near Zhongdu surrendered one after another. In May 1215, the Mongolian army occupied Zhongdu, and Genghis Khan who was stationed in Huanzhou sent Shiji Hutuhu to transport away all the possessions of Zhongdu and sent troops to garrison Zhongdu. In the tenth year of Jiading, Genghis Khan rewarded the soldiers who had served in the army for many years on the banks of the Tula River in Mobei, and reorganized the troops at the same time.Mu Huali, who won the trust of Genghis Khan, was named king and took full command of the war against Jin.In the twelfth year of Jiading, Genghis Khan spurred his horse and embarked on the road to the west. On the journey of the Mongolian cavalry to the west, the Huacizimo country in Central Asia bears the brunt.Khwarazm is one of the ancient countries in Central Asia, located in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya River.Its king name is Khwarazmosa (Persian, meaning king).After it got rid of the rule of the Xiliao and Merzhu Empires, it developed into the most powerful country in the Islamic world.After the news of Genghis Khan's invasion of the Kingdom of Jin spread to Central Asia, Mahamo Suduan, the king of Khwarazmo, sent Ebahadin Rajah at the end of the eighth year of Jiading (AD 1215) to confirm the news and inquire about Mongolia's strength. Only the leader of the Khwarazmo mission arrived in Zhongdu and witnessed the horrors of the war.At that time, Genghis Khan had no plan to conquer the West, but only to obtain exotic goods through trade.He once promulgated a decree: all merchants who come to his territory will guarantee their safe business; any valuables must be sent to him first for him to buy. Once when the two sides were engaged in trade, the Mongolian caravan was arrested by the governor of Khwarazmo's Lunda City, and he also falsely accused Mahamo of these people as spies. They were all killed (450 in total) and all goods were confiscated.After Genghis Khan heard the news, he decided to send troops to take revenge.He sent three envoys to Khwarazmo to accuse Mahamo of treachery and demanded that the murderer be handed over.Mahamo sternly refused, ordered to kill the leading envoy, shaved off the beards of the other two, and deported them.The envoys sent by Genghis Khan to Khwarazmo were all Muslims. For Muslims, beards are a symbol of power. It is a great shame to cut them off. It is a common practice between countries not to kill envoys or lobbyists.Mahamo's actions angered Genghis Khan. He sent the vanguard Jebe to lead an army to wipe out Qu Chulu, the son of the Sun Khan of the Naiman tribe in Xiliao, and cleared the obstacles on the way to the army.In the twelfth year of Jiading (AD 1219), after Genghis Khan waited for the horses to become fat, he led the Mongolian army, the Jin Kingdom, the newly attached Khitan army, Han army, Hexi army, Uighur, and the army led by the leaders of Haralu and a large number of troops. Skilled craftsmen, crossed the Altai Mountains, and started the Western Expedition.The total number of Genghis Khan's army is less than 200,000, but his army is majestic and organized, and its combat effectiveness is very strong.At that time, Khwarazmo had an army of about 400,000, but its organization was complex, its training was insufficient, and its morale was low.When the enemy came under pressure, Mahamo was a little panicked.The queen mother of Khwarazmo is very powerful and holds a large amount of land. Considering the conflict with the queen mother, Mahamo adopted the strategy of dividing troops to guard the castle. . In the autumn of the twelfth year of Jiading, Genghis Khan led the whole army to Khwarazmo and arrived at Eidaci.After five months of hard work, the Mongolian army finally broke through the city defenses.It was also difficult for the guard to lead the rest of his troops to continue to fight, and was eventually captured alive.After the Mongolian army plundered and razed the city of Erdala.It was also difficult to get out and was sent to Genghis Khan who was stationed in Sama Ergan.Genghis Khan ordered to pour molten silver into the eyes and ears of the money-loving Yi Nanchu, killed him, and avenged the death of the Mongolian businessman. Shuchi's first army captured Xignahei (southeast of today's Qiyili, Kazakhstan) and Xiaobazhen (northwest of Xignahei), and forced Linzhi.The guard abandoned the city and fled, and the city residents organized resistance on their own initiative. Due to lack of combat experience, they were quickly broken by the Mongolian army. Genghis Khan and Tuolei led the Chinese army with the largest number of troops to cross the Huzhang River and conquer Naer and other cities, and arrived in Buhuala in February of the thirteenth year of Jiading (1220 AD).Buhuala is a large city in Central Asia, guarded by tens of thousands of cavalry.The Mongolian army carried out continuous attacks.The guard led some troops to escape, but was chased by the Mongolian army and wiped out near the Amu River.The next day, the monks and gentlemen of Buhuara City offered the city to surrender.After Genghis Khan entered the city, he rode his horse straight into the Huihui Mosque, where he held a banquet to celebrate his achievements. In March of the thirteenth year of Jiading, Genghis Khan left behind the skyrocketing Buhuaca and began to enter Samaergan, the capital of Weihe River (meaning "fertile city". present-day Samarkand).Chagatai and Wo Kuotai also led their troops here to meet up, and each drove the surrendered people to attack the city with the army.When Mahamo heard the news that the Mongolian army had entered the river, he hurriedly fled Samarkan and retreated to the south of the Amu River.The city defense of Samarkan had not yet been completed, and the 50,000 to 60,000 defenders in the city dared not go out to fight.On the third day of the siege, some city residents went out to attack the Mongolian army, but they were ambushed and all were wiped out.On the fifth day, the defenders and citizens surrendered the city.After the Mongolian army entered the city, they demolished the battlements, expelled the citizens, and plundered.Genghis Khan surrounded more than 30,000 generals who surrendered in a plain and killed them all.He selected 30,000 craftsmen from the residents to distribute to his sons and relatives, and selected 30,000 strong men to fight with the army.The rest of the residents allowed him to return to the city after paying the ransom.Yelu Ahai, a Khitan man, was ordered to be Daluhuachi and stayed here to guard. The Mongolian army along the Alahei Road also quickly captured Beinakhte and other cities. Genghis Khan first stationed in the urban area of ​​Sama Ergan, and then moved his troops to a place with rich pastures to recuperate his soldiers and horses, waiting for another battle.Once autumn was high and horses were fat, he sent Chahetai and Wo Kuotai to lead the right-wing army to fetch Yulong Jiechi, and ordered Shuchi to lead his troops southward from his camp to meet up.He and Tuo Lei led the Chinese army to advance towards the Amu River. Mahmo fled to Kejiyun (now Qazvin, Tehran Province, Iran) with a small number of attendants.Jebe and Subutai were ordered by Genghis Khan to pursue them. They crossed the Amu River and arrived at Balihei.Pass down orders along the way, unless you encounter obstruction or resistance, you will not attack the city and seize the territory.Afterwards, Mahamo fled to the island and became a Muslim.Around the end of the thirteenth year of Jiading, Mahamo died of illness, and his son Zalandin succeeded to the throne. According to the order of Genghis Khan, Chagatai, Okuotai and Shuchi successively led their troops to Yulongjiechi, the capital of Khwarazmo (now Kunya Urgench, Turkmenistan).Yulongjie Chicheng straddles the two banks of the Amu River, connected by a bridge. 3000 Mongolian troops tried to seize the bridge, but they were all killed by the defenders.The defenders in the city were more courageous and repeatedly defeated the Mongolian army that attacked the city. Genghis Khan and Tuolei led the Chinese army to set off from Naheishabu and pass the Tiemen Pass (now the Buzgal Pass in Baisong Mountain, 90 kilometers south of Shahr Shabz in Uzbekistan) to the south.He selected strong men from all the armies to form an elite force, and ordered Tuo Lei to lead them to cross the Amu River to take the cities of Khorasan; ).The soldiers and civilians of Termi refused to surrender.The two armies fought each other with stone cannons. After 11 days of siege, the city was broken.Genghis Khan ordered the destruction of his castle and the massacre of his people.Afterwards, he divided his troops to attack the nearby villages. After staying in the winter on the north bank of the Amu River, at the beginning of the 14th year of Jiading, Genghis Khan led his troops across the river and arrived at the foot of Heicheng in Bali.The leaders of the city people came out of the city with expensive tributes to surrender and pledged allegiance.But Genghis Khan, in order to crusade against Zalandin, thought it would be disadvantageous for him to leave a city with a large population behind the army, so in the name of investigating the population, he massacred all the innocent citizens and reduced the black city of Bari to ashes. Genghis Khan then besieged Tali Hanzhai (now north of the upper reaches of the Murghab River in Afghanistan).The army and people of Talihan defended against danger, and the Mongolian army could not besiege it for seven months. It was not until Tuo Lei was called back to join his father that the mountain city was captured.The city's soldiers and civilians were massacred. During this period, Tuo Lei was ordered by his father to enter the Khorasan area and took cruel revenge on the cities that dared to resist Mongolia.Everywhere they went, many cities were massacred, and surrender was not allowed. On November 24th in the 14th year of Jiading (1221 AD), Genghis Khan ordered a fierce attack on Zalandin.After fierce fighting, most of Zalandin's soldiers escaped with casualties. Zalandin broke through several times and was blocked.In the spring of the fifteenth year of Jiaqing, Genghis Khan ordered Bala and others to lead a Mongolian army of 20,000 into India to pursue Zalandin, but no trace was found.After summer, the Mongolian army couldn't bear the heat, so they had to retreat.Soon after, Zalandin was also forced to leave India and flee to Persia. Genghis Khan dispatched the Mongolian army to suppress uprisings in various cities, and cities such as Gejining, Yeli, and Balihei were ravaged again.In the spring and summer of the fifteenth year of Jiading, he was active in the south of the "Great Snow Mountain" (now the Hindu Kush Mountain).In September, cross the Amu River and return to the Samarkan area to spend the winter. After Jebe and Subotai fled into the Caspian Sea at Mahamo, they continued to lead their troops to plunder all parts of Persia.At the beginning of the 14th year of Jiading, the Mongolian army entered and plundered Guerzhi (now Georgia), defeated its defenders, and then returned to Taoli Temple (now Dabulitu, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran) to receive tribute from the nobles in the city, and then went to Attack Meraha (now Malaq, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran).The citizens of Miraha resisted and were brutally massacred after the city was broken.Then he went south to conquer Hamadan, killed and looted and set fire to the city.Afterwards, they sent troops to the north to attack Bailehan City, and the city residents killed the envoys sent by Mongolia to discuss peace. 嘉定十五年春，哲别等攻入谷儿只境内，攻破其首府沙马哈（今阿塞拜疆舍马台）。占领了位于太和岭（高加索山）与里海之间隘口上的打耳班（今达格斯坦捷尔本特）。嘉定十六年底，他们率军东返，沿亦的勒河（伏尔加河）南下，经由里海、成海北部，与成吉思汗会师。 成吉思汗为求长生之药，在西征途中就遣侍臣刘仲禄到山东莱州延请全真教宗师丘处机。丘处机推辞不过，经过一年多的艰苦跋涉，终于在嘉定十五年四月到达成吉思汗行营。成吉思汗当即接见，问道：“真人从远方来，有什么能使我长生的药吗？”丘处机指出：“长生之道，清心寡欲；一统天下，不嗜杀人；为治之方，敬天爱民。”成吉思汗派人翻译并做了记录。嘉定十六年二月，成吉思汗射猎时不慎落马，险些丧生，丘处机劝告说：“你年事已高，少出猎为宜。出猎坠马，是天的戒示。”成吉思汗说：“神仙所言甚是，朕为蒙古人，自幼喜爱乘马狩猎，怕积习难改。” 嘉定十五年，闻知西夏有变，成吉思汗决意东归蒙古。他任命花剌子模人牙剌瓦赤及其子麻速忽治理西域各城，并置达鲁花赤监察。长子术赤留在了钦察草原。嘉定十六年东归途中，成吉思汗驻夏于忽兰巴失。嘉定十七年夏又在也儿的石河驻夏。 在这期间，成吉思汗为加强对征服来的广大国土的统治，将它们分封给了诸子：也儿的石河以西，今咸海、里海之北，属于术赤；畏兀儿与河中之间，原西辽故地，属于察合台；从叶迷立（今新疆额敏）以北，包括今喀拉额齐斯河和阿勒泰山一部分的原乃蛮部地，属于窝阔台。他们与先前分封的成吉思汗的诸弟合撒儿、合赤温、斡赤斤、别里古台等“东道诸王”相对，被称为“西道诸王”。这3个封国即是后来的钦察汗国、察合台汗国和窝阔台汗国。分封诸子，使他们各拥封土，为后来因争夺汗位而产生的各系间的斗争埋下了种因，也最终导致了大蒙古帝国的分裂瓦解。但是，这种分封制对促进各地的封建化与经济文化的恢复发展，又是有积极作用的。 宝庆元年（公元1225年）春，成吉思汗回到蒙古，持续7年的远征结束。 宝庆二年（公元1226年），成吉思汗以西夏接纳仇人亦剌合·桑昆、不送质子和拒绝征调为由，兴兵大举侵入西夏。 由于成吉思汗在射猎野马时再次落马负伤，蒙古军被迫驻营休息。虽然伤痛椎心，但年迈的成吉思汗没有采纳皇子、大臣们暂时后撤的建议，决定先派遣使臣到西夏责其不派兵随从西征且出言不逊之罪。接着，蒙古军攻西凉府，西夏主将力屈投降，遂进至河曲，取应里等县。这时，夏献宗德旺忧惧而死。夏人立其侄南平王为主。十一月，成吉思汗率蒙古大军进攻灵州，西夏王遣嵬名令公统率10万军队来援。蒙古军渡河进击，消灭西夏军，杀死无数，尸体堆积如山。随后，成吉思汗到盐州川驻冬。 鉴于西夏军主力被歼，已无法组织有效的抵抗，成吉思汗只留一部分军队攻打中兴，并派察罕入城招降，他自己则于宝庆三年（公元1227年）正月率军南下，进入金境，攻陷临洮府和洮、河、西宁、德顺等州，另遣一军攻入宋境掳掠。四月，驻夏于六盘山。六月，继续向南进兵，至秦州清水县。 宝庆三年七月，成吉思汗身患重病，一卧不起。他自知死期临近，便招其三子窝阔台、末子拖雷于枕边，叮嘱兄弟之间要亲密相处，并面授征服金国的策略。他指出：“金的精兵在潼关，南有群山，北临黄河，难以遽然攻破。如果向宋借道，宋与金是世仇，必定会应允，那就可以出兵唐、邓（两州均在河南），直指汴京（今开封）。金危急，必定征召驻守潼关的军队，这时我们迎头痛击远来疲军，必能大胜。”他还吩咐：“我死后要秘不发丧，以免被敌人知悉；待西夏国主和居民在指定时刻出城时，立即全部把他们消灭。” 安排完军国大事，这位一代天骄带着他多采多姿的业绩结束了一生，终年66岁。 遵照成吉思汗的遗嘱，他的尸体被送回蒙古故土，埋葬在斡难、怯绿连、土拉三河发源的圣山——不儿罕山上。陵墓向北深埋，以万马踏平。后人在鄂尔多斯（伊克昭盟）修建了“八间白室”，人称成吉思汗陵。 南宋绍定二年（公元1229年），窝阔台继承汗位。元至元三年（公元1266年），元世祖忽必烈追谥成吉思汗为“圣武皇帝”；元至大二年（公元1309年），加谥为“法天启运圣武皇帝”，庙号“太祖”。