Chapter 16 Chapter 15 From "China" to China

The "China" of the Three Kingdoms period was not China in the form of a modern nation-state.Wei, Shu, and Wu insisted on separate regimes, but they all regarded unification of the world as the goal of establishing a country, so they were different from the political entities that specialized in division throughout the ages.The outstanding cultural value of the history of the Three Kingdoms does not lie in the number of historical examples provided, but in the final formation of the Chinese nation-state, which has played a catalytic role beyond Qin and Han in stages. When reading the history of the Three Kingdoms, you will generally encounter two potential problems: one is that Sun and Liu jointly fought against Cao. If the goal of destroying Cao is achieved, what will happen to each other?The second is that Cao Cao conquered Wuhuan in the east, Zhuge Liang conquered Menghuo seven times in the south, and Sun Quan sent troops to suppress the Shanyue people many times. All of them were related to ethnic issues, so what should we think about them?These two questions are closely related to the past and present of the Chinese nation-state, which leads to a third question: What is the relationship between the "China" mentioned in the Three Kingdoms period and the unified Chinese nation-state?

The first question is admittedly hypothetical.The actual historical evolution has already been clearly revealed, not Wei, Shu, and Wu, but Sima's Jin ended the disputes among the three kingdoms and realized the unification of the world.That unification was quite short-lived, and was replaced by the more fragmented Southern and Northern Dynasties, during which there was no indication that "the long-term unity must be divided".However, Cao Cao, Liu Bei, and Sun Quan were not astrologers or prophets. They and their heirs never expected that kind of direction when they were alive.

On the contrary, the problems hypothesized today actually exist in Sun and Liu.Not long after Liu Bei died of illness in the third year of Zhangwu in Shu (223), Zhuge Liang sent Deng Zhi to "repair power better". He replied: "There are no two suns in the sky, and there are no two masters in the land. For example, after the merger of Wei, the king has not deeply understood the destiny. The rulers each prosper their virtues, and the ministers each fulfill their loyalty. When the drums are raised, the war will begin. "Sun Quan laughed heartily: "The sincerity of the king's money is due to Erxie!" This diplomatic exchange shows that once the assumption becomes a reality, the two strategic partners who jointly fight against Cao will no longer be a cooperative relationship, but Hostile relations will inevitably meet with each other and solve problems through war.At the same time, it means that Sun and Liu's separatism is by no means the ultimate goal of their separate states, and their ultimate goal is to unify the world.Regarding this ultimate goal, their common enemy, Cao Wei, has always been very clear.Therefore, Cao, Liu, and Sun are different from local warlord separatist forces like Yuan Shu, Liu Biao, and Gongsun Yuan, who specialize in division rather than unification.The two kinds of "separation" seem to be the same in appearance but are quite different in reality. The fundamental difference lies in whether they depend on "combination".No matter throughout the ages, for the fundamental interests of the Chinese nation, whether to pursue and maintain "combination" as the ultimate goal is a benchmark dividing line to distinguish whether the political attitudes of politicians and politicians are advancing or regressing.Because of this, it is inappropriate to simply focus on the separation and confrontation of the Three Kingdoms, thinking that it is a rebellion and retrogression against the unification of Qin and Han.

How to look at the Three Kingdoms undoubtedly has multiple perspectives, and ethnicity is one of them.Today's Chinese nation, which is composed of 56 ethnic groups, did not exist all the time, but evolved gradually through thousands of years of social changes, population movements and racial mixing.As the largest ethnic group in this national family, the Han nationality did not always exist, but was formed through hybridization in the Western Han Dynasty through the successive large-scale ethnic conflicts, ethnic assimilation, and ethnic fusion from ancient times to Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin. of.During this period and for a long time thereafter, the Han people occupied the vast land between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River with the highest degree of development, successively established the central dynasties of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, which played a pivotal role in the development of Chinese civilization and the process of Chinese history. status.But in other areas of today's Chinese territory, there have always been many other ethnic groups inhabited.Those nationalities or tribes have also established a number of political entities in the form of states or quasi-states as regional centers and regional centers. They have always maintained a relationship of submission, dependence, conflict or even hostility among each other, especially with the central dynasty. intricate relationship.Although the three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu were not central dynasties, they all inherited the mantle of the central dynasty, and had to face and deal with the unstable relationship with other ethnic groups around them, and even the ethnic minorities in their respective territories.If they don't face up to it or handle it improperly, they will endanger their own national security, and many historical stories have been played out.

The Cao Wei State in the north has the longest border and faces the most complicated ethnic issues.To the east of the Liaohe River and the Heilongjiang and Yalu River basins lived Wuhuan (or Wuwan), Puyu, Yilou, Goguryeo and other ethnic groups and tribes. Wuhuan had a strong influence and was called "Donghu" together with Xianbei at that time.At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuhuan was divided into three major tribes: Liaodong, Liaoxi, and Youbeiping. Master Wuhuan (leader's name) in Liaoxi "generally took charge of the three kings' tribes, and everyone obeyed their edicts."When Yuan Shao and Gongsun Zan were competing for Youzhou, Tadun sent envoys to meet Yuan Shao and asked for "marriage", and sent troops to "help Shao attack Zan and break it".After Yuan Shao's death, Yuan Shang and Yuan Xi led their remnants to flee to Wuhuan, the three prefectures, "wanting to return to China with their military strength" ("Book of Later Han·Wuhuan Biography").Wuhuan's power was strong, and he was worried about Cao Cao's southward pursuit of Jingzhou and Jiangdong, so he adopted a policy of conquest, and in the twelfth year of Jian'an (207) he personally led the army to the east.The battle was fought in Liucheng (now Chaoyang, Eastern Liaodong), "the famous kings have fallen, and more than 200,000 Hu and Han descended."Followed by the policy of forced relocation and dispersal, the descendants "and more than ten thousand people in Karasuma under the control of Youzhou and Bingzhourou, and all of them moved to live in China" to accelerate their forced assimilation.He also drew hussars and strong soldiers from them to supplement his troops, "Smart from his lords and kings to breed and conquer." Since then, Wuhuan soldiers in the three counties have become "famous cavalry in the world" in Cao Wei's army.In the twenty-third year of Jian'an (218), the Wuhuan people who had migrated to Daijun in Bingzhou rebelled, and Cao Cao sent his fourth son Cao Zhang to lead the army to conquer them.

The Xiongnu nation north of the Great Wall was a powerful opponent of Yan, Zhao and other countries in the pre-Qin period. The Western Han regime used military conquest and "peace" to appease them alternately for a long time, and coexisted with them.During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Southern Huns were attached to the interior and moved to Xihe, Beidi, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen, Daijun and other places, which are now Ningxia, northern Shaanxi, and northern Shanxi.By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were more than 30,000 Huns and more than 100,000 Huns in Bingzhou. Taking advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains, they invaded the counties in Hanoi from time to time. Cai Wenji, a poetess at the end of the Han Dynasty, was taken captive at that time.In the third year of Chuping (192), Cao Cao defeated the Huns led by Yufuluo Shanyu in Neihuang (northwest of Neihuang County, Henan Province today).In the second year of Xingping (195), he died in Fuluo, and his younger brother Hu Chuquan succeeded Shan Yu. He sent troops to help Yuan Shao compete in the Central Plains.It was not until the seventh year of Jian'an (202) that Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to lead the army to seek peace, and Hu Chuquan Shanyu joined Cao Cao.In the eleventh year of Jian'an (206), Cao Cao annihilated Yuan Shao's nephew Gao Gan, and appointed Liang Xizuo to merge with the prefectural governor. Liang Xi used both suppression and appeasement to strengthen his control over the Southern Huns.One is to "recall the powerful and the right" and let them work in the local government to lure them away from the tribe.The second is to forcefully conscript the able-bodied Huns as "righteous followers" and "courageous forces" to fight for Cao Wei.The third is to arrange "thousands of people who surrender", "same as registered households", "diligently persuade farmers to mulberry", and gradually get used to farming life.The fourth is to "move their home slightly", successively moving tens of thousands of Huns to Yecheng, which not only took them as hostages, but also promoted their Sinicization.Fifth, "Thousands of beheads will be beheaded before and after those who do not follow, forming a deterrent effect."In the twenty-first year of Jian'an (216), Lian Huchuquan Shanyu was also detained in Yecheng during the court meeting, and King Zuoxian was asked to go back and supervise his tribe.Later, the policy of divide and rule was implemented. Cao Cao divided the southern Xiongnu into five divisions, and each division selected a Hun nobleman as the commander-in-chief, and sent a Han to serve as Sima to supervise on the spot.The families of the commanders were ordered to live in Jinyang (now in Shanxi), and all the tribes below the Hou Wang were reduced to the registered households of Qimin (see "Book of Jin Biography of Beidi Xiongnu"), forcing them to integrate into the life of the Han people.By the end of the Wei Dynasty, the commander of the Huns was called the captain, and even the title of the official had changed the original symbol.As a result of its implementation, the cultural traditions of the Xiongnu people were greatly diluted and the process of Sinicization of the group was accelerated.

The Xianbei are also a branch of the "Eastern Hu". At the end of the Han Dynasty, they gradually replaced the Xiongnu and became the largest ethnic group in the north outside the Great Wall.The Cao Wei regime adopted a dual-use policy that was different from Wuhuan and Xiongnu for this emerging and powerful nation, that is, differentiated use and gentle appeasement.The tribal leaders such as Budugen, Ke Bineng, Suli, Mijia, Jueji, etc. had many conflicts and fights with each other, but after they attached to Cao Wei, they were all crowned kings, and they were ordered to accept the Han officials to hold festivals and protect the crows. Huan Xiaowei restraint.In the seventeenth year of Jian'an (212), Cao Cao marched west to Guanzhong. Tian Yin and Su Bo of Hejian County took the opportunity to rebel. Fighting and helping the Cao Wei regime quickly quelled the rebellion.Kebi was able to use the Han people as the mastermind, pass on Chinese characters, teach them to make weapons, and control the tribes, making the tribe stronger and stronger, and developed "controlling more than 100,000 riders", so the tail can't be lost, and it rebels and attaches from time to time.After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he appointed Tian Yu as the lieutenant of Wuhuan, and Tian Yu supported the weak and suppressed the strong, conniving and supporting Bu Dugen, Su Li and Ke Bineng to "fight against each other and even attack each other", hoping to reap the benefits of fishermen.Later, Wang Xiong, the governor of Youzhou, led the Wuhuan school lieutenant, and in the third year of Qinglong (235), he sent the warrior Han Long to assassinate Ke Bineng, and appointed his younger brother to lead the tribe.The Cao Wei regime also paid attention to Sinicization education. Under the rule of the prefect of Yanmen, "Xiang Xu Daxing", selected talented people from Xianbei and other ethnic groups to enter the Taixue "Huanxiang Professor", and the results were quite remarkable.

The Di and Qiang nationalities in the west were also quite powerful during the Western Han Dynasty.The Di people mainly lived in Wudu (the county government is in today’s Huixian County, Gansu Province) and Qianlong (now Qianyang, Shaanxi Province); the Qiang people mainly lived in the Qinghai Plateau, and part of them were attached during the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is called "Eastern Qiang".Further to the west, in today's Xinjiang and the Pamirs, there are still various ethnic groups in the Western Regions.When Dong Zhuo was promoted from a martial artist to a general, he made outstanding military exploits by "challenging Qiang and Hu several times, and more than a hundred battles before and after."In the Xiliang army that Dong Zhuo relied on, there were also many Di and Qiang people, who were particularly brave and good at fighting.The other two great Xiliang warlords——Ma Teng, Ma Chao and his son, and Han Sui, also had many Di and Qiang soldiers in their base, so they fought eastward many times, and it took Cao Cao a lot of work to win them over.In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214), Cao Cao personally led the army to the west. After finally getting rid of Han Sui and driving away Ma Chao through alienation and military conquest, he "migrated more than 50,000 people to live in Fufeng and Tianshui circles".In the first year of Zhengshi (240), after Qi Wang Cao Fang came to power, he ordered Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou, to forcefully move more than 3,000 Luodi people into Guanzhong.Conquering by force first, and then relocating by force, the Cao Wei regime adopted a similar basic policy to the Qiang and Di ethnic groups as it did to the Wuhuan people, and the purpose was the same.As for the ethnic groups in the farther Western Regions, the established pattern of the Han Dynasty was maintained. "The big countries of Kucha, Khotan, Kangju, Wusun, Shule, Yuezhi, Shanshan, and Cheshi belonged to each other, and they did not pay tribute every year." .In present-day Xinjiang and the northern part of Qinghai, and even in a larger area, the governor of the Western Regions was still stationed in Haitou (now the Loulan site in the northwest of Lop Nur, Xinjiang) to guard the countries of the Western Regions, and Wuji Xiaowei was stationed in Gaochang to garrison.This means that the northwest border gradually opened up by the Western Han Dynasty was not separated because of the separation of the Three Kingdoms.

The territory of Yizhou, which was ruled by the Shu Han regime, and the center of its rule is the present Sichuan Basin, which was known as the "Land of Abundance" at that time.The basin is surrounded by steep mountains. Although there are Han people, the main residents are ethnic minorities called "barbarians".The Berkshire area in the east, including the main urban area of ​​Chongqing today and parts of the Jialing River and Qujiang River Basin in northeastern Sichuan, has been inhabited by people from Pu, Jin, Ju, Nu, Yi, Yi, and Zhou since the Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin Dynasties. The seven aboriginal peoples are collectively referred to as "Banyuman" (or it is only called "Banmuman" by the people, to be tested).In the 20th year of Jian'an (215), when Cao Cao entered Hanzhong, "Ba Qi surnamed Yi Wang Puhu, and Du Hu, the Marquis of the Yi, brought Bayi and the people to attach", that is, he rebelled against Shu and attached Wei. Cao Cao once symbolically "divided Ba County , with Hu as the prefect of Padang, and Hu as the prefect of Brazil, both named Liehou".It was a small setback in the second year of Liu Bei's occupation of Yizhou, and there has been no turmoil since then.Further to the southeast, in the transition zone between Yizhou and Jingzhou, that is, southeast Chongqing, northeast Guizhou, western Hunan and western Hubei, it has been a land of "Hundred Man" since ancient times, mainly referring to Baman and Jingman, collectively referred to as "Wuximan" "; that area mostly belongs to Wuling County of Qin Dynasty, so it is also called "Wuling Man".In the second year of Zhangwu (222), when Liu Bei attacked Wu, he sent Ma Liang to "recruit the Wuxi barbarians, and all the barbarians received their seals."However, the Shu army suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Battle of Yiling, including Sha Moke, the leader of the "Wuxi Barbarians", and others, all served as funeral objects.In the south of Yizhou, which is now the vast area of ​​southern Sichuan, northern Yunnan, and northwestern Guizhou, it was called "Nanzhong" in history, and there were ethnic minorities such as Qiang, Sou, Hu, Liao, and Pu, collectively referred to as "Southwest Yi", and the degree of attachment was worse.In the west and north of Yizhou, where today's Sichuan borders Gansu and Shaanxi, the ethnic minorities are also Di and Qiang, collectively called "Xiyi".As early as in the countermeasures in Longzhong, Zhuge Liang advocated "harmony with Zhurong in the west and comforting barbarians in the south".When Zhuge Liang was in power, he naturally regarded "peace" and "care" as established policies, and practiced them personally.

In the first year of Jianxing (223), the Empress of Shu, the Yi people from "Nanzhong" colluded with the Han people to oppose the Shu Han. The leaders were Zhu Bao, the governor of Zangke County (now Liupanshui, Guizhou), and Zhu Bao, the governor of Yuejun County (now Sichuan). Xichang) Yi Wang Gaoding, the surnames of Jianning County (now Jinning, Yunnan) Yongkai and Yi Wang Menghuo.After two years of full preparation, Zhuge Liang personally led the army to march south in the third year of Jianxing (225).It is said that Meng Huo had a high prestige and was "subdued by the barbarians and the Han, and recruited to recruit students".He adopted Ma Di's battle plan of "attacking the heart first, attacking the city as the second, fighting the heart first, and fighting the army as the bottom". He captured Meng Huo seven times and finally convinced him. The southerners will no longer rebel."The Shu army joined forces in Dianchi Lake, and in July, "Nanzhong" was flattened.After "Nanzhong" was put down, Zhuge Liang "used it as the commander of the canal" to implement local autonomy and control barbarians with barbarians.In this way, no soldiers are left, no food is transported, and the discipline is roughly determined, which is conducive to the rough security of the barbarians and the Han.At the same time, four measures were taken to weaken the influence of the barbarians and the surnames: one was to relocate "more than ten thousand families of Qing and Qiang, the powerful soldiers of Nanzhong, to Shu" to enrich the strength of the Shu army; The third is to select talents among them to serve as officials in the Shu Han regime, such as the king of Yi, Meng Huo, who later followed the army to the Northern Expedition, and was appointed to the Yushi Zhongcheng; For example, Li Hui, Ma Zhong and others were later trusted by the barbarians.On this basis, efforts were made to promote the production of "Nanzhong" so as to enrich military resources.The direct benefit of the implementation of peace and comfort lies in roughly stabilizing the rear of the Shu Han, which is conducive to the operation of the Northern Expedition.Three years later (228), Zhuge Liang left Qishan for the first time, and sent his troops northward, pointing at Longyou, and received the rebellion against Wei from the three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui, and Anding.One of the reasons is that the local Di people and Qiang people have heard of the "Nanzhong" peace and comfort cases, compared with Cao Wei's conquest and high pressure, and turned to the Shu Han.

Jiang Wei, the surrendered general at that time, who later became the general of the Shuhan Zhenxi and inherited the cause of the Northern Expedition, was an outstanding figure in the Jiang family, one of the branches of the Western Qiang, but he had a higher degree of Sinicization. The lands of Jingzhou, Yangzhou, and Jiaozhou occupied by the Sun Wu regime covered the current Lianghu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Fujian, Shanghai, Huainan, and southern Jiangsu, and the scope was quite wide.The ethnic minorities in the territory, except the "Wulingman" in the west of Jingzhou, are mainly descendants of the "Baiyue" in the pre-Qin period.Since Qin Shihuang realized the great unification and moved 500,000 Qin people from the Central Plains to Lingnan and the Yue people, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conquered Yue and set up counties in the Yue people's inhabited areas, the descendants of "Baiyue" tended to be partly Sinicized.The Yue people in the Jianghuai, Zhejiang and Fujian regions were divided into Dongyue and Minyue, collectively referred to as "Shanyue", and they were half-Sinicized during the Eastern Han Dynasty.The Yue people in Guangdong and Guangxi were divided into Nanyue and Luoyue, collectively referred to as "Nanyue".Among them, "Wulingman" and "Nanyue" are both in remote areas, but "Shanyue" is in the heartland, so how the movement will affect the overall situation.For a long time, the Shanyue people have maintained the clan system and lived in a group of clans. It is "Zong Shuai" and "Da Shuai".They usually lead a farming-based life, do not enter the plains, do not enter the city, do not pay rent and tax, and do not accept corvee, which is quite isolated from the world.Copper and iron can also be used to make weapons, coupled with the "vulgar love of martial arts warfare", it was an armed force that cannot be ignored in the wars at the end of the Han Dynasty.Combining various factors, history called them "Shanyue", "Shanyi", "Mountain People", "Shan Bandits" and "Shan Bandits", to name a few. The Sun Wu regime "established prefectures and counties to suppress mountains and mountains", and from beginning to end, it implemented a policy of high-pressure conquest and strengthened plunder, which was more consistent than the hard hand of the Cao Wei regime. From the early days of Sun Quan's administration, the basic strategy was to divide and establish a number of counties and counties, appoint senior generals to serve as the commanders of counties and counties.At first, the combination of "suppression and appeasement" was tried, but the effect was not great. That is to say, it was changed to high-pressure force, mainly to suppress and conquer, and then suppressed and then used coercive means to plunder.What he did during the Jian'an period has been roughly listed in the chapter "Being a Son as Sun Zhongmou", so there is no need to repeat them.At that time, Huang Gai "everyone guarding the nine counties is located in Pingding".After He Qi pacified the Shanyue people in Yi and She counties of Danyang County, Sun Quan divided She County into Shixin, Xinding, Liyang, Xiuyang, and She counties, plus Yi County, a total of six counties, and newly established Xindu County. With He Qi as the prefect, the military and political integration presides over a county.After Sun Quan, Sun Liang, and Sun Hao III divided and relocated according to the rules, the original six counties in Jiangdong became fourteen counties, namely Danyang, Wu, Kuaiji, Wuxing, Xindu, Dongyang, Linhai, Jian'an, Yuzhang, and Poyang , Linchuan, Ancheng, Luling and Luling South County.The increase of prefectures and counties is conducive to cutting the inherent structure of the mountains and more effectively controlling them.Wherever they were subdued, the original clan organization of the Shanyue people was forcibly disbanded, and the mountain people were forced to go down the mountain.Ling Tong saw that Shanyue was "many" and "strong", "could be lured with coquettish grace", and had "gained more than ten thousand elite soldiers".Huang Gai also said, "In view of the general trend of the world, use the people of Shanyue from the six counties in the east of the Yangtze River to be the millions of people in China." Shanyue people became one of the main sources of supplementary troops for the Soochow Army.Among the soldiers of the Wu army, Shanyue people accounted for about half, which was very beneficial to resist Cao Yushu.He drove the Shanyue people down to farm the fields, and increased the supply of military food to the Soochow army, either by conscripting or looting, there was nothing they could do.In the later period of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Ke was stationed in Danyang, and he surrounded the Shanyue people without fighting, "waiting for the grain and crops to be ripe, and mowed them with troops so that there were no seeds left behind." The Shanyue people naturally resisted the treatment of them by the Sun Wu regime. The riots over the years have spread to the counties in the east of the Yangtze River, as many as 60 counties.This also put pressure on the Sun Wu regime and formed a check, making it have to fight on two fronts for a long time, facing both Cao Wei's attack and Shanyue's resistance.Especially during the period of competing with Liu Bei Group for Jingzhou and the disintegration of the alliance between Sun and Liu, this kind of pressure and restraint was even greater.As Chen Shou commented, "The better the mountain is, the better it is for rebellion, and it is difficult to move easily. Therefore, Sun Quan did not hesitate to attack outsiders, and humbled the Wei family."After the Battle of Yiling, when Sun and Liu re-established their strategic partnership, Zhang Wen, the envoy of Wu, opened the window to Zhuge Liang and said, "If the mountain is destroyed, it will be built on (Cao) Pi."It can be seen that the pursuit of Ping Shanyue is indeed a top priority for the internal stability of the Sun Wu regime. This is more vital than replenishing soldiers and plundering military supplies.Such internal political needs show that ethnic conflicts are not simply a matter of Han oppression and subjugation of ethnic minorities, but are related to social stability. Not only this, but the Cao Wei Group, the number one external enemy, infiltrated and instigated rebellion, which also constituted a subversive danger that cannot be ignored.As early as in the second year of Jian'an (197), Cao Cao conferred the titles of General Sun Ce, Marquis of Wu, and Prefect of Kuaiji, and ordered him to cross the river north to attack Yuan Shu. He took advantage of Sun Ce to cross the river and attack Kuaiji.At that time, Chen Yu sent Du Wei Wanyan and others with more than 30 official seals to lobby around, provoking the rebellion of Shanyue tyrants such as Danyang's Zulang and Jiaoji, and Wucheng's Yan Baihu, which caused some troubles for Sun Ce. .After Sun Quan succeeded his brother in power, Cao Cao sent Yinshou to Shanyue tycoons such as Poyang's Youtu, Danyang's Feizhan and others, and continued troubles continued.The dual threats of internal turmoil and external subversion have increased the necessity and intensity of the Sun Wu regime's suppression of the Shanyue people, so it should not be classified as ethnic oppression.In fact, it was not until Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in the first year of Huanglong (229) that the Shanyue people basically obeyed, which made the society of Wu State relatively stable and more powerful to fight against the Cao Wei regime. The ethnic policies implemented by Wei, Shu, and Wu are not the same, and even have obvious differences, but they are all based on their respective national conditions and are effective.In comparison, the Shu Han's peace and caress are relatively gentle, and the immediate effect of stabilizing the rear is considerable.However, the inherent social organization structure and customs of the "Southwest Yi" were basically left untouched. From a diachronic perspective, it blocked and delayed the process of national integration, which was far less effective than Wei and Wu's promotion of this.This state lasted for more than a thousand years. It was not until the Ming and Qing dynasties that the policy of "reforming the land and returning the natives" was implemented in the southwest region, and the ethnic minorities in the southwest region were fully integrated into the big family of the Chinese nation. History can be verified later.Sun Wu’s tough policy was the most thorough at that time. Although compared with the Shu Han, the hegemonic subjugation and plunder was too bloody, but it objectively accelerated the communication, convergence and assimilation between the Shanyue people and the Han people in terms of production methods, living habits, and language. .The economic, cultural, and social development of the Jiangnan area can be accelerated and upgraded, and it cannot be said that it has nothing to do with it.Cao Wei's suppression and appeasement were used together, the method is the most flexible, and the content is the most substantial. Both the suppression and the appeasement have the advantages and disadvantages of Wu and Shu's national policies.What is particularly prominent is that the continuous and large-scale forced migration of various ethnic groups in the north and Han people mixed together, which not only helped to stabilize the border of Wei State at that time, strengthen the national power of Wei State, but also promoted the development of nomadic culture in the long run. The northern ethnic groups further merged with the Han ethnic group in the Central Plains, which mainly had farming culture, after the Qin and Han.It can be said that the situation of the "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms" emerged shortly thereafter. Whether viewed from a positive or negative perspective, it was from this that seeds were sown, took root, sprouted, and blossomed. During this period, wars must not be avoided, mainly the conquest and predatory wars launched by the Han rulers of the Three Kingdoms.War is inherently two-faced: on the one hand, it is an extreme form of evil, which causes damage and destruction to human life, property, and social material and spiritual civilization achievements in the present time and space of intervention; on the other hand, it is a latent form of good. It can act as the violent birthwife of civilization and progress, and in a short period of time, it can do a number of things that are possible or difficult for people to do in a long period of time in a peaceful state, thereby promoting the evolution of history.In the long history of the gradual formation of the Greater China nation family and the Greater China nation state, there has never been only peace and no war, whether within an ethnic group or among several ethnic groups.The humanistic ancestors Yandi and Huangdi, the two tribes recognized by the Chinese nation today, once fought the Battle of Zhuolu and the Battle of Banquan.Then the Yan and Huang tribes joined together to form the Huaxia nation, which developed from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, and fought bloody battles with the "Sanmiao" nation headed by Gonggong or Chi You many times.Although they are all just myths and legends rather than historical beliefs, a comparison with the historical facts of wars from Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties is enough to show that large-scale conflicts between ethnic groups, including large-scale wars, have always been an indispensable force for the integration of ethnic groups. . From this point of view, when we examine the national wars of Wei, Shu, and Wu, without concealing their hegemony, conquest, and destructiveness, we should admit without hesitation that they not only satisfied the national interests of the three countries at that time, but also served The positive effect of boosting the gradual formation of the Greater China nation family and the Greater China nation state. The "China" that appears repeatedly in "Three Kingdoms" is not China in the form of the Great Chinese nation-state.As a Chinese word and historical concept, the so-called "China" contains multiple meanings. "Book·Zhaogao" says "Wang Laishao, God, submits himself to the soil", and Kong Yingda interprets it as "in the middle of the terrain", that is, the center of the orientation.In ancient times, the Huaxia nation established an early state in the Yellow River Basin, thinking that it was the center of the world, so it was called China, so as to be opposite to the surrounding four directions (Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong, Beidi). "Rites The Doctrine of the Mean" says that "fame pervades China" refers to the central state. "Han Shu Lu Jia Biography" wrote that Emperor Liu "followed the career of the five emperors and three kings, ruled the world and governed China. There are hundreds of millions of people in China, thousands of miles in the world, and the richest people in the world. There are many cars and cars, everything is prosperous, and the government By one family, from the beginning of the world, there is also", promoting the unprecedented strength of the central state of the Han Dynasty.A message is conveyed from it, such "China" is not a concept of a country name, but a geographical concept.From Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han, down to Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing, each has its own country name, and they are all central countries.The English CHINA is transliterated from "Qin", which shows that Europeans and Americans pay more attention to the country of the country, so the country of Qin is used to collectively refer to China in the past dynasties.But in the minds of the Chinese, all the titles of the past dynasties are just symbols of dynasties. No matter which dynasty or generation is dominated by which ethnic group, the central dynasty established by which ethnic group is the main one, all represent the central state.In such a large historical system, the central country of the geographical concept is like the mother body, and the successive countries of the country name concept are like the descendants, which have a long history and have been passed down for thousands of years.It wasn't until the founding of the Republic of China in 1912 that modern China with the concept of a national name came into being, but it didn't affect the established pattern at all.It is precisely based on this systemic identity and historical continuity that although the geographical cognition of the central state has long since faded, "China" is still an irreplaceable symbolic structure that connects and penetrates the development history of the Chinese nation.Wei, Shu, and Wu are all subordinate to it, but none of them represent the central state. The central country in the geographical concept and the countries in the past dynasties in the concept of country name have both identity and difference, which determines that the word "China" can have other meanings.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, as opposed to the four kingdoms of Wu, Yue, Ba, and Shu, the vassal states in the Central Plains were also called China. "Han Feizi Gu Fu" said that "Although Husband and Yue are rich and powerful, the Lord of China knows that it is not beneficial to him", which is an example.Later, it was extended, and "China" refers to the Central Plains in general; Chen Zi'ang, a Tang Dynasty poet, said that "the south of the Xiakou Great Desert crosses the border of China", and Mao Zedong's poems said that "the vast nine schools flow through China, and a deep line runs through the north and south". It is along this wording. The "China" that appears repeatedly in "Three Kingdoms" refers to the major groups in the Central Plains (including Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, and Gongsun Zan in the early stage, and specifically refers to Cao Wei later), and some refer to the Central Plains in general.According to traditional titles, "Central Plains", "Zhongtu", "Zhongxia", and "Zhuxia" are all synonymous with this kind of "China" and are frequently seen in the population of the Three Kingdoms.As for "China", it does not refer to the capital city. For example, the so-called "benefit this China and benefit the four directions" in "Poetry · Tai Ya · Min Lao" is not included in the use cases of "Three Kingdoms". Exploring and sorting out the meaning of "China" is of key significance for evaluating the historical value and role of the separation of Wei, Shu, and Wu.On the eve of the Battle of Chibi in the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), when Zhuge Liang asked Wu to form an alliance with Sun Quan, he said that "there was a great chaos in the sea, the general raised troops to occupy Jiangdong, and Liu Yuzhou also collected all Hannan, and competed with Cao Cao for the world". The premise is that "if you can compete with China with the Wu and Yue people, it is better to stop it early". "Confronting China" means "fighting for the world with Cao Cao", and the ultimate goal is to achieve unification of the world and establish a central country surnamed Sun or Liu.In the first year of Huangchu (220), Liu Bei will attack Wu, and Sun Quan humiliates the Cao Wei regime. At that time, Liu Ye analyzed the situation for Wei Wendi Cao Pi and said: "Today, China has three points out of ten. Wu and Shu each protect one state. Blocking mountains and relying on rivers, there is an emergency to rescue each other, which is the benefit of this small country. Now it is still attacking each other, and the sky will perish. It is better to revitalize the army and cross the river to attack the interior." It is recommended to take the opportunity to swallow Wu first, "when Wu dies, Shu will be alone", and then destroy Shu further.Although Cao Pi did not adopt Liu Ye's suggestion at that time, and sat back and watched Shu and Wu merge in Yiling, finally allowing the three kingdoms to stand together, it also shows that the Cao Wei Group has never changed its ultimate goal of unifying the world and establishing a central country surnamed Cao.As mentioned above, it is this great unity that distinguishes Wei, Shu, and Wu from Yuan Shu, Liu Biao, and Gongsun Yuan who specialize in splitting regimes, and shows their willingness to strive for unification in historical progress.Just because they all ended their historical activities in a "divided" state, the efforts and direction of "combined" cannot be ignored.In other words, they all want to move from a small "China" to a big China. This kind of hard work and direction should be affirmed. Perhaps Wei, Shu, and Wu implemented those ethnic policies at that time, but they did not realize subjectively that it would be conducive to the great integration of ethnic groups, but the objective effect is true after all, and this historical promotion effect is most worthy of cherishing.Among them, the Sun Wu regime's assimilation and upgrading of Shanyue was far better than that of the Qin and Han periods. The people of Han and Yue lived together, and together promoted the economic and cultural development of the Jiangnan area, making it into a country that kept pace with the Central Plains. benign track.Especially under the Cao Wei regime, the large-scale and long-term inward migration of neighboring ethnic groups, coupled with the long-term war, a large number of Han people also migrated, and at the same time as ethnic conflicts, it strongly promoted ethnic assimilation, including ethnic factors. and ethnic integration. For example, the Huns not only transitioned from nomadic pastoralism to sedentary farming or semi-agriculture and semi-pastoralism in the process of production and living habits, but also far surpassed the Qin and Han periods in terms of political culture and spiritual culture, and moved toward Sinicization. direction evolution.Among them, Tu Ge (Xiu Tuge, Xiu Tu), the leader of the race, even changed his surname to Liu after he recognized himself as the royal family of the Han Dynasty; the son of Yu Fuluo Shanyu was named Liu Bao, and the end of Wei served as the left side of one of the five commanders Shuai, whose son Liu Yuan later proclaimed himself King of Han in the first year of Emperor Hui of Jin Yongxing (304). Heng, Liu Che, Liu Xun, Liu Zhuang, Liu Da) were enshrined in the ancestral temple.The other ethnic groups are roughly similar.The Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Di, and Qiang were collectively called the "Five Hus" at that time, and the Xiongnu people were collectively called the "Liuyi".The process of sinicization or semi-sinicization started from Wei Yan to the Western Jin Dynasty. For the first time in history, these ethnic groups regarded "China" as their own land, gradually sprouted and quickly strengthened the consciousness of "taking control of the Central Plains", and ended in the Three Kingdoms (Wu died in 280 years) Only 23 years later, Li Te, a Di man, began to establish a political power, which opened the historical prelude to the so-called "five random chaos in China".Looking back now, this should not be called "chaotic", but should be regarded as the awakening of the sovereignty consciousness of "China" by the relevant ethnic groups; and this awakening was objectively facilitated by the Three Kingdoms ethnic policy. From the perspective of the final formation of the Great Chinese nation family and the Great China nation state, the evolutionary characteristics of inheriting the past and ushering in the future are very obvious in the more than 1,000 years from the early 3rd century to the middle of the 13th century.If we say that the previous unification of Qin and Han mainly built a centralized state form dominated by the Han nationality, then from the Three Kingdoms to the multi-ethnic political entity division of Song, Liao, Jin, Xixia, Khotan, Dali, and Tubo Governance at the same time is to repeatedly work together to build the Chinese ethnic group and the Chinese country under the new pattern of ethnic mixing, exchange, and reorganization.During this period, the Three Kingdoms undoubtedly constituted a strong backlash against the unified Eastern Han regime, and then only the brief unification of the Western Jin Dynasty entered the period of separation and interaction between the Northern and Southern Dynasties composed of the Han nationality and the Xiongnu, Jie, Di, Qiang, Xianbei and other ethnic groups. In the complex ethnic conflicts, unprecedented ethnic integration has been promoted.In the reunification of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, although the Han landlord class controlled the political power, the Yang and Li royal families were mixed with Xianbei blood, and the so-called "Hu people" could also come and go.In the surrounding areas of the Central Dynasty, the political entities established by ethnic minorities such as Turks, Tubo, and Nanzhao still coexisted for a long time.It should be admitted without hesitation that with the Three Kingdoms as a breakthrough and turning point, the integration of the Chinese nation has entered a new stage.而大一统的中华族群和中华国家的最终形成，是在这一个阶段之后，从13世纪中期到19世纪中期，历经元、明、清三个统一的中央王朝，由包括汉、蒙、藏、满等民族在内的中华各民族共同取得的文明成果。因此，三国历史的最大贡献，就在从“中国”走向中国的大进程中，充当了那样一个突破口和转折点，尽管为之付出的代价的确大了些。