Chapter 14 Chapter Thirteen Yangzhou Elegy

On April 18, 1645, Shi Kefa, who had just crossed the river from Nanjing and returned to Yangzhou, when the Qing army was approaching the city, issued an emergency troop call to the surrounding states and counties as a supervisor, asking the generals of all ministries to lead their troops to Yangzhou to concentrate. After the dispatch of troops was issued, only Liu Zhaoji, the chief soldier, and He Gang, the head of the Ministry of War, led about 4,000 people from the Zhongguan Battalion to arrive, and the original defenders in Yangzhou were about 10,000.Shi Kefa understood that now, only rely on these people to defend the isolated city.

But Duoduo surrounded Yangzhou City first, and was not in a hurry to attack the city on a large scale.There are two reasons for this: one is that the city is high and the pool is deep, and the casualties of a direct attack are too great, and they want to wait for the siege weapon-the red cannon to be transported from the rear; "Come and surrender Shi Kefa, and get Yangzhou City without fighting. Duoyi first sent Sizhou general Li Yuchun to tentatively recruit Li Yuchun as an old subordinate with his own letter, but was scolded by Shi Kefa across the city and returned to no avail. Government officials could not send civil representatives. On the 22nd, a non-governmental friendship delegation composed of "Yangzhou fellow villagers" went to the city six times a day to do "ideological work" for Shi Kefa, asking him to "follow the historical trend and do something that is beneficial to the people of Yangzhou." to solve the Yangzhou issue in a peaceful way.”

Shi Kefa didn't even read the letters, and threw them all into the moat.Wei Yinwen, the governor of Huaiyang who was in the same city as him, also put aside the partisan dispute at this time, stood firmly on the same front with Shi Kefa, and unceremoniously pushed away the olive branch extended by Duoduo. But in the face of the test of life and death, some people were finally moved. Li Qifeng, the chief soldier of Gansu Town, and Gao Qifeng, the supervisor of the army, took advantage of the chaos to hijack Shi Kefa out of the city to participate in the "peace movement". Shi Kefa noticed it, but he didn't hand over these two people to the "martial court" for trial. Instead, he called them to talk about his outlook on life and life and death, saying that it is human nature to be greedy for life and afraid of death. If you don't want to follow me You died in battle together in Yangzhou, and I won't stop you, so take it as you please!

Shi's tolerance and understanding did not awaken the two people's understanding and conscience. When they came out of Shi's "office", they flapped their wings like yellow cranes, flew out of Yangzhou City, and headed straight for Qingying. But most of them stayed. Under the leadership of Comrade Liu Zhaoji, a general who really understands military affairs in Yangzhou City, they gave a head-on blow to the Qing army who tried to attack the city, causing more than a thousand casualties, and had to stop the attack. pace. Liu Zhaoji, an old man from Liaodong and an old opponent of the Qing army, has stood on the front line against the Qing army since 1639. He has participated in the defense of Jinzhou and the rescue of Songshan and Xingshan. After the Qing Dynasty, he came to the Jiangnan water town from Baishan Heishui, joined the Fuwang regime, and was awarded the titles of Zuo Dudu and Prince Taibao.

When the Qing army first arrived, Liu Zhaoji suggested that he go out of the city to fight while the enemy's foothold was not stable, but was rejected by Shi on the grounds that "the sharpness should not be tried lightly".Later, Liu saw that the forest at the west gate of Yangzhou was very convenient for the Qing soldiers to conceal and sneak attacks, and suggested cutting it down, but Shi refused again on the grounds that there was the tomb of Li Chunfang, the first assistant of the Ming Dynasty, in the forest.In this regard, Liu Zhaoji really has nothing to say! Shi Kefa boarded the city wall and stared at the besieged Qing army outside the city. He knew that winning was elusive, and his best way out now was to "seek death."

In the "sauce vat culture" of Chinese officialdom, although some people have read the Four Books and Five Classics and the classics of sages and Confucians, once they set foot in official careers, their benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, loyalty and trustworthiness are pushed aside by prosperity and wealth.However, there are still some people who engrave the morality in the book in their hearts, regard it as higher than life, and practice it unswervingly.When the morality they pursue is shattered, they will not retreat to the second best or turn to other pursuits, but will only sacrifice their own lives!

When he picked up the pen and explained what happened after his death, a deep inferiority complex and self-blame came to his heart.In one year, from opposing and supporting the King of Fu to Jiangbei Supervisor, from winning over Gao Jie to the premature death of the Northern Expedition, from trying to settle in the army to poverty in the country, all the past events seem to be laughing at yourself-you can't, you are just a scholar, there is no turning around Qiankun's ability. In his letter to his mother, he wrote: "My son has been an official for eighteen years, and he can't benefit the court. What face does he have in the world? It's not enough to atone for his sins with death!"

He even wrote a letter to Duduo, the enemy chieftain outside the city: "A defeated general must not be brave; a minister who has lost his country must not be loyal...Death is enough!" Six days after the siege lasted, on April 24, the red cannons of the Qing army arrived, and Duoduo no longer had to wear a "veil of warmth" to persuade him to surrender.The bursts of gunfire represent his helplessness, cruelty and anger. When the city of Yangzhou was about to be destroyed, Shi Kefa summoned his subordinates to say his final farewell, "I declare that the city will be destroyed. After the city is destroyed, who can help me become famous?" He asked firmly.

The general Shi Dewei knelt down and responded. Shi Kefa took his hand and said: "I have no son, you have been with me for many years, I can deny you as an adopted son." Three months ago, when Gao Jie's son, who has soldiers, guns and energy, wanted to worship Shi Kefa as his adoptive father, he was rejected by this stubborn and inflexible person.Shi Dewei is clear about this.But today, he has to recognize himself, a powerless, powerless and incompetent person, as his adopted son.Shi Dewei was moved, and bowed down again to recognize this "foster father". Shi Kefa smiled gratifiedly, so far, all the behind-the-scenes matters have been dealt with.

With the help of the red cannon, the Qing army once again copied the successful models of Taiyuan and Tongguan.On the twenty-fourth night, the Qing army bombarded the city wall with cannons.On the twenty-fifth morning, the Qing army rushed in from the collapsed city wall. The street fighting began. Liu Zhaoji led more than 400 Ming soldiers to start the street fighting, and all of them were killed. This staunch man from the distant black land finally spilled his last blood on this strange red land.At the same time, more than 100 officials, big and small, including Ren Minyu and He Gang, the magistrate of Yangzhou, died for the country.

Seeing that the city could no longer be defended, Shi Kefa yelled at Shi Dewei to help him commit suicide. Shi Dewei couldn't bear to do it, and he and his subordinates rushed to Shi Kefa to break through the small east gate. On the way, they were surrounded by a group of Qing troops. In order not to hurt others, Shi Kefa declared himself an official and was captured by the surrounding Qing troops. Duoyi finally saw Shi Kefa, who had refused to surrender many times, and once again "reasoned with reason and moved him with emotion", and after being rejected, he killed him. Shi Kefa was only forty-four years old when he was killed.However, the personality strength of the slain also shocked the killer. When Doduo heard that Shi Dewei, who was captured together, was Shi Kefa's adopted son, he released him and asked him to collect the corpse for Shi Kefa. Yangzhou was the first city in the south that stubbornly resisted the Qing army, and it was also the city that suffered the heaviest casualties since the Qing army entered the pass.In order to retaliate against the people of Yangzhou, and to carry out war terror, Duduo ordered a ten-day "strategic massacre" in Yangzhou, regardless of gender, age, status, wealth or poverty. They can all be killed. I can't bear to write more about this planned and organized massacre, and you can't bear to read too much. This is the scar of our nation's cannibalism, and this is the sorrow that our land of China will never leave! Here, I just want to add two points to wake up the living. Point one: the number of people killed? According to the personal memoirs of the Ming Dynasty, there were about 800,000 people before and after the massacre, according to the temple’s cremation book. Deliver the slaughter". In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, Yangzhou was one of the top ten cities with a population of 500,000 in the world. When Gao Jie's army ran amok in the countryside around Yangzhou City, the big city Yangzhou became the best "shelter" for the people. A large number of rural people flocked to the city to find life support. The population of Yangzhou City will far exceed 500,000. . After the city was broken, most of the people were massacred, except for a few who survived because of the deep concealment after the Qing army entered the city.After the war, there was almost no complete family in Yangzhou City. Inferred in this way, about 300,000 people were massacred in the city, and the number of people would not be less than the number of people massacred in Nanjing by foreigners——Japanese devils. The second point: the identity of the massacre? For a long time, there was only a "Manchu" seat in the dock of the massacre, which became the best propaganda material for the "anti-Manchu national revolution" in the late Qing Dynasty.But in fact, there were only 60,000 "man soldiers" who entered the customs, some of them stayed in Beijing to garrison, Azig and Zhunta each took some away, and the number of those who captured Yangzhou with Duoduo was at most no more than 20,000, and there were a few more "Mongolian soldiers".Calculated in this way, "Han soldiers" undoubtedly accounted for the vast majority of the 100,000 troops that invaded Yangzhou.Among them, there are "old Han soldiers" from the Liao region in the northeast, and "new Han soldiers" who surrendered in the north and south after entering the pass. I don't know how these "Han soldiers" felt when they swung their knives at the "Han people" of the same race, same language, and same country. Sometimes, the ugliness of our own nation makes us so sad that we have nothing to say! But the order for the Yangzhou massacre was given by Duoduo. Without his ruthless order, so many innocent lives could not have become "bloody souls" under the knife. During the great chaos in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Duoduo was not the only one who gave such orders.Li Zicheng, Zhang Xianzhong, Nurhachi, Huang Taiji and others all experienced the same thing, and Ningwu, Sichuan, Jinan and other places all suffered the same bad luck. Sometimes, behind the successful fame of those big people, it is the endless tears, flesh and bones of us small people! As another person involved in the Yangzhou massacre, Shi Kefa, his body was also thrown among the bones of the refugees and was nowhere to be found.Shi Dewei, who was released, could not find the body of the "foster father", so he had to use the robes he wore and the used wat board to make a "clothes tomb" and bury it on Meihua Ridge outside Yangzhou City. The Yangzhou people who survived did not spread the grievances of their relatives on Shi Kefa's head. They remembered his diligent and honest style, his behavior of enduring humiliation, his spirit of knowing what he could not do, and his friendship with the soldiers. The character of sharing weal and woe, forgetting that he is a complete failure, a person who cannot bring everyone safety and happiness. The selection of history is meaningless, and the selection of the people is sentimental. In the first month of 1648, three years after Shi Kefa passed away, Zhu Guocai, a native of Yicheng, pretended to be Shi Kefa and called for anti-Qing and Ming Dynasty, with thousands of followers. In 1653, the Qing government built a shrine in Yangzhou to commemorate the righteous land who shed the last drop of blood to resist them. In 1776, Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty issued an edict to pursue Shi Kefa's posthumous title "Zhongzheng", collected and sorted out his surviving articles, and published "Shi Zhongzheng Gongwen Collection". So far, Shi Kefa, this shining name, this person who has been criticized, has finally surpassed the boundaries of nationality and class, and has become a spiritual model for the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression, an incomparably precious common wealth! This is a manifestation of the great significance of our nation's despise of life and death, and it is also the fulcrum of our nation's rejuvenation! On the night of the second day of May in 1645, in the imperial city of Nanjing, fire trees and silver flowers never cease, singing and dancing to celebrate peace.The "Victory Congratulations Conference" of the Hongguang Little Court is gradually reaching its climax. Because on this day, Huang Degong finally defeated Zuo Menggeng's land and water army in Banziji, and the threat from the west was finally lifted. When Comrade Lao Ma at the victory celebration was intoxicated with the "great achievements" of "planning strategies and decisively winning thousands of miles away", the "funeral newspapers" from the east completely broke his good mood. Yangzhou fell, and the rest of Gao Jie's troops in Jiangbei were led by his son Gao Yuanzhao, Admiral Li Benshen, and Xuzhou General Li Chengdong to descend to Qing Dynasty. Liu Liangzuo descended to Qing Dynasty under his brother's rebellion. Before there was time to react, on the fifth day of May, the Qing army had reached the north bank of the Yangtze River and was preparing to cross the river. Hongguang Chaotang suddenly fell into panic. When adversity is approaching, those with a strong heart will face it; while those with a weak heart will retreat, and will be more immersed in their favorite things, so as to divert the pain and disaster they face. The cowardly and "art-loving" Emperor Hongguang adopted this kind of "transfer therapy". He stepped up to practice the song and dance drama he directed in the palace, preparing to use the "artistic enjoyment" brought by singing, dancing and shadowing to heal himself. the pain of subjugation. But after a moment of joy, great pain still rushed to his heart again and again.During the first two escapes, he lived a life of ups and downs that he will never forget! Why is happiness always given so little and pain always given so much? After waves of painful wandering, he fixed his hopeful eyes on Ma Geshou. At this time, Comrade Lao Ma really showed the demeanor of a "prime minister" who did not change his face when Mount Tai collapsed in front of him. He went to work and left work on time every day, and did not see any abnormal behavior. This gave Emperor Hongguang an indescribable confidence, and he secretly called the old horse into the palace to discuss countermeasures. The old horse still knows the way, and the prescription he prescribed to Emperor Hongguang is just one word - escape "Your Majesty, the Qing army going south this time will be the same as the Jin people in the Southern Song Dynasty. What they get may not be able to keep it, and in the end they just take some money and return! We just lost Nanjing, as well as Zhejiang, Fujian, Hunan, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Sichuan, etc. If they can't deal with it, the emperor can go back to Guizhou, the hometown of his ministers, occupy a place and become king." Listening to Jun's words, Shengfa has been worried for ten years, and Emperor Hongguang has a bottom line in his heart. But "escape" can only be done in private, and it is absolutely impossible to study and study with the courtiers, form a resolution and then implement it.In order to throw away their burdens and flee lightly, the two agreed on the date and number of people to flee. Comrade Lao Ma is now full of disappointment and anger towards his benefactor and close friend, Ruan Dacheng, and he is not even prepared to notify him when he is fleeing. On the eighth day of May, the Qing army crossed the Yangtze River at night in the fog.On the ninth day of the lunar new year, Zhenjiang was occupied, and the Fujian navy stationed on the Yangtze River, led by Zheng Hongkui, the commander in chief, resisted for a while, then sailed back south, and handed over the natural danger of the Yangtze River to the Qing army. It was time to flee. On the tenth night of the lunar new year, under the cover of darkness, Lao Ma and Hong Guang quietly left Beijing with Queen Mother Zou under the protection of his son Ma Luan and more than a thousand Guizhou soldiers. It was bright on the second day, and people from all walks of life in the capital learned of the news that both the "No. 1 Chief" and the "No. 2 Chief" had escaped from their jobs, and they were stunned. The irresponsible behavior of the two chiefs caused anger to erupt among the masses. Taking the lead in action, the "revolutionary masses" first rushed into the homes of Ma Shiying and Ruan Dacheng, ransacked the "grey accumulation" of these two people, and then rushed into the official residence of the great scholar Wang Duo, and slapped the bearded man Pull it out clean. The masses who robbed the money and vented their anger are still not satisfied. Under the leadership of the leader, they are ready to fulfill their sacred right to vote and add a touch of democracy to the foundation of Daming patents! The masses rushed into the Imperial Prison and invited the "Prince Chongzhen from the North" out, and carried them to the Wuying Hall of the Imperial Palace to hold the "Ascension Ceremony". The first "elected emperor" in Chinese history was born . But the light of "democracy" was extinguished in a flash. Two hours later, "Nanjing Garrison Commander" Zhao Zhilong arrived with armed forces, dispersed the crowd celebrating the "revolutionary victory" with "counter-revolutionary violence", and took the The "elected emperor" pulled down the dragon chair and sent him back to the imperial prison. The "spark" of the Chinese democratic revolution was mercilessly extinguished by this guy. Commander Zhao, who extinguished the "revolutionary fire of the masses", sent troops to maintain law and order in various streets in Nanjing, restoring law and order to the capital. What's the next step?As a military commander, Commander Zhao was at a loss, so he invited the "honorary chairman" of the Donglin Party, Qian Qianyi, Minister of Rites, to discuss countermeasures. "Chairman Qian" convened a hundred officials to prepare to fully promote democracy and implement collective discussion, collective decision-making, and collective responsibility to solve major domestic issues of "war and peace." Prior to this, these decision-makers had received Duduo's "Statement on Why Yangzhou Massacred the City" from various channels. In the statement, Duduo seemed to have changed from an "executor" to a "savior", explaining himself endlessly The peaceful efforts under the city of Yangzhou, and the serious consequences of Yangzhou's insistence on resolving disputes by force, warn the cities in the south of the Yangtze River, headed by Nanjing, to learn from Yang, obey the destiny, and not make unnecessary sacrifices! The remnants of Yangzhou and this statement deeply shocked the hearts of these decision makers. It is not easy for everyone to get into the social status they are today after years of hard study and years of officialdom. Most of them have the intention to learn Shi Kefa, but they don't have the courage to learn Shi Kefa, so the collective opinion is-surrender. Everyone blushed a little at the thought of criticizing the "second ministers" who surrendered to Li Zicheng a few days ago.But Emperor Hongguang ran away anyway, and the object of allegiance no longer exists, which gave the princes a little comfort. In May and fourteenth, the vanguard of the Qing army had arrived outside the Hongwu Gate. Commander Zhao once again assumed the important role of "Peace Hero". After receiving the "promise of surrender offer", on the 15th, which is the first anniversary of Hongguang's ascension to the throne, the gates of Nanjing, the capital of the Southern Ming Dynasty, were opened. "High-ranking cadres" formed a welcoming group, holding lowered flags, to welcome the Qing army into the city. It was noon, and there was a lot of wind and rain. I wonder if God was crying for Daming in 277? On the 17th, the smug Duoduo rode into Nanjing City. For him, it was gratifying to occupy the capital of Nanming, but the fly in the ointment was that Emperor Hongguang ran away. When Doduo, the commander-in-chief of the Qing army, was worrying about the "disappearance" of Emperor Hongguang, the great traitor Liu Liangzuo sent him accurate information-Emperor Hongguang was now "Xishou" in Huang Degong's Wuhu barracks. How did Emperor Hongguang get to Huang Degong's barracks?What kind of ups and downs did you experience in the middle? After Emperor Hongguang and Ma Shiying escaped from Nanjing, according to Lao Ma's plan, their escape direction should be the same as Song Gaozong's escape route to the south when he escaped from the "hunt" by the Jin soldiers 400 years ago. The sea, if the Qing soldiers come after them again, they will go to the sea by boat. Anyway, the Qing army does not have a navy, so it is impossible to go to the sea to "capture" them. But this wishful thinking was broken as soon as they arrived in Lishui County. Here, the "rich" luggage they carried immediately attracted the "attention" of a group of soldiers who had retreated from the front line. Their thousand "refugee armed forces" rushed to pieces. During the melee, Ma Luan, the son of Comrade Lao Ma, was killed by the rebels in order to protect Emperor Hongguang. Emperor Hongguang fled in embarrassment under the protection of dozens of soldiers and eunuchs, and parted ways with Comrade Lao Ma. Can't go to Hangzhou, where to go?Emperor Hongguang thought for a long time with his remaining political wisdom, and decided to find his "benefactor" Huang Degong. Comrade Huang has soldiers, guns, affection and righteousness, and he is definitely the right one to find. Emperor Hongguang led a group of people to run wildly in the direction of Wuhu. The end of the Ming Dynasty was not an information society. Huang Degong, who was resting in Wuhu, knew nothing about what happened in the capital Nanjing.He was taken aback by the sudden visit of Emperor Hongguang's "Sacred Driver". Judging from the embarrassment of this master, it was obvious that he did not come to "inspect work". After asking about the situation, the Marquis really "sorrowed his misfortune and angered him not to fight" to Emperor Hongguang, and he kept sighing: "If your majesty sticks to the capital, you can call me back to the capital to guard it under an imperial decree, and the minister can also take advantage of it." But for. Now, His Majesty listened to the treacherous officials and gave up the country easily, causing people to lose their hearts. I can’t advance, I can’t retreat. I’m just a small military camp here, how can I arrange for Your Majesty?” After talking and doing, Huang Degong is a man full of blood, so he hurriedly welcomed Emperor Hongguang into the barracks. After entering the camp for a short rest, Emperor Hongguang began to calm down.Under Huang Degong's suggestion, he quickly issued an imperial decree: conferring Zheng Cai, Huang Fei, Du Hongyu, Bu Congshan, and Fang Guoan as earls, Ruan Dacheng, and Zhu Dadian as cabinet scholars The uncles have all been promoted, and they are asked to lead the army to Nanjing to recover the capital. But history no longer gave Emperor Hongguang a chance to make a comeback. After Duoduo learned of the "traces" of Emperor Hongguang, he immediately ordered Liu Liangzuo to lead his troops as a forward. Nikan, Tulai, Ashan and others led troops to follow up. They went to Wuhu to arrest "No. 1 war criminal" Zhu Yousong, and surrendered or Eliminate Huang Degong. Liu Liangzuo, who wanted to show his hand to the Qing army as a "meeting ceremony", thought that he had a good personal relationship with Huang Degong, so he directly sent a lobbyist to contact Huang Hou about his surrender. Unexpectedly, Huang Degong and Liu were not "fellow men" at all. Without saying a word, Huang killed the lobbyist to show his courage to fight the Qing army to the end. Seeing that the recruiting of the coach failed, Liu Liangzuo immediately made a "curve surrender", and instead sent secret envoys to recruit Huang's two generals—Tian Xiong and Ma Degong.Tian and Ma are now extremely disappointed with the hopeless Emperor Hongguang, and responded to Liu Liangzuo's surrender immediately, and are willing to cooperate with Liu Liangzuo to solve Huang Degong. When the two armies confronted each other, the two armies of Tian and Ma took advantage of Huang Degong's unpreparedness, defected before the battle, and shot Huang Degong in the back.Huang Zhongjian tried his best to sit still on the horse behind the arrow, and shouted to Tian Xiong, who was trying to capture him alive: "How can I, Huang, be wronged by injustice? I die for justice today." After speaking, he held the arrow at his throat with both hands Stab yourself, fall off your horse and die! Another northeastern general from the black land fell on the red land for his faith. Seeing that Huang Degong was dead, the two Tian Ma felt that the opportunity to make a fortune had come, and they immediately met and ran to the camp to catch the "pig" (Zhu Yousong). Thus, a "pig" skit that appeals to both refined and popular tastes and is full of wit was staged on the battlefield where swords and guns were facing each other and the flames of war were raging. Background: The two armies are in front of the battle. Actors: Zhu Yousong, Tian Xiong, Ma Degong. Audience: Ming Army, Qing Army. The performance process: 1. The two actors, Tian Ma and Tian Ma, went to the camp to meet Zhu Yousong in high spirits. After paying their respects, they hugged the feet of the horse and the waist of Tian Lou, and carried the inexplicable Comrade Yousong on their backs to the Qing camp. 2. Comrade Song came to his senses, so he "cryed, cried, cried loudly", and the simultaneous dubbing was: "Qing, wait and see, let me live!" Comrade Tian Xiong's performance is "laugh, laugh, laugh out loud", and the simultaneous dubbing is: "Your Majesty, you are the wealth and honor of the two of us for the rest of our lives, how can you let it go!". 3. Comrade Yousong's re-performance is "bite, big bite, big bite", biting off the meat on Tian Xiong's neck, "one piece, two pieces and one piece after another, it will disappear when it falls into the soil." Comrade Tian Xiong's re-performance was "running, running, striding". Enduring the pain that was bleeding all over his body, he continued to carry Comrade Yousong, who weighed more than 300 kilograms, towards the sun, Run towards the direction of clearing the camp and making a fortune. Audience feedback: Ming army—just pretend I didn’t see it, no one applauds, no one helps. The Qing army—it turns out that the emperor can be bullied like this, with thunderous cheers and endless applause. Result: The two Tian Ma who successfully caught the "pig" were received by Duoduo cordially, and were promoted to the chief and deputy commanders of the group army, responsible for commanding the rest of Huang Degong's troops. Tian Xiong was later promoted to the "second-class marquis" of the Qing Dynasty. Seeing that Emperor Hongguang had been captured alive and Huang Degong's tribe had been surrendered, Nikan and Liu Liangzuo were very excited. On May 25, they beat the victory drum and sang triumphant songs to return. The "Number One War Criminal" in blue clothes, Emperor Hongguang, was carried in a green felt sedan chair, covered his face with an oil fan, and followed the army to Nanjing. Despite this "disguise", Emperor Hongguang was recognized by his former subjects in the suburbs of Nanjing.These "hospitable" former subjects stepped forward one after another, expressing "kind" greetings to His Majesty with dirty words.A few former citizens with sincere feelings even threw "passionate stones" at him. Returning to Nanjing, the capital of the country after a few days apart, Hongguang Emperor was taken to the mansion of Marquis Lingbi at the beginning of getting off the sedan chair, where Duoduo, the commander of the Qing army who went south, had been waiting here for a long time.That night, Duoduo held a welcome banquet for Emperor Hongguang here, and turned his back on guests to appease the "survivor" of His Majesty. The "false prince" Wang Zhiming, Qian Qianyi, Zhao Zhilong and other former Hongguang officials also attended the meeting. The "guest" at the banquet - Zhu Yousong was in a very upset mood, because in the arrangement of the seats, Doduo not only deliberately let the "false prince" sit on his head, but also pretended to be "talking and laughing" during the banquet From time to time, he used the usual words of a winner to stimulate his fragile heart, making him unwilling to eat. On the contrary, the host Duoduo is in a very happy mood now. Not only has he captured Emperor Hongguang, but according to his statistics department report: During the Southern Expedition, the twenty-three members of the Southern Ming Army who surrendered to him, Forty-seven lieutenants and horse infantry totaled more than 238,300, far exceeding the number of soldiers I brought. But this cool feeling didn't last long, and a frustrating news came from Hangzhou: the treacherous official Ma Shiying supported Lu Wang Zhu Changhao as the supervisor of the country, and another "pseudo-government" that was against the Qing Dynasty was in the city. West Lake was established! At the moment when Emperor Hongguang fled, Comrade Lao Ma was also dispersed by the rebel army.In a hurry, he led his troops to protect Queen Mother Zou and rushed out of the encirclement. After reorganizing the team, he thought it was reliable to go to Hangzhou, so he continued to turn southeast. When passing through Guangdezhou, Lao Ma's little wish to go to the city to rest was severely rejected by Zhizhou Zhao Jinghe, because Zhao Zhizhou felt that these people "looked like bandits". The successive blows have made the old horse lose his sanity and demeanor. He immediately did something that was extremely disproportionate to the status of the chief assistant—ordered the attack on Guangde Prefecture, beheaded Zhao Jinghe who was loyal to his duty, and let the soldiers plunder a large number of people. After a while, he swaggered away. On May 22, Comrade Lao Ma arrived in Hangzhou with Empress Dowager Zou. Relying on the appeal of the old lady's "Mother of the Nation" sign, Lu Wang, Zhu Changxiao, and Hangzhou civil and military officials all came to see him.But the life and death of the emperor was uncertain, and the enemy army was close at hand. After a burst of tacit greetings, everyone fell silent. At the end of May, Ruan Dacheng, Zhu Dadian, and General Fang Guoan fled. Only then did Lao Ma and the civil and military officials in Hangzhou know that Huang Degong committed suicide and Hongguang Emperor was captured.Now, the development of history has pushed the chief assistant Ma Shiying to the forefront. There are two roads before him: one is to lead the civil and military officials in Hangzhou to surrender to the Qing court, seek a half-time official, and grow old slowly in a rocking chair amidst wealth; the other is to support another descendant surnamed Zhu as Wang continued to hold the banner of "anti-Qing and restoring the Ming Dynasty", and fought against the foreign regime of the Manchu Qing in the difficult and turbulent times until the day he died. Thinking of the unrealized dream of "self-cultivation, family harmony, governance, and peace" that he set up since his youth, the ups and downs of the Hongguang Dynasty in the past year, and the death of his son, Lao Ma showed that he was a Confucian intellectual. On the firm and resolute side, the political ideal of rejuvenating Daming finally defeated the selfish desire to live in vain.He resolutely chose the latter path. On the seventh day of June, Comrade Lao Ma brought the civil and military officials of Hangzhou to meet the Queen Mother Zou as the chief assistant, and asked him to order Lu Wang Zhu Changxiao to supervise the country in the name of "Mother of the Nation". The reason why Queen Mother Zou was invited to come forward is that there is a well-established practice to follow.After the "civil engineering change" that year, Yingzong was captured because Qian and other ministers came forward to invite the then Empress Dowager Sun, and Yingzong's younger brother was appointed as the supervisor of the country. Empress Dowager Zou immediately issued a decree to King Lu, saying: "On relatives, you are the emperor's uncle; on talents, you are second to none among all feudal vassals. Now that the country is in crisis, come out and become the supervisor of the Ming Dynasty, and lead us to restore the country!" But at this time and at that time, Lu Wang, the "uncle emperor", did not dare to wear the crown of "acting emperor" of Jian Guo.Eating jelly depends on the weather, and being a prisoner also requires a clear understanding of the situation.Now, once he becomes the supervisor of the Ming Dynasty, he will automatically be upgraded to the "number one target" of the Qing Dynasty. How could the smart King Lu do such a burning thing? Seeing that Yi's decree didn't work, Empress Dowager Zou burst into tears.He didn't understand why the "heroic and powerful" genes of Emperor Hongwu and Yongle would disappear with the erosion of the years of wealth and wealth. In the end, their descendants were reduced to a group of cowardly and humble ordinary people who were greedy for enjoyment. The tears of Empress Dowager Zou awakened Lu Wang's drowsy blood. Yes, as a member of the Zhu family's royal family, rights and obligations are equal. Their family has relied on rights for more than two hundred years. , has enjoyed countless glory and wealth, now, it is time to fulfill the obligation. On the eighth day of June, King Lu became the supervisor of the country, and the dilapidated Ming Dynasty once again had a new core of leadership! When Lu Jianguo came to power, he immediately took stock of his "national strength". Territory: Although the Qing soldiers never went south, and the southern provinces such as Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Hunan and Guangdong are still under the banner of the Ming Dynasty, the territory that Lujian Kingdom can effectively control is only Hangzhou and a few counties around it. Troop strength: The 200,000 troops led by Zuo Menggeng have surrendered to Azig in the Qing Dynasty, Liu Zeqing's army is still wandering at sea, and Zheng Zhilong's troops are far away in Fujian.The troops in hand are mainly more than 10,000 "regular troops" brought by Fang Guoan and Wang Zhiren, and a few thousand "militiamen" temporarily recruited by Hangzhou City. Finance: Only the tax revenue of a small part of Zhejiang province is available for use. The situation was imminent, and on the day Lu Jianguo came to power, he urgently issued four decrees. 1. Financially: taxes, money and food from all over the country will be transported to Hangzhou quickly. 2. Military: Fang Guoan was ordered to send troops to guard Qianqiuling, Dusongguan, and Si'an Town, Wang Zhiren to guard Suzhou, and Li Guohan and Gao Qi to guard Pingwang.He also called on all localities to organize "righteous soldiers" to resist the aggression of the Qing soldiers. 3. In terms of organization: Zhang Bingzhen, governor of Zhejiang, was appointed Minister of the Ministry of War, Wu Kexiao, formerly of Jiahu Road, took over as governor, Huang Daozhou joined the cabinet as a scholar, and Liu Zongzhou was sent out to assist the government. 4. Diplomacy: Send a "senior diplomat"——Chen Hongfan to make peace with the Qing army, in exchange for the existence of a "miniature Nanming Kingdom" on the condition of ceding the four counties in the south of the Yangtze River. Under the intensive countermeasures, can Lujian's good wish of "partial security in one area" come true? Just when the diplomat Comrade Chen Hongfan had just embarked on the road of peace, on the 10th day of June, Lujian Guo received the Qing soldiers under the leadership of Belle Boluo, and they had bypassed Qianqiu Ridge and Dusong Pass and arrived at Xitang near Hangzhou. emergency battle report. At this time, Chen Hongfan and Zhang Bingzhen, who had returned from the Qing camp, arrived. The diplomat Chen said that he was going to Nanjing to negotiate with Duoduo, but the Qing soldiers moved so fast that the negotiating object could only be changed to Boluo. In his work report, Chen diplomat said that the Qing soldiers were "unstoppable in military capacity", and compared Yangzhou's "blood flowed into rivers" due to unnecessary resistance, and Nanjing's "no offense in autumn" due to the opening of the door. , Advising Lu Jianguo to think about the lives of the people in Hangzhou, sacrifice the ego, and achieve the big ego.Zhang Bingzhen also talked about Hangzhou's difficulties and strengths. Under the repeated persuasion of the two "double reed" actors, Lu Jianguo was moved! He is a devout Buddhist. From the day he became king of Lu, he changed his father's tyrannical style of king Lu, generously donated money, respected the virtuous and corporal, treated everyone kindly, handled everything peacefully, and won Everyone who came into contact with him sincerely praised him. Even a "hooligan" like King Fu received his sincere care when he was running out of food and clothing in Huai'an, so that King Fu, who later became Emperor Hongguang, couldn't help feeling grateful whenever he was mentioned. He is also a Confucian student. There is a saying in Confucianism, "The world is the world for everyone, not for one person, one family, or one surname. Those who have the way live in it, and those who have no way lose it." Step by step from a "righteous person" to an "innocent person", in this case, let your family withdraw from this bloody competition in a "peaceful" way! He really didn't want hundreds of thousands of souls in the city to be buried with him because of his "famous festival", and he didn't want this fairyland on earth where "the water is shining brightly and sunny is good, and the mountains are empty and rainy are strange." The people of Xueli lost the deserted tombs and wild beaches where thousands of households Xiao Shugui sang. Surrender!The fall of the Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty, the decline of the South and the prosperity of the North, the reincarnation of the world, and karma, this is probably what Buddhism calls "karma"!This is probably what Confucianism calls "following the sky and responding to people"! He asked Chen diplomat to come to the Qing camp to ask for surrender, and filled the basket with wine and food, and hung him down to the city to comfort the Qing army who were approaching the city. This move angered Fang Guoan, who was in a bloody battle with the Qing army in Yongjinmen. Fang Guoan was disappointed with Lu Jianguo's "behavior of supporting the enemy" and led his troops across the Qiantang River to the south. Hearing the news that Lu Jianguo was about to surrender, Comrade Ma came to the palace fully dressed, handed over the seal of the first assistant to Zhu Jianguo, and retreated indifferently. After leaving the palace, Comrade Ma, who had resigned from office, did not look back, and rode his horse in the direction where his fellow villager Fang Guoan retreated.Later, Ruan Dacheng, Zhu Dian and others also embarked on the "road of escape". On June 14th, under the edict of Lu Jianguo, Hangzhou and nearby counties lowered their flags and stopped resistance, and the Qing army successfully entered Hangzhou. After entering the city, the first thing Boluo, the commander-in-chief of the Qing army, did was to send envoys according to Dorgon’s remote control to the Ming kings (King Zhou, King Hui, King Chong, Lu Wang) sent the special products of his hometown - ginseng and mink fur, and invited them to go north together to create the great cause of "peaceful nation building". The three kings of Zhou Huichong came as promised, but King Lu politely declined on the grounds that "the journey is long and he is not feeling well". 潞王自六月初八出任监国，六月十四归降清廷，执政仅仅六天，有幸成为中国历史上执政期最短的监国。 历史把他这种苟且偷生的行为永远钉在耻辱柱上，供后人嘲笑和唾骂。 但在这位佛教徒兼儒生的心里，却是坦然的，因为他的选择，这块山清水秀的土地上避免了一场人为的劫难！ 可能，历史既需要史可法的“坚强的气节”，也需要潞王这样的“明智的回旋”，前者存气节于后世，后者保民生在当下。 一个民族，有气节方可获得尊敬，有回旋方能得以生存！ 潞王的选择不是本文所提倡的，但在满清还没有搞“留发不留首”的民族压迫前，江南百姓又把“清代明”看作一家一姓之争时，他的这种做法，自有其难言的苦衷，今天的我们，也不宜做人云亦云的指责。 1645年七月，接二连三的捷报送到北京，先是大明的东平伯刘泽清结束了一个月的海上飘泊，领全军解甲归降；后是潞监国纳土归降，弘光朝最后的余火也光消烟灭，明朝的南直隶特区变成了大清的一个普通行政区。 喜不自胜的多尔衮认为南方的那些“无主省份”完全可以“传檄而定、和平接收”，考虑眼下南方已进入暑季，南征的清军以北方人为主，难熬江南的酷热，于是令多铎将军事大权交给平南大将军勒克德浑后，班师还朝，江南平定地区留少数“八旗兵”及南明降军驻守。另外，他还给了熟知南方风物的福建佬洪承畴一顶“招抚江南各省地方总督军务兼理粮响”官帽，授权他全权处理原南明剩余省份的招降工作。 九月初四，交接完工作的多铎携带弘光、太子、潞惠周崇等藩王及原南明政府的重要“高干”——钱谦益、赵之龙、徐久爵等一批“特殊人物”，班师还都。 二百多年前，明朝大将军徐达占领元大都，为宣耀“南人”对“北人”的胜利，将大都改名为“北平”，寓意“北方平定”。现在，作为“北人”杰出代表的多尔衮同志，也出于同样的目的，想宣耀一下“北人”对“南人”的胜利，于是在班师撤军前，将“南京”改为“江宁”，寓意“江南安宁”。 以后，“江宁”这个南京的新名字，被叫了208年，一直到1853年，汉人的一条好汉——洪秀全领着太平军打下此城，才把这里改为“天京”。 在回军途中，经过淮河时，邹太后这个刚烈的女人，投河自尽，这让同行的老朱家一帮男老爷们好不羞愧。 怀着一颗颗惴惴不安心回到故都的弘光及藩王们，并没有关到“滓子洞”或“劳改营”去接受思想和劳动再教育或干脆被一刀跺了。为在全国人民面前混个“仁义之君”的形象，也为了吸引全国老朱家子孙们参加大清“和平建国”大业，多尔衮同志早在七月底就授意大清政府向外界公布了老朱家各归降子孙的“工资待遇”。（以白银发放） 亲王500两/年、郡王400两/年、镇国将军300两/年、辅国将军200两/年、奉国将军100两/年、中尉以下给田30亩/人自养，世袭罔替。 这个“工资待遇”还是相对丰厚的，要知道，清初四品文官的年薪才是105两，一品文官年薪才180两。 除了“工资”外，大清政府还给这些朱家子孙们在北京分配了大小不等的“安居房”，以让这些亡国王孙们“入则有房、出则有钱”，充分感受新政府的温暖。 大清朝的“宅心仁厚”的确也感动了这些前一段还处在颠沛流离、朝不保夕生活状态的王孙们，他们选出潞王作代表，给清朝的皇帝——顺治上了谢恩折，表示自己一行人将“结草衔环，举家焚顶”，向上天祈导皇帝陛下“圣寿无疆”。 但四五个月后，大清的实际当权派——多尔衮就高兴不起来了，这倒不是他心疼每年流出去的白花花银子，而是他发现，“树欲静而风不宁”。自从政府发布“剃发令”来，南北方各地的“造反运动”此伏彼起，不少“造反派”打的旗号就是这些老朱家藩王们的，这其中，潞王、弘光、“太子”、秦王的名号常被这些家伙们“废物利用、推陈出新。” 这等于自己花了钱，却给别人做了贡献，这种亏本的买卖多尔衮不想干了，他动了从肉体上彻底消灭这些藩王们的心思。 这时，潜伏在潞王身边的谍报人员向他汇报，潞王私藏原来用过的公章，有危害大清国家安全的犯罪企图。 这让多尔衮终于抓住了“莫须有的辫子”，他让有关官员成立“专案组”加紧审理，以案牵案，终于让弘光、潞王、太子、秦王等“一小撮反革命分子”现出了原形。1645年四月初九，这些人统统被斩于菜市口。 弘光朝最后的一点余烬也消散得无影无踪！ 最后，我再来交待一下和弘光朝“休戚与共”的两个大人物——马士英和阮大铖的人生归宿。 马士英，即老马同志不愿跟着潞监国一起参加“和平运动”，就从杭州逃了出来。逃出时，他的手下只剩下从家乡带来的四百“私人武装”，为大树底下好乘凉，他加入了方国安的大队伍谋求一起发展。 这时，阮大铖这个难离难弃的战友又来舍生忘死地投奔他了。原来，在杭州被“和平接收”后，阮大铖先是跟着朱大典逃到朱的老家——浙江金华。但金华人民对他这个祸国殃民的家伙嗤之以鼻，坚决拒之于城门之外，走投无路的阮大铖只好带着一颗受伤的心再次来找老马哥。 面对突然而至的阮大铖，老马同志没有丝毫劫后重逢的欣喜。痛定思痛，他现在对这个曾给予自己莫大恩情，又给予自己无数麻烦的老友充满了复杂的情感，反思弘光朝的“短存骤亡”，这位老友真是功不可没，因此，他对阮大铖常常是态度冷淡、爱搭不理。 不甘寂寞的阮大铖转而去和方国安方司令套近乎，阮的“脱口秀”功夫不久就让方司令有相见恨晚之感，这两个老头子很快便陷入了“夕阳恋”。 方国安后来加入了拥立鲁监国的行列，并向鲁监国举荐了老马同志，但鲁监国对这位“臭名远扬”的弘光首很不感冒，拒而不见。鲁监国属下的各级官员对老马同志也是如见过街老鼠，个个喊打。 为将臭名声彻底洗清，老马参加了与方国安部攻打杭州城的战斗，结果方部在钱塘江被以逸待劳的清军打了个落花流水，老马那点残存的“私人武装”也在这次战斗中损失殆尽。 灰心失望的方国安和阮大铖在清军继续南下时，率军投降。 降清后的阮大铖在清军队伍中发挥个人专长，组织“文艺宣传队”自任团长，搞了一场又一场“心连心”的文艺汇演，这给清兵枯燥的军营中增添了不少欢乐的气氛，阮大铖又获得了清营上下交口称赞，大家见面时都恭敬地称他为“阮老先生”。 后来清军攻打福建，阮大铖也随军出征，在翻越仙霞岭时，已经六十岁的阮大铖为了显摆其“老当益壮”的风采，和同行的清兵一起徒步爬山，结果一脚踏空，脑袋触石而亡，终于在八闽之地结束了这老小子罪恶深重的一生。 而老马同志在方阮二人投降时，却再次选择了“静悄悄地离开”。 他托人去给隆武帝送信，希望自己继续能在有生之年，为隆武帝复兴大明的事业发挥余热。 隆武帝派人对其好言相慰，但让他耐心等待。 这时的老马，子死妻亡、家破财尽，早已孑然一身，在江南大地几度辗转飘泊，最后投入了太湖吴易的抗清队伍中，并先后光荣地参加了攻打吴江和海盐县城的战斗。 坚持斗争两年多后，1647年初，太湖义军最后的营寨被清军攻破，老马、吴易等义军首领被擒获，在劝降未果后，全部被杀于太湖之滨。 老马同志在潞监国降清后，又不被容于鲁、唐两政权，但他并没有因此就转头投向清朝，而是尽力以抗清的实际行动改变自己过去的不佳形象，实属难能可贵。相形之下，黄宗羲、张岱在鲁监国政权处境困难时，就悄悄回到清朝统治区遵制剃头，以明朝“遗民”自居，虽然不能见危授命、治国平天下了，但也出版些个人专著，靠骂骂“奸臣”马士英来证明自己是正人君子。 历史似乎就这样的“诡谲无情”，与弘光朝另一“著名烈士”——史可法死后屡获殊荣、筑庙祭祀、香火不绝相比，老马死后不仅被黄宗羲等“社会贤达”唾骂，而且，在清朝官方所著的《明史》中，还把他归为奸臣类，与严嵩、温体仁等同作一传，并美誉其为屠戮弘光朝的“第一杀手”。 同样是为国尽忠，同样是殚精竭虑，但人和人的差距昨就怎么大呢？ 以下是我的一个小小分析，文字浅薄，仅供一览。 其一、“一把手效应”，老马同志虽然位居弘光朝的“次辅”位置，名义上是弘光朝的“三把手”（一把手为弘光帝、二把手为史可法），但一把手弘光帝既无履职能力、又无行政经验，放在朝堂上仅仅是一个摆设、一个象征；二把手史可法被他挤到“领导核心圈”外的扬州城去督师，这样南明朝真正的一把手就成了他老马同志，这是当时南明人和大清人都知道的事。 既然作为一个团队的一把手，那么，就不能只享受它给予的权利，也得履行它带来的义务，承担它带来的责任。如果这个团队出了大问题，最终被首要追责的，必然是“一把手”。 其二、能力问题，既然老马同志勇于担当，因势利导、费尽心机地成为南明的实际“一把手”，就应该有与之相匹配的能力。尤其此时的南明，真是到了一个“危急存亡之秋”，清朝、大顺、大西三个政权都对南明的生存构成了实质的威胁，时代对这个“救时的一把手”提出了更高的素质要求。 结合当时的形势，老马同志要成就一番大事业，必须具备两种“成功人士”的能力。一为“张良式”的能力，即能制定摒弃前嫌、拉住大顺、驱逐鞑虏、进取中原的大政方针；并能在实际操作中，以变应变，恰到好处地处理一些棘手舫冲突事件。 这一点上，老马同志差强人意，他把军队的主力一直归缩到长江、淮河一线，对河南、山东的“进取”只是名义上的“收编”，看不清敌友转化的大势，一直顽固地棒着“借虏平寇”衣钵不放。在处理左兵趁清兵北来东下这些突发事件上，顾此失彼；后来清兵渡江，又轻易弃都而走。这与张良“运筹帷幄之中，决胜千里之外”的能力差距相距何止十万八千里。 另一种能力应为“萧何式”能力，即能在人事管理上调和文武干部、为复兴大明同心协力；经济管理平衡财政收支、舒缓社会矛盾、保障民生幸福。 这一点上，老马更是稀松差劲，人事上，他出于自身目的，参与了南明的军队干部、党派人土、官僚队伍这三者的互相争斗，更让这三者之间矛盾不断，纷争不息；经济上他没有出台任何的“裕民”政策，把“加税加税再加税，卖官卖官还卖官”做为解决财政危机的旁门左道，使江南农业工商业再遭重创、官场更加黑暗腐败、民众对政府的坚持率一降再降。 从以上可以看出，老马的确不是“救时的一把手”那块料，他的能力，主要体现在凤阳总督的任期内，那则的老马，意气风发、平灭刘超，保得江淮一带拔云见日、风平浪静，但其一旦忽登高位，官位大于能力，他就无法突破自身发展的瓶劲了。 其三、个人生活作风问题，明史上说其“贪鄙”，民歌唱其“扫尽江南钱、填塞马家口”这些都不是无厘头的炒作。“贪鄙”这种作风，在明末贪污成风的官场，老马同志搞点“计划外收入”似乎也不值得过于吹毛求疵，但在南明立国之初、百废待新的时刻，剔除明末“公务员普遍贪污索贿”这块腐肉毒瘤，重塑政府良好形象为当时行政改良的重中之重，（此时的多尔衮同志正在北京搞创建“廉洁型政府”的试点工作）。但老马却为满足个人私欲，反其道行之，使贪污成为一剂加快弘光朝速亡的催化剂。 相比老马同志的不洁，史可法可是两袖清风，一无所驭，连督师厨房中的肉都分给将士们去过节用了，除夕夜他只能拿点盐和酱下酒，这自然能赢得当时及后人们无限的敬仰和爱戴。 其四、“损友”因素。朋友分三种——益友、诤友、损友。以此推论，老马同志执政期间，有两个很标准的“损友”坏他的事，一个是他的恩人阮大铖，一个是他的上司弘光帝。前者是毫无大局观念、私心自用、眦睚必报；后者是“好了伤疤忘了痛、快活一阵是一阵”。对这两损友，老马同志一个出于“报恩”一个出于“利用”，都不能做合理的疏通与扬弃，反而在“党争”和“财政支出”这两个重要问题上被这两位牵着鼻子走，导致“国事日坏、人心日散”。 综合分析下来，老马同志这个“烈士”死后不但是轻于鸿毛，而且几百年来被后人指着名字责骂就不足为怪了，历史的天平毕竟还是自有其公正之处的。