Chapter 24 mirror memory

⊙Wu Yong, Li Hongzhang's staff, recalled: After the Sino-Japanese War, Li Hongzhang lived in the west third courtyard of Xianliang Temple. A piece of "Sacred Religion". I have a good appetite at noon. After the meal, I have a bowl of thick porridge and a cup of chicken juice. Stop less, and take a cup of molten iron. Then I take off my robes, short clothes with my hands behind my back, and go for a walk in the corridor. The severe cold, ice and snow do not resist long clothes. I waited on him inside the house, and watched him go from one side to the other side along the corridor, back and forth about dozens of times. The whole family waited outside the door and shouted: "Enough!" Come in, sit on a leather chair, and pour a cup of iron wine, and those who wait for it will pinch their legs. Even after tens of hundreds of days, nothing has changed."

⊙In the 1930s, Peking University professors received extremely high courtesy.Qian Mu recalled: "Teaching at Peking University has a unique point from Yenching. Each department has a lounge, where the head of the department works. There is a teaching assistant's permanent room. All teachers in the department have to stay here before and after class. Take a rest. When you first arrive, there is a school attendant who wipes your face with a hot towel and makes a cup of hot tea. When you go to class, someone brings a chalk box to the classroom. feel." ⊙In 1906, the Qing government formally reorganized the six-ministration system. The Patrol Department was changed to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the Ministry of Households was changed to the Branch, the Ministry of War was changed to the Ministry of Army, the Ministry of Punishment was changed to the Ministry of Law, and the Ministry of Industry and Commerce were merged into the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce. A Postal Department was also added to manage the four administrations of the world's roads, ships, postal services, and telecommunications. In 1912, the Ministry of Posts and Communications was changed to the Ministry of Communications.

⊙American writer Sterling Seagrave did not like Li Hongzhang very much.He once described Li Hongzhang at the age of 76: "He looks like a hypocrite, wearing a pair of thick-soled satin boots, standing over six feet four inches tall. He had a stroke , which immobilizes part of his face, so that he always appears to be smiling—a dangerous man with a pure smile." ⊙There have been different opinions about the days when Ding Ling, Hu Yepin, and Shen Congwen lived in Beijing.The Hong Kong newspapers at that time even reported that the three of them ate and lived together and covered themselves with a big quilt.When Shen Congwen later talked about the life of the three of them in those years, he made no secret of "living together".In the article "Records of Hu Yepin", Shen Congwen wrote: "In an apartment in Yinzha, we lived in the same apartment, and in a house on Jingshan East Street, we also lived in the same apartment. Hanyuan apartment, and still live upstairs in that apartment.”

⊙When Chiang Ching-kuo recalled the years of living in Russia, he once said a bitter sentence: "In history, there are very few people who suffer as much as me!" During his fourteen years in Russia, Chiang worked as a sand-turning worker and plowed the fields. I often have no bed to sleep and no food to eat.He worked as a sanitation administrator, and his job was to clean the toilets.He was also at one point exiled to Siberia as a miner, where being whipped with a leather whip was a common occurrence. ⊙ Arthur H. Smith, in his book "China in Turbulence", once mentioned the situation of Chinese people smoking opium in the late Qing Dynasty: "Chinese people generally refer to opium as foreign smoke. My wife said: 'When visiting Chinese families , they used to offer me a pipe, and the women would be surprised when I refused, saying they thought all foreigners smoked opium.'”

⊙After the founding of the Republic of China, the Han people cut off their long braids, and women still kept their long hair, and used braids or buns as a sign of being unmarried or married.The May 4th Movement advocated women's emancipation, cutting off braids and buns gradually became fashionable, and barber shops also began to add business items such as women's shirt hair and electric hair.In Guangzhou, more advanced barber shops will order electric hair equipment from Hong Kong, and send special personnel to Hong Kong barber shops to learn. ⊙During the period from 1877 to 1896 when Li Hongzhang was the Minister of Commerce of Beiyang, the German Krupp Company received orders for about 2,000 cannons from the Qing government.For this reason, Krupp Company specially produced a set of commemorative books for Li Hongzhang.

⊙Kang Youwei believed that Yuan Shikai had something to do with Guangxu's death, and created public opinion for it. On January 8, 1909, the New York Times reported after interviewing Kang Youwei that "Kang Youwei, the famous Chinese reformer who was expelled from Beijing after the failed reform in 1898, announced that Yuan Shikai had been terminated from his high position. The reason was that he died in the former emperor played a key role in this matter, and Yuan Shikai may be tried for his connection to this matter." ⊙Electrification was widely used in the period of the Republic of China, such as electrification on stage, electrification on the field, electrification on rewards, electrification on condemnation, electrification on crusade, electrification on peace talks, etc.According to statistics, in 1912 there were 33 telegraphs in the Republic of China, 40 in 1913, 72 in 1917, 67 in 1920, 97 in 1922, 50 in 1926, and 51 in 1927.Therefore, some people say: "If you don't read the telegram, there will be no history of the Republic of China."

⊙Feng Ziyou said that it was his father Feng Jingru who cut off the braids first.At that time, Feng Jingru opened a printing factory in Yokohama, Japan. After the Sino-Japanese War broke out, many overseas Chinese in Japan returned to China for refuge. They did not return to Japan until the Treaty of Shimonoseki was signed.Fearing that he would be despised and bullied by the Japanese after returning home, Feng Jingru simply cut his braids and changed clothes, declared himself a Hong Kong native, and asked the British consul to protect his printing factory. ⊙ On September 16, 1894, Pyongyang fell, and Guangxu issued an order: Li Hongzhang's three-eyed feathers were pulled out, and "the yellow jacket was removed." "The New York Times" reported at that time with the title "Li Hongzhang's yellow jacket was taken away by the Qing court, leading the army with a crime": "The removal of Li Hongzhang's yellow jacket is not an epoch-making event. However, what is striking is that it can be It is regarded as an example of the Qing court's efforts to strengthen the law and order to integrate the people's hearts. For Western observers, they wanted to understand the following facts, that is, why Li Hongzhang was appointed as the supreme commander of the Qing army the day before, and why he was appointed as the supreme commander of the Qing army the next day or even the same day. Was deprived of the highest honor of the nobles of the Qing Dynasty? This honor gave the subjects of the Qing Dynasty the right to wear the "yellow mandarin jacket", which is said to be the exclusive clothing of the Qing royal family, and non-royal people are prohibited from wearing it. The result of this contradiction makes People find it ridiculous!"

⊙Yuan Jingxue said that her father, Yuan Shikai, went to Shanghai when he was 22 years old, and "met a famous prostitute from Suzhou, Mrs. Shen, who was the wife he later married. After the two of them met, they fell in love with each other. Leaving Shanghai, looking for another way out, and subsidizing his expenses, encouraging him to make the trip as soon as possible. Before the trip, Mrs. Shen prepared wine to see him off. During the dinner, she explained to him that after he left, she would immediately pay for the redemption and move out of the brothel; Work hard for fame and fame. After hearing this, my father swore to God and said goodbye with tears. Later, he went to North Korea with Wu Changqing, and he took her as his concubine.”

⊙Yang Siyi recalled in "Song Case Experience" that once Chen Qimei said to Song Jiaoren: "Dunchu (Song Jiaoren), don't be happy, be careful and they will use assassination methods to deal with you." Song replied: " Only us revolutionaries can assassinate people, so why worry about them coming to assassinate us!" ⊙On August 28, 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces assembled in front of the Jinshui Bridge in Tiananmen Square and held a grand military parade. There were 3170 Russian, Japanese, British, American, French, German, Italian, and Austrian troops. People, in turn, passed Tiananmen, Duanmen, and then passed through the imperial palace, out of Shenwumen, and the national anthems of various countries were played by the Russian military band.

⊙Eliza Ruhama Sidmore described Cixi in the book "China, the Longevity Empire": "The few people who have seen the Queen Mother describe her as a straight body and a beautiful face. Tall female. She has eagle eyes and distinct Tatar features. Her manner is dignified and haughty, and her voice has unshakable authority and absolute majesty." ⊙At the end of the 1930s, there were 117 brothels registered and allowed to operate in Bada Hutong, with more than 750 prostitutes. ⊙During the period of the 23rd batch of students of the Central Military Academy, the People’s Liberation Army has swept across the country. Chengdu, where the military academy is located, is already in panic.For a while, the Chengdu market was prosperous, and the military school food also took the opportunity to improve. For a while, meat was eaten every day, which made the students never forget it.

⊙Yuan Shikai’s daughter, Yuan Jingxue, said in her memoirs that since Yuan Shikai was sworn in as interim president and lived in Zhongnanhai, he “has never left the Xinhua Gate.” this door". ⊙The "New York Times" in 1896 reported the situation when Li Hongzhang paid homage to Grant, the former president of the United States and the hero of the Civil War: "When the distinguished guests from the Qing Dynasty entered the general's resting place, the scene was very touching...he (Li Hongzhang) was very devout Standing up straight, murmured in a voice of great sorrow: 'Farewell.'" ⊙Bing Xin, a teacher at Yan University, recalled the principal Situ Leideng and said: "There are always tens of thousands of people in this group, and there are always tens of thousands of people. The four major events of birth, marriage, illness and death of these tens of thousands of people He's the one who baptizes babies, he's the one who witnesses marriages, and he's the one who presides over funerals. You add a child, you get sick, you celebrate a birthday, you die, your first letter is short. He sent it, the first pot of flowers was sent by him, the first welcome smile, and the first sincere words of condolence all came from him.” ⊙In 1920, Qin Dejun was expelled from school for taking the lead in cutting hair, so she and two other female students who cut hair together disguised themselves as men and moved to Chongqing.At that time, the Sichuan "National Gazette" also published a report titled "Three Ladies Go East in Masquerade", describing their short hair and wearing men's clothes, which once attracted the attention of all walks of life. ⊙In March 1913, the first congressional election of the Republic of China ended, and the Kuomintang won a major victory.Of the 596 members of the House of Representatives, the Nationalist Party has 269 seats, the Republican Party has 120 seats, the Gael Party has 18 seats, the Democratic Party has 16 seats, cross-party members have 147 seats, and non-partisan 26 seats.Of the 274 members of the Senate, the National Party has 123 seats, the Republican Party has 55 seats, the Gael Party has 6 seats, the Democrats have 8 seats, cross-party members have 38 seats, and independents have 44 seats. ⊙Sun Yat-sen's family affairs will: "Because I was exhausted in state affairs, I died of family property. All the books, clothes, houses, etc. left by him were given to my wife Soong Ching Ling as a memorial. The remaining children have grown up and can stand on their own. Following Yu Zhi. This order." ⊙In November 1911, Yuan Shikai should be recalled to Beijing. Morrison, the reporter of The Times in Beijing, described the scene at that time: "Yuan Shikai, the pretender to the throne, arrived in Beijing where he was dismissed three years ago. Today he is from 2000 Guarded by two soldiers, he was warmly received by the government. In order to welcome him, the government issued a notice stating that all the troops near the capital are under its control." "A group of quiet and orderly people lined the road from the train station to his residence to welcome him His arrival. Yuan Shikai looks very strong, and recent reports that he is not in good health have become an excuse for him to repeatedly postpone his invitation to Beijing by the Manchu government." ⊙In the book "American Story" edited by the Library of Congress, there is such a description: "When Li Hongzhang visited the United States in August 1896, the Americans lined up on the street, cheering, and everyone hoped to get a glimpse of this important visitor. and his famous yellow mandarin jacket. The children adorned their bicycles with yellow ribbons in order to attract the attention of this distinguished guest." ⊙Pan Naimu, in the article "The Story of Pan Guangdan Eating Rat Meat", mentioned the scene of the whole family eating rat meat: "One day my family's mousetrap caught a relatively large mouse. My father is not rigid in nature. , I am interested in trying or discussing new things, and the same is true in terms of food. This time he decided to try eating rat meat... Our whole family shared it. I feel that it is similar to eating chicken and rabbit meat, and it has no peculiar smell. No one got sick after eating it." ⊙In 1940, the "New China Mathematical Society" was held in the Southwest Associated University. Jiang Lifu was elected as the president. The directors included Xiong Qinglai, Chen Jiangong, Su Buqing, Sun Guangyuan, Yang Wuzhi, Jiang Zehan, Hua Luogeng, Chen Shengshen and others.Chen Xingshen is the clerk, and Hua Luogeng is the accountant. ⊙In 1939, Li Zongqu was studying at Southwest Associated University, and he still had a fresh memory of the cafeteria: "The entire girls' cafeteria has about 20 tables for a meal, and only 10 taels of oil is used for cooking. The water used for cooking is well water, and the rice soup is sour It must be like vinegar, so it is easy to find a canteen, and go wherever there is a sour smell." ⊙In her memoirs, Yuan Jingxue once described the relationship between Yuan Shikai and his wife Yu Shi in this way: "After three or five days, when they meet and treat each other with respect, my father must first ask: 'Madam, how are you!' She must also answer One sentence: "My lord (the wives and concubines always called my father an adult, and it didn't change until the time of the Hongxian monarchy), hello!" Then, a few casual gossips about life ended the meeting as usual. " ⊙During the War of Resistance Against Japan, a section of the national anthem was played before each screening. Everyone stood up and sang together: "The Three People's Principles, the foundation of our party, is to build the Republic of China and enter Datong..." On the screen, the father of the country, Sun Yat-sen, and the nation The photos of Chairman Lin Sen and Chairman Chiang Kai-shek, followed by a movie. ⊙British doctor Porter, in his medical report, vividly described the scene of Chinese midwives delivering babies in the late Qing Dynasty: "The parturient sits on the side of the bed, the husband sits behind to support the parturient body, and the midwife is in front of the parturient Busy, in order to "open the way" for the baby, these midwives who lack medical knowledge will use their long nails to scratch the perineum, vagina and even the cervix of the pregnant woman. The ruthless scratching often leaves irreparable damage to the parturient, and even causes the so-called childbirth. The deadly postpartum syndrome of bed fever. Amidst the high fever, chills and pain in the lower abdomen, the mother gave her last effort and finally left the baby and passed away.” ⊙ On August 23, 1896, when the "New York Times" published a news report from England, it used a striking headline: "Li Hongzhang has set sail!" "The subtitle of the report is: This great Chinese statesman is now on his way to the United States! ⊙Sun Yat-sen's state affairs will: "I have devoted myself to the national revolution for forty years, and my purpose is to seek freedom and equality in China. After forty years of experience, I know that in order to achieve this goal, I must arouse the people and unite with the people of the world to wait for me. The nation, struggle together. Now that the revolution has not yet succeeded, all my comrades must continue to work hard in accordance with Yu's "National Founding Strategy", "National Founding Outline", "Three Principles of the People" and "The Declaration of the First National Congress" in order to implement Recently, he advocated the opening of a national assembly and the abolition of unequal treaties, especially in the shortest period of time to promote its realization. It is my concern!" ⊙ On November 29, 1930, the Nanjing Municipal Health Bureau appealed in the "Central Daily" to require old-style midwives to participate in training courses.As a result, there were only 26 midwives who came to sign up. ⊙At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the Tianqiao area of ​​Qianmen in the South City of Beijing flourished, and as many as 50,000 to 60,000 folk artists came here to perform and set up performances.The Tianqiao Market is a place where you can eat, drink, play, visit and shop. Even if you are penniless, you can stop and watch outside the amphitheater.Since then, Tianqiao has become the birthplace of folk artists. Some folk arts, such as cross talk, double reed, allegro, hard qigong, gangzi, car skills, diabolo, etc., all developed from here. ⊙Hua Luogeng's wife, Wu Xiaoyuan, got two eggs. Hua asked his wife to divide the eggs into five equal portions. He ate one of them himself, leaving the remaining four for his wife and three children.Looking at the four portions of eggs left on the table, the wife couldn't help but shed tears.Hua Luogeng said comfortingly: "After my book "The Theory of Prime Numbers in Stacks" is published, we will go to cut a few catties of meat, and the whole family will have a good meal. If there is still money left, we will buy some new clothes for the children, Buy me two packs of cigarettes--I'd love to have a cigarette!" ⊙On November 9, 1901, two days after the death of Li Hongzhang, the "New York Times" published a report titled "Li Hongzhang's Funeral" and the subtitle was "On November 9th in Beijing, Ministers from various countries went to mourn. His sons wear sackcloth and filial piety", and described the funeral situation that day. ⊙The Tokyo Trial lasted for two and a half years. Of the 28 Japanese Class A war criminals on trial, except for two who died in prison and one whose trial was terminated due to mental illness, Hideki Tojo, Koki Hirota, Iwane Matsui, Seven people including Kenji Doihara, Seishiro Itagaki, Akira Muto, and Heutaro Kimura were sentenced to hang, 16 people including Yoshijiro Umezu were sentenced to life imprisonment, and two others were sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment. ⊙The "Declaration" on December 31, 1934 said: "For foreign pencils, foreign letter paper envelopes, and foreign eraser pen holders, etc., they have a deep interest, and they are scrambling to buy them with their pockets. The face powder and talcum powder, and I have a life-like hobby.” ⊙Due to the lack of materials during the war, the gasoline tank showed its talents in the Southwest United.In the student dormitory, each person can put a wooden bed, and receive four or five wooden boxes originally containing two barrels and one gallon of gasoline, which are used as desks, bookcases and stools. ⊙Wang Zengqi once mentioned Kunming’s specialty dry mushroom in his article: “There is a kind of fungus, which is not good for eating, called dry mushroom. At first glance, it looks like this, which makes people doubt: this kind of thing can also be eaten? The color is dark brown. Green, a bit like a pile of half-dried cow dung or a trampled hornet's nest. There are still many grass stems and loose hairs in it, which is a mess! But work hard to clean the grass stems and loose hairs, and tear them into crab legs Thick and thin shreds, stir-fried with green peppers, you will be dumbfounded when you eat it: this thing is so delicious!" Wang later wrote a poem, saying: "The most delicious thing in the world is dry mushrooms, and the world is greedy for college students. " ⊙ Morrison, a Beijing-based reporter for The Times, once reported on Yuan Shikai's inauguration as the interim president: "Yuan Shikai entered the arena and wobbled towards the rostrum like a duck. He was bloated and sickly. He wore Marshal's uniform, but the neckline is loose, the fat neck hangs on the neckline, the hat is too big, the expression is tense, and the expression is very unnatural." ⊙Jiang Menglin recalled that after the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898, Cai Yuanpei once published a comment on Kang and Liang at a banquet: "There was a gentleman, short stature, refined and elegant, and a talented man in his thirties who held his glass high during the banquet. Loudly said: "Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, the reform is not thorough! Huh!" Everyone laughed, and the applause hit the plantain like rain." ⊙On March 19, 1946, Dr. Mei Ruao, who was appointed as a judge of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, left Shanghai to take up his post in Tokyo.On the same day, "Central Daily" and other Chinese authoritative media also reported on prominent pages with the headline: "Clearing the Blood Debt: Far East International Military Tribunal judge Mei Ruao flies to Tokyo today". ⊙Feng Peide, head of Yuan Shikai's bearer team, said: "There are more than 30 members of Yuan's family. They all strictly abide by feudal ethics and family law. Every time there is a festival or Yuan Shikai's birthday, they will celebrate grandly. The whole family is in order of seniority. Salute. The birthdays of Yuan’s wives, concubines and children are also celebrated in different specifications. Whenever this is done, some rewards are given to male and female servants. Yuan Shikai’s married life is a regular rotation of concubines. , Employ people, so as to serve everything.” ⊙On June 26, 1945, at the signing ceremony of the Charter of the United Nations, China ranked first in alphabetical order among all sponsoring countries, so Gu Weijun, the chief representative at that time, was the first to write his own letter on the Charter of the United Nations name. ⊙Wang Zhiying recalled Shao Piaoping and said: "Ms. Piaoping was in Beijing and started to prepare a foreign coachman for transportation. There are three lights on each side of the car, a total of six lights. It is very beautiful. It is more luxurious and easy to enter Zhongnanhai for interviews. Later, a small car was added. The car is even more imposing, so that under normal circumstances, you can go straight to Zhongnanhai without being blocked, which brings a lot of convenience to the interview.” ⊙ Lord Curzon, a British statesman, once traveled to China.In his book "Far East Issues: Japan, Korea, and China", he described the scene when he met Li Hongzhang, and described Li Hongzhang himself. He said: Li Hongzhang "was more than six feet tall, dressed in a gray silk robe, wearing a The black silk hat is very dignified", "the big beard on the lips covers half of the mouth, and there is also a Chinese-style beard on the chin. The hair is dark gray that is turning white."Curzon said the meeting was "the best memory of my life". ⊙In 1923, Buku (wrestler) Yang Shuangen, who was born in the "Shanpu Camp" of the Qing court's guard mansion, cooperated with Shen San among the Eight Great Monsters to open the first wrestling field in Tianqiao.Shen San has great strength and superb techniques, and once defeated the Russian Hercules.After them, famous wrestlers such as Baosan and Man Baozhen emerged in Tianqiao. ⊙In the book "Li Hongzhang", Pu Lande once mentioned a British person's impression of the 74-year-old Li Hongzhang: "When I came out of the parliament, I suddenly met Li Hongzhang. He was being led in to listen to the debate. He looked like A strangely tall, benevolent-looking stranger from another world. His blue robes dazzled, his steps and manners were dignified, and he cast a grateful and graceful smile on everyone he saw. Judging by his appearance, this generation Or the previous generation will think that Li Hongzhang is difficult to approach, not because he impresses you with his great achievements or strength of personality, but because his expression gives people a sense of majesty, like some kind of half-god, half-human, confident, detached , yet with elegance and a sense of superiority over the struggling masses." ⊙According to the statistics of the Qing government, before the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China, there were more than 3,200 foreign missionaries of Catholicism, Christianity, and Orthodox Churches in China, and more than 800,000 Chinese had joined the Church, and churches spread all over the country.In the 40 years before the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China, there were more than 800 cases of attacking churches, expelling missionaries, and punishing illegal believers across the country. ⊙ On January 2, 1909, the regent Zaifeng dismissed Yuan Shikai on the grounds that he had "rheumatism in his legs". The New York Times published a long editorial that day, titled: "China's Generation of Heroes, Organizers of the Modern Army." ⊙The "New York Times" on August 29, 1896, made a more detailed report on Li Hongzhang's chef group: "There are more than a dozen chefs in the delegation, and the chief chef is a tall man with an unknown age and no expression Wearing a dark robe, he acted like a junior official of the governor. Probably because the owner holds an important position, and the head chef also solemnly refused to talk to people in the restaurant... Then he went upstairs and waited His master's orders." ⊙Wilian Ding recalled that Prince Gong was very warm to him, and every time we met, "according to the Manchu habit, he held my hands affectionately, which was in stark contrast to the indifference of the Han people when they greeted me. They are close friends, but they just hand in each other's hands and keep a respectful distance from each other." ⊙ Talking about cross talk on Tianqiao, many celebrities appeared.For example, Zhu Shaowen, the pioneer of stand-up comedy, who is known as "not afraid of being poor", Li Dexi, Jiao Dehai, Liu Dezhi, etc., who are known as the "Eight Virtues of Crosstalk".The famous crosstalk artist Hou Baolin, as well as Hou’s partners Guo Qiru and Guo Quanbao, have also performed in Tianqiao. ⊙Loki, Lord Elgin's assistant, recalled the signing of the "Sino-British Treaty of Beijing" and said: "Prince Gong was only 28 years old at the time, but he looked much older than his actual age. His appearance was very wise, but he seemed In fact, considering his situation, it is not surprising. He hid his fear, if any." Brigadier General Grant, the commander of the British army, recalled: "Prince Gong is really a gentleman, he is obviously in control with my own nervousness and fear.” ⊙In 1879, former US President and Civil War hero General Grant visited China and called on Prince Gong.Grant's personal friend and journalist John Yang wrote: "Prince Gong is different from the Eastern princes and statesmen I have seen before. He is very vivid. This is a man who is alert, intuitive and determined. Indian and Muslim Prince Gong, as well as our friends in Hindustan and Egypt, often sit stiffly, with a dull face throughout the conversation, making you think you are talking to a stone. However, Prince Gong is very expressive and very lively during the conversation It was very hot, and he was waving his fan while talking, and when he got up, he half closed the fan, pointed at General Grant's arm, and at the same time fixed his earnest eyes on the general's face." ⊙Sun Yat-sen said in the "Letter to the Soviet Union": "Dear comrades, when I say goodbye to you, I would like to express my warm hope that the dawn will soon dawn, and the Soviet Union will welcome a strong and independent country with good friends and allies. China and the two countries are fighting for the freedom of the oppressed nations of the world, hand in hand to achieve victory. I wish you peace with brotherly friendship!" ⊙After Yuan Shikai was dismissed from office, he lived in seclusion in Huanshang Village.Yang Jingzhen recalled: "The clothes of Yuan's family members are simple, mainly made of foreign cloth, but Yuan himself wears more silk and satin, and does not wear fur jackets in winter, but uses mink wool as cotton jackets. As for his diet, except for fish and chicken, every meal Ask the aunt to cook a few dishes for food. There are several tables for the office staff, and the fish and chicken are also very rich. The teacher and the students share meals. There are many children. There are children’s birthdays every month. Which room is the child’s birthday? I will send some dumplings, and the staple food of each meal is rice and steamed buns, which are the same throughout the year." ⊙ On December 28, 1871, the "New York Times" published a telegram from London: "London, December 27th: The message from Shanghai claimed that the Qing court had decided to follow the example of Japan and select young students to send to England. , the United States and other countries accept Western-style education.” ⊙On October 9, 1860, a reporter accompanying the British army reported the scene of the ransacking of the Old Summer Palace: "The VIP reception hall, state guest guest rooms and private bedrooms, reception rooms, women's dressing rooms, and every room in other gardens were looted Some of the works of art made in the Qing Dynasty or foreign countries were taken away, and some of them were too big to be moved, so they were smashed.” .They were thrown at each other with them, and all took as much silk as they could. The silks filled many wagons, and the wagons were bound with silk instead of rope. The whole French camp They were all piled up with these looted silks, which the French used to make tents, beds, sheets, etc." "Yesterday afternoon, a group of Frenchmen went to the rooms with sticks to search again, and smashed the remaining ones. Everything—mirrors, screens, panels, whatever." ⊙ On July 6, 1875, the "New York Times" mentioned China's examination system in a report: "The examination room covers several acres and consists of long, long rows of small rooms. It looks a bit like a huge pig farm. There are many towers standing around the examination room, and there are invigilators standing on them to monitor the examination room. The invigilators forbid outsiders to communicate with the candidates, and the candidates are not allowed to communicate with each other.'一Wan' candidates were locked in a small room like this for three days and three nights." "It often happens that some older candidates die inside. In this case, people dig a hole from the outside, Drag the corpse out and throw it away." "However, the honor that the exam brings to those who succeed also allows us to see another side of this closed exam. If a person obtains any of these honors, his name will be censored." Post it quickly on the courtyard wall of his house, and the whole village or town will feel great honor and pride. Government positions and opportunities for advancement are placed in front of the successful man." "If he gets a scholar The highest honor that can be obtained, 'No. 1 Scholar', those jubilant people in his hometown will erect a monument for him in the Confucian Temple, and his name will be immortalized forever." ⊙In 1867, the Jiangnan Machinery Manufacturing Bureau imitated the German Mauser 11mm front-loading rifle, which was also the first rifle produced by China itself.The gun uses black powder and lead bullets, which is very powerful.At that time, an average of 15 such Mausers could be produced every day. ⊙In 1942, the American sinologist Fei Zhengqing came to Southwest Associated University and was shocked by the difficult life of Chinese intellectuals at that time.He said in his memoirs: "Acquiring food and housing, as well as the minimum necessities of life, became the main problems of the faculty and staff of the United Nations University at that time. My friends, philosopher Jin Yuelin, economist Chen Daisun, and Hawaiian-Americans in the English Department Chen Futian, a professor of Chinese descent, has just moved to live on the terrace of the old theater next to the American Consulate, and set up a temporary mobile home... The big rats ran around on the paper ceiling and almost fell from it, so we talked about It’s time to buy a cat, but the current price of a cat is 200 yuan.” ⊙During the period of the Republic of China, the earliest barbershops in Guangzhou that also operated shirt hair and electric hair, there were only one, Yixin, and beautification. However, all the barbers at that time were men. There are not many barbers.In the 1930s, the number of women in Cantonese who had T-shirt haircuts and electric haircuts increased day by day, so major barbershops began to compete to hire female barbers. ⊙Puyi said in the book: "When I was a child, I had many weird hobbies. Apart from playing with camels, feeding ants, raising earthworms, and watching dogs fight, the greater pleasure was pranks." They were fed to the eunuchs, and lead bullets were used to hit the windows of the eunuch's room. ⊙In her memoirs, Yuan Jingxue once mentioned the situation of her elder brother Yuan Kewen when he was selling calligraphy: "The calligraphy he wrote can be exchanged for money as long as he sends it out. However, if he has ten yuan in his hand, he is not willing to Written. He wrote couplets and fans, sometimes lying on the cigarette shop with a pen hanging over his elbow. Once, he wrote a huge "Zhongtang" for Zhang Zongchang, and the price was 1,000 yuan. That piece of paper It was wide and long, and couldn’t be placed in the room, so he spread the paper in the alley of Liangyili, took off his shoes, and stood up on the paper with the largest scratch pen.” ⊙Liang Qichao explained his birth background in the article "Thirty Self-Reports": "Ten years after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom fell in Jinling, one year after the death of Qing University scholar Zeng Guofan, three years after the Franco-Prussian War, and the year of Rome when Italy was founded. " ⊙Grant, Commander of the British Army, attended the signing ceremony of the Sino-British Beijing Treaty. He recalled that during the signing ceremony, the photographer Bi Tuo was eager to take a good photo, so he moved the camera equipment in and placed it in the middle of the gate. A huge lens was aimed at Prince Gong's chest. "The emperor raised his head in horror, his face was ashen, he looked at Lord Elgin, and then at me. He seemed worried that the weird cannon opposite him would blow his head off at any time— — the camera did look a bit like a loaded mortar ready to shoot its shells into his poor body. People hastened to explain to him that there was no malice when he realized it was filming him When the portrait was taken, the terrified expression on his face suddenly turned bright." ⊙During the period of the Republic of China, Liang Sicheng and Lin Huiyin held a salon at home.Mr. Wu Liangyong recalled: "Every day after noon, at about three or four o'clock, the Liang family will prepare refreshments such as biscuits and peanuts. The guests change. They come when they are happy and leave when they have something to do. The host is undoubtedly Lin Huiyin. Aesthetic literature talks about everything, including criticism of the current situation." ⊙About the value of the treasures enshrined after Cixi's death, "Ai Yuexuan Notes" has a brief explanation: 84,000 taels of silver for brocade mattresses beaded and embroidered with gold thread; 850,000 taels of emerald lotus leaves; Pang Jin Buddha respects 8 taels each, Jade Buddha respects 6 taels, Emerald Buddha respects 6 taels, Ruby Buddha respects 3 taels and 5 coins, 27 each, 108 in total, totaling 620,000 taels; 2 emerald watermelons, 220 Ten thousand taels; 4 emerald melons, 600,000 taels; jade lotus root, 1 million taels; red coral tree, 530,000 taels;In addition, there are 500 large beads and 6,000 small beads, valued at 228,000 taels.At that time, the inventory of silver in the Qing Dynasty was less than 70 million taels. ⊙The British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and not only burned the Old Summer Palace, but also burned the three royal mountains and five gardens in the west of Beijing, namely Longevity Mountain, Yuquan Mountain, Fragrant Mountain, Qingyi Garden, Yuanming Garden, Changchun Garden, Jingming Garden and Jingming Garden. Yiyuan Five Gardens. ⊙The 1904 World Expo was held in St. Louis, USA.Empress Dowager Cixi sent her son Pu Lun to lead a delegation to participate.At that time, the exhibits in the China Pavilion included: one woman with small feet wearing Shanghai, Beijing, Ningbo and Guangzhou costumes, one monk, one master, one soldier, seven Miao people, a small town god's temple, and a small county government office (with various furniture inside). instruments of torture), hundreds of small wooden figures, more than ten small cottages, one side of the shackles, several murder knives, more than ten foreign smoking guns, and several foreign smoking lamps. ⊙In the Sino-Japanese War, Japan actually mobilized 240,616 troops, 174,017 of whom had combat experience. The navy had 32 warships, 24 torpedo boats, and a displacement of 72,000 tons, surpassing the Beiyang Navy.