Chapter 23 Chapter 23 Detailed Explanation of the Small Court of the Zheng Family in Taiwan

At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, as the "Yanping County King of the Taiwan Prefecture of the Ming Dynasty", Taiwan was separatist and independent, held high the banner of "anti-Qing", and opposed the Qing Dynasty in mainland China for 22 years across the sea. For people, it can be described as both familiar and unfamiliar. Familiarity is all due to the spread of martial arts novels. This dynasty has been featured in various "joke" TV dramas and martial arts novels. For example, Zheng Keshuang, the last county king of the Ming Dynasty, Feng Xifan, an important minister, and Dong Shi, the old dowager, are many The audience is familiar with the "traitor".And the impression of this dynasty is also marked with many disgraceful symbols: licentiousness, immorality, greed, treachery, wolfish ambition but conservative cowardice and not enterprising...

However, "joking" is "joking" after all. The true style of the Zheng Dynasty has always been like a blurred shadow in various domestic historical materials in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.One is that, facing each other across the sea for more than 20 years, the local literati in mainland China know little about this somewhat mysterious regime.After the pacification of Taiwan, all the Zheng family surrendered. Out of the need for the unification of the world, the Qing Dynasty of course had to be "selectively blind" to this former separatist regime.All kinds of records about the family's past were of course buried because of this.Later, when Emperor Qianlong compiled the "Siku Quanshu", many precious materials were destroyed.Contemptuous, so there is the "stranger" of today's people.

In stark contrast to the "strangeness" in mainland China, there is the "Taiwan Zheng's fever" that has lasted for hundreds of years overseas and even in the West.Japan is particularly active. The most complete record of the Zheng regime in Taiwan is the "Taiwan Zheng Chronicle" written by Japanese Kawaguchi Choro.Konan Naito, a modern Japanese historian, also spoke highly of it, praising the Zheng regime as "the pioneer of Asia going global."Ito Hirobumi, a famous politician in the Meiji Restoration era, held four large-scale commemorative activities in Nagasaki, Hiroshima and other places in Japan to commemorate Zheng Chenggong, and praised that "the footprints of his struggle are the spirit of the rise of Japan today."After the Sino-Japanese War, Japan occupied Taiwan for half a century. During this period, it launched a "de-sinicization" campaign and demolished countless Han people's temples on the island. Only the Zheng's Ancestral Temple in Taiwan has been respected, and it is still well preserved.Even today in Japan, there are as many as 240 temples and shrines of the Zheng family, far more than Japanese "outstanding figures" such as Uesugi Kenshin, Oda Nobunaga, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi.The West is not to be outdone. Frederick Coyett, the former Dutch governor of Taiwan who fought against the Zheng regime all his life, praised Zheng Chenggong as "the most outstanding naval hero in the East" in his book "Taiwan Destroyed".Dutch historian Fick Meijer commented that the Zheng family was "the first batch of Chinese who went to the world in the Age of Discovery".Voltaire, the leading figure in the Western Enlightenment, gave the Zheng family the supreme comment - "the last guardian of the essence of Chinese culture"...

Distortion, jokes, blindness, strangeness, admiration, admiration... What is the true appearance of Taiwan's Zheng Dynasty court, which has been evaluated differently at home and abroad?Let us peel back the cocoons and sort them out carefully. The establishment of the Zheng family in Taiwan, of course, can be traced back to December 13th in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1661). After months of hard work, they defeated the Dutch colonists who had occupied Taiwan, and brought the island of Taiwan, which had been occupied for 38 years, back to the embrace of China.Afterwards, "Daming Taiwan Chengtian Mansion" was built, Tainan was established as the capital, and the banner of "anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty" was continued to be held high, and the clan of the Ming Dynasty was moved to Taiwan.This period of immortality is still familiar to the people of the country.

Familiar historical facts hide details that we may not be familiar with today. One detail is the "problem of status" of the Zheng family.As early as the fifth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1648), after the martyrdom of the late Emperor Longwu of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Zheng Chenggong, who swore to join the army, accepted the title of "Marquis of Weiyuan" bestowed by another emperor of the Southern Ming Dynasty, Yongli, and took "Yongli" as the year. No. 1, enshrining the Yongli regime in the Southern Ming Dynasty as Zhengshuo, became the choice of the Zheng family to stick to it to the end.After the establishment of Taiwan, even though Emperor Yongli had been martyred in Yunnan, the Zheng family always regarded Emperor Yongli as Zhengshuo. The Qing government finally pacified Taiwan in the "Twenty-One Years of Qing Emperor Kangxi", which was actually the responsibility of the Zheng regime in Taiwan. "Daming Yongli thirty-seven years".Therefore, in Jin Yong's novels, the so-called Zheng family's plot to fight to the death with Mu Wangfu for whether to honor Emperor Yongli is purely fictional.

The so-called "Taiwan Cheng regime" is actually the "Daming Taiwan Province" under the Nanming regime. Although the Ming clan is no longer respected, it is still the last bloodline of the Ming Dynasty left in the land of China.Its nature is exactly the same as that of the small courts of the Southern Song Dynasty that remained in Fujian and Guangdong during the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty.The world always regards the defeat of Yashan in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the year 1279 AD when Lu Xiufu and the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty jumped into the sea to die, as the end of the Song Dynasty.When it comes to the Ming Dynasty, it regards Chongzhen’s martyrdom in Meishan in 1644 AD as the end point. As for the small court of the Southern Ming Dynasty, and even the Zheng’s regime in Taiwan, they are all outside the history of the Ming Dynasty. Today, such “double standards” , Should it also be fair and objective?

Abandoning "double standards" and focusing squarely on "name and status", the so-called Zheng Chenggong's reinstatement of Taiwan is neither as simple as fighting against foreign aggression, nor is it "separation and self-reliance" or even "separation of the motherland".This is the last "rejuvenation base" when the building of the Ming Dynasty is about to collapse, and it is also the last spiritual home of thousands of Ming Dynasty survivors who cherish their homeland. Related to title is the process of recovering Taiwan.Some of the hardships are familiar to those who read official history. For example, the Dutch had tight defenses and a strong military force. The two wars between the Red Army and the Taiwan government were extremely brutal.When the attack could not be defeated for a long time, Zheng's army was in danger of running out of food. After a long siege, Fang forced the entire Dutch army to surrender.It is not easy to overcome the strong city, restore the homeland, and subdue the "sea coachman" who is criss-crossing the world with the help of soft and hard.

What is even more "difficult" is some history that embarrasses the people of the Qing Dynasty and even avoids mentioning it: Just when Zheng Chenggong was conquest of Taiwan, the Qing Dynasty, which intended to unify the country, also made frequent moves and sent troops to clear Jinmen, Zheng Chenggong's territory. , Xiamen, Shi Lang, Huang Wu and others who defected to the Qing Dynasty were even more willing to be the pioneers, leading the navy to repeatedly rob Zheng Jun's transport ships bound for Taiwan, in an attempt to cut off the Zheng Jun's transportation line to attack Taiwan.Such "looting while taking advantage of the fire" really made Zheng Chenggong's army attacking Taiwan suffer from the enemy. In the most critical battle of besieging Taiwan City, Zheng's grain transport ship was harassed by the Qing army, and the troops were once facing a situation of food shortage.Zheng Chenggong set an example by reducing the cost of food for three meals, and refused to send additional requisitions to the people of Taiwan. The actions of "Zheng's rebel" really put the orthodox "My Great Qing" to shame.

According to Kui Yi's "Taiwan Destroyed" and the notes of many Dutch officials stationed in Southeast Asia at that time, after Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan and even occupied Taiwan, for a long time, the Dutch invaders and the Qing army who went south frequently colluded and jointly attacked.With the help of Western missionaries such as Tang Ruowang, who was favored by the Qing court, the Dutch colonists were active at the top of the Qing court, not only selling weapons and warships to the Qing army, but also sending navy troops to continuously harass and cooperate with the Qing army in combat.The record of Fickel, a senior official of the Dutch East India Company at the time, is very clear: the Tatars (Qing court) were far less interested in who Taiwan belonged to than whether the Guoxing Lord still existed.The performance of the so-called "orthodox" Qing Dynasty in this "anti-aggression" is really unflattering.

At that time, many loyal officials of the Ming Dynasty criticized Zheng Chenggong's choice. For example, Zhang Huangyan, a famous anti-Qing general, accused Zheng Chenggong of "giving up the big and taking the small, and the loss outweighs the gain." , the reality of self-reliance in the world."But if we take a longer view, Prince Philip, the important minister of the Spanish royal family, suggested to the royal family as early as 1622 AD that Taiwan is "the lighthouse of the Far East Ocean."The Dutch National Assembly added three additional budgets for the defense of Taiwan in 1651, 1655, and 1658. Kui Yi, the long-term governor of the Netherlands in Taiwan, even insisted that Taiwan is "the unsinkable bridgehead of East Asia."In the world of the Age of Discovery, Taiwan played a pivotal role in the trade between the East and the West because of its special location. The so-called "treasure island" deserves its name.

We might as well make such an assumption. Without the cross-sea expedition in 1661 AD, Zheng Chenggong's anti-Qing forces would have been quickly destroyed under the strangulation of the Qing Dynasty, and the closed-door Qing Dynasty had never been interested in opening up thousands of miles of sea territory.The Dutch who are entrenched in Taiwan are bound to stabilize their rule. From then on, Taiwan will truly become a "territory" under the rule of the Dutch maritime empire. After several centuries, it may remain in the territory of the Netherlands, or it may be like the Philippines today. Like China and Indonesia, it becomes a "neighbor" across the sea from China, but it will no longer be owned by China. If that is the case, it will be the real hatred of thousands of descendants of Yan and Huang. If we look at Zheng Chenggong's achievements in regaining Taiwan in this way, we can easily draw a comment: arduous and outstanding, and his achievements will last forever. When talking about achievements, it is natural to talk about the military power of Zheng's Taiwan regime.A military group capable of expelling the "marine coachmen" Dutch and dealing with the "invincible" Qing Banners for decades is naturally very powerful, but its strength is believed to be beyond the expectations of many people today. Yao Qisheng, Governor of Fujian, who presided over the platform industry all the year round during the Kangxi era of the Qing Dynasty, wrote clearly in the memorial: Zheng Group "has the advantages of firearms and the strength of warships, which are no less than those of Heyi, and even more beyond my reach." The "official official" of the Qing Dynasty was telling the truth. On the "benefits of firearms", as early as the third year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1646 AD), Zheng Chenggong swore to Fujian and set up a complete arms industry production line in Xiamen when he rebelled against the Qing Dynasty. , A lot of money hired technicians from the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other Western countries to supervise the production, and "selected children from good coastal families, hired red barbarians as teachers, and learned how to make firearms."At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, he bought Western firearms to strengthen himself, but most of them simply bought foreign guns and cannons, and systematically studied the production process, and even independently developed them. Zheng Chenggong was the first person. He didn't say it, but it was almost two centuries earlier. Of course, the painstaking efforts were not in vain. Among the various weapons and equipment of the Zheng Group unearthed in Taiwan, the "fire wheel gun" has appeared in muskets. contemporary standards.The artillery already has explosive shells, the so-called "blossom shells", whose performance and combat effectiveness are far better than those of the Qing army that participated in the Opium War 200 years later. "The strength of warships" is even more true. The Dutch call the warships of Zheng's group "junker ships", also known as "Taiwan ships". They are 30 meters long and carry 30 guns. They are the main battleships of Zheng's navy. , not only its performance is far better than the "Dafu Ship" of the regular navy of the Ming Dynasty, but it has also defeated the Dutch fleet many times at sea.In addition, the ace battleship "three-masted gunboat" of Zheng's fleet is 80 meters long, the mast is 4 feet high, the cabin has 5 floors, and is equipped with 50 light and heavy artillery pieces. It can accommodate 400 combat personnel of various types. The "Big Mac" battleship on board. Because of such a powerful fleet, in the era of great geographical discovery in the 17th century, Zheng's group traversed the East Asian seas and borders. After several battles, the main opponent was of course the Dutch. After recovering Taiwan in 1661, the Dutch who had run Taiwan for 38 years did not give up, and repeatedly looked for opportunities in an attempt to regain Taiwan.In the second year after withdrawing from Taiwan, the Dutch fleet came to Fujian.In March of the second year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1663), the Dutch colonists reached an agreement with the Qing court to jointly attack Zheng Chenggong's mainland territories Xiamen and Kinmen while Zheng Chenggong died of illness and Taiwan's civil strife. Taiwan.The Dutch were rewarded by Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty and obtained trade privileges.Looking at this battle, it doesn't have much military significance, it's just taking advantage of the fire to loot.In the twelfth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1673), Zheng Jing, who took over as the "King of Yanping County" while taking advantage of the San Francisco Rebellion, went to Fujian again and conquered Jinmen, Xiamen, and Nan'ao. The Qing court once again colluded with the Dutch to jointly attack , Under attack from both sides, in 1680, Zheng Jun, who had "defeated the seven prefectures", retreated to Taiwan again. In August 1664, with the approval of the Qing government and commercial benefits, the Netherlands launched a war intended to "recover" Taiwan, launched 20 elite gunboats, and brazenly launched an attack on Keelung, Taiwan and other places. Along the coast, countless villagers were killed or injured."Under the strong attack, Keelung fell for a time. The Zheng Group resolutely fought back. With Liu Guoxuan leading the navy, they attacked the Dutch army from the sea, and sent heavy troops to attack Keelung from the land. The two sides launched a long tug-of-war around Keelung. Keelung was successfully recaptured in 1668.The Battle of Keelung, which completely destroyed the Dutch ambition to dominate Taiwan, was widely recorded in various notes in the early Qing Dynasty, and most of them were destroyed when Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty compiled the "Siku Quanshu".The only historical data are vaguely found in the local chronicles of Taiwan, and the specific details of the battle are no longer available. In addition to military attacks, Zheng's economic means also hit the Dutch, all over East Asia and even Southeast Asia.All Chinese businessmen, as long as they have the "command flag" issued by Zheng's group, they can get the safety protection of Zheng's navy. Not only the grassroots pirates dare not harass, even the Dutch and Spanish colonists stay away.He sent envoys to various parts of Southeast Asia and strictly prohibited trade with the Dutch. His tough tactics caused heavy losses to the Dutch, who established their country on commerce.In order to suppress the influence of the Netherlands and open up business routes, Zheng's Group even became a long-term trading partner with the British and made huge profits.This move caused the Dutch to complain, and Kuiyi angrily criticized in his book: "The untimely behavior of the Dutch East India Company in the face of the Guoxing Ye family has provoked their strong revenge, and it has also led to the Dutch in Southeast Asia. Since then, the trade monopoly position has been lost day by day.” It is also worth mentioning the Spanish in the Philippines. Not long after Zheng Chenggong occupied Taiwan in 1661, a mass murder of Chinese occurred in the Philippines. Zheng Chenggong warned the Spanish colonists in the Philippines. , Once wanted to send troops to punish.After Zheng Chenggong's death, his son Zheng Jing planned to conquer the Philippines twice in 1670 and 1671 AD, but it ended because of the military oppression of the Qing Dynasty, the Spanish envoys were well-informed, and local policies were changed.Although there was no large-scale war, the Zheng Group has been providing assistance to the Chinese maritime merchants in the Philippines, and taught the Spanish colonists many times in small-scale naval battles. In the end, in Spanish historical documents, the Europeans’ respect for The title of the Zheng Group: God's Whip on the Eastern Ocean. During the great geographical discovery in the 17th century, the Western colonists set off a climax in the era of great voyages to carve up the world.The Zheng Group is not only a separatist force that is "isolated overseas", but also the only force in the Asian ocean that can fight against Western colonial fleets, and it is also the patron saint of thousands of Chinese wandering overseas. If we look at the history of more than 300 years ago from today's perspective, the 20 years of confrontation between the Zheng Group and the Qing Dynasty across the sea was not only a confrontation between the old and new dynasties, but also a "competition" between the old and new national development models.In terms of dynasties, the Qing Dynasty is "new" and the Zheng family is "old". In terms of the country's development model, Zheng's group can be called "the leader of the trend". As early as the 18th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1661 A.D.), during the most difficult stage of Zheng Chenggong's battle to restore Taiwan, Zheng Chenggong, who had a good vision, went to farm all over Taiwan, and even recruited refugees from Fujian to settle in Taiwan.After the establishment of Taiwan, the "Tuntian System" was implemented as a basic policy. On the surface, it seems to be the same as Zhu Yuanzhang's "Military Tunnel" in the early Ming Dynasty, but the actual content is quite different - Zhu Yuanzhang's "Military Tunnel", the land is state-owned , Zheng Chenggong's "juntun", the land is privately owned. Zheng Chenggong made this clear in his announcement in May 1662: "All towns and officers and soldiers, large and small, open up fields, do their best, and forever be the world's business, using tenants for fishing and Beijing (economic) business." The method is "opening villages and recruiting tenants", that is, recruiting mainland refugees to come to Taiwan to farm.The development of Mintun is even faster. "As many people enclose land, it will always be a world business." In Zhangzhou, Fujian alone, in the first year when Zheng Chenggong recovered Taiwan, as many as 4,000 people came to Taiwan to cultivate land. Today, "Taiwan" 80% of the "natives" are Hokkien people, and most of them moved to Taiwan during this period.Zheng Chenggong also made great efforts to protect the civilian land that local farmers had reclaimed during the Dutch occupation. He made repeated orders to distinguish between "farm" and "farm", and severely punished acts of land occupation. Compared with Ming Taizu's practice of requiring legislation to even plant a few acres of cotton in farmers' homes, it is an incomparable improvement.Later, many businessmen in the southeast coast also transferred their assets to Taiwan and invested in the land industry in Taiwan.Undoubtedly, the policy of "farming the fields" was the "boosting needle" for Taiwan's economic take-off in the 17th century. But in "My Qing Dynasty" across the sea, the dignitaries of the Eight Banners are busy "running horses and occupying land", and the farmers under their banners are like serfs. In comparison, I really don't know how "behind" they are... The private farming system is the foundation of Taiwan's economic take-off, and it is Zheng Chenggong's new move that subverts China's 5,000-year-old concept of "agriculture-based business and end-of-business"—supporting war with business. The Zheng family was born as a sea merchant, so their economic philosophy is naturally different from that of traditional scholar-bureaucrats. Zheng Zhilong, the father of Zheng Chenggong, published the book "Prospering Business in the Southeast" for the Qing Dynasty after he surrendered to the Qing Dynasty, and outlined a picture of vigorously developing overseas trade and revitalizing Southeast Asia. The grand blueprint of the earth turned out to be regarded as an "ambitious act" by the Qing government, which caused a fatal disaster.Zheng Chenggong, the son of man, truly realized his father's dream in Taiwan. Long before recovering Taiwan, the Zheng family owned a trade network all over Europe and Asia.After regaining Taiwan, Zheng Chenggong took this as a clue to build a trading empire belonging to "Daming Taiwan".During the anti-Qing war before regaining Taiwan, Xiamen, Zheng Chenggong's base camp, was transformed from a small fishing village into the largest trading port in southeast China.After the establishment of Taiwan, the Zheng family made good contacts with all parties. On the one hand, they implemented an economic blockade against the Dutch, and on the other hand, they established good trade relations with various regimes around Taiwan.Japan, which strictly enforced the "closed policy" in the north of Taiwan, had to open the door under the pressure of the Cheng Group, allowing the Cheng family to replace the Netherlands as the only "trading partner". The Philippines, Malaysia, Cambodia, Indonesia, and even India in the south , all have trade relations with the Zheng family.The British East India Company was also an important "partner" of the Zheng family. With the turnover of the British, Taiwan's products were exported to Europe.Taiwan's self-made imitation Western currency "Six Fu Coin" is the common currency in Southeast Asia... Business is developed, and judicial construction is not bad.After regaining Taiwan, the three major laws of "reclamation of land", "building of the army" and "building of government" were promulgated, which not only inherited the relevant content of the "Law of the Ming Dynasty", but also added protection of commercial interests, arbitration of trade disputes, respect for private property, and taxation. Various "progressive contents" such as inventory checks are not inferior to the business regulations of the Western world in the early stages of capitalism.Law enforcement is also strict, emphasizing that "the law is more important than strictness" and "the law must be investigated." Important figures in the Zheng family, such as Wu Hao in Houzhen of Xuanyi, and Yang Chaodong in Chengtianfu Yin, were all sentenced to death for violating relevant laws and regulations. According to relevant historical records, during the period of the Zheng Group, the average trade tax to Japan was about 1.41 million taels a year, the trade tax to the British East India Company was about 800,000 taels a year, and the trade tax to Southeast Asian countries was about 128 taels a year. Ten thousand taels.During the Chongzhen period at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the country's total annual fiscal revenue averaged no more than 4 million taels.According to historical records, at that time in Taiwan, "Tian Chou is flourishing, and the officials and people are rich." This is true. On the other hand, mainland China, facing each other across the sea, is the five provinces in the southeast and the forbidden sea. Thousands of miles of red land, the people are crying and crying everywhere, ten houses and nine empty spaces. Conservative and progressive, across the Taiwan Strait, across the sea. Speaking of the prosperity of Taiwan, the founder is Zheng Chenggong, and the real implementer is a person who has always been ignored by historians—Zheng Jing, the son of Zheng Chenggong. He was ignored because of his "bad deeds". In 1661 AD, Zheng Chenggong conquered Taiwan. When the fierce battle was in full swing, he stayed in Xiamen, but he had an affair with his brother's wet nurse and gave birth to a son. Zheng Chenggong was furious. Kill him to vent his anger.On the first day of May of the following year, Zheng Chenggong, who was ill in bed, died young at the age of 39. "Father mad at death", plus "incest", such characters, in the eyes of "feudal morality", are naturally "unfaithful and unfilial". But this "unfaithful and unfilial person" was actually the founder of Taiwan's economic boom in the 17th century and the guardian of thousands of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia. After Zheng Chenggong died of illness in 1662 AD, Zheng Jing, who stayed in Xiamen, succeeded as the eldest son.However, Huang Zhao, Xiao Gongchen and others from Zheng Chenggong's Ministry in Taiwan supported his younger brother Zheng Xi as the leader and launched a rebellion.The room leak happened to rain overnight, and the Qing army approached. Under pressure from both sides, Zheng Jing rejected the Qing court's request to surrender, but left the bottom line of negotiation: imitate the North Korean example, and not cut his hair.After stabilizing the Qing court, Zheng Jing led his troops to march eastward to Taiwan, defeated Huang Zhao's rebel army, and killed his uncle Zheng Tai, who supported his younger brother, causing Zheng Tai to be deployed to join the Qing court, and then Zheng Jing returned to Fujian.In 1663 AD, the Qing army attacked Kinmen and Xiamen, and with the cooperation of the Dutch fleet, they connected several towns. In desperation, Zheng Jing returned to Taiwan and began his 18-year rule in Taiwan. Incest, internal strife, serious damage to the vitality, the experience before "the son inherits the father's business" is indeed not very glorious, but the next 18 years are glorious enough-he created a prosperous Taiwan. First, the son inherited his father's will, inherited various policies of Zheng Chenggong, recuperated and developed the economy.The defeat of Jin and Xiamen made the Zheng family lose their only foothold in mainland China, but brought Taiwan a new force for economic development-5,000 Fujian refugees.Zheng Jing continued the policy of farming, cutting taxes, and moved the clan to broadcast Taiwan, opened villages and farms, encouraged the development of industry and commerce, and the government provided "start-up funds" and various tax-free benefits. According to historical records, Taiwan has been "prospering with business" since then. .The development of trade routes has also yielded great results, signing trade agreements with Spain, Portugal, the United Kingdom and other countries, and strictly refusing them to "establish education in Taiwan", which not only strives for the greatest interests, but also maintains sovereignty.This "rebellious son" who made his father so angry before his death fulfilled his father's last wish to revive Taiwan bit by bit. The reason it was possible was that he used the right person——Chen Yonghua. Chen Yonghua, the prototype of Chen Jinnan, the chief rudder of the Tiandihui in Jin Yong's martial arts novels.Compared with martial arts novels, he did not have superb martial arts in history, but he had another wisdom far beyond the characters in the novels - An Min.He was the chief architect in the entire process of the Zheng Group's revitalization of Taiwan's economy.He is a native of Longhai, Fujian, the son of Chen Ding, a former Ming official. When the Qing army broke through Fujian, Chen Ding committed suicide and died for his country. At the age of 15, he escaped with wit and went to Xiamen to join Zheng Chenggong. He has been reused since then.As early as before Zheng Chenggong's eastern expedition to Taiwan, as a marching soldier, he offered Zheng Chenggong's "Ten Strategies to Settle Taiwan", including various subsequent measures such as promoting business, farming, and legislation.Then he stayed in Xiamen to assist Zheng Jing. After Zheng Chenggong passed away, Huang Zhao supported Zheng to attack the rebellion. It was he who acted decisively and quickly arrested Huang Zhao and others' cronies in Xiamen, stabilizing the situation and helping Zheng Jingdong successfully suppress the rebellion.After Zheng Jing officially took office in Taiwan, he first served as the military supervisor and censor, and then as the "general envoy". He was actually the "big steward" of Taiwan.He presided over the grand plan of farming, went to Taiwan's north and south to inspect, and sent commissioners to teach agricultural farming skills to the troops in various places.In terms of character, he was stern and selfless. When Taiwan's economy was booming and the trend of annexation was beginning to rise, he strictly enforced the government and dealt with the illegal activities of the Zheng family's clan and the hero Su Jiang, curbing the "merger trend" in the early days of Zheng Jing's succession.For ordinary people, he is lenient and benevolent, emphasizing "moralization", and personally checks all important cases involving ordinary people, striving to be lenient and reduce entanglement.Even in major cases such as Huang Zhao's rebellion, he dared to fight against Zheng Jing for the issue of implicability, and finally pardoned hundreds of innocent people.During the 18 years in Taiwan, there were 27 serious cases of unjust imprisonment that were rehabilitated by himself.He also did a good job in "national unity" work. He paid great respect to the chiefs of various ethnic groups in Taiwan. Serve as an official.It can be said that it is a painstaking effort to shoulder the inside and outside. Zheng Chenggong's comment on him "the rebirth of the crouching dragon" is actually appropriate when looking at his life. One of the most important things he did has even affected Taiwan today—Xingru School.As early as 1662 AD, when Taiwan was at peacetime, Chen Yonghua, who stayed in Fujian with Zheng Jing, wrote to Zheng Chenggong, emphasizing the importance of promoting Confucianism in Taiwan.Later, after going to Taiwan with Zheng Jing, the establishment of Confucianism was put on the agenda again.At that time in Taiwan, the former Dutch colonists carried out "de-Sinicization", spread the Dutch language on the island, and promoted Christianity. School"."Guozijian" is set up in the capital, which is the highest school, and "prefectural school", "state school" and "county school" are set up in the local area, and it is stipulated that "those who send their children to rural schools will be exempted from corvee service", which can be described as "compulsory education" with Taiwan characteristics .The imperial examination system was also established immediately. It was divided into state examination, government examination and court examination. A complete Confucian education system was thus created.Another measure of "promoting Confucianism" is to recruit talents. Many pre-Ming scholars from mainland China and Southeast Asia have come to vote. By the middle of Zheng Jing's reign, there were thousands of people.Chen Yonghua presided over the placement of these people. The sages arranged positions, whether they gave lectures or became officials.Under painstaking efforts, the island of Taiwan, which was originally "overgrown with barbarians", has become a "land of civilized clothes".In the following hundreds of years, the current situation has changed, but what has not changed is that Taiwan’s national culture is flourishing and heroes have emerged in large numbers. After all, gold and iron horses can only be noisy for a while, and culture can last forever. When Zheng Chenggong ordered Chen Yonghua to assist Zheng Jing, he once said to Zheng Jing: Chen Yonghua is a genius in the world. I will keep him to assist you. You should treat him as a teacher.Looking at Chen Yonghua's life, Zheng Jing has indeed done it. Having shared adversity through wind and rain for decades, this pair of monarchs and ministers has a deep affection, no less than any combination of wise monarchs and ministers in Chinese history.Chen Yonghua established Confucianism, promoted farmland, developed commerce, and every policy, even if he offended powerful officials, Zheng Jing also fully supported him and obeyed his advice.Chen Yonghua strictly enforced the law and did not show favoritism. There were often family members and senior generals crying in front of Zheng Jing and slandering him a lot, but Zheng Jing persuaded him: You must abide by the law, otherwise I will not be able to save you if you commit crimes in Chen Yonghua's hands. .In the 14th year of Yongli, Chen Yonghua, who inspected Keelung's fields, contracted a cold and was bedridden. Zheng Jing was shocked when he heard the news.Zheng Jing also entrusted his eldest son, Zheng Kezang, the default heir, to Chen Yonghua, expecting his son to become a generation of heroes under Chen Yonghua's training.The martial arts story in this novel is fictional, but Chen Jinnan's sentence "The prince treats me like a national soldier" in the novel is indeed true. The result of the heart-to-heart is to promote reclamation, rectify disciplines, promote business travel, and open business routes. Taiwan under the rule of Zheng Jing, the "pirate regime" despised by the great Confucians across the strait, has become a country with ample food and clothing, prosperous business travel, complete laws and regulations, and prosperous culture. , a vibrant world.In the feudal ethics, he is an "incest and rebellious son", but he is indeed a successful person who lives up to his father's trust. But this world with abundant food and clothing, prosperous business travel, complete laws and regulations, prosperous culture, and vitality was finally destroyed. Why? Speaking of the demise of the Zheng family's small court in Taiwan, most of the reasons are attributed to the fact that after Zheng Jing's death, there were many factions within the Taiwan Zheng's group.In looking at its demise, these reasons are secondary. The reason for the destruction was actually planted as early as the eleventh year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. It was the year when the San Francisco rebelled. Disturbance", shocked the Qing court for a while, the situation is very good.This time, Chen Yonghua, who is an important minister, opposed it from the very beginning.As early as when Geng Jingzhong sent envoys to Taiwan and agreed to march together, Chen Yonghua insisted: "The San Francisco cannot be trusted, and it is even more difficult to achieve things. Now the Qing court is still hesitating when discussing Taiwan, but I think it is possible to keep a low profile and bide my time. If you leave the teacher, if you are firm in your determination, there will be endless troubles." Looking at the situation afterwards, he saw it clearly. In fact, in the second year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1663), after the Qing army and the Dutch fleet captured Kinmen and pulled out the last stronghold of the Zheng Group in mainland China, the theory of "abandoning Taiwan" has been raging.In the eyes of Mingzhu, Prince Kang Jieshu and other Qing Dynasty dignitaries who were in charge of the country's affairs, the sea was of no value. Preparations for cross-sea attack on Taiwan were not the strengths of the Eight Banners Army who were proficient in riding and archery. It is even more intolerable for them to raise the value of teachers and elevate the status of the Han officials behind them.At the same time, the huge cost of forming a navy made them even more distressed.Therefore, for many years, most of the dignitaries of the Qing court strongly resisted this. Even after Shi Lang led his army to conquer Taiwan in the 22nd year of Kangxi (AD 1683), many Manchu ministers still frequently wrote letters, insisting that "a deserted island is useless, and it is useless." It is better to throw money and food away."Kangxi himself has been hesitant for a long time on the issue of attacking or abandoning Taiwan.Under such a background, it is not impossible to urge the Qing court to abandon the motion to attack Taiwan if flexible diplomatic methods can be adopted. However, Zheng Jing's outrageous departure in 1674 AD shocked the Qing court and declared the powerful combat power of the Taiwan Navy, and also strengthened the Qing court's determination to attack Taiwan.In July of the same year, Kangxi immediately issued an edict, ordering Sulai to vigorously advocate the restoration of Taiwan, and Huang Xigun, a bachelor who had been dismissed from the Ministry of War, once again "acted in the affairs of the Ministry of War".Since then, the two brother-in-laws of Bachelor Huang, Shi Lang and Yao Qisheng, have been reused one after another. These two people are the "terminators" of the fate of the Zheng family.The Qing Dynasty's Taiwan policy no longer wavered and hesitated, and moved forward along the track of the "platform".The reason for the shift is simple: Zheng Jing told the Qing court with facts that Taiwan has always been a threat to the Qing court, and it must be eliminated as soon as possible.In Zheng Jing's life, this was probably the only time he failed to obey Chen Yonghua, but the consequences were irreparable. But these Zheng Jings cannot be seen, and there is no time to see them.After failing to advance eastward into Fujian, Zheng Jing returned to Taiwan in 1680 AD. Since then, he has been depressed, ignoring state affairs all day long, indulging in sensuality, and died of illness on the 18th day of the first lunar month of the following year.Chen Yonghua also didn't see that during Zheng Jing's eastern campaign, he left his eldest son Zheng Kezang to supervise the country, and Chen Yonghua assisted in the government. During the period, he rested with the people and won the popularity of the people. I want to abolish the Lord and stand on my own.Chen Yonghua, who had insight into the situation, resigned wisely, retired and returned to his family, and died of illness in March 1680.Zheng Jing was so sad that he went to hang a sacrifice in person and bestowed the posthumous title Wenzheng.After Zheng Jing's death, the original "heir" Zheng Kezang was alone, and was punished by Feng Xifan's faction, and Zheng Jing's youngest son Zheng Keshuang came to the throne.The city of Beijing on the other side of the strait is celebrating each other.Kangxi's important minister Li Guangdi happily congratulated Kangxi and said: Chen Fufu (Chen Yonghua) died, and Taiwan is just around the corner. The day is just around the corner. In the 22nd year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (AD 1683), after years of careful preparation, Shi Lang, a rebel general of the Zheng family in Taiwan, led a navy of 20,000 people across the sea to attack Taiwan with arms.In Taiwan, the young master Zheng Keshuang is only 13 years old, and the assistant minister Feng Xifan has no plans, so they are naturally in a mess.On June 14th, Shi Lang led the navy to fight Liu Guoxuan's department in Penghu, severely injuring Liu Guoxuan.When the news of the defeat came out, the entire stage was in a state of panic, during which some people suggested that they could move to the Philippines and other places in order to make a comeback.But it was stopped by Feng Xifan, and finally, under the auspices of Feng Xifan, Liu Guoxuan and others, after the Qing army accepted the promise of "three non-injuries" (no harm to the clan, no harm to officers and soldiers, and no harm to officials and people), the whole island surrendered. The 13-year-old "young master" Zheng Keshuang was named "Haicheng Gong" and was placed under house arrest in an alley outside Chaoyang Gate in Beijing. He died of illness in Beijing in the forty-sixth year of Kangxi (1707 A.D.).In the second half of his life, his family was in decline. Although he was a "Duke", he had no salary, and his son was repeatedly framed and exiled.To this day, the Zheng clan's ethnicity has long been untestable.And those who were also sent to the capital at that time were also members of the Ming clan who had been supported by the Zheng Group for many years, and were arranged by the Qing court to guard the Ming Tombs for generations until the fall of the Qing Dynasty. I don't know how Zheng Chenggong, who is determined to restore rivers and mountains, should feel if he knows it, but who should he blame?Blame Feng Xifan and Liu Guoxuan?Say a few words about them here.Let me talk about Feng Xifan first, in novels and film and television works, he is a master of martial arts and a scheming villain.The real him in history could not reach this height.有武功不假，郑经留守福建时，他多次浴血冲杀，解救郑经于危难中，清军公元1664年攻陷厦门、金门时，郑氏宗族多人争相归附清廷，唯独冯锡范与陈永华忠心耿耿，与郑经共度难关。于郑经而言，他是个“疾风知劲草”般的忠臣。公元1674年郑经东征，冯锡范以侍卫身份随行，耿精忠的部将刘应麟归降，郑经犹豫不决，冯锡范力主接纳，因此导致了耿精忠与郑经反目，为后来的大败埋下伏笔。郑氏集团参军颜望忠力主征讨菲律宾，开辟新地盘，也被他坚决阻止，后来证明，这些都是错的。与陈永华的矛盾，以及后来辅佐郑克爽篡杀“继承人”郑克臧，其实也是政治派系问题。纵观其一生，这是一个有小聪明，无大智慧，对主子忠心耿耿的小人。而另一个“投降派”刘国轩，历史上的评价还不错，虽与陈永华不和，但确有军事才能。郑成功东征台湾时，他是水师先锋，郑成功病逝后，他参与黄昭叛乱，拥立郑袭，事败后被郑经宽恕，此后他知恩图报，屡立战功，尤其是在基隆会战里重创荷兰舰队，堪称“民族英雄”。郑经趁三藩之乱再次东征时，他率军所向披靡，连克海澄、南安、安西、永春，逼得清军守将穆黑林上吊自杀，因功被封为“武平伯”。耿精忠兵败后，清军反攻福建，是他在南平寨留守阻击，方才保得郑经全身而退。长久以来，他是清军最难对付的对手。后来台湾郑氏家族投降，他被封为顺清侯，驻守天津，任上为官清廉，兴农安民，康熙三十一年病逝于任上，赐太子太保，观其一生，算是能臣。 一个“有忠心却无大才”的小人，一个“百战百胜”的能臣，看似尚可，可惜他们都不是陈永华这般拥有卓越眼光的大才。但将台湾败亡的罪过尽数推诿到二人身上，也有失公平。因为施琅兵临台湾岛的时候，以台湾的实力，是根本无法战而胜之的。面对封建社会回光返照时期的中国大陆，领土、资源、人口处于严重劣势的台湾，从来都是无法硬碰硬的，只要清朝政府战争机器全面开动，集中力量复台，台湾就将无任何胜算，即使能够击退施琅的进攻，也无法改变这样的结局。 所谓台湾最好的选择，早如陈永华当年所说“以小事大，行韬光养晦之计”，但被郑经轻易地否决了，这个带给台湾二十年繁荣的“明主”，在一念之间，将台湾推进了终结的死胡同，成败，尽在这守成之君。 今日台南延平郡王祠有一对联：夫死妇亦死，君亡乃明亡。影射的恰是郑经长子，在政变中被杀害的郑克臧，尽管郑克臧当国，依然无法战胜清军，但是他也许会选择另一条道路：远征菲律宾。毕竟提倡此议的颜祖望等人都是他监国时的重臣，若如此的话，历史，或许又是另一种假设了。 该怎样评价台湾郑氏王朝？什么样的话最准确？ 或许可以这样说：当中国社会在清王朝的统治下，沿着中国传统的封建君主专制道路行进的时候，孤悬海外的大明朝台湾郑氏家族，无意之间，打开了一条新路，坚定地走了22年，迎来了初步的繁荣，却又被重新拉回到中国传统封建社会的怀抱里。一个全新的窗口，在迎来些许明亮的光芒后，悄然关闭。 然后是无奈的结束，平静的沦陷，沉默的消失，遮掩了22年孤悬海外，壮心不改的岁月，留下了大明王朝300年最后一曲余音。 引台湾延平郡王郑经的诗作《悲中原未复》一段，作为对这个政权所有的歪曲，以及对于他走过的所有道路的注解。 故国山河尽变色，旧京宫阙化成丘。 复仇雪耻知何日，不斩楼兰誓不休。