Chapter 9 Chapter Nine Uncovers the Mysteries of the Kingdom of South Vietnam

In the previous article, when we talked about the lineage of Wang Changsha and the Wu family with different surnames, we mentioned the significance of Changsha Kingdom to the Western Han Empire, and one of its functions was a "barrier".The reason why it was a barrier was mainly because the security of the southern part of the Western Han Empire was also facing the threat of another regime, that is, the Nanyue Kingdom, which was a vassal state of the Western Han Dynasty. Nanyue, this is a minority regime in the southern part of the Han Empire, but the true form of this regime is very unfamiliar to many people.For example, some foreign "experts" who are not familiar with Chinese history even simply described the relationship between the Han Empire and the Kingdom of Nanyue as "the relationship between countries."This is ignoring the most basic fact: the Nanyue regime has always been a part of the territory of the Western Han Empire from its birth, existence, development, growth, and final demise, and the nature of its regime is no different from that of the vassal states within the Western Han Empire.More importantly, this regime has taken the first step towards the integration of the Southwestern and Chinese nations, and also the first step towards the complete integration of the land in southern China into the Chinese territory.

The Kingdom of Nanyue was founded in 203 BC. Its territory includes Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang County established by the Qin Dynasty in South China, including most of today's Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, as well as Fujian, Guizhou and Yunnan. Some areas even include parts of northern Vietnam.From the founding of the country in 203 BC to the destruction of the country in 111 BC, the Nanyue regime existed for 92 years, which was the 92 years when the Huaxia nation and the Yue people in the south were integrated, and it was also the 92 years when the advanced Han civilization continued to spread southward.Its founding and destruction of the country is not so much the rise and fall of a dynasty as it is the process of the southern land of China finally integrating into the Chinese territory.

The founder of the Nanyue Dynasty was Zhao Tuo, a Han Chinese.The founding process of the Nanyue Dynasty is related to another great achievement during the reign of the Qin Dynasty - Nanping Baiyue. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, the powerful Qin Dynasty did not stop expanding in all directions.His conquering eyes began to fall on the Baiyue land in the south of Chu State.In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang, with Tu Sui as his general and Zhao Tuo as his deputy, marched south with an army of 500,000, and began the war to pacify the southern Baiyue.After 4 years of war, the Qin Dynasty completely conquered the Baiyue area in the south of the Chu State. In the south of the Chu State, three counties were established: Guilin, Xiangjun, and Nanhai. The famous general Ren Xiao was the captain of Nanhai County.Since then, the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi in China today have been included under the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty for the first time in history.Most of the 500,000 Qin troops who participated in the South Vietnam War stayed behind. They are the ancestors of the "Hakkas" in southern China today.

But such a "county system" is undoubtedly very loose.At this time, the land of Nanyue was beyond the reach of the Central Plains Dynasty.Under the high pressure of the strong Qin Dynasty, it can still be subordinated. Once the Central Plains Dynasty is in chaos, it is inevitable to get rid of the Central Plains Dynasty and stand on its own.During the Qin Dynasty, although a lot of development work was carried out in South Vietnam, including the construction of canals and canals, and the promotion of Chinese agricultural civilization, the governance of the entire South Vietnam was still loose.And the "accident" of the Central Plains Dynasty also happened very quickly.After the uprising in Daze Township, the land of the Central Plains was immediately smashed into a pot of porridge, and powerful people from all walks of life flocked together. The inner courtyard of the unified Qin Dynasty caught fire, and the three counties in remote South Vietnam also "disasterd the fish in the pond".

The role of the three counties in Nanyue during this period was both embarrassing and dangerous: to speak of embarrassment, under the rule of the Qin Dynasty, the three counties of Nanyue were legitimate counties in China, but the Qin Dynasty seemed to be gone, so where did the three counties go?Speaking of danger, the land of Nanyue itself was conquered by the Qin Dynasty by force. When the Qin Dynasty was strong, it could rely on the prestige of the central government to maintain the superficial peace and stability. Now this "big tree" has fallen, and the conquered Baiyue All ethnic groups, there is a high possibility of rebellion.However, the house was leaking and it rained all night. At this critical moment, Ren Xiao, the captain of Nanhai County, fell ill.

Here I want to talk about Ren Xiao, who is not well-known in history, but he is an extremely key figure in the historical changes of southern China.In the early days of Qin Shihuang's pacification of the Baiyue area, the first general was Tu Sui, but because of Tu Sui's brutality, he was resisted by the local people, so he had to be replaced by his deputy Ren Xiao.After Ren Xiao took office, he adopted a gentle policy towards the South Vietnam area, recruited the local Yue tribes, developed production, and quickly stabilized the area.Later, he was appointed as the captain of Nanhai County, one of the three counties in Nanyue, with Panyu, Guangdong as its capital.During his tenure, he continued to recruit the northern Han people to go south, settle down in the local area, and establish Han villages.The large-scale amalgamation of the Han nationality and the southern Yue nationality started from this point.

But the good times didn't last long. Just as Qin Dynasty's life was coming to an end, Ren Xiao's life also came to an end.In 208 BC, Ren Xiao was already terminally ill. Once he passed away, the three counties of Nanyue without a leader would inevitably be in chaos: the local Yue tribes were already ready to move, and some of the remaining Qin soldiers would seize the opportunity to seize power.The most urgent task is to choose a reliable successor before I leave to ensure the safety of Nanyue.Fortunately, Ren Xiao has already found this person: Zhao Tuo, the magistrate of Longchuan County.

Before that, Zhao Tuo had always been Ren Xiao's best assistant. Among the four counties under Nanhai County, Zhao Tuo was the county magistrate of Longchuan County.Compared with Ren Xiao in Huairou, Zhao Tuo is a man who gives both kindness and power. First, he can fight. Over the years, he has sent troops to put down the rebellion of the local Yue people. He has never been defeated. He is a famous ruthless character.He also made outstanding achievements in governing the local area. He opened up villages in Longchuan County, promoted the farming techniques of the Han people, and moved the Han people to live with the local Yue people.At this critical moment in the fate of South Vietnam, he is the primary figure who can lead South Vietnam out of the crossroads of destiny.

In 208 BC, when he was dying, Ren Xiao called Zhao Tuo to his side, and officially passed on the position of captain of the South China Sea to him, leaving a last message saying, "Qin has no way, and Panyu can establish a country."That is to say, Zhao Tuo is required to rely on the dangerous terrain of the South Vietnam area, separate the South Vietnam and stand on his own, and protect the environment and the people.Soon after Ren Xiao passed away, Zhao Tuo immediately acted decisively. He sent people to kill the officials of the Qin Empire who refused to attach himself to him, installed cronies, and sent people to block all the four major passes from the north to the south of the Lingnan, and set up three defense lines Prevent the war in the north from spreading to Lingnan.After guarding the periphery, Zhao Tuo began to annex the three counties of Nanyue. He successively sent troops to annex the original Xiang County and Guilin County, and brought the land of Guangxi under his own rule.After 3 years, Zhao Tuo has completely occupied the hometown of the "three counties of South Vietnam" in the original Qin Dynasty, including most of today's Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan, with a population of more than 600,000. In the situation at that time, South Vietnam and The Xiongnu, also known as the "North is strong and the South is strong" on the periphery of the Central Plains Dynasty, is like a hero.

Zhao Tuo was able to quickly gain a foothold in Nanyue because of the strong strength of Nanhai County itself. Nanhai County is the strongest of the three counties in Nanhai. It is far from comparable to Guilin and Xiangjun in terms of the number of garrisons and economic strength.The second is because of Zhao Tuo's own policies. Although he is located in the southern frontier, the political system established by Zhao Tuo coincides with Liu Bang in the north.He also adopted the parallel political system of prefectures and counties and vassal states. On the one hand, he canonized his cronies as kings, and on the other hand, he built cities and counties in South Vietnam to establish his own centralized rule.Especially in the military, he established the ranks of general, general left, and lieutenant, and established a military command system to monopolize military power.In the heyday of Nanyue, Nanyue was known as "Million Armored", and it was already a force that should not be underestimated in the Western Han Empire.In 203 BC, Zhao Tuo officially announced the founding of South Vietnam, calling himself Emperor Wu.In this way, the Qin Dynasty began to incorporate the land of Nanyue into the Chinese territory. In the early days of the establishment of the Western Han Empire, it became a political force separated from the Chinese territory.

What Zhao Tuo did seems to be "split the motherland" on the surface, but in view of his policies, it is completely "sinicized". In terms of economy, Zhao Tuo continued the policies of the Ren Xiao period and continued to promote farming civilization.Most of the tribes in the Baiyue area lived on fishing and hunting. Zhao Tuo took the initiative to build villages, build houses, and give incentives in South Vietnam to encourage the Yue tribes to switch to farming and provide advanced agricultural tools for the Han people.In particular, he sent private businessmen to the north of Han many times, bought a large number of cattle to South Vietnam, and propagated them in South Vietnam.Another thing worth mentioning is that he established an education system throughout South Vietnam to promote the dissemination of the Han language. The official language of South Vietnam is Chinese, and the official script is Chinese characters.All of these are important links for the integration of the South Vietnamese and Han nationalities.Nanyue, the "newborn" who entered the territory of China from the Qin Dynasty, was not driven out of the house because of Zhao Tuo's founding of the country, on the contrary, he was pulled into the embrace of China even more tightly. For Liu Bang, who aspires to unify the world, he naturally cannot sit idly by on the separatist regime in South Vietnam.At this time, although the Han Empire unified the Central Plains, its economy was on the verge of collapse, and it was facing a serious threat from the Huns in the north.For the Kingdom of South Vietnam, which is "on the side of the couch", we have to adopt a policy of keeping a respectful distance.In the early days of Liu Bang's ascension to the throne, he ordered Changsha King to set up a market on the border between the two sides to allow trade between the two sides.This is when a large number of ironware, silk, and porcelain from the Central Plains entered South Vietnam.Zhao Tuo did not underestimate the Han Empire. In the early days of the Western Han Dynasty, Nanyue claimed to have a million troops, but its actual strength was no less than 200,000. Two-thirds of its domestic troops were deployed in the border areas of Lingnan, Hunan, and Jiangxi. , Relying on the dangerous terrain to build a fort defense.Such an opponent was naturally not an enemy of the Western Han Dynasty in the early days of the founding of the country.The Western Han Empire also had different opinions on how to deal with the South Vietnam issue. The military generals headed by Fan Kui once advocated taking advantage of the trend and completely regaining the three counties of South Vietnam, while the early prime minister Xiao He once advocated sending envoys to appease.But in the Han Dynasty at this time, there was no strength to use force, and no capital to recruit, so they could only let it go.The reason why Liu Bang set up Chu and Wu two vassal states, guarded by his clan, and even gave him the privilege of controlling the army to open copper mountains to make money, was also the threat of the South Vietnam. With the expansion of the strength of Nanyue Kingdom, Zhao Tuo also had ambitions for a time. The army of Nanyue was formed by the Qin Empire army who stayed in South Vietnam. In the late period of his reign, the South Vietnamese Army was already an army with considerable combat effectiveness.Although it is difficult to match the Han army in plain warfare, it was the leader at that time in terms of combat quality in jungle warfare and mountain warfare.In 200 BC, 197 BC, and 196 BC, Zhao Tuo launched several tentative attacks on Changsha, the southern barrier of the Han Empire.The increasing threat finally prevented Liu Bang in his later years from sitting idly by.The increasing provocations from the South Vietnamese side also aroused the anger of the military generals of the Western Han Dynasty.But in the face of the desolation of the world, Liu Bang still suppressed the fire abruptly, and decided to give courtesy first and then fight.In 195 BC, the Western Han Empire finally sent its first envoy, Lu Jia, to South Vietnam. At the time, Lu Jia's mission was just an insignificant "going through the motions".At this time, the Han Empire had ordered Changsha to prepare for war, and wanted to mobilize a large number of Han troops to go south. Especially at this time, the Han Dynasty had "married" with the Xiongnu, and there were many mobile forces available.Generals Zhou Bo, Fan Kuai, and Chen Pingxun even shouted for killing, and the kings of Wu and Chu in the south also expressed their loyalty, willing to take the initiative to ask Ying to wipe out South Vietnam.For Liu Bang at this time, South Vietnam was a problem that had to be solved.At this time, the Han Empire was facing a serious threat from the Huns in the north, and the peace exchanged by the marriage was extremely fragile. Once the South Vietnam also attacked the Western Han Dynasty, the Han Empire, which had just been established, was likely to face the dilemma of fighting on two fronts between the north and the south for a long time.So whether it is war or peace, South Vietnam is the last problem Liu Bang is determined to solve in his lifetime.In South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo, who swept the invincible opponents in Lingnan, was just at the time when he was full of ambitions. The three small Lingnan counties seemed to be unable to contain his ambitions. It was so difficult to make him submit with a "diplomatic action" ! Judging from the situation at the time, the conflict between the Han Empire and South Vietnam seemed inevitable.For this mission, Liu Bang himself did not have much hope. The specifications of the mission and the gifts it carried were very limited, and the name of the mission was also to "rebuke" rather than make good friends. , this mission made it clear that they came to quarrel. But this "door-to-door quarrel" not only changed the fate of South Vietnam, but also became an important turning point in the history of the expansion of the Western Han Empire.Because Lu Jia, who is responsible for this seemingly ordinary task of "going through the motions", is an extremely unusual person. Lu Jia, an outstanding Confucian politician and writer in the early Western Han Dynasty.Before his mission to South Vietnam, although his name appeared many times in various major events of the founding of the Western Han Dynasty, but most of them were out of character.He doesn't have Han Xin's sweeping martial arts and Xiao He's strategizing wisdom, so he can't be the protagonist. But this person has always been the "best actor". He is said to be "the best" because he often said key words and got key things done at the critical moment of the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty.For example, Liu Bang, who advocated force in his early years and despised literati, was enlightened by his saying "the world is won on horseback, and the world is governed by horseback". .Another example is that during the period when Empress Lu was in power, it was he who ran on both sides to mediate the conflict between Chen Ping and Zhou Bo, the two founding heroes of the Western Han Dynasty.Although he is a small person, he is a small person with incomparable wisdom and courage who has repeatedly stepped forward at critical moments to solve major events. But this time, this little man stepped forward again, and he wanted to solve the trouble that caused the war and dilemma of the Han Empire, and the potential threat to the south of the Han Empire in the future-South Vietnam. As expected, Lu Jia's mission was not smooth.Zhao Tuo's attitude was extremely arrogant. From the moment Lu Jia entered the territory of South Vietnam, wherever the Han Dynasty missions passed, they deployed heavy troops, saying "escort" in name, not to mention showing off their force to Lu Jia, and surrounding them with swords, spears, swords and halberds. The missions are ready to kill them at any time.But Lu Jia was not afraid. He ate, drank and slept well along the way, and often chatted with the South Vietnamese soldiers who were escorting him. , they all became acquainted with Lu Jia, and many of them became his close buddies. These things naturally spread to Zhao Tuo's ears. He fought countless battles in his life. Although he has made a lot of military achievements, what Lu Jia did really "thundered" him.But Zhao Tuo who was thundered was still not reconciled.When Lu Jia came to see him, Zhao Tuo put on a show again, wearing the court clothes of the Yue nationality, and sat in the main hall swaggeringly. When Lu Jia came in, he greeted him lazily. He listened with his ears in and out of his right ear, and chatted with the minister next to him while listening, until Lu Jia was "baked" there.The implication is very clear: what's the matter here?It's okay to fuck off. This is too much, not to mention that it is extremely impolite in ordinary interpersonal communication, and it is extremely arrogant when it comes to exchanges between two countries, let alone exchanges with the Han Empire.Even the Huns in the north, who wield knives and guns all day long, paid great attention to etiquette and norms in their diplomatic exchanges with the Han Empire.In the various tribes and ethnic groups in the south, the tribal chiefs kowtowed and bowed down when they saw the Han envoys, but this Zhao Tuo first used soldiers to scare people, and then showed them off, which can be described as extremely arrogant. But since Lu Jia is not afraid of being scared, of course he is not afraid of being exposed.In fact, facing Zhao Tuo's arrogance, he only used one sentence to destroy Zhao Tuo's psychological defense. "The graves of my parents and brothers are still in the Central Plains!" With just this one sentence, Zhao Tuo immediately "changed his color", the original arrogance disappeared completely, and the initial carelessness was all put back.Zhao Tuo immediately ran to the back hall to change his clothes and changed into a solemn Hanfu, and then politely invited Lu Jia to a seat, saying "offensive". This is Lu Jia's cleverness. He knew that for a person like Zhao Tuo who was born as a general, it was useless to talk about the principles of the monarch and his ministers, and he could not understand the etiquette of poems and books.If he is so arrogant, he is still a Han Chinese in the final analysis, and a Han Chinese must respect his ancestors, let alone forget his roots.Zhao Tuo, who founded South Vietnam as a Han, especially valued this: You were stationed in South Vietnam as an official of the Central Plains Dynasty. If you establish an independent country, you will betray your ancestors. The Han people will not tolerate you, and the local Yue people will not tolerate you. Of course, it is obviously impossible to make the arrogant Zhao Tuo bow his head and proclaim himself a minister based on ethnic relations.Lu Jia, who hit the key point, began to talk freely. First, he said that the Han Dynasty had a strong army. With the tens of thousands of people in South Vietnam, it was not enough for the Han army to fight.Against Liu Bang, Xiang Yu's lesson from the past is there.Take a little personal threat - in case Liu Bang is offended, he will dig your ancestral grave first, what face do you have to meet your ancestors under Jiuquan?After the scaring was over, Lu Jia did not forget to praise Zhao Tuo, saying that Zhao Tuo was brilliant and powerful. In terms of talent, whether it is Han Xin who swept the world back then, or Xiao He who strategized, he is incomparable to you... Even with threats and flattery, Zhao Tuo's original arrogance began to waver, and he admired the sharp eloquence of Lu Jia. In the next few days, he treated Lu Jia as a guest of honor, and talked all day long, first talking about state affairs, and then making household chores , and even exchange poems and songs with each other.And Lu Jia is worthy of being an all-rounder. At the invitation of Zhao Tuo, he wrote a few Han Fus, which were sung endlessly in various parts of South Vietnam.After some in-depth exchanges, Zhao Tuo finally made a decision: return to Han. In 195 BC, Zhao Tuo, the "Emperor Wu" of Nanyue officially accepted the seal of the Nanyue King bestowed by the royal family of the Han Dynasty, and became one of the vassal states under the Western Han Dynasty——Nanyue Kingdom.At the same time, Liu Bang also set up a trade fair at the border between South Vietnam and Han to develop business and trade between the two sides and send envoys to each other.So far, this regime that was independent after the chaos at the end of the Qin Dynasty officially became part of the territory of the Western Han Empire.After the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Empire once again realized the national unification of the Central Plains mixed with the north and the south. Since accepting the canonization of the Han Empire in 195 BC, the Nanyue Kingdom, which dominates the south of Lingnan, has achieved unity and peace with the Han Empire since then.However, this road was not destined to be smooth sailing. Fifteen years after the Nanyue Kingdom was incorporated into the territory of the Western Han Dynasty, things got into trouble—the troubles created by the Western Han Empire itself. The troublemaker was Liu Bang's wife, Empress Lu. At this time, Liu Bang had already passed away, and the Western Han Empire entered the era of Queen Lu's monopoly.During the reign of Empress Lv, although she continued to implement the policy of recuperation and domestic development of production, and her national power was booming, a bloody storm was set off when it came to dealing with the vassal states.A large number of vassal states of the Liu family were suppressed or even killed, and many veteran generals who made great achievements during Liu Bang's conquering of the world were excluded and demoted. The feud between Nanyue and Empress Lu was actually a matter of "a slap in the face".As for Zhao Tuo, after Liu Bang passed away, his attitude towards the Western Han Empire became increasingly arrogant, and he did not even send envoys to see him for many years.In terms of border trade, an important link in the communication of bilateral relations, Zhao Tuo also pursued the policy of taking what is cheap. Not only did he often shoddy it to make money in the Western Han Dynasty, but he also often smuggled a large amount of illegal goods from the territory of the Han Dynasty, especially military supplies. , such as weapons such as bows and crossbows.All of the above have aroused dissatisfaction in the Han Dynasty.But another incident during this period aroused Empress Lu's anger even more.The Xiongnu Maodun Shanyu wrote a letter to Empress Lu, which was full of humiliation, implying that Empress Lu would marry him.Such a shameful humiliation, although Empress Lu was furious, but due to her limited strength, she could only choose to endure it, and could not tear herself apart with the Xiongnu.At this time, the rude behavior of the Nanyue Kingdom added fuel to the fire, and Empress Lu, who was not a good stubble, was furious: If you can't take care of the Xiongnu, can you still not take care of you? Ordinarily, the relationship between South Vietnam and the Han Empire was not at a point of tension during this period. Zhao Tuo's rude behavior could be reprimanded by envoys. As for his opportunistic bilateral trade, it could also be resolved through negotiation.But this time, Empress Lu made it clear that she wanted to show Nanyue some color, and immediately ordered: implement a trade penalty policy for South Vietnam, prohibiting the provinces of the Han Empire from selling agricultural tools, iron cavalry and other items to South Vietnam. This can get stuck in the throat of Nanyue. The 15 years since Nanyue was incorporated into the territory of the Han Empire was actually 15 years of rapid economic development in Lingnan.The agricultural civilization of South Vietnam has been widely promoted, and a large number of Yue tribes have switched from fishing and hunting to farming.With the increase of cultivated land and the rapid development of agriculture, the demand for ironware in the Central Plains is also increasing day by day: ironware is needed for land reclamation, and ironware is also needed for farming. At this time, the smelting industry in Lingnan was very backward, iron ore was scarce, and grain seeds and even cattle needed to be produced every year. Imported from China.Empress Lu was happy with a wave of her big hand, but the daily production in Nanyue was "interrupted", and life seemed to be unbearable. Regarding this situation, Zhao Tuo was very polite at the beginning, negotiated with the officials of the Western Han Dynasty many times, and even sent envoys to apologize. At this point, Empress Lu can be considered to have face.But Empress Lu was so determined that none of the envoys sent by Zhao Tuo were allowed to enter the country, and none of Zhao Tuo's requests were allowed.The Han army also set up checkpoints on the border to strictly investigate smuggling, making it clear that you are the one who did it.Zhao Tuo was not a loser either, knowing that Empress Lu was going to make a big move this time, he immediately rectified the army and confronted the Han army.When this matter reached Empress Lu's ears, she was even more annoyed. After being so annoyed, she became brainless. The brainless Empress Lu did a heinous thing: sent someone to smash the ancestral grave of Zhao Tuo's family!This can completely tear the face. When the news came, Zhao Tuo was naturally angry.And he also figured it out, this time Empress Lu was finding fault in every possible way, trying to find an excuse to annex Nanyue Kingdom.Since that's the case, whoever is afraid of whom, hit his mother. In this way, in 180 BC, after more than ten years of peace between Han and Yue, Zhao Tuo, who had been invincible in Lingnan, finally waved his sword against the Han Empire.The first target of the offensive was the buffer zone between the Han Empire and South Vietnam - Changsha. As the weakest state of Changsha among the vassal states of the Western Han Dynasty, it is natural that it will not be attacked.After a few rounds, they were defeated and lost, and many states and counties in southern Hunan fell one after another.Zhao Tuo's attitude is only one: grab!Everywhere he went, the local food, population, and supplies were all packed away by him. When the battle report came out, Empress Lu charged against the crime, and the little Nanyue really dared to raise the flag to rebel.In her eyes, Nanyue is just a small barbarian state in the south, so why not be afraid to destroy him.Empress Lu immediately dispatched a large army, led by Marquis Long Lu and Zhou Zao, to the south.These two men are not first-class generals, and most of the army is from the Central Plains. It is not common to use soldiers. The army does not accept the soil and water in the south. It suffers from plagues along the way, and the non-combat loss of personnel is serious. How can Zhao Tuo be an opponent?After several battles, they were defeated again.Now Zhao Tuo became arrogant. He originally wanted to vent his personal anger and take advantage of the Han Dynasty, but he didn't expect that the Han Dynasty would not be beaten? Keep hitting if you don't hit!In the next year or so, Zhao Tuo adopted the strategy of supporting war with war, continuously sending troops to attack the southern counties of the Han Dynasty, plundering people, food, and property, and at the same time sending troops to recover the Yue tribes in Fujian, Jiangxi and other places.As a result, not only Changsha, which was adjacent to South Vietnam, suffered from it, but even the Yue tribes in Fujian, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and other places who had originally surrendered to the Han Dynasty also rebelled and defected to Zhao Tuo.During this period, Zhao Tuo, said in the Han Dynasty that he "raised his might in South Vietnam", raised the banner of "independence" again, announced that he would break away from the rule of the Western Han Dynasty, and called himself "Emperor Wu" again, as if he had once again become a state power that was equal to the Han Empire. .Empress Lu's brainless toss caused a large area of ​​Lingnan to be separated from the Chinese territory again. Zhao Tuo became arrogant, but Empress Lu stopped cooking. Seeing the defeat of the Southern Expedition Army, Empress Lu was devastated, and simply adopted the attitude of "doing nothing". The frontier prefectures and counties of the Han Dynasty adopted a passive defense strategy, and they also let the rebellious Yue ethnic groups do nothing.This is already the last period of her life, the most important thing is to ensure that the Lu family's power will not be left behind, and to suppress the Liu clan.In 180 B.C., Empress Lu passed away, leaving behind a Han Empire that was split between the north and the south, and a mess that was raging with the Lingnan area. The ones who cleaned up the mess left by Empress Lu were the Emperor Wen of Han, Liu Heng, who came to the throne after the Lu clan's rebellion was put down, and Lu Jia, the "best trick" who persuaded South Vietnam to surrender. As the most "tolerant" emperor in the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Heng immediately changed his national policy towards South Vietnam and adopted a soft policy after he ascended the throne.He first took the initiative to send people to renovate the ancestral grave of Zhao Tuo's family, then relaxed the control on the southern border, and took the initiative to release the South Vietnamese prisoners in the war, sending a signal of peace.Zhao Tuo was also sensible, relaxed the harassment of the border of the Han Dynasty, and took the initiative to send back a large number of people who were looted to South Vietnam.But the person who really solved the problem was Zhao Tuo's old acquaintance - Lu Jia. In 179 B.C., Lu Jia was once again ordered to go to South Vietnam as an envoy of the Western Han Empire. Compared with the last time, the movement of the Western Han Empire was particularly large. A mission of hundreds of people was dispatched. grains, grains, silk, gifts.Compared with the "arrogant" back then, Zhao Tuo's attitude this time was very polite, and he entertained the Han Dynasty mission with grand etiquette.However, in terms of negotiating conditions, he was more stubborn than before. At first, he resolutely refused to cancel the title of Emperor, and he wanted to be a "friendly neighbor" with the Han Empire. The military parade shows off its mighty force.At the critical moment, Lu Jia still said one sentence, which shattered Zhao Tuo's psychological defense: "The king is mighty, but he has no internal worries?" The fact is that Lu Jia said that Zhao Tuo went to war with the Western Han Dynasty. However, the local production in South Vietnam was also destroyed. In particular, a large number of Yue people were recruited to serve in the army, which aroused the resistance of the Vietnamese people.As a Han, Zhao Tuo knew the strength of the Han Dynasty better. Once the Western Han Dynasty recklessly activated the war machine and mobilized the whole country to go south, South Vietnam certainly had geographical advantages, but in the end it was difficult to resist. only choice. Sure enough, Zhao Tuo accepted it as soon as he saw it. Taking advantage of the peaceful attitude of the Western Han Empire, Zhao Tuo went ahead and canceled the title of Emperor, and this time the relationship between the two sides became clearer: the South Vietnamese Kingdom must send envoys to meet the Emperor of the Han Dynasty every spring and autumn, and Accept the imperial edict of the Han Dynasty emperor as a vassal state with different surnames.For the rest of Zhao Tuo's life, both parties abided by this agreement. After returning to the territory of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo devoted the last energy of his life to developing the land of Lingnan. He continued to strengthen trade with the Western Han Dynasty, introduced advanced agricultural technology from the Central Plains, and encouraged land reclamation in Lingnan.Most importantly, he implemented policies of rewarding births and encouraging Han-Vietnamese intermarriage, which eliminated ethnic conflicts, promoted ethnic integration, and continued the rapid development of the wild Guangdong and Guangxi regions.By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the land of Guangdong had already seen a situation of "crisscrossing fields and peaceful dwellings".In 137 BC, Zhao Tuo died suddenly at the age of 97. This figure who made outstanding contributions to the development of Lingnan land has enjoyed a high reputation in southern China.Ancestral halls commemorating him are preserved in Guangdong, Guangxi and other places.Even the Tran Dynasty of Vietnam more than 1,000 years later recognized him as the "emperor who opened the heavenly body, the holy warrior, the god of war and the gods". As for the Western Han Empire, the peace and war between Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and the Nanyue Kingdom also had a profound impact on the foreign policy of the entire Western Han Empire.The Han Empire eliminated the potential threats to the southern territory of the empire and consolidated its sovereignty and rule over the Lingnan land. From then on, the Han Empire was free to solve the two major problems facing the empire: the invasion of the Huns and the tyranny of the princes.