Chapter 194 Chapter 193: Great Patriarch Li Yuan

Tang Gaozu Li Yuan was the founder of the Tang Dynasty.He proclaimed himself emperor in Chang'an in 618 AD, and his second son Li Shimin was passed on in 626. He reigned for 9 years and was a famous emperor in Chinese history. Li Yuan's ancestral home is Chengji in Longxi (now Qin'an, Gansu). His grandfather Li Hu was named the Duke of Longxi County for Zuo Pushe of the Later Wei Dynasty, and his official rank was Taiwei.His father, Li Yan, was conferred the title of Duke Tang. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he was the governor of Anzhou (now Anlu County, Hubei Province) and the general of Zhuguo.In the first year of Tianhe in the Northern Zhou Dynasty (AD 566), Li Yuan was born in Chang'an and attacked Tang Guogong at the age of 7.

When Li Yuan was young, he was suave and open-minded, self-willed and straightforward, tolerant and tolerant, and had a high prestige.Li Yuan's wife, Dou Shi, was the daughter of Dou Yi, an aristocrat in the Sui Dynasty. Empress Dugu, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, was also Li Yuan's aunt. Therefore, Li Yuan was very favored by the court. County), Qizhou (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi) governor.It is said in history that the Li family was "rich in jade and jade, married to the emperor" in Longxi, which fully shows that the Li family was very important in the Guanlong area.

In the early years of Sui Daye, Li Yuan was the prefect of Xingyang (now Xingyang County, Henan Province) and Loufan (now Jingle County, Shanxi).In the ninth year of Daye (613 A.D.), he was promoted to Wei Wei Shaoqing.This year, Emperor Yang of Sui launched a war of aggression against Korea, and Li Yuan was ordered to supervise the transportation of grain and grass in Huaiyuan Town.At that time, the people were unbearable and their complaints were boiling. The great nobleman Yang Xuangan took advantage of the people's dissatisfaction and raised troops against the Sui Dynasty.According to Li Yuanfei's writings, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty ordered Li Yuan to guard Honghua County (now Qingyang County, Gansu Province) and to know all the military forces in Guanyou to prepare for Yang Xuangan.Xuangan was defeated, but Li Yuan stayed behind.During this period, he cultivated kindness and made friends with heroes, so Emperor Sui Yang was suspicious of him.In the eleventh year of Daye, Li Yuan was transferred to Shanxi and Hedong to arrest him. He took his family to Hedong and went to Longmen, where he was blocked by Muduaner's peasant uprising army.Li led the army to defeat this uprising team, surrendering more than 10,000 people, and the reputation was greatly shocked.The following year, he was promoted to General You Xiaowei, and was ordered to be the pacification ambassador of Taiyuan Dao.At that time, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty toured Yanmen from Loufan, and was surrounded by Khan Bi Khan for Tuque. The situation was very critical, and the Taiyuan soldiers and horses who relied on Li Yuan were able to break through.Soon, Emperor Yangdi sent Li Yuan and Mayi prefect Wang Rengong to prepare for the Turks in the north.At that time, there were less than 5,000 soldiers and horses in the two armies. Li Yuan selected more than 2,000 horsemen who were good at shooting and shooting.One day, Li Yuan's army met the Turkic army. Li Yuan attacked and defeated the Turkic army. After that, the Turkic army moved northward and dared not go south to harass them.

In the thirteenth year of Daye, Li Yuan stayed in Taiyuan.Taiyuan is an important military town, not only has sufficient sources of troops, but also has a lot of food and rations, which can be used for 10 years. Therefore, Li Yuan is very satisfied with this position and intends to develop his own power in Taiyuan to make a big effort. When Li Yuan first arrived in Taiyuan, Li Shanfei's peasant uprising army camped in the south of Taiyuan, and the roads of Shangdang, Xihe and Jingdu were cut off.This rebel army consisted of more than 100,000 people, skillful at attacking cities, courageous in fighting, and defeated the Sui army many times.In order to establish his prestige, Li Yuan decided to attack the Lishan Flying Army.The two armies met at the mouth of Queshu Valley in Hexi.There were more than 20,000 people in the rebel army, and the formation was strict. Li Yuan's troops had only five or six thousand infantry and cavalry. With the sound of flags and drums, they lined up in a large formation, pretending to be the main force, and then divided the left and right teams into small formations with hundreds of elite soldiers under their command, and finally defeated the rebels.

After Li Yuan defeated the Yi army, his dominance in Taiyuan was consolidated.Bureaucrats, landlords, and wealthy merchants in Jinyang also took refuge in Li Yuan one after another. Li Yuan ordered his second son Li Shimin to secretly recruit wealthy friends in Jinyang, pour money into relief, and make extensive donations.His eldest son Li Jiancheng also secretly made friends with handsome men in Hedong and developed his power. At this time, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was far away in Jiangdu, indulging in sensuality and beyond his reach. Li Yuan actually became the supreme ruler of Taiyuan.

The brutal rule of Emperor Sui Yang made class conflicts very sharp.The people could not live on, so they had to take risks and resist the brutal rule of Emperor Sui Yang by force. Since the seventh year of Daye (AD 611), peasant uprisings have sprung up everywhere, and some generals of the Sui army have also separated one side.There are nearly 200 anti-Sui armed forces across the country.They gradually united in the anti-Sui struggle, forming three main forces: the Wagang Army led by Li Mizhairang, the Jianghuai Rebel Army led by Du Fuwei, and the Hebei Rebel Army led by Dou Jiande.Under the impact of the peasant uprising, Emperor Sui Yang's rule was already in jeopardy and was in a precarious situation.

While the peasant uprisings were rising, the ruling class also fell apart.Li Yuan witnessed the turbulent world situation, and gradually brewed the idea of ​​rebelling against the Sui Dynasty.In particular, the great development of the peasant uprising directly prompted him to put his thoughts of rebelling against the Sui Dynasty into action. In February of the thirteenth year of Daye, Liu Wuzhou, a native of Mayi, raised troops and killed the prefect Wang Rengong. He proclaimed himself the Son of Heaven, and his country name was Dingyang.Li Yuan then recruited troops by himself in the name of crusade against Liu Wuzhou.Since Li Yuan appeared in the guise of maintaining the rule of the Sui Dynasty, the armed forces of landlords from far and near went to the assembly one after another, and within a few days nearly 10,000 people became the army directly controlled by Li Yuan.

Li Yuan's actions aroused the suspicion of Wang Wei and Gao Junya, who were loyal to Sui Yang Emperor's deputy left behind.Li Yuan designed to frame the two of them for sneaking in with the Turks, and killed them. He announced that he had raised a large number of volunteers to stabilize the world and maintain feudal rule. He also announced that he would make peace with the Turks to avoid war.After receiving the support of the Turks, Li Yuan publicly raised the banner of anti-Sui. In June of the thirteenth year of Daye, he spread to the various counties and called himself a "righteous soldier".

After Li Yuan raised his troops in Jinyang, he decided to march into Guanzhong and take Chang'an directly to command the world and plan a great cause.Gao Deru, the prime minister of Xihe County (now Fenyang County, Shanxi Province), expressed his disobedience to Li Yuan, so Li Yuan ordered his eldest son Jian Jiancheng and his second son Shimin to lead an army to attack.The two shared weal and woe with the soldiers, they passed the autumn without any crime, and won the hearts of the army and the people. In a few days, they captured Xihe, captured Gao Deru, and opened warehouses in the city to help the poor.

After the victory in Xihe, Li Yuan built the Grand General's Mansion, called the Grand General.Li Jian, the eldest son, was the Duke of Longxi and the governor of the left army, commanding the three left armies; Li Shimin, the second son, was the Duke of Dunhuang and the governor of the right general, commanding the three armies of the right.Take Pei Ji and Liu Wenjing as Shi Sima, the head of the general's office; Yin Kaishan, Liu Zhenghui, Wen Daya, Tang Jian, Quan Hongshou, etc. Changsun Shunde, Dou Cong, Liu Hongji and others were divided into left and right commanders and deputy commanders.Initially established military and political institutions.

In the autumn and July of the thirteenth year of Daye (617 A.D.), Li Yuan led his troops to Xitu Guanzhong, and Wu Yalang of Sui Dynasty stationed Song Laosheng in Huoyi (now Huo County, Shanxi) to prevent Li Yuan from advancing.It coincided with the continuous rain and the lack of pay and food, and there were rumors that the Turks and Liu Wuzhou jointly wanted to take advantage of the emptiness to attack Taiyuan.Some generals advocated returning to Taiyuan first, and then waiting for the plan to move forward.Li Yuan prepares the class teacher.Li Jiancheng and his brothers objected, so Li Yuan decided to continue marching.Finally defeated Song Laosheng. After pacifying Huoyi, Li Yuan successively took Linfen and Jiangjun (now Jiangxian, Shanxi).In September, Li Yuan led his army straight to Hedong.Qu Tutong, the general of Sui Xiaoqi, guarded Hedong and cut off Jinliang, which brought certain difficulties to the march.Pei Ji advocated to conquer Hedong with heavy troops and annihilate Qu Tutong, so as to avoid future troubles.Li Shimin believed that the speed of soldiers is very important, and they should avoid reality and go straight to Guanzhong.Li Yuan weighed left and right, and decided to divide his troops into two groups. On the one hand, Li Shimin led the army across the river and entered the pass, and went straight to Chang'an, and on the other, he used a considerable force to deal with Qu Tutong.At this time, Li Yuan's daughter, Princess Pingyang, also led the army.After joining forces with Li Shimin, he stationed troops in Acheng.Li Jiancheng also traveled from Xinfeng to Bashang.Li Yuan led his army from Xiagui to the west, forming a siege of Chang'an. In October, Li Yuan went to Bashang, stationed in the northwest of Chunming Gate in Daxing City, and joined forces with Li Shimin and Li Jiancheng's troops, with a total of more than 200,000 troops.Li Yuan ordered all the troops to lean on the walls, not to enter the village houses, and not to plunder.At this time, Wei Wensheng, Shangshu of the Ministry of Criminal Justice, Youxuwei General Yin Shishi, Cheng Huayi of Jingzhao County, and Wang Yangyou, the acting king, guarded the city to reject Li Yuan.Li Yuan sent envoys to surrender but was rejected and ordered to attack the city.In November, Chang'an, the capital of the Sui Dynasty, was captured by Li Yuan. After Li Yuan entered Chang'an, he ordered the government treasury to be closed, books to be collected, and looting prohibited.Send Jiancheng and Shimin to lead the troops to guard the city, and the order is in good order.The people in the city lined the road to welcome Li Yuan's army.In November of the thirteenth year of Daye, Li Yuan appointed Yang You, the king of the Sui Dynasty, as the emperor, that is, Emperor Gong of the Sui Dynasty, and changed his Yuan to Yining. , into the title of king of Tang, on the throne of the prince, with Wude Hall as the prime minister's residence, setting up officials to manage affairs, monopolizing the power of the military and the country, and the prime minister has every opportunity.Li Jian, the Duke of Longxi, was made the heir of the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin, the Duke of Dunhuang, was named the King of Jing Zhaoyin, and Li Yuanji, the Duke of Guzang, was named the Duke of Qi.Pei Ji was also appointed as the head of the prime minister's office, and Liu Wenjing was named Sima.Ritual and music conquests, soldiers, horses and food battles, everything was in charge of the prime minister's mansion. Li Yuan firmly controlled the situation in Chang'an through the prime minister's mansion, and Emperor Gong of Sui actually became Li Yuan's puppet. In order to further consolidate his own power group, Li Yuan made a big name for himself.In the first month of spring in the second year of Yining (AD 618), Pei Ji, the prime minister, was granted the title of Wei Guogong, Sima Liu Wenjing was Lu Guogong, and the rest of the generals were given different titles. In May of the 14th year of Daye, Emperor Yangdi's Youtunwei General Yu Wenhuaji and Sima Dekan launched a mutiny in Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province), killed Emperor Yangdi, and made Yang Hao, king of Qin, the prime minister.Immediately, he led more than 100,000 imperial guards northward, threatening to return to Guanzhong.He was defeated by Li Mi in Tongshan (now southwest of Jun County, Henan Province).Yu Wenhuaji led the rest of the people to Wei County (now Damingdong, Hebei), poisoned Yang Hao, and established himself as emperor, with the country name Xu and the year name Tianshou.The following year he was captured and killed by Dou Jiande in Liaocheng. Emperor Sui Yang was killed and the Sui Dynasty fell.Li Yuan no longer needed the puppet of Sui Gongdi, so in the first year of Wude (618 A.D.), he first forced Sui Gongdi to abdicate, and then the emperor was located in the Taiji Hall. The country was named Tang, and Yuan Wude was changed.In June, he ordered Li Shimin to be the order of ministers, Shi Peiji, the governor of the Xiangguo government, to be the servant of the minister, Liu Wenjing, the minister of the Xiangguo government, to be Nayan, Xiao Yu, the minister of the Ministry of Sui Min, and Dou Wei, the secretary of the Xiangguo government, to be the internal history order.Soon, Li Jian was established as the crown prince, Li Shimin as the king of Qin, and Li Yuanji as the king of Qi.The Li Dynasty headed by Li Yuan was established. When Li Yuan proclaimed himself Emperor Chang'an, the heroes were not settled, many Sui generals ruled the roost separately, and the peasant uprising army also dominated one side, and the whole country was in a state of fragmentation.Li Yuan, who had political ambitions, did not want to settle down in a corner of Guanzhong, so he stockpiled grain and millet, prepared troops and horses, and when the army was sufficient, he launched a war to unify the country. Li Yuan's unified action first pointed to Xue Ju, Xue Rengao and his son who posed a threat to Guanzhong.Xue Ju was a rich man in Jincheng County (now Lanzhou, Gansu Province) in the Sui Dynasty. His family property was huge, and he was more powerful than Bian Shuo.In April of the thirteenth year of Daye (AD 617), he expelled the Sui officials and claimed to be the overlord of the Western Qin Dynasty. The territory, with as many as 130,000, has become a major force in the Northwest.Xue raised his troops against the Sui Dynasty, intending to seize Guanzhong.Li Yuan first captured Chang'an with Xue Ju and his son, and Xue Ju and his son marched into Guanzhong with 100,000 troops, posing a serious threat to Li Yuan.Li Yuan sent his second son Li Shimin to lead an army to attack, but Xue's army was defeated. In May of the first year of Wude (618 A.D.), when Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Chang'an, Xue Ju led fine cavalry to attack again, causing chaos in Guanzhong.The Tang army relied on a large number of troops and wanted to neglect the enemy. As a result, it was defeated by Xue Jun in the battle of Gao Tushu (now north of Changwu County, Shaanxi).When the news reached Chang'an, the capital was in turmoil and people were in panic.After Xue Ju won the victory, he was arrogant and wanted to take advantage of the victory to take Chang'an directly.At this time, Xue Ju died of illness, and his son Xue Rengao succeeded him.Li Yuan appointed Qin Wang Li Shimin as the marshal, led the army to crusade again, defeated Xue Rengao's army outside the city of Gaotushu, and Xue Rengao was forced to surrender.Longxi merged into Tang Dynasty. At the same time, Li Gui, the king of Liang, claimed to be the emperor, and his reign name was Anle, and An Xiuren was in charge of the privy.According to Zhangye, Dunhuang and other Hexi five counties.Li Yuanmi sent Anxiu's brother An Xinggui to Liang and became the general of the left and right guards.In the second year of Wude, An Xinggui and his younger brother An Xiuren captured Li Gui, overthrew Li Gui's regime, died in Liang, and the five counties in Hexi merged into the Tang Dynasty. Apart from Xue Ju and Li Gui, Li Yuan's rivals are Liu Wuzhou.Liu Wuzhou was originally the captain of Mayiying Yangfu.In the 13th year of Daye, more than 10,000 troops gathered, claiming to be the prefect, attached to the Turks, captured Loufan (Jingle County, Shanxi), Yanmen, Dingxiang (Qinghe County, Inner Mongolia) and other counties, and was named Dingyang Khan. Self-proclaimed emperor, reign name Tianxing.In the second year of Wude, he colluded with the Turks and invaded Bingzhou (Jinyang) in the south. Li Yuanji, the general manager of Tang Bingzhou and king of Qi, couldn't resist, and Taiyuan was in danger.Then, Liu Wuzhou captured Pingyao and Jiezhou, and Li Yuan sent his right servant to shoot Pei Ji's army to fight, but was defeated by Liu Jun, and almost the whole army was wiped out.Liu Wuzhou took advantage of the victory to advance to Taiyuan, Li Yuanji abandoned Taiyuan and fled back to Chang'an, and Guanzhong was shocked.Li Yuan was going to give up the area east of the Yellow River and surrender Guanzhong.At this critical juncture, Li Shimin advocated that Taiyuan was the place where the Li family raised troops and must not give up, and asked to lead the army to attack Liu Wuzhou.Li Yuan then ordered Li Shimin to lead his troops across the river from Longmen (Hancheng County, Shaanxi Province) and attack Liu Wuzhou.After the Tang army crossed the river, they rested their troops and horses, fortified the wall and did not fight. When the enemy did not give them food and grass, their momentum declined.Liu Wuzhou was poor, and led his remnants to flee northward to the Turks, and was later killed by the Turks.Bingzhou was included in the territory of Tang Dynasty. After Xue Ju, Li Gui, and Liu Wuzhou were eliminated, the situation in Guanzhong was stabilized.Li Yuan concentrated his efforts on fighting for the Central Plains. Li Yuan's rival for the Central Plains is Wang Shichong.Wang Shichong was originally the general guard of the capital of Suijiang. After Emperor Yang was killed, he established Yang Tong as emperor in the eastern capital. Soon after, he defeated the Wagang Army. Li Mi, the leader of the Wagang Army, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty, and most of the other generals returned to Wang Shichong.In the second year of Wude, Wang Shichong abolished Yang Tong, proclaimed himself emperor, reigned enlightened, country named Zheng, occupied Luoyang, and became the largest separatist force in Henan.In July of the third year of Wude, Li Yuan sent Li Shimin to lead the army directly to Henan and attack Luoyang.The prefectures and counties in Henan to which Wang Shichong belonged descended to the Tang Dynasty one after another. Wang Shichong was trapped in Luoyang and sent envoys to ask Dou Jiande for help.Dou Jiande wanted to join forces with Wang Shichong to defeat the Tang Dynasty, and then looked for an opportunity to eliminate Wang Shichong, so he accepted Wang Shichong's request and led 100,000 troops to Chenggao (Sishui Town, Xingyang County, Henan Province).Li Shimin led the Tang army to seize the important town of Wulao and block Dou Jiande.Dou Jiande set up a long formation for 20 miles, and forced Tang's formation before clamoring.Tang Jun insisted on not fighting, and waited for work with ease.Dou Jiande's army had a poor supply of food and grass, and the soldiers were hungry and tired. The Tang army took the opportunity to attack. Dou Jiande couldn't resist, retreated 30 miles, and was finally wounded and captured.Seeing that the general situation was over, Wang Shichong led more than 2,000 ministers to the Tang Dynasty. Counties in Hebei also returned to the Tang Dynasty one after another. Li Yuan's forces basically controlled the Yellow River Basin. At the same time, Li Yuan also sent Li Jing to Kuizhou (now Fengjie County, Sichuan Province) to attack Xiao Xian who occupied the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.Xiao Xian proclaimed himself emperor in Baling in the first year of Wude, and soon moved his capital to Jiangling, and sent troops to capture Tangba and Shu, with 400,000 troops.In the fourth year of Wude, Tang generals Li Jing and Li Xiaogong besieged Jiangling. Xiao Xian had no reinforcements outside, so he had to surrender to the Tang Dynasty, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were also owned by the Tang Dynasty. After Li Yuan annexed some nobles of the Sui Dynasty who had ceded land and ruled the roost, he pointed his finger at the peasant uprising army who played an important role in the demise of the Sui Dynasty.After Dou Jiande was captured, he was killed by Li Yuan. In the fourth year of Wude (621 A.D.), his ministry pushed Liu Heita as the main force and rebelled against the Tang Dynasty in Zhangnan (now Dezhou, Shandong).Liu Heita was brave and good at fighting, and the remnants of Dou Jiande from all over the country rose up again. In less than half a year, Liu Heita completely restored Dou Jiande's hometown. Li Yuan ordered Li Shimin and Li Yuanji to lead the army to conquer Liu Heita.Liu Heikai led 20,000 people on foot to fight against them, and they fought from noon to dusk, with no victory or defeat.The Tang army built a dam on the upper reaches of the Luoshui River to intercept the water. Seeing that it was difficult to win, they broke the water and flooded the enemy. Liu Heita was defeated and fled to the Turks.Two months later, Liu Heita made a comeback and regained his old place.In the fifth year of Wude, he proclaimed himself King of Handong in Mingzhou (now Yongnian, Hebei).Qi Wang Li Yuanji went to crusade and was defeated by Liu Heita.Li Yuan also sent Crown Prince Li Jiancheng to go on a personal expedition. Jiancheng adopted Wei Zheng's suggestion, implemented a policy of appeasement, and won the hearts of the people in order to disintegrate Liu Heita's troops.In the sixth year of Wude, Liu Heita was finally defeated by Tang Jun.Tang controlled the Hebei and Shandong regions. Du Fuwei, who occupied the Jianghuai area, entered Liyang (now Hexian County, Anhui Province) in the thirteenth year of Daye, and claimed to be the general manager.In the first year of Wude, he moved to Danyang, where he represented Yang Tong, king of Suiyue, and was appointed as the general manager of Southeast Road and named king of Chu.The Tang army besieged Luoyang, and people recruited Du Fuwei to surrender. Du Fuwei surrendered to Tang, was named King of Wu, and served as the pacification ambassador to the south of Jiang and Huai.After Liu Heitai was defeated and killed, Du Fuwei's envoy, General Fugong Er, stayed in Danyang, invited him to enter the court, and was left in Chang'an.In the autumn of the sixth year of Wude, Fu Gong Er led the Jianghuai Rebel Army to rebel against Tang in Danyang. He claimed to be Emperor Song, and Tang killed Du Fuwei under pretext.Li Yuan sent generals Li Xiaogong, Li Jing, and Li Shishili to attack in separate directions. In the seventh year of Wude, Fu Gong Er led his army away from Danyang, was captured by the landlord's armed forces, and sent to Tangying to be executed. Jiangnan and Huainan have since become Tang Dynasty. North Korea's jurisdiction. In the process of Li Yuan and his son's unification of the country, Liang Shidu was finally eliminated.Liang Shidu rebelled against the Sui Dynasty in Shuofang in the 13th year of Sui Daye (617 A.D.), and captured Diaoyang, Honghua, Yan'an and other counties. He proclaimed himself emperor, with the country name Liang and year name Yonglong. Jieshi Tianzi" was eliminated by the Tang army in the second year of Tang Zhenguan (628 A.D.).So far, Li Yuan and his son have annexed the landlord separatist forces, defeated the peasant uprising army, captured the fruits of victory of the peasant uprising army, and unified the whole country. After Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, there was a lot of waste waiting to be done. While organizing forces to unify the country, he paid attention to strengthening the construction of the regime. The political, economic, and military systems of the early Tang Dynasty basically took shape during Li Yuan's period. Establishment of governing bodies at all levels.At the beginning of Li Yuan's founding of the Tang Dynasty, all political organizations were based on the Sui system. It was not until the seventh year of Takede that in order to adapt to the historical situation after the unification of the country, the political organization system of the Tang Dynasty was determined according to the previous system. In the central government, the system of three provinces and six ministries was implemented.The three provinces are Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province.The Chief of Zhongshu Province is Zhongshu Ling, and his staff members include Zhongshu Shilang and Zhongshu Sheren. They are decision-making organs and are responsible for drafting imperial edicts related to military and state affairs.In Menxia Province, the chief minister is the servant, and the staff members include Huangmen Shilang and Shizhong, who are the deliberative organs, in charge of reviewing the decisions of Zhongshu Province, and have the right to reject them.The chief of Shangshu Province is Shangshuling (Shangshuling was abolished in Taizong's time, and left and right servants were set up separately), and the staff members include Zuocheng, Zuosi Langzhong, etc., who are the executive organs, responsible for implementing the decisions of Zhongshu and Menxia provinces.The chiefs of the three provinces are all prime ministers. They discuss state affairs together and are jointly responsible to the emperor.The six departments are the official, household, ritual, military, criminal, and industrial departments.The Ministry of Officials is in charge of the assessment and promotion of officials, the Ministry of Households is in charge of household registration and taxation, the Ministry of Rites is in charge of etiquette and imperial examinations, the Ministry of War is in charge of military affairs, the Ministry of Punishment is in charge of criminal law litigation, and the Ministry of Industry is in charge of civil engineering.All the ministers are called Shangshu, directly under the Shangshu Province, and each department has four divisions, a total of 24 divisions, which implement the government orders formulated by Zhongshu and Menxia provinces. The supervisory organ in the Tang Dynasty was the Yushitai, and the chief was the Yushi doctor, who was in charge of picking up all officials and had great power. The local governing institutions in the Tang Dynasty basically had a two-level system of prefectures and counties, with governors in prefectures and county magistrates in counties.The governor visits the counties every year, examines the officials, visits the public security, urges the supervision and taxes, and recommends talents.The county magistrate is in charge of the affairs of a county. There are townships below the county, and lis below the township. The li is the most basic political unit. There is one person in the li, and it governs about a hundred households. , to drive taxes and labor, and to directly rule the people are powerful tools for the emperor of the Tang Dynasty to rule the people. The establishment of the central and local government agencies at all levels in the Tang Dynasty was of great significance in the history of Chinese feudal society.The political organizations at all levels are more rigorous, and the division of labor is more clear, which is more conducive to the emperor's centralization compared with the past. Implement land equalization system and rent adjustment.At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, after the war at the end of the Sui Dynasty, the population decreased.In the early years of Wude, there were only more than 2 million households, less than a quarter of the maximum number of households in the Sui Dynasty.Due to the lack of labor force and a large amount of barren land, in this situation of sparsely populated land, the Tang government had to fix the exiled population on the land to quickly restore and develop production in order to ensure tax revenue and stabilize the regime.For this reason, the Tang Dynasty inherited the land equalization system and rent-yong modulation of the Northern Wei and Sui dynasties, and promulgated the whole country with a little profit and loss. In April of the seventh year of Wude (AD 624), Li Yuan promulgated an order to equalize land, stipulating that: to grant land to common people, Ding men (aged 21 to 60) and middle-aged men over 18 years old (middle-aged men aged 16 and over) Men) each grant one hectare of land, of which 80 mu are assigned to the mouth, 20 mu to the Yongye field, 40 mu to the elderly (over 60 years old), seriously ill, and disabled, and 30 mu to the widow and concubine. If it is registered as a registered permanent residence, each person will be granted 20 mu of Yongye land, 30 mu of Koufen land, 20 mu of land for nuns and female crowns (female Taoist priests), and half of men for industrial and commercial persons. Land; for nobles and bureaucrats to grant land, nobles with titles are awarded different amounts of Yongye land according to their ranks. From princes to princes and sons, the number of land granted is reduced from 100 hectares to 5 hectares. For the eighth and ninth ranks, the number of lands received decreased from 30 hectares to 2 hectares, and military meritorious officials also received lands ranging from 30 hectares to 60 mu. Replenish.The government has public land, and the land rent is used as office expenses; for land sales, the Yongye land and the granted land of the bureaucrats and nobles can be sold freely, and the people are allowed to sell Yongye land when they are unable to funeral. Narrow Township moved to Kuan Township with fewer people and more land, and was also allowed to sell. In the case of landlords' private ownership of land, it is impossible to achieve real "equalization of land".However, the promulgation of the land equalization order played a positive role in promoting the recovery and development of agricultural production in the early Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, on the basis of the land equalization system, the rent adjustment was also implemented.It was initially set in February of the second year of Takede and revised in April of the seventh year of Takede.Zuyong adjustment regulations: All farmers who receive the land pay 2 shi of millet to the state every year, which is called rent.According to the local production, 2 zhang of silk and 3 taels of cotton are paid every year, or 2.5 zhang of cloth and 3 catties of hemp are paid, which is called Tiao.It is also stipulated that each Ding must serve 20 days a year. If he does not serve in person, he can fold 3 feet of silk or 3.75 feet of cloth every day, which is called Yong.If the government adds additional service, it will be exempted from adjustment for 15 days of additional service; and free of rent adjustment for 30 days of additional service.The maximum number of additional service days per year shall not exceed 30 days.Compared with the Sui Dynasty, the rent-yong adjustment in the Tang Dynasty was relaxed, so that farmers had more time to engage in agricultural production. Implement the government military system.The Fubing system was founded in the Yuwentai period of the Western Wei Dynasty, and lasted through the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.Li Yuan had 30,000 soldiers in Taiyuan, and after he entered Guanzhong, the number reached more than 200,000. In order to return this army to the Tang Dynasty and solve the problem of military rations, Li Yuan gradually incorporated the army into the Fubing organization system, basically having the prototype of the Fubing system.Not long after Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor in Chang'an in the first year of Wude, he set up a military mansion, appointed heroes and surrendered army generals and generals, completely following the Sui system.At that time, the twelve guards belonged to two generals, hussars and chariots, who were the de facto leaders. In the second year of Wude, the twelve armies were established.In the sixth year of Wude, the Twelfth Army was abolished. In the eighth year of Wude, the Twelfth Army was re-established due to the Turkic invasion.The Twelfth Army was a relatively fixed basic guard force in the early Tang Dynasty.In addition, Li Jiancheng, Li Shimin, and Li Yuanji each opened their own government and led the army. The Fubing system is based on the land equalization system, which is a system of combining soldiers and farmers.Soldiers usually give birth at home, and are trained by the military government during the slack season.The regular task of the government soldiers is to take turns to guard the capital or to guard the border, which is called "Fanshang"; if a war breaks out, they will go out to fight.During the period of service, the government soldiers can be exempted from their own rent and transfer, but they need to bring their own weapons, clothes and food when they are "fanshang" and "expedition".This military system of "containing soldiers in agriculture" guaranteed the source of troops and reduced the country's military expenditure.At the same time, the separation of the power to train troops from the power to command troops prevented generals from being domineering and played a certain role in strengthening the centralization of authoritarianism. Implement the imperial examination system.The imperial examination system was first established in the Sui Dynasty and was more complete in the Tang Dynasty.At the beginning of Li Yuan's accession to the throne, he set up the capital and local schools to recruit people.But at the same time, the Zhongzheng official abolished by the Sui Dynasty was restored, and the high-ranking scholars of this state served as officials.This is a concession to the gentry, but Da Zhongzheng is only an honorary position, and the use of human rights is still in the Ministry of Officials, and the main way for the Ministry of Officials to employ people is the imperial examination.Scholars no longer relied solely on family status, but mainly on the basis of academic ability and morality, so that the employment of people in the Tang Dynasty was improved compared to before. In the early Tang Dynasty, it was Wailang, an examiner from the Ministry of Officials, who presided over the imperial examinations.There are mainly two kinds of students who take part in the imperial examination. One is the students of the schools affiliated to the Imperial College, called "Shengtu"; The imperial examinations in the Tang Dynasty were divided into two types: regular examinations and system examinations. Regular examinations were regular examinations held every year. The subjects of the examinations were generally scholar, Mingjing, Jinshi, Mingfa, Mingshu, etc. Among them, Mingjing and Jinshi were the most popular. .The Mingjing section mainly examines post scriptures, focusing on the recitation and memory of Confucian classics; the Jinshi section mainly examines poetry, prose and current affairs policy, which requires independent thinking and is difficult to test, but once you pass the examination, you will be qualified to be an official, so it is called Zhongjinshi is "Denglongmen".The so-called imperial examinations refer to the examinations that the emperor personally presided over according to the needs. There are many subjects that are temporarily set up, the examination time is not fixed, and the number of people admitted is small, so it does not occupy an important position in the imperial examination system. The final establishment and further improvement of the imperial examination system is of great significance.Compared with the Jiupin Zhongzheng system, ordinary small and medium-sized landlords had the qualifications to take the exam, which gave them the green light to enter official positions, breaking the monopoly of official careers by noble clans and clans, thus expanding the ruling base. The "Wu De Law" was formulated.In the last years of the Sui Dynasty, the rulers abused the criminal law, and the people were at a loss.After Li Yuan captured Chang'an, he imitated Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, and made twelve laws. After becoming emperor, he announced the abolition of the Sui Dynasty's "Daye Law" and ordered Pei Ji, Liu Wenjing, etc. to revise the law according to the Sui "Kaihuang Law" .Under the guidance of the principle of "be lenient and simple, take advantage of the time", 53 new laws have been formulated.In the seventh year of Wude, a new law was officially promulgated, namely "Wu De Law".Judging from the content, the "Wu De Law" has a lighter punishment than the Sui Law, but the sanctions against the working people are more severe. As a feudal emperor, Li Yuan certainly lived a court life of feudal privilege.Especially in the late period of Wude, there are many domestic pets and concubines.Li Yuan's pampering concubine and negligence in politics will inevitably lead to a series of bad consequences.In the second year of Wude (619 A.D.), Li Yuan believed Pei Ji's slander and mistakenly killed General Liu Wenjing.Liu Wenjing was the first to participate in the strategy of raising troops in Jinyang. During the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, he fought south and north and made many military exploits.After Li Yuan proclaimed himself emperor, Liu Wenjing felt aggrieved that he was under Pei Ji, so he had a conflict with Pei Ji.One day, Liu Wenjing complained after drinking, and Pei Ji and others took the opportunity to frame her, saying that Liu Wenjing wanted to rebel against the imperial court, but Li Yuan listened to his words and killed Liu Wenjing.Li Yuan's reward and punishment are unclear, which intensifies the contradictions and struggles within the ruling group. After Tang unified the country, Li Yuan had the idea of ​​pride and complacency.He became less and less concerned about political affairs and made many mistakes.In particular, the issue of the struggle for the throne in the late Wude period was not handled well.He wanted the prince, Qin Wang, and Qi Wang to seek their own positions and live in peace and harmony. On the contrary, Prince Li Jiancheng and Qin Wang Li Shimin fought openly and covertly for the throne, and launched a life-and-death struggle.In the summer of the ninth year of Wude, when the Turks invaded the border, Li Jiancheng recommended Li Yuanji, the king of Qi, to Li Yuan as the marshal of the expedition. Get rid of King Qin.Unexpectedly, this conspiracy was learned by Li Shimin.At this critical juncture, Li Shimin decided to strike preemptively after conspiring overnight with his staff Fang Xuanling, Changsun Wuji, Yuchi Jingde and others.He first told Li Yuan that the crown prince and King Qi had committed adultery in the harem, and Li Yuan agreed to interrogate him the next day.The next day, Li Shimin set up an ambush at Xuanwu Gate. When the crown prince and King Qi passed by Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin and his subordinates killed him, and asked his confidant Yuchi Jingde to enter the palace with armor to report to Li Yuan.At this time Li Yuan was sitting on a small dragon boat with his courtiers Xiao Yu and Pei Ji, rippling in the South Sea Pool, when he saw Yuchi Jingde standing fully armed on the shore, he was terrified.Yuchi Jingde said, the crown prince and the king of Qi rebelled, and the king of Qin had executed them, so he specially sent me to escort them.Li Yuan was stunned when he heard this.Xiao Yu and others hurriedly persuaded Li Yuan to entrust all state affairs to the King of Qin. Yuchi Jingde also urged Li Yuan to issue an edict ordering all the troops to be under the control of the King of Qin, so as to stop the riots in the East Palace and the troops of the Prince of Qi.Li Yuan had no choice but to write down the "hand order", ordering all the troops to listen to the king of Qin's disposal, and issued an edict on June 1 to make Shimin the crown prince.At this time, the national situation was basically controlled by Li Shimin. Li Yuan had no choice but to abdicate earlier.In August, Li Shimin officially became the emperor. From then on, Li Yuan moved to Tai'an Palace and lived the life of the Supreme Emperor. Li Yuan became the Supreme Empress, knowing that the power had been controlled by Li Shimin, and he was discouraged, so he stopped interfering in political affairs. Li Shimin also respected Li Yuan on the surface, and satisfied Li Yuan's needs for pleasure as much as possible. Daming Palace, as Li Yuan's retirement and pleasure place.Li Yuan also understood Li Shimin's intentions, he was very knowledgeable, and he was happy to live the life of the Supreme Emperor.Li Yuan's approach is conducive to reducing court conflicts, and at the same time, it also creates a good environment for Li Shimin to display his talents. In May of the ninth year of Zhenguan (AD 635), Li Yuan died of illness at the age of 71.The posthumous title is "Emperor Shenyao, Great Sage, Daguangxiao", and the temple name is "Gaozu".