Chapter 89 Twenty Key Words for Understanding the Late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China

Keyword "Shouyi": As common sense, people know that the Wuchang Shouyi was the work of the Revolutionary Party, but in fact, the Constitutional Party also participated in this Shouyi.It is hard to say whether the first uprising in Wuchang would have been successful without the Constitutionalists. The key word "situation": On September 24, 1911, the Wuchang New Army also had an accidental uprising, but the gunshots did not arouse the general response as it did on October 10, so it quietly aborted.The difference between the two events is only one thing, and that is the situation.

Keyword "huidang": In the previous uprisings of the revolutionary party, the participation of the instigated party accounted for most of them, but in each uprising, the leader of the organization was the revolutionary party. Man-made rebellion. Keyword "martial arts": One of the fashions in the late Qing Dynasty was to promote the spirit of martial arts and call on scholars to abandon literature and follow martial arts.When people went to Japan, they searched for the reason why Japan was strong, and said that the reason why the West and even Japan were strong was because of this martial spirit.

The key word "military country": the rebellious soldiers were appeased, but the scourge of military meddling in politics began. The East is also the Eastern Sword, and the West is also the Eastern Sword. Following this road, the Republic of China stepped onto the track of the military country step by step.So that when future generations think of the Republic of China, they will think of warlords. Keyword "study in Japan": From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the vast majority of Chinese who studied military studies came from Japanese non-commissioned officer schools. There were almost a few hundred of them. Very few.

Keyword "Eight Banners": In the late Qing Dynasty, the real Eight Banners were really useless.Any group of people, no matter how vigorous they were at the beginning, if they are left there, eating, drinking, living, spending money, and not doing anything, if they are left alone for more than two hundred years, what will happen? The key word "Martyrdom": After the revolution, the bannermen and bureaucrats in various places basically had no resistance, and they surrendered without leaving.The leaders of the Eight Banners stationed in the garrison walked the most, followed by the surrender. There were not many people who died in battle or expressed their intention to fight, and those who committed suicide were the rarest.

Keyword "business groups": During the Wuchang Uprising, there were business groups involved.Such participation has occurred in many developed regions.In Wuxi and Jiangyin in the south of the Yangtze River, when the revolution was restored, there were basically no foreign revolutionaries, and it was all arranged by business groups. Keyword "school": During the Revolution of 1911, Chinese schools played a very special role.Since the school is a new type of education, what is taught is new things, the teaching materials have to be imported, and the teachers have to use foreign students, so this gave the revolutionaries an opportunity to take advantage of.

Keyword "braid": The Qing government, which wanted to pursue civilization, was not too embarrassed to insist on braid doctrine.Therefore, the Qing government, which didn't care much about the braids, ordered the braids to be cut after the Wuchang Uprising in order to prevent the effect of voting for names. Keyword "flag": After Yuan Shikai took over the presidency, the provisional Senate moved to Beijing, and the dispute over the flag was finally resolved.As the national flag, the five-color flag has become a conclusion.The iron-blooded eighteen-star flag is designated as the army flag, and the blue sky and white sun are covered with red flags, which are designated as the navy flag.

Keyword "assassination": Wu Yue, a revolutionary who assassinated the five ministers, once wrote a pamphlet called "The Era of Assassination".In the first decade of the 20th century in China, it was indeed an era of assassination, especially in those years after the start of the New Deal. Keyword "bomb": The favorite weapon of the revolutionaries is the bomb.Whether it is an assassination or an uprising, the preferred weapon of the revolutionaries is not a gun or a cannon, but a bomb.This kind of bomb is mostly hand-thrown, similar to the later grenade or hand grenade.

Keyword "report ban": China entered the media era, which was the beginning of the 20th century, the period of the New Deal of the Qing Dynasty.The imperial court gradually lifted the ban on newspapers, which made the media more active day by day, and gradually no longer needed to shelter in the concession, and dared to speak freely. Keyword "new army": Since the two new army uprisings, officials from all over the Qing Dynasty distrusted the new army even more and took stricter precautions.Even training exercises restrict the use of bullets.In the end, we discovered that in the end there was still a new army with guns and bullets that overthrew the Qing government.

Keyword "Congress": The first National Congress of the Chinese people was elected in 1912, the first year of the Republic of China, and officially established in 1913.The one established by the Qing Dynasty before was called the Zizhengyuan. The people in it thought they were sitting in the National Assembly, but legally speaking, they were not. Keyword "election": Regardless of the local autonomy in the late Qing Dynasty when the constitution was being prepared, including the election of the Consultative Council, or the election of the first National Congress of the Republic of China, the peasants actually did not choose freely. In most cases, they did not want to choose, but they also wanted to. When choosing but not giving up.

Keyword "military expenditure": In the post-revolutionary government, due to the rapid expansion of military expenditure, a large number of soldiers were recruited. If they did not pay their wages, there would be riots and even mutiny.In order to curb the riots of soldiers, military expenditure must be guaranteed. Keyword "taxes": The most expensive business in the world is the army, so no matter how much property the Qing government left behind, it would not be enough.Of course, the revolutionary government would be very happy if it could control an institution with a large amount of tax revenue.